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Definitions

• This invention relates to pharmaceutically useful compounds, in particular compounds that bind to opiate receptors (e.g. mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors).
• opiate receptors e.g. mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors.
• Compounds that bind to such receptors are likely to be useful in the treatment of diseases modulated by opiate receptors, for example irritable bowel syndrome; constipation; nausea; vomiting; and pruritic dermatoses, such as allergic dermatitis and atopy in animals and humans.
• Compounds that bind to opiate receptors have also been indicated in the treatment of eating disorders, opiate overdoses, depression, smoking and alcohol addiction, sexual dysfunction, shock, stroke, spinal damage and head trauma.
• Pruritus is a common dermatological symptom that can give rise to considerable distress in both humans and animals. Pruritus is often associated with inflammatory skin diseases which may be caused by hypersensitivity reactions, including reactions to insect bites, such as flea bites, and to environmental allergens, such as house dust mite or pollen; by bacterial and fungal infections of the skin; or by ectoparasite infections.
• Certain 4-arylpiperidine-based compounds are disclosed in ter alia European patent applications EP 287339, EP 506468 and EP 506478 as opioid antagonists.
• International Patent Application WO 95/15327 discloses azabicycloalkane derivatives useful as neuroleptic agents.
• Y 2 is H, Ci _g alkyl, C ⁇ .g alkenyl (each of which alkyl and alkenyl is optionally substituted by aryl, aryloxy or Hetl),
• Yl is C ⁇ _ ⁇ o alkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, C ⁇ _4 alkoxy, C ⁇ -6 alkanoyloxy, CONH2, C ⁇ . ⁇ alkoxycarbonyl, NH2, aryl, mono- or di(C ⁇ _4 alkyl)amino, C3.8 cycloalkyl, phthalimidyl, Het ), Hefl, aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C ⁇ _4 alkyl, Ci _4 haloalkyl and halogen), NH2, N(C ⁇ _6 alkyl)2 or NH(C ⁇ _6 alkyl),
• Hetl is a heterocyclic group containing up to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, which may comprise up to 3 rings (preferably a heteroaryl group, optionally benzo- or pyrido-fused heteroaryl), optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from Cj.g alkyl, C . alkoxy, C3.6 cycloalkyl, Ci .g haloalkoxy, C ⁇ .
• haloalkyl, C3.6 halocycloalkyl, 0, OH, halogen, NO 2 , SiR ⁇ aR ⁇ bR ⁇ c, C ON 0 R20b NR20a R 20b ) s 21a NR 2 lbsO 2 R 22 , NR2 cC(0)OR22b ; NR21 c ⁇ R22d ; an Ci _ 6 alkoxycarbonyl, and if a S atom is present in a ring, it can be present as part of a -S-, S(O)- or -S(O2)- group, and carbon atoms in the ring can be present as a part of a carbonyl moiety;
• Rl9a s Rl9b 5 R19C eac h independently represent Ci _g alkyl or aryl
• R21a, b, c and d eac h independently represent H, C ⁇ . ⁇ alkyl, aryl or Ci .4 alkylphenyl, each of which alkyl, aryl, and alkylphenyl are optionally substituted by one or more Ci -,4 alkyl, Ci _4 alkoxy, OH, NO2, halogen, H2,
• R22a, b and c e ach independently represent Ci .g alkyl, aryl or C1 -4 alkylphenyl, each of which alkyl, aryl, and alkylphenyl are optionally substituted by one or more Ci .4 alkyl, C1.4 alkoxy, OH, NO2, halogen, NH2,
• A is C1.4 alkylene, C2.4 alkenylene or C2.4 alkynylene, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more C ⁇ _4 alkyl, C1.4 alkoxy, halogen and/or OH,
• AD is CN, NR 2 5R 2 6 CONR 25 R 26 ,
• R 7 is COR30, C0 2 R 3 1a , S0 2 R 31b ,
• R 2 8 and R 2 ⁇ re each independently H, Ci . ⁇ alkyl, C3.8 cycloalkyl, aryl or C ⁇ . 4alkylphenyl, each of which Ci .g alkyl, C3.8 cycloalkyl, aryl and Ci .4 alkylphenyl are optionally substituted by one or more NO2, halogen, Ci .4 alkyl, Ci .4 alkoxy (each of which latter Ci .4 alkyl and Ci .4 alkoxy are optionally substituted by one or more halogen),
• R30 is H, C ⁇ _4 alkyl, C3_g cycloalkyl, Ci .4 alkoxy, C3.8 cycloalkyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, Ci .4 alkylphenyl, phenyl(C ⁇ _4 )alkoxy, (each of which C ⁇ _4 alkyl, C3_g cycloalkyl, C ⁇ _4 alkoxy, C3.8 cycloalkyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, Ci .4 alkylphenyl and phenyl(C ⁇ _4 )aIkoxy are optionally substituted by one or more NO2, halogen, Ci .4 alkyl, C1.4 alkoxy (which latter alkyl and alkoxy are optionally substituted by one or more halogen)),
• R31 an d R31b are eac h independently C1.4 alkyl, C3.8 cycloalkyl, aryl or C1..4 alkylphenyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more NO2, halogen, C1.4 alkyl or C 1.4 alkoxy, each of which latter alkyl and alkoxy is optionally substituted by one more halogen
• E is H, CONR 2 R33 5 CSNR3 R33, C0R34 C0 2 R 34 , COCH(R 3 a)NH 2j R 35 ? CH 2 C ⁇ 2R 35a , CHR35bco 2 R 35a , CH20C02R35 C , CHR35d 0 C ⁇ 2R 35c , COCHR 3 6CHR37NH 2 , or PO(OR38) 23
• R 32 and R3 are each independently H, C3.10 alkylalkenyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by C ⁇ _4 alkyl), phenyl (optionally substituted by (X) n ), CI _IQ alkyl (optionally substituted by C4.7 cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by C1..4 alkyl) or phenyl optionally substituted by (X) n ),
• R3 2 and R3 can be taken together with the N atom to which they are attached and can form a 5- to 8-men bered heterocycle optionally comprising further hetero atoms selected from N, O and S, which heterocycle is optionally substituted by C1.4 alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more halogen,
• R 4 is H, C4.7 cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more C ⁇ _4 alkyl), phenyl (optionally substituted by (X) n , C1..4 alkanoyloxy, NR 3 2R33 S CONR 2 R33 an d/or OH), or C ⁇ _6 alkyl (optionally substituted by one or more halogen, C4.7 cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or moire C1.4 alkyl), or phenyl (optionally substituted by (X) n , C1..4 alkanoyloxy, NR3 2 R33, CONR 2 R33 an d/or OH)),
• R 3 4a is H, Ci . ⁇ alkyl (optionally substituted by one or more halogen, C4.7 cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more Cj_4 alkyl), or phenyl (optionally substituted by (X) n , C ⁇ _4 alkanoyloxy, NR 32 R33 J C0NR 32 R33 an d/ or OH)), C4.7 cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more C ⁇ _4 alkyl), phenyl (optionally substituted by (X) n , C1 -4 alkanoyloxy, NR32R33 ; CONR 3 R33 an d/or OH) or a naturally occuring amino acid substituent,
• R 5 is C4.7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more Ci .4 alkyl, phenyl (optionally substituted by one or more (X) n , C ⁇ _4 alkanoyl, NHR 2 , CON(R 32 ) 2 , and/or OH), C ⁇ _6 alkyl (optionally substituted by C4.7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more C1.4 alkyl, or phenyl (optionally substituted by one or more (X) n , C ⁇ _4 alkanoyl, NHR32 ; CON(R 32 )2, and/or OH)), C ⁇ _4 alkoxy(C ⁇ _4 alkyl), phenyl(C ⁇ _4)alkyloxy(C ⁇ _4)a ⁇ kyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, cinnamyl or trimethylsilyl,
• R35a,b,c and d are eac h independently H, C4.7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more Ci-4 alkyl, phenyl optionally substituted by one or more (X) n or ⁇ . alkyl (optionally substituted by C4.7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more Ci .4 alkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted by one or more (X) n ),
• R36 an d R3 e ach independently represent H, C3.6 alkylalkenyl, C4..7 cycloalkyl, phenyl optionally substituted by one or more (X) n , or C 1.6 alkyl (optionally substituted by C4.7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more C ⁇ _4 alkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted by one or more (X) n ))
• R38 is C4.7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more C1.4 alkyl, phenyl optionally substituted by one or more (X) n , or C g alkyl (optionally substituted by C4.7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more Ci .4 alkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted by one or more (X) n ),
• R 2 when taken alone is H or halogen
• Rl and R 2 when attached to adjacent carbon atoms, can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, and may represent Het la ;
• R 2 3 and R 24 when taken alone independently represent H, C1.4 alkyl, or Ci.4 haloalkyl
• R 2 3 and R 24 can be taken together with the N atom to which they are attached, to form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally comprising one or more further heteroatoms selected from, N, O, or S, and which heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more halogen, Ci .4 alkyl, Ci .4 haloalkyl, C1.4 alkoxy and/or C1.4 haloalkoxy groups,
• R 3 is H, CN, halogen, Ci _g alkoxy, C ⁇ _g alkoxycarbonyl, C2-6 alkanoyl, C2-6 alkanoyloxy, c 3-8 cycloalkyl, C3_g cycloalkyloxy, C4.9 cycloalkanoyl, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, saturated heterocycle, NR 12 R 13 , CONR 12 Rl3, NY 2 WYi, C ⁇ _6 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C 2 . ⁇ o alkynyl, (each of which alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups is optionally substituted by one or more CN, halogen, OH, C ⁇ . ⁇ alkoxy, C ⁇ _6 alkoxycarbonyl, C2-6 alkyloxycarbonyloxy, Ci.g alkanoyl, Ci . ⁇ alkanoyloxy, C3_ cycloalkyl, C3_g
• R 4 is C ⁇ _ ⁇ o alkyl, C3.10 alkenyl or C3..10 alkynyl, each of which groups is linked to the N atom via a sp3 carbon, and which group is substituted by one or more substituents selected from:
• C2-6 alkoxy [substituted by one or more groups selected from OH, NR 5R26 J C0N 25R26 J halogen, Ci .g alkoxy, C2.4 alkynyl, C2-4 alkenyl, heteroaryl 1, aryl*, COCH2CN, CO(heteroaryl !), CO(aryl 1), C0 2 (heteroaryl 1), COCH2(aryl 1), COCH2(heteroaryl 1), C0 2 CH 2 (aryll), C0 2 CH 2 (heteroaryll), S(0) n (C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl), S(O) n (aryll), S(0) n (heteroaryl 1 ), SO2NR 5R26 an d cycloalkyll],
• S(0) n C ⁇ _6 alkyl [optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from OH, NR 2 5R 6 5 CONR25R26 J halogen, Cj.g alkoxy, C2-4 alkynyl, C2-4 alkenyl, heteroaryl 1, aryll, COCH2CN, CO(heteroaryll), COCaryl 1 ), C0 2 (heteroaryll), COCH2(aryll), COCH 2 (heteroaryll), C0 2 CH2(aryl 1 ), C02CH 2 (heteroaryll), S(0) n (C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl), S(0) n (aryll), S0 2 NR25R26 and cycloalkyl 1],
• aryl 2 is phenyl optionally fused to a C5.7 carbocyclic ring, which group is substituted by one or more substituent selected from Ci .g alkyl(substituted by OH), CONR 5R26 5 CH 2 CONR25R26, NR 5 R 26 , NHCONR 2 5R 2 6, CO(C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl), COaryl, COheteroaryl, S0 2 NR 2 5R 6 S(0) n (C!. 6 alkyl), S(0) n (aryl), S(O) n (heteroaryl), C0 2 (C ⁇ _6 alkyl),
• cycloalkyl 1 is a C3_ ⁇ o carbocyclic system with one or two rings and which is substituted by C ⁇ _6 alkyl, aryl, C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxy, CH 2 (aryll), C1.4 haloalkyl, halogen, OH, CN orNR 2 6,
• Z is a direct bond, CO or S(0) n group
• B is (CH 2 ) p ,
• Rl 2 and Rl3 each independently represent H or C1.4 alkyl
• Rl2 and Rl3 can be taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocycle optionally comprising a further hetero moiety selected from NR1 , O and/or S, and which is optionally substituted by one or more C1.4 alkyl,
• R i4 and Rl5 each independently represent H, C ⁇ _ ⁇ o alkyl, C3.10 alkenyl, C3_ ⁇ o alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl,
• Rl and Rl5 can be taken together with the N atom to which they are attached to form a 4- to 7-membered heterocycle optionally comprising a further hetero moiety selected from NR! 6, O and/or S, and which is optionally substituted by one or more C1.4 alkyl,
• Rl6 is H, C ⁇ _6 alkyl, C3_g cycloalkyl, (C ⁇ _6 alkylene)(C3_g cycloalkyl) or (C ⁇ _g alkylene)aryl,
• R ⁇ when taken separately are each independently H, C ⁇ . ⁇ alkyl,
• R5 and R ⁇ can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are joined to form a C3-8 cycloalkyl ring,
• R5 and R° or R' can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are joined to form a C3_g cycloalkyl ring,
• X is halogen, C1.4 alkyl, C1.4 alkoxy, C .4 haloalkyl or C1.4 haloalkoxy,
• n 1 or 2;
• q is 0 or 1
• “Naturally occuring amino acid substituent” means the -substituent that occurs in any one of the following natural amino acids, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, serine, threonine, methionine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, arginine or proline;
• Heteroaryl represents an aromatic ring containing up to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, and if a S atom is present in the ring, it can be present as part of a - S-, S(O)- or -S(0) 2 - group, and which may be joined to the remainder of the compound via any available atom(s);
• Heterocycle is a group containing 1, 2 or 3 rings, and which contains up to 4 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and up to 18 ring carbon atoms;
• Aryl including in the definitions of "aryloxy”, etc., means a group comprising a phenyl ring and which may incorporate a further carbocyclic ring fused to said phenyl ring and which may be joined to the remainder of the compound via any available atom(s) (examples of such groups include naphthyl, indanyl, etc.);
• Alkyl alkenyl and alkynyl groups can be linear or branched if the number of carbon atoms allows;
• Cycloalkyl groups can be polycyclic if the number of carbon atoms allows;
• fused heterocyclic group can be attached to the remainder of the compound via .any available atom(s).
• Haloalkyl can contain more than one halogen atom, and for instance can be per-halogenated.
• Certain of the compounds of the invention can exist in one or more geometric and/or stereoisomeric forms.
• the present invention includes all such individual isomers and salts and prodrugs thereof.
• Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in more than one tautomeric form. Similarly certain compounds of the invention may have zwitterionic forms. It is to be understood that the invention embraces all such tautomers, zwitterions and their derivatives.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the formula (I) include the acid addition and the base salts thereof.
• Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts and examples are the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, hydrogen sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, acetate, maleate, fumarate, lactate, tartrate, citrate, gluconate, succinate, benzoate, methanesulphonate, benzenesulphonate and rj-toluenesulphonate salts.
• Suitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts and examples are the aluminium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and diethanolamine salts.
• bases which form non-toxic salts and examples are the aluminium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and diethanolamine salts.
• prodrug It will further be appreciated by those skilled in the art that certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as “pro-moieties”, for example as described in "Design of
• Prodrugs by H Bundgaard (Elsevier) 1985, may be placed on appropriate functionalities when such functionalities are present in compounds of formula (I), also to form a "prodrug".
• the "Ar” ring represents phenyl or pyridyl. Most preferably the "Ar” ring represents a group of formula:
• R 1 when taken alone is OH, CN, halogen, N0 2 , NH 2 , NY 2 WYl or Het 1 .
• Rl when taken alone is OH, CN, I, CI, NH 2 , N0 , optionally benzo-fused heteroaryl, NHSO2Y 1 , NHCOY 1 or NHCO2Y 1 .
• R 1 when taken alone is OH, CN, I, CI, NH2, N ⁇ 2,l, 2 ,3 ⁇ triazolyl, 1,2,4- triazolyl, imidazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, thien-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, benzimidazol-2-yl,
• Rl is OH, NHSO2CH3, NHSO2C2H5, NHS ⁇ 2(n-C3H7), NHS ⁇ 2(i-
• R 1 is OH, NHS0 2 CH3, NHS0 2 C 2 H5 or imidazol-2-yl.
• R 2 when taken alone is H.
• Rl and R 2 when taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached are preferably an optionally benzo-fused 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl ring optionally substituted by C i-4 alkyl or C 1.4 haloalkyl.
• Rl and R 2 when taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached are a -membered heteroaryl moiety optionally substituted by C 1.4 alkyl or C 1.4 haloalkyl.
• Rl and R 2 when taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached are an imidazole group optionally 2-substituted by CF3.
• X is CI.
• n is 0.
• q is 0.
• R3 is H, CN, C ⁇ _6 lkyl (optionally substituted by one or more halogen, OH, C _ ⁇ alkoxy, C ⁇ . ⁇ alkoxycarbonyl, C 2 . ⁇ alkanoyl, C _6 alkanoyloxy, C 2 -6 alkyloxycarbonyloxy, NR 1 Ri3, CO R12R13 and/or NY 2 W ⁇ !).
• R is H, CH3, C 2 H5, i-C3H7, n-C3H 7 or CH 2 OCH3.
• R is CH3.
• R 4 is C ⁇ _ ⁇ o alkyl substituted by one or more substituents selected from:
• C 2 _6 alkoxy [substituted by one or more groups selected from OH, NR 2 5R 2 6, C0NR 2 5R26 3 halogen, C ⁇ . ⁇ alkoxy, C 2 _4 alkynyl, C 2 -4 alkenyl, heteroaryl 1, aryl 1 , COCH 2 CN, COheteroaryl 1 ), CO(aryll), ⁇ (heteroaryl 1 ), COCH2(aryl 1 ), COCH 2 (heteroaryl 1 ), C0 2 CH 2 (aryl 1 ), C ⁇ 2CH 2 (heteroaryl 1 ), S(0) n (C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl), S(O)n(a ⁇ yll), S(0)n(heteroaryI ), S02NR 2 5R26 an d cycloalkyl 1 ],
• S(0) n C ⁇ _6 alkyl [optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from OH, NR25 26 ) CONR 25 R 2 6, halogen, C ⁇ . ⁇ alkoxy, C2.4 alkynyl, C 2 _4 alkenyl, heteroaryl 1 , aryl 1 , COCH 2 CN, COheteroaryl 1 ), CO(aryl 1 ), C0 2 (heteroaryl 1 ), COCH2(aryl 1 ), COCH ⁇ heteroaryl 1 ), C0 2 CH 2 (aryl 1 ), C0 2 CH 2 (heteroaryl 1 ), S(0) n (C ⁇ _6 al kyl), S(0) n (aryl 1 ), S ⁇ heteroaryl 1 ), S0 2 NR 2 5R 2 6 an d cycloalkyl 1 ],
• R 4 is CJ.JO alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl 1 .
• R 4 is C 2 -4 alkyl substituted by cycloalkyl 1 .
• R 4 is propyl substituted by cycloalkyl ! .
• R 4 is propyl substituted by a C3.10 carbocyclic system with one or two rings and which is substituted by OH.
• R 4 is propyl substituted by (cyclohexyl substituted by OH)
• R 4 is (l-hydroxycyclohexyl)prop-3-yl.
• R 4 takes the values as specified in the Examples 145-203 below.
• R ⁇ , R6, R7, R8 R9 and R 1 ⁇ are each taken separately and are H.
• a preferred group of substances are those in which the "Ar" ring, R 1 , R 2 , R3, R 4 , R5 3 6 ; R7, R8, R9, R 1 ) q and (X) n have the values as detailed in the Examples below.
• the invention further provides synthetic methods for the production of compounds and salts of the invention, which are described below and in the Examples and Preparations.
• the skilled man will appreciate that the compounds of the invention could be made by methods other than those herein described, by adaptation of the methods herein described and/or adaptation of methods known in the art, for example the art described herein, or using standard textbooks such as
• tert-butyldimethylsilyl tgrt-butyldiphenylsilyl or trimethylsilyl
• Suitable protecting groups for amino include tert-butyloxycarbonyl, 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl or benzyloxycarbonyl.
• Suitable protecting groups for carboxylic acid include Ci. alkyl or benzyl esters. In the Methods below, unless otherwise specified, the substituents are as defined above with reference to the compounds of formula (I).
• the invention provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula I as defined above, or a pharmacutically or veterinarily acceptable derivative thereof, which comprises: (a) for compounds of formula I in which q is 0 and R 1 represents NY 2 WY 1 , reacting a compound of formula II,
• Z 1 is a suitable leaving group, such as halogen or Y S ⁇ 2 ⁇ - ; (b) for compounds of formula I in which q is 0 and R ⁇ and R7 both represent H, reduction of a compound of formula IV,
• R a CH2 takes the same meaning as R 4 as defined above;
• the reaction may be carried out at between 0°C and room temperature in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. pyridine) and an appropriate organic solvent (e.g. dichloromethane) .
• a suitable base e.g. pyridine
• an appropriate organic solvent e.g. dichloromethane
• reaction in the presence of a suitable reducing agent, such as lithium aluminium hydride.
• a suitable reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride.
• the reaction may be carried out at between room temperature and reflux temperature in the presence of a suitable solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran).
• Compounds of formula XI and XII may be prepared by reduction of the corresponding -N0 2 compounds under conditions that are well known to those skilled in the art (e.g. using H /Raney Ni or in the presence of CaCl and iron powder, in the presence of a suitable solvent system (e.g. EtOH, EtOAc and/or water)).
• a suitable solvent system e.g. EtOH, EtOAc and/or water
• the said corresponding -NO2 compounds may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula XII or formula XIV, as appropriate,
• L 1 represents a suitable leaving group [such as halo (e.g. chloro or bromo)]
• L 2 represents a suitable leaving group (such as C 1.3 alkoxy)
• R 3 is as defined above, with a compound of formula XV,
• the reaction may be carried out at between room temperature and reflux temperature in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. NaHC03) and an appropriate organic solvent (e.g. dimethylformamide), or at a higher temperature (e.g. between 50 and 200°C, preferably between 100 and 160°C) in the presence of neat compound of formula XV.
• a suitable base e.g. NaHC03
• an appropriate organic solvent e.g. dimethylformamide
• reaction may be carried out at room temperature in the presence of a suitable catalyst [e.g. Rh 2 (OAc)4] and an appropriate non-protic organic solvent (e.g. dichloromethane).
• a suitable catalyst e.g. Rh 2 (OAc)4
• an appropriate non-protic organic solvent e.g. dichloromethane
• XX for example by performing a Wittig reaction using an appropriate provider of the nucleophilic group R02C-CR5H _ or RO2C-CR8H- (wherein R represents lower (e.g. C1..3) alkyl), as appropriate, under conditions that are well known to those skilled in the art.
• R represents lower (e.g. C1..3) alkyl)
• the - CO2R group of the resulting compound may be converted to an appropriate -CH2L 1 group using standard techniques (e.g. reduction of the ester to the primary alcohol and conversion of the latter to an alkyl halide) under conditions that are well known to those skilled in the art.
• suitable reducing agents include lithium aluminium hydride.
• the reaction may be carried out at between room temperature and reflux temperature in the presence of a suitable solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran).
• L3 represents a group that is capable of undergoing functional group transformations (e.g. cyano) using standard functional group substitution or conversion techniques.
• Compounds of formula IV and V in which R 1 represents l,2,4-triazol-3-yl may be prepared by reaction of an appropriate compound of formula XXI or XXII in which L3 represents -CN with HCI (gas) in the presence of an appropriate lower alkyl alcohol (e.g. ethanol), for example at between 0°C and room temperature, followed by reaction of the resultant intermediate with formic acid hydrazide (e.g. at reflux temperature, with or without the presence of a suitable organic solvent (e.g. methanol), followed by, if necessary, removing the solvent and heating the resultant residue to a high temperature (e.g. about 150°C)).
• an appropriate lower alkyl alcohol e.g. ethanol
• formic acid hydrazide e.g. at reflux temperature, with or without the presence of a suitable organic solvent (e.g. methanol)
• a suitable organic solvent e.g. methanol
• R 1 represents imidazol-2-yl
• R 1 represents imidazol-2-yl
• R 1 represents imidazol-2-yl
• an appropriate compound of formula XXI or XXII in which L3 represents -CN with HCI (gas) in the presence of an appropriate lower alkyl alcohol (e.g. ethanol), for example at between 0°C and room temperature, followed by reaction of the resultant intermediate with aminoacetaldehyde dialkylacetal (e.g. dimethylacetal) (e.g. at or around reflux temperature in the presence of an appropriate solvent, such as methanol).
• an appropriate lower alkyl alcohol e.g. ethanol
• aminoacetaldehyde dialkylacetal e.g. dimethylacetal
• R 1 represents l,2,3-triazol-5-yl
• R 1 represents l,2,3-triazol-5-yl
• diazomethane or a protected (e.g. trialkylsilyl) derivative thereof, for example at between 0°C and room temperature in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. n- BuLi) and, optionally, an appropriate organic solvent (e.g. THF), followed by removal of the protecting group as necessary.
• a suitable base e.g. n- BuLi
• an appropriate organic solvent e.g. THF
• Het 1 is defined above. Further details may be found in Preparations 67, 68, etc. in WO00/39089, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• reaction may be carried out by heating under reflux, with or without the presence of an appropriate organic solvent.
• Compounds of formula VI may be prepared using known techniques.
• compounds of formula VI may be prepared by nitration (at the 4-position) of a corresponding 3-aminobenzene compound (a compound of formula II), which latter compound may be activated by converting the 3-amino group to a 3-amido group, followed by hydrolysis of the amide and reduction of the 4-nitrobenzene compound. All of these reactions may be performed using techniques that are familiar to the skilled person, and are illustrated in Preparations 45-48, etc. below.
• suitable leaving groups that Lg may represent include halogen, such as bromine, or a sulphonate group such as tosylate, mesylate or triflate.
• the reaction may be carried out in a polar solvent that does not adversely affect the reaction, at a suitable temperature, e.g. 0-150°C, in the presence of a base.
• a catalyst such as sodium iodide may optionally be added.
• R 4 -Lg CI or Br
• Lg CI or Br
• base 2.0- 4.0 eq
• K2CO3, NaHC ⁇ 3, or a tertiary amine such as triethylamine or Hunigs base
• a polar solvent such as THF, DMF, or MeCN
• a catalyst such as Nal or KI, for 2-24 hr.
• RC Larrock in "Comprehensive Organic Transformations-A Guide to Functional Group Preparations", VCH, (1989), p 397, and references cited therein.
• Compounds of formula VIII may be prepared from compounds of formula XXV,
• Suitable protecting groups include allyl, which may be removed using a palladium (0) catalyst and N,N-dimethylbarbituric acid (see Preparation 53, etc. below).
• Compounds of formula XXV may be prepared using analogous methods to those described herein for the preparation of compounds of formula I.
• suitable reducing agents include lithium aluminium hydride.
• the reaction may be carried out in a solvent that does not adversely affect the reaction (for example tetrahydrofuran), at an elevated temperature (for example the reflux temperature of the solvent).
• Compounds of formula X may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XXVI with a compound of formula XXVII in the presence of an oxidizing agent.
• Suitable oxidizing agents include manganese dioxide.
• the reaction may be carried out in a solvent that does not adversely affect the reaction (for example dioxan), at an elevated temperature such as the reflux temperature of the solvent (for example see Preparation 77, WO00/39089).
• the intermediate compounds XXTXa are isolatable using suitable conditions (e.g. see Preparation 58, WO00/39089).
• Process (f) is particularly useful when Ar represents an optionally benzo-fused 5- or 6- membered heteroaryl ring.
• a similar methodology may be used to obtain compounds of formula II: the precursor nitro compound may be prepared from a compound of formula XX, as defined above, using the steps described above (see for example Preparations 57-61, WO00/39089).
• the reaction may be carried out in a solvent that does not adversely affect the reaction (for example ethanol), first below room temperature and then at an elevated temperature (Examples 79, etc. WO00/39089, provides further details).
• suitable acids include dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid, respectively.
• the reaction may be carried out at or around room temperature, finishing at ' an elevated temperature (for example 90°C).
• Example 51 WO00/39089 provides further details.
• the compound of formula XXXI may be prepared by acylation of the compound of formula VIII as defined above, with an acylating agent of the formula R 4a CO- Lg, where Lg is a suitable leaving group as defined above with respect to (e), and includes halogen, (alkyl, haloalkyl or aryl)sulphonate, OCOR 4a (i.e. an acid anhydride) and the like, well known to those practising in the art. See for example the conditions used for Preparation 47.
• the coupling can optionally be carried out in the presence of a catalyst, for example DMAP, in a suitable solvent; see RC Larrock in "Comprehensive Organic Transformations- A Guide to Functional Group Preparations", second edition, (1999), pp 1941-1949, and references cited therein.
• a catalyst for example DMAP
• a suitable solvent see RC Larrock in "Comprehensive Organic Transformations- A Guide to Functional Group Preparations", second edition, (1999), pp 1941-1949, and references cited therein.
• a catalyst for example DMAP
• a suitable solvent see RC Larrock in "Comprehensive Organic Transformations- A Guide to Functional Group Preparations", second edition, (1999), pp 1941-1949, and references cited therein.
• the carboxylic acid 0.9-1.1 eq
• l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimi
• the amide bond can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent, for example lithium aluminium hydride or borane, in an ethereal solvent, such as THF, at 0-100°C to generate the desired tertiary amine, see RC Larrock in "Comprehensive Organic Transformations-A Guide to Functional Group Preparations", VCH, (1989), pp 432-434, and references cited therein.
• a suitable reducing agent for example lithium aluminium hydride or borane
• THF ethereal solvent
• the amide (1.0 eq) is treated with lithium aluminium hydride (1.0-3 eq), at 0°C-RT, in THF, for 1-24 hr.
• process (k) the appropriate aldehyde is reacted with an amine, optionally present as an acid addition salt, in the presence of a suitable reducing agent (such as sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or catalytic hydrogenation with Pd, Pt or Ni catalysts).
• a suitable reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or catalytic hydrogenation with Pd, Pt or Ni catalysts.
• the reaction is suitably performed in the presence of acetic acid at 0-100°C in THF, methanol, DCM (dichloromethane), or DCE (1,2 -dichloroethane), for a suitable time such as 1-24 hr.
• the amine salt such as the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) salt
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• an organic base such as triethylamine or Hunigs base
• the aldehyde (1-1.5 mole equivalents)
• sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1-2.0 mole equivalents)
• the aldehydes used in this process may be prepared from the corresponding alcohols using 0 suitable oxidising agents; see RC Larrock in "Comprehensive Organic Transformations-A Guide to Functional Group Preparations", second edition, (1999), pp 1234-1236 and 1238- 1247, and references cited therein.
• Preferred oxidants are tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (Ley, et.al., Synthesis, 1994, 639-666), Swern oxidation and related methods (Tidwell, Organic Reactions, 1990, 39, 297-572), and Dess-Martin Periodinane reagent (Dess et al., J. 15 Org. Chem., 1983, 48, 4155-4156).
• Anilines can be converted to a urea using potassium cyanate (excess) in an acidic aqueous solution, see Cross et al., J. Med. Chem., 1985, 28, 1427-1432.
• Suitable reducing agents include diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL, see Winterfeldt, Synthesis, 1975, 617) and lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4, see Brown, Org. Reactions, 1951, 6,
• Alcohols can be prepared from a corresponding acid using a suitable reducing agent; see Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations-A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, second edition, (1999), pp 1114-1116.
• a suitable reducing agent is either borane (BH3 (1-2 eq), J. Org. Chem., 1973, 38, 2786), or LiAlH4 (1-4 eq), in an ethereal solvent, such as THF, 0-80°C, for 1-24 hr. - viz. reaction of the type:
• Benzylacetals can be treated with a suitable reducing agent in the presence of a Lewis acid or organic acid to give benyloxyalcohols.
• compounds of formula I may be converted to other compounds of formula I using known techniques.
• compounds of formula I in which Y 1 represents alkoxycarbonyl may be converted to compounds in which Y 1 represents alkyl substituted by OH, by reduction using L-AIH4 (Example 57 provides further details).
• intermediate compounds may be interconverted using known techniques (see for example Preparation 85).
• intermediate compounds such as those of formulae III, XV, XVIII, XIX, XX, VII, IX, XXVI, XXVII and XXVIII, and derivatives thereof, when not commercially available or not subsequently described, may be obtained either by analogy with the processes described herein, or by conventional synthetic procedures, in accordance with standard techniques, from readily available starting materials using appropriate reagents and reaction conditions.
• the invention further provides the intermediate compounds of formulae II, IV, V, VI, X, X a , XI, XII, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXIX, XXIXa, XXX, and XXXI as defined above.
• the compound of formula (I) can be converted into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, conveniently by mixing together solutions of a compound of formula (I) and the desired acid or base, as appropriate.
• the salt may be precipitated from solution and collected by filtration, or may be collected by other means such as by evaporation of the solvent. Both types of salt may also be formed or interconverted using ion-exchange resin techniques.
• the compounds of the invention may be purified by conventional methods, for example separation of diastereomers may be achieved by conventional techniques, e.g. by fractional crystallisation, chromatography or H.P.L.C. of a stereoisomeric mixture of a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof.
• An individual enantiomer of a compound of formula (I) may also be prepared from a corresponding optically pure intermediate or by resolution, such as by H.P.L.C. of the corresponding racemate using a suitable chiral support or by fractional crystallisation of the diastereomeric salts formed by reaction of the corresponding racemate with a suitably optically active base or acid.
• the compounds of the invention are useful because they possess pharmacological activity in animals, especially mammals including humans. They are therefore indicated as pharmaceuticals and, in particular, for use as animal medicaments.
• the compounds of the invention for use as medicaments, such as pharmaceuticals and animal medicaments, such as for the treatment of opiate-mediated diseases and conditions.
• treatment this term includes both therapeutic (curative) and prophylactic treatment.
• the substances of the invention have been found to be useful in the treatment of 5 diseases and conditions modulated via opiate receptors, such as irritable bowel syndrome; constipation; nausea; vomiting; pruritus; eating disorders; opiate overdoses; depression; smoking and alcohol addiction; sexual dysfunction; shock; stroke; spinal damage and/or head trauma; and conditions characterised by having pruritis as a symptom.
• opiate receptors such as irritable bowel syndrome; constipation; nausea; vomiting; pruritus; eating disorders; opiate overdoses; depression; smoking and alcohol addiction; sexual dysfunction; shock; stroke; spinal damage and/or head trauma; and conditions characterised by having pruritis as a symptom.
• the use of the compounds of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease modulated via an opiate receptor.
• the use of the compounds of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of as irritable bowel syndrome; constipation; nausea; vomiting; pruritus; eating disorders; opiate overdoses;
• the compounds of the invention are thus expected to be useful for the curative or prophylactic treatment of pruritic dermatoses including allergic dermatitis and atopy in :0 animals and humans.
• Other diseases and conditions which may be mentioned include contact dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema and insect bites.
• the invention provides a method of treating or preventing a disease modulated via an opiate receptor. There is further provided a method of treating irritable bowel syndrome;
• compositions will normally be administered orally or by any parenteral route, in the form of pharmaceutical preparations comprising the active ingredient, optionally in the form of a non-toxic organic, or inorganic, acid, or base, addition salt, in a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form.
• the compositions may be administered at varying doses (see below).
• the compounds are preferably employed in the form of a pharmaceutical, or veterinary, formulation comprising a pharmaceutically, or veterinarily, acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient and a compound of the invention.
• the carrier, diluent or excipient may be selected with due regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical, and/or veterinary, practice.
• Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the invention may contain from 0.1 percent by weight to 90.0 percent by weight of the active ingredient.
• the methods by which the compounds may be administered for veterinary use include oral administration by capsule, bolus, tablet or drench, topical administration as an ointment, a pour-on, spot-on, dip, spray, mousse, shampoo, collar or powder formulation or, alternatively, they can be administered by injection (eg subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously), or as an implant.
• Such formulations may be prepared in a conventional manner in accordance with standard veterinary practice.
• the formulations will vary with regard to the weight of active compound contained therein, depending on the species of animal to be treated, the severity and type of infection and the body weight of the animal.
• typical dose ranges of the active ingredient are 0.01 to 100 mg per kg of body weight of the animal.
• Preferably the range is 0.1 to 10 mg per kg.
• the veterinary practitioner or the skilled person, will be able to determine the actual dosage which will be most suitable for an individual patient, which may vary with the species, age, weight and response of the particular patient.
• the above dosages are exemplary of the average case; there can, of course, be individual instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention.
• the compounds of the invention are of particular value for treating pruritus in domestic animals such as cats and dogs and in horses.
• the compounds may be administered with the animal feedstuff and for this purpose a concentrated feed additive or premix may be prepared for mixing with the normal animal feed.
• the compounds are administered as a pharmaceutical formulation containing the active ingredient together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
• a pharmaceutical formulation containing the active ingredient together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
• Such compositions include conventional tablet, capsule and ointment preparations which are formulated in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice.
• Compounds of the invention may be administered either alone or in combination with one or more agents used in the treatment or prophylaxis of disease or in the reduction or suppression of symptoms.
• agents which are provided by way of illustration and should not be construed as limiting
• antiparasitics eg fipronil, lufenuron, imidacloprid, avermectins (eg abamectin, ivermectin, doramectin), milbemycins, organophosphates, pyrethroids; antihistamines, eg chlorpheniramine, trimeprazine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine; antifungals, eg fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, griseofulvin, amphotericin B; antibacterials, eg enroflaxacin, marbofloxacin, ampicillin, amoxycillin; anti-inflammatories eg pre
• a pharmaceutical, or veterinary, formulation including a compound of the invention in admixture with a pharmaceutically, or veterinarily, acceptable adjuvant, diluent or carrier.
• Compounds of the invention may also have the advantage that, in the treatment of human and/or animal patients, they may be more efficacious than, be less toxic than, have a broader range of activity than, be more potent than, produce fewer side effects than, be more easily absorbed than, or they may have other useful pharmacological properties over, compounds known in the prior art.
• the biological activities of the compounds of the present invention were determined by the following test method.
• the reaction was terminated by rapid filtration using a Brandel Cell HarvesterTM through BetaplateTM GF/A glass fibre filters pre-soaked in 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 0.1% polyethylenimine buffer. The filters were then washed three times with 0.5 ml ice-cold Tris pH 7.4 buffer. For mu and delta assays, washed filters were placed in bags and StarscintTM scintillant added, for the kappa assay MeltilexTM B/HS solid scintillant was used. Bags containing the filters and scintillant were heat sealed and counted by a BetaplateTM 1204 beta counter. Duplicate samples were run for each experimental compound and the data generated was analysed using IC50 analysis software in Graphpad Prism. Ki values were calculated using Graphpad Prism according to the following formula:
• Ki IC 50 / 1 + [ 3 H ligand] / K D
• IC50 is the concentration at which 50% of the 3H ligand is displaced by the test compound and Kj) is the dissociation constant for the 3H ligand at the receptor site.
• Ki values of certain compounds of the present invention in the opioid receptor binding assays were determined, and were found to have Ki values of 4000 nM or less for the ⁇ receptor.
• APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
• DMF dimethylformamide
• DMSO dimethylsulphoxide
• d in relation to time
• day in relation to NMR
• doublet ES in relation to MS
• electrospray EtOAc ethyl acetate
• ODS octadecylsilyl
• the mass spectrometer which is used as a detector on the analytical HPLC-MS system is a Micromass VG Platform II, running on Masslynx/Openlynx software.
• the system can run positive and negative ion with either Electrospray or APCI probes and is calibrated to 1972 Daltons, it collects full Diode array data from 190nm to 600nm.
• HPLC means high performance liquid chromatography. HPLC conditions used were:
• Condition 1 Rainin DynamaxTM column, 8 ⁇ ODS, 24 x 300 mm, column temperature 40°C, flow rate 45 ml/min, eluting with methanol : water (70 : 30), UV detection of product at 246 nm.
• Condition 4 Phenomenex MagellanTM column, 5 ⁇ C 8 silica, 21.2 x 150 mm, column temperature 40°C, flow rate 20 ml/min, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile : OJM aqueous ammonium acetate buffer (30 : 70 to 95 : 5 over 10 min), UV detection of product at 220 nm.
• Condition 7 Phenomenex MagellanTM column, 5 ⁇ g silica, 21.2 x 150 mm, column temperature 40°C, flow rate 20 ml/min, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile : 0.05M aqueous ammonium acetate buffer (50 : 50 for 15 min then 50 : 50 to 90 : 10 over 5 min), UV detection of product at 220 nm.
• Condition 8 Phenomenex Magellen ⁇ M column, 5 ⁇ Cig silica, 21.2 x 150 mm, column temperature 40°C, flow rate 20 ml/min, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile : 0.1M aqueous ammonium acetate buffer (15 : 85 to 85 : 15), UV detection of product at 220 nm.
• Condition 9 Phenomenex MagellenTM column, 5 ⁇ ODS, 10 x 150 mm, column temperature 40°C, flow rate 5ml/min, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile : 0.1M aqueous ammonium acetate buffer (5 : 95 to 30 : 70 over 5 min then 30 : 70 for a further 20 min), UV detection of product at 225nm.
• Condition 10 Phenomenex MagellanTM column, 5 ⁇ Cjg silica, 21.2 x 150mm, column temperature 40°C, flow rate 20 ml/min, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile : 0.1M aqueous ammonium acetate (5 : 95 to 40 : 60 over 5 min then 40 : 60 for a further 25 min), UV detection of product at 210 nm.
• Condition 11 Phenomenex MagellanTM column, 5 ⁇ ODS, 10 x 150mm, column temperature 40°C, flow rate 5 ml/min, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile : water (5 : 95 to 55 : 45 over 5 min), UV detection of product at 210 nm.
• the free base form of the azabicycles could be obtained from the hydrochloride or acetate salts, for example, in the following way.
• the salt (0.3 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (20 ml) and washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (20 ml). The basic mixture was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 20 ml). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na2S ⁇ 4) and concentrated in vacuo to give the free base.
• SPE cartridge refers to a solid phase extraction cartridge. These can be commercially obtained from Varian (Mega Bond Elut ®) or IsoluteTM.
• Examples numbered 1-144 are compounds related to the instant invention, but with different R 4 groups, and are disclosed as such in International Patent Application no. WOOO/39089, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• Treating an appropriate aldehyde R 4a CHO with an amine of formula VIII in the presence of a suitable reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or catalytic hydrogenation with Pd, Pt or Ni catalysts.
• a suitable reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or catalytic hydrogenation with Pd, Pt or Ni catalysts.
• the reaction is often performed in the presence of acetic acid at 0-100°C in THF, MeOH, DCM, or DCE (1 ,2 -dichloroethane), for 1-24 hr.
• the amine salt is treated with an organic base (1-3 eq), such as triethylamine or Hunigs base, and then the aldehyde (1-1.5 eq), followed by sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1-2.0eq), in dichloromethane or DCE, at room temperature for 2-24 hr.
• organic base such as triethylamine or Hunigs base
• aldehyde (1-1.5 eq)
• sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1-2.0eq
• DCE dichloromethane or DCE
• the amide carbonyl can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent, for example lithium aluminium hydride or borane, in an ethereal solvent, such as THF, at 0-100°C to generate the desired tertiary amine, see RC Larrock in "Comprehensive Organic
• the amide (1.0 eq) is treated with lithium aluminium hydride (1.0-3 eq), at 0°C- RT, in THF, for 1-24 hr, e.g.:
• Aldehydes used in process B can be prepared using suitable oxidising agents; see
• oxidants are tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (Ley, et.al., Synthesis, 1994, 639-666), Swern oxidation and related methods (Tidwell, Organic Reactions, 1990, 39, 297-572), and Dess-Martin Periodinane reagent (Dess et al., J. Org. Chem., 1983, 48, 4155-4156).
• Anilines can be converted to a urea using potassium cyanate (excess) in an acidic aqueous solution, see Cross et al., J. Med. Chem., 1985, 28, 1427-1432. viz. reaction of the type:
• Esters can be converted to the corresponding alcohol using a suitable reducing LO agent, see Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations-A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, second edition, (1999), pp 1117-1120 and references cited therein.
• suitable reducing agents include diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL, see Winterfeldt, Synthesis, 1975, 617) and lithium aluminium hydride (UAIH4, see Brown, Org. Reactions, 1951 , 6, 469).viz. reaction of the type:
• alcohols used in process D can be prepared from the corresponding acid using a suitable reducing agent; see Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations-A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, second edition,
• the reducing agent is either borane (BH3 (1-2 eq), J. Org. Chem., 1973, 38, 2786), or LiAIH4 (1-4 eq), in an ethereal solvent, such as THF, 0-80°C, for 1-24 hr.
• Process I Alcohol to halide It should be appreciated that the R 4 Lg used in Process A can be prepared from the corresponding alcohol R 4 OH.
• Benzyloxyalcohols can be prepared by refluxing the appropriate benzyl halide with sodium or sodium hydride and a polymethylene glycol in xylene, see J. Am. Chem.
• Acetals can be treated with a suitable reducing agent in the presence of a Lewis acid or organic acid to give the benyloxyalcohols.
• Example 199 ⁇ V-(3-(3-r3-(4-acetylphenyl)pro ⁇ yll-6-ethyl-3-azabicvclor3.1.0]hex-6- vUphenvDmethanesulfonamide - and formate salt
• Example 200 ⁇ /-(3- ⁇ 3-r2-(benzvioxy)benzyll-6-ethyl-3-azabicvclor3.1.01hex-6- vPphenyQmethanesulfonamide
• Example 201 A/- ⁇ 3-r3-(4-cvanobenzyl)-6-ethyl-3-azabicvclor3.1.0lhex-6- yllphenvDmethanesulfonamide
• the compound above was prepared by a similar method to that of Example 167, using the trifluoroacetic acid salt of N-[3-(6-ethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-6- yl)phenyl]methanesulfonamide (100 mg, 0.25mmol) and 4-cyanobenzaldehyde (33mg, 0.25mmol) as the starting materials.
• the product was purified using preparative HPLC (conditions 3) to afford the title compound (28 mg, 28 %) as an off-white solid.
• Example 203 ⁇ /-(3-(6-ethyl-3-r(2-phenylcvclopropyl)methyll-3-azabicvclor3.1.Olhex- 6-yl ⁇ phenyl)methanesulfonamide
• Aluminium chloride (15.0 g, 0.11 moles) and acetyl chloride (16.0 g, 0.20 moles) were dissolved in dichloromethane (50 ml) at room temperature. This mixture was then added dropwise to a solution 1-chloro-3-phenylpropane (15.5 g, 0.10 moles) in dichloromethane (25 ml) at room temperature over 15 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 1 hr and then poured cautiously onto ice. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (450 ml). The organics were washed with water and brine, and then dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in-vacuo to give the title compound (19.2 g, 98%) as an oil.
• reaction mixture was cooled to between 0°C and 5°C and an aqueous solution of piperazine (198.5g, 2304mmol in 1.26L of water) added.
• the reaction mixture was then heated under reflux for a period of 18hrs.
• the THF was removed under vacuum, ethyl acetate
• the reaction mixture was cooled to between 0°C and 5°C and an aqueous solution of piperazine (48.7g, 565mmoI in 320mls of water) added.
• the reaction mixture was then heated under reflux for a period of 18hrs.
• the THF was removed under vacuum, ethyl acetate (200mls) added, and the phases were separated.
• the aqueous phase was extracted with a second portion of ethyl acetate (200mls).
• the organic phases were combined and washed with 3 separate portions of water (3x400m!s). The organics were dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated in vacuo to yield the product as a white crystalline solid (33.5g, 94%).

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