EP0941576B1 - Resonator mit kristall - Google Patents
Resonator mit kristall Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0941576B1 EP0941576B1 EP97951202A EP97951202A EP0941576B1 EP 0941576 B1 EP0941576 B1 EP 0941576B1 EP 97951202 A EP97951202 A EP 97951202A EP 97951202 A EP97951202 A EP 97951202A EP 0941576 B1 EP0941576 B1 EP 0941576B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- crystal
- resonator according
- lid
- housing
- resonator
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic elements; Electromechanical resonators
- H03H9/46—Filters
- H03H9/54—Filters comprising resonators of piezoelectric or electrostrictive material
- H03H9/58—Multiple crystal filters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic elements; Electromechanical resonators
- H03H9/02—Details
- H03H9/05—Holders or supports
- H03H9/0595—Holders or supports the holder support and resonator being formed in one body
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic elements; Electromechanical resonators
- H03H9/02—Details
- H03H9/05—Holders or supports
- H03H9/10—Mounting in enclosures
- H03H9/1007—Mounting in enclosures for bulk acoustic wave [BAW] devices
- H03H9/1014—Mounting in enclosures for bulk acoustic wave [BAW] devices the enclosure being defined by a frame built on a substrate and a cap, the frame having no mechanical contact with the BAW device
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic elements; Electromechanical resonators
- H03H9/02—Details
- H03H9/05—Holders or supports
- H03H9/10—Mounting in enclosures
- H03H9/1007—Mounting in enclosures for bulk acoustic wave [BAW] devices
- H03H9/1035—Mounting in enclosures for bulk acoustic wave [BAW] devices the enclosure being defined by two sealing substrates sandwiching the piezoelectric layer of the BAW device
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/30—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors
- H05K3/32—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
- H05K3/34—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
- H05K3/341—Surface mounted components
- H05K3/3431—Leadless components
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/42—Piezoelectric device making
Definitions
- the invention relates to a resonator with at least one crystal, at least two this crystal-stimulating electrodes and a sandwich construction Housing with a substantially disc-shaped bottom, at least one frame-shaped Middle part that surrounds the crystal and carries it in a vibratory manner, and a substantially disc-shaped cover, these housing parts including of conductive layers are connected by sealing surfaces and the Electrodes are each electrically connected to a conductive layer.
- the invention further relates to a method for producing such a resonator.
- the resonators common today are piezoelectric crystal elements, those in hermetically sealed housings, mainly made of glass, metal or ceramic, are mounted.
- the crystal element is mounted in such housings with a conductive adhesive, which is the electrical connection from the mostly vapor-deposited electrodes to the electrical feedthroughs or vias of the housing connects and at the same time represents the mechanical connection of the crystal element to the housing.
- Resonators with such housings are relatively large components that are complex are to be produced because indentations or free spaces are needed because of the mechanical tolerances and the use of conductive adhesives must be sufficiently large have to.
- US 4,293,986 proposes a resonator in the beginning train the type mentioned. It is a frame-shaped quartz disc that the active crystal surface surrounds, with a bottom and a lid to form a sandwich Housing assembled.
- These components include conductive surfaces, where the active crystal surface is in a space that is trough-shaped Recesses from the bottom and lid is formed. That way though a reduction in size of the component is achieved, but this component can only be in mount on a printed circuit board in a complex manner.
- auxiliary structures for making the connections such as wires, required.
- Such a component cannot be used in SMD technology (Surface Mounted Devices) on a circuit board.
- a resonator of the type mentioned above is also known from US Pat. No. 4,421,621.
- This contains a fork-shaped quartz crystal, with conductive layers partially through vertical conductive surfaces, mostly connected to each other by an opening are.
- the potentials are not connected to the disc-shaped bottom, so that the component is attached to a printed circuit board using SMD technology and thereby can be connected.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of a resonator at the beginning mentioned type in such a way that it can be further processed in SMD technology can.
- the object is achieved in that on at least one side of the housing a total of at least two conductive surfaces such as the foot of the floor extend that this can be soldered to a circuit board, the conductive Layers outside the sealing surfaces are interrupted for electrical isolation.
- the object is further achieved by a method of the type mentioned above, in which before joining at least one crystal disk with conductive on both sides Layers is provided, the active crystal surface and at least one interruption outside of sealing surfaces that achieve a sealed housing area serve, remain spared, and at least the bottom with at least two conductive Is provided surfaces that extend to the foot of the floor that this so that it can be soldered onto a printed circuit board and electrical connections to the conductive ones Layers of at least one crystal wafer can be produced.
- the invention provides a hermetically sealed, inexpensive SMD component small volume made available.
- This component is soldered onto the Printed circuit boards are not connected, no wiring, holes or plated-through holes required.
- the conductive layers serve as vias and preferably at the same time as sealing surfaces, the potential separations outside
- the sealing surfaces serve several connections to the edge of the sandwich Housing to lead from there with solderable connections to a circuit board to connect the floor.
- an SMD component is created that with a variety of different potentials can be connected. So the principle is that each conductive layer that lies between the housing parts has a potential assigned. Since these layers are electrically separated from each other, they can be Serve connection of the electrodes with one conductor track of the circuit board.
- the Component is easy to manufacture and offers, like the different embodiments and further training show a large number of design options.
- the resonator can be designed, for example, in such a way that the conductive layers are located on the at least one frame-shaped central part, these with Bottom and lid are connected to produce the sealing surfaces.
- These sealing surfaces are different Process can be produced. They can be evaporated or by screen printing, chemical processes or combinations of different processes applied become. Bottom and lid can be glued to the frame-shaped central part or in otherwise connected to it.
- the lid by bonding (also as anodic bonding or diffusion bonding known) to connect to the middle part.
- bonding also as anodic bonding or diffusion bonding known
- the floor can also be bonded to the middle section.
- the advantage is that no metallic layers are required for the lid and / or bottom are; they can be directly connected to the metallic layer of the middle part become. In this way, the manufacture is simplified and a durable connection achieved.
- the lid can only consist of a sheet of glass that directly with an aluminum layer of the middle part that carries the crystal. The same goes for the floor, which then only with the lateral conductive layers for the connection on the circuit board must be equipped.
- the bottom has a conductive layer at the top, which is connected to the corresponding conductive layer of the central part, wherein these correspond at least in the area of the sealing surface.
- the lid has a conductive layer at the bottom, with the corresponding layer of the middle part is connected, this also at least in the area of the sealing surface correspond. Since the application of metal layers, for example on quartz, Glass or ceramic, which gives a very stable connection, has this embodiment Advantage that the housing elements can be soldered or welded. A metal with a is expediently used for the conductive layers Melting temperature between 240 and 600 ° C provided. This makes it easy Welding by friction welding or laser welding possible without the individual components are affected.
- Housing is closed under vacuum by vacuum, or there are combinations conceivable, such as that the lid and the bottom together with the Quartz assembled under vacuum and then soldered the metal surfaces or be welded. It is also possible that the metal layers in the continuous furnace are fused together, or it can be soldered such that a Stamp that holds the parts together from above and below during the soldering process, also serves to dissipate heat and seal inwards. Other types of Assembly and connection of the housing parts or combinations thereof are imaginable.
- An expedient embodiment provides that the conductive layers are outside the sealing surfaces have further interruptions. These interruptions can serve that only as many conductive layers lie on top of each other as for the contact and sealing are required. The reason is that the metal layers like coils or capacitors, which are often more necessary considering lower values can interfere. Such further interruptions can but also serve to insert other components, such as conductor tracks, Capacitors, coils etc. Such components can e.g. using sputter technology be evaporated. In this way, the resonator can be integrated Component to be expanded.
- the active resonator surface of the crystal below Remaining of at least one connecting bridge is free.
- the individual configurations depend on the final properties of the desired resonator.
- the exemption can be either mechanical, for example by drilling, or by an etching process in which previously not to be etched free Surfaces are covered with varnish.
- the embodiment as one piece Component has the advantage that no connection of the frame-shaped middle part with the Crystal through a foreign material, such as adhesive, is required. This is advantageous because such materials, especially adhesives, have aging resistance influence negatively. Through two connecting bars, each of which is at least one Wear electrode lead, adverse shear vibrations can be avoided.
- the active crystal surface can be machined to achieve a change in thickness. Precisely because the vibrating body is firmly attached to a thick edge, it can be made thinner. This is one of the ways to create space for the oscillation ability of the active resonator surface. It is also a particularly economical option since the processing of the crystal is necessary in order to obtain the desired final frequency.
- This change in thickness of the active surface can be carried out by etching, by lapping or by laser processing, for example excimer laser.
- the electrodes and their electrical connection to the conductive surfaces can then be evaporated.
- the conductive layer of the cover is a window in the area of the crystal.
- the conductive layer of the floor can also be a Have windows in the area of the crystal. This can be done in a simple manner Make room for the crystal's vibrational ability, either to add to create additional space for the change in thickness of the crystal or instead of such Change in thickness.
- the additional advantage of such windows is that they are undesirable Capacities are avoided.
- At least one of the housing parts namely Bottom or lid, made of a transparent material.
- the bottom and / or lid made of glass consist.
- a YAK laser can be used to process the electrodes become.
- the big advantage is that the adjustment after the closure of the Housing can take place. In this way, crystals can be made with an initial accuracy Adjust ⁇ 5 ppm to get an accuracy of less than 1 ppm achieve.
- the electrodes can be arranged on the crystal, but usually they do not cover the entire active crystal surface. Another option is there in that the electrodes on the underside of the lid and on the top of the Are attached to the floor. Of course, if several crystals are provided an intermediate floor can also be a support for electrodes. By such an embodiment especially stable aging resonators can be manufactured, the high Show frequency stability. In such a case, the electrodes can also be used Rework the transparent housing using a laser.
- the sandwich construction according to the invention with the possibility of conducting layers for Connecting multiple potentials to the circuit board also opens up the possibility that several crystals are inserted into the case.
- These can be arranged that several frame-shaped middle parts inserted between the bottom and lid are that, so to speak, several resonators are stacked on top of one another.
- there are intermediate floors between the frame-shaped central parts are located, at least for establishing the electrical connection of the at least have an overlying crystal to the circuit board conductive surfaces.
- the intermediate part has a conductive top and bottom Has layer for forming the respective sealing surface, which is outside the sealing surface is interrupted for electrical isolation.
- Metal layers are bonded together to join the components together can thus be a compact component with any number of resonators and possibly train other components. It can be provided that the crystals are connected to the circuit board by separate connections. Building the senior Layers and their interruptions can, however, also be configured in this way be that the individual resonators are connected in series or in parallel.
- the resonator is also designed in accordance with the invention a space for the crystal to swing through trough-shaped recesses of the bottom and lid, as in the prior art mentioned, possible and then useful if a particularly large free space is to be created.
- the bottom of the resonator can have any number of pads for soldering to Have conductor tracks of the circuit board. The only limit is how many conductive surfaces can accommodate the circumference of the housing.
- the housing namely the bottom, one or more the frame-shaped central parts and, if necessary, also the intermediate floors and the Lids made of the same material, e.g. made of the same quartz as the crystal.
- the entire component consists of homogeneous material with the same Expansion, resulting in particularly stress-free properties, especially with different ones Operating temperatures leads. Freedom from stress means that no pushing forces and thus no bending of the component and no negative influence on the Vibrations occurs.
- the invention further relates to a method for producing a resonator of the type described above.
- This method has the following method steps: A crystal disk is covered, for example, by means of lacquer or stencils where the active crystal surface and the break for polarity separation are to be located. Then the uncovered areas are metallized. A similar operation is also carried out on the floor, with the metallizations producing at least two conductive surfaces which extend to the foot of the floor in such a way that it can be soldered to a printed circuit board.
- such layers can be provided in the sealing area, where they correspond to the conductive layers of the crystal wafer.
- the cover can also be provided with such a metal layer, which is located at least in the area of the sealing surface of the sealed housing area.
- the active crystal surface of the crystal disc is exposed in such a way that at least receive a connecting bridge to the resulting frame-shaped central part remains.
- This can be done by drilling, cutting using a cutting disc or etching, in the latter case, a covering with a lacquer is also made can.
- all surfaces except for the active crystal surface is covered with a varnish so that this area on the desired frequency can be etched. It can also have convex shapes for low-frequency crystals can be produced by step etching. Of course other forms of processing such as using a laser are also possible. It is essential that through the crystal surface processed in this way the desired dimensions can be achieved. After that the electrodes are applied so that they are connected to the conductive sealing surfaces are.
- the housing parts are put together, this by gluing, Soldering, bonding or welding, for example friction welding or laser welding, can take place.
- the vertical conductive surfaces and if necessary also horizontal conductive layers of the floor and crystal disc, which are the same Potentials are assigned to each other. It can also connect be produced by sealing the parts under vacuum by means of negative pressure become.
- a combination of methods, for example, is particularly expedient in that the lid and the bottom together with the crystal disc underneath Vacuum joined and then soldered or welded the metal surfaces become.
- the quartz is protected by the vacuum seal and that There is no higher risk that the vacuum seal is not permanent.
- the solder leaves heat up by a laser, for example, or a stamp is provided, that holds the parts together from above and below during the soldering process and at the same time serves to dissipate heat and to seal inwards.
- the housing is transparent, for example an all-glass housing, it can after assembling the housing using a laser or a glow discharge at least one of the electrodes through the transparent housing part be reworked, with a particularly high accuracy in the manner shown above can be achieved.
- FIG. 1 and 2 show a first embodiment in which the principles of the invention are explained.
- the housing 5 of the resonator 1 is constructed from a base 6, a frame-shaped central part 7 and a cover 8.
- Fig. 1 shows a section II, which is located in Fig. 2. It leads through the frame-shaped central part 7 in the region of the conductive layer 9, which serves to relay the first potential.
- the frame-shaped central part 7 forms a frame and comprises a crystal 2 which is connected to the frame-shaped central part 7 by a connecting web 28.
- the frame-shaped central part 7 and crystal 2 are expediently made from one part, for example a quartz crystal, an exemption 44 having been removed in the manner already described.
- a sealed housing region 25 is formed by the sealing surfaces 13 and 14, in which is the crystal 2.
- This sealed housing area 25 is created by the construction of the sandwich-like housing 5 from the bottom 6, frame-shaped central part 7 and cover 8.
- the conductive layers 9 and 10 with conductive layers 9 ' and 10 'of the cover 8 and the base 6 are joined together in a corresponding manner, that around the crystal 2 the hermetically sealed housing region 25 arises.
- the first potential reaches electrode 3 the second potential, which is separated, is on the left side of the component in a corresponding manner with the conductor track 23 'by means of a further soldering 24 connected is.
- the sealing surfaces 13 are also located and 14 on different potentials.
- it would also be different from the one drawn Arrangement of the interruptions is conceivable, it is only essential that the potentials are separated without thereby creating a gap in the sealing surfaces 13 and 14. In this way, it was possible to use a sandwich construction to create a resonator 1 to produce, in which no wires or vias are required. Alone through the metallized surfaces 9, 9 ', 10, 10' of the stacked Housing parts 5, 6, 7 is both the sealing of a housing area 25 and the Separation of the two potentials achieved.
- windows 32 and 33 are in the conductive Layers 9 'and 10' of the bottom 6 and the cover 8 are provided.
- This vibratory suspension with a corresponding free space 39 can also be created by machining the active crystal surface 2, such as it can be seen from this embodiment.
- the electrodes 3 and 4 applied and with the conductive layers 9 and 10 to Connected to the first and second potential.
- 3 - 5b show the individual parts of a second exemplary embodiment, which differs from the first exemplary embodiment in that the crystal 2 is connected to the frame-shaped central part 7 by two connecting webs 29 and 30 and that the crystal is not or only insignificantly processed in its thickness has been.
- the free space 39 is then created by the windows 32 and 33 in this embodiment.
- 4a and 4b show the frame-shaped central part 7, FIG. 4 showing the quartz disk which has not yet been provided with conductive layers, but in which the active crystal surface 2 has already been worked out by the exemption 44. It is attached to the frame-shaped part 7 by the connecting webs 29 and 30. 4b shows the frame-shaped central part 7 after the application of the conductive layer 9, which at the same time gives the sealing surface 13 with the cover 8 already described. Below the frame-shaped central part 7 shown is the conductive layer 10, which at the same time provides the sealing surface 14 with the bottom 6 to be described.
- the electrode lead 31 for the upper electrode 3 is located on a connecting web 30 and the electrode lead 31 for the electrode 4 is located on the other connecting web 29. This configuration avoids undesirable resonances in the feeds.
- other connections of the active crystal surface 2 are also possible, this depends on the particular desired waveforms and on the angle at which the crystal was cut to produce the blank.
- the second embodiment has an interruption 43 in FIG two conductive layers 9 and 9 '.
- this interruption 43 components 27 'can be arranged, which are connected in series to the crystal 2.
- a further interruption 43 ' is provided which enlarges the interruption 26' in such a way that one or more additional components 27 can be inserted, which are arranged parallel to the crystal 2.
- conductor tracks, Coils or capacitors are additionally integrated into the resonator and it is on this way, a quartz filter entirely or partially in the housing 5 of the resonator 1 to integrate.
- FIG. 5 shows the top of the base 6, the conductive layer 10 ′ being designed in such a way that it corresponds to the conductive layer 10 of the frame-shaped central part 7. This correspondence must be achieved in the area of the sealing surface 14 and in a contact area. Otherwise, further interruptions 43 and 43 'are also possible here. However, such are not shown.
- 5a shows a section VV through the base 6.
- connection surfaces 42 which in this exemplary embodiment are two separate connections 35 and 36. Of course, in a different embodiment such as that of FIG. 8, a plurality of such connection surfaces 42 can serve to enable four potentials to be connected.
- the two separate connections 35 and 36 shown here are drawn through vertical conductive surfaces 17 and 18 to the top of the bottom 6, on which the conductive layer 10 ′ for the second potential is located.
- the interruption 26 ′ separates the conductive surface 18, it serves to connect the conductive layer 9 of the frame-shaped central part 7 for connecting the upper electrode 3.
- the conductive surface 17 leads to the lower electrode 4 via the conductive layer 10 and 10 ′ .
- Fig. 6 shows housing parts of a third embodiment to illustrate the assembly.
- the crystal 2 is round and has two opposing connecting webs 29 and 30, so that the clearance 44 extends over approximately 2 times 175 degrees.
- the bottom 6 has on its top the conductive layer 10 ', which has a window 33, which in this case is round.
- the conductive layer 10 ' is further provided with the interruption 26' which corresponds to the corresponding interruption 26 'of the layer 10 of the frame-shaped central part 7.
- This middle part 7 has on its upper side the conductive layer 9 with the interruption 26, which in turn corresponds to the interruption 26 of the layer 9 'of the cover 8.
- This layer 9 'in turn has a window 32 which, like the window 33, has the size of the exemption 44.
- This exemplary embodiment has a frame-shaped central part 7, in which a lenticular quartz crystal 46 is fastened by means of an adhesive connection 45.
- a lenticular quartz crystal 46 is particularly suitable for crystals ⁇ 12 MHz.
- the frame-shaped central part 7 has a conductive surface 18 on an outer edge and a conductive surface 17 on the other outer edge.
- the bottom 6 has connections 35 and 36, the connection 35 leading via the conductive surface 17 and the conductive layer 10 to the lower electrode 4 '.
- the connection 36 leads via the conductive surface 18 and the conductive layer 9 to the upper electrode 3 '.
- the electrodes 3 'and 4' are not attached to the crystal 2, but are located on the bottom 6 and on the cover 8.
- Interruptions 26 and 26 are provided in order to separate the two potentials from one another.
- the conductive surface 17 on the frame-shaped central part 7 could also be omitted, so that this missing conductive surface 17 would represent the interruption 26, so to speak.
- this component could also be constructed as a component with several resonators stacked on top of one another; in this case, electrodes would also have to be arranged in a corresponding manner on intermediate floors between the individual resonators.
- many different features have been combined, which of course does not mean that these are only possible in the combination shown. Different features of all the illustrated exemplary embodiments can be combined with one another in different ways.
- FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 are sectional views, the sections of FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 being entered in FIG. 8. The course of the section of FIG. 8 is again noted in FIGS. 9 to 11.
- the Roman numerals on the cuts correspond to the Arabic numerals on the figures.
- FIG. 12 is a side view, which is also shown in Roman numerals with an arrow in FIG. 8.
- each resonator 1 and 1 ′ has separate connections 35 and 36 and 37 and 38 to the circuit board 22. So leads from the conductor 23 Terminal 35 via the conductive surface 17 and the conductive layer 9 to the upper electrode 3 of the crystal 2.
- the connection 36 leads from the conductor track 23 "over the conductive surface 18 and the conductive layer 10 to the lower electrode 4 of the crystal 2.
- Furthermore leads from the conductor 23 'of the terminal 37 via the conductive surface 19 and the conductive Layer 11 to the top electrode 3 of the crystal 2 ', and finally leads from the Conductor 23 '' 'the connection 38 via the conductive surface 20 and the conductive layer 12 to the lower electrode 4 of the crystal 2 '.
- interruptions 47 must be added to interruptions 26 and 26 ' be provided, which attach to the interruptions 26 and 26 'such that the conductive side surfaces of the component are divided into four conductive surfaces 17 to 20, each of these surfaces 17 to 20 each having a conductive layer 9 to 12 in the top mentioned way is connected.
- Section IX shown in FIG. 9 shows that the conductive surface 20 is connected to the conductive layer 12. In corresponding Way is on the upper side of the resonator 1 ', the conductive surface 19 with the conductive Layer 11 connected.
- Fig. 11 shows how the conductive surface 17 with the conductive Layer 9 is connected, and correspondingly is the conductive surface 18 with the conductive Layer 10 connected.
- FIG. 10 There is an intermediate floor between the resonators 1 and 1 ', of the conductive layers 15 and 15 ', both of which are configured in this way are as shown in FIG. 10.
- the sealing surfaces 16 of the intermediate floor 34 are separated from the potentials by the interruptions 26 and 26 '.
- the two Potentials on each side are in turn separated by further interruptions 47. In this way, the potentials are only continued without making contact takes place with the larger sealing surface 16.
- the leaders could Surfaces 17 and 18 with the corresponding parts of the conductive layer are also omitted because an upward connection is not required. It would be too possible to omit the interruptions 26, 26 ', 47 from the intermediate floor 34, where the corresponding surfaces 9, 10, 11, 12 of the adjacent frame-shaped Middle parts 7, 7 'have no such.
- the version shown was chosen to better handling and universal applicability due to the symmetry on all sides to achieve the intermediate floor 34 and the solderings 24 also in a symmetrical manner Way to be able to attach to the component.
- Fig. 13 shows a sixth embodiment, which differs from FIG. 2 in that the electrode 2 has the thickness of the frame-shaped central part 7 and 39 trough-shaped recesses 40 and 41 of the cover 8 and the bottom 6 are provided to achieve the free space .
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Piezo-Electric Or Mechanical Vibrators, Or Delay Or Filter Circuits (AREA)
Description
Eine Kristallscheibe wird zum Beispiel mittels Lack oder Schablonen dort abgedeckt, wo sich die aktive Kristallfläche und die Unterbrechung zur Polaritätstrennung befinden sollen. Danach werden die nicht abgedeckten Flächen metallisiert. Ein ähnlicher Arbeitsvorgang wird auch am Boden vorgenommen, wobei durch die Metallisierungen mindestens zwei leitende Flächen hergestellt werden, die sich derart zum Fuß des Bodens erstrecken, daß dieser damit auf eine Leiterplatte auflötbar ist. Außerdem können solche Schichten im Dichtungsbereich vorgesehen werden, wobei sie mit den leitenden Schichten der Kristallscheibe korrespondieren. Auch der Deckel kann mit einer solchen Metallschicht versehen werden, die sich zumindest im Bereich der Dichtfläche des abgedichteten Gehäusebereichs befindet.
- Fig. 1
- einen Schnitt durch ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel eines Resonators der erfindungsgemäßen Art im Bereich eines rahmenförmigen Mittelteils mit aktiver Kristallfläche,
- Fig. 2
- einen Längsschnitt durch dieses Ausführungsbeispiel,
- Fig. 3 u. 3a
- einen Deckel,
- Fig. 4, 4a u. 4b
- ein rahmenförmiges Mittelteil sowie
- Fig. 5, 5a u. 5b
- einen Boden eines zweiten Ausführungsbeispiels,
- Fig. 6
- die Gehäuseteile eines dritten Ausführungsbeispiels zur Darstellung des Zusammenbaus,
- Fig. 7
- ein viertes Ausführungsbeispiel mit einigen alternativen Merkmalen,
- Fig. 8
- ein fünftes Ausführungsbeispiel mit zwei Resonatoren übereinandergestapelt,
- Fig. 9
- einen Schnitt durch das obere Mittelteil der Fig. 8,
- Fig. 10
- einen Schnitt durch den Zwischenboden der Fig. 8,
- Fig. 11
- einen Schnitt durch das untere Mittelteil der Fig. 8 sowie
- Fig. 12
- eine Seitenansicht des fünften Ausführungsbeispiels und
- Fig. 13
- ein sechstes Ausführungsbeispiel.
- 1, 1'
- Resonator
- 2, 2'
- Kristall (bzw. aktive Kristallfläche)
- 3, 3'
- Elektrode (oben)
- 4, 4'
- Elektrode (unten)
- 5, 5'
- Gehäuse
- 6
- Boden
- 7,7'
- rahmenförmiges Mittelteil (z.B. Kristallscheibe)
- 8
- Deckel
- 9, 9'
- leitende Schicht, erstes Potential
- 10, 10'
- leitende Schicht, zweites Potential
- 11
- leitende Schicht, drittes Potential
- 12
- leitende Schicht, viertes Potential
- 13
- Dichtfläche, Oberseite des Mittelteils
- 14
- Dichtfläche, Unterseite des Mittelteils
- 15, 15'
- leitende Schichten des Zwischenbodens
- 16
- Dichtflächen des Zwischenbodens
- 17, 18, 19, 20
- leitende Flächen
- 21
- Fuß des Bodens
- 22
- Leiterplatte
- 23, 23', 23'', 23'''
- Leiterbahnen der Leiterplatte
- 24
- Lötung
- 25
- durch Dichtflächen abgedichteter Gehäusebereich
- 26, 26'
- Unterbrechungen einer leitenden Schicht
- 27, 27'
- weitere Bauelemente
- 28
- Verbindungssteg (einer)
- 29, 30
- Verbindungsstege (zwei)
- 31
- Elektrodenzuleitung
- 32
- Fenster (Deckel)
- 33
- Fenster (Boden)
- 34
- Zwischenboden
- 35, 36, 37, 38
- separate Anschlüsse
- 39
- Freiraum
- 40, 41
- wannenförmige Ausnehmungen
- 42
- Anschlußflächen
- 43, 43'
- weitere Unterbrechung einer leitenden Schicht
- 44
- Freistellung
- 45
- Klebverbindung
- 46
- linsenförmiger Quarzkristall
- 47
- weitere Unterbrechungen leitender Schichten zur Trennung von 4 Potentialen
Claims (37)
- Resonator (1) mit mindestens einem Kristall (2, 2'), mindestens zwei diesen Kristall (2, 2') anregenden Elektroden (3, 3', 4, 4') und einem in Sandwich-Bauweise aufgebauten Gehäuse (5, 5') mit einem im wesentlichen scheibenförmigen Boden (6), mindestens einem rahmenförmigen Mittelteil (7, 7'), das den Kristall (2, 2') umgibt und in schwingfähiger Weise trägt, und einem im wesentlichen scheibenförmigen Deckel (8), wobei diese Gehäuseteile (6, 7, 7', 8) unter Einschluß von leitenden Schichten (9 und 9', 10 und 10'; 11, 12) durch Dichtflächen ( 13, 14, 15, 16) miteinander verbunden sind und die Elektroden (3, 4; 3', 4') jeweils mit einer leitenden Schicht (9 und 9', 10 und 10'; 11, 12) elektrisch in Verbindung stehen,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß sich an mindestens einer Seite des Gehäuses (5, 5') insgesamt mindestens zwei leitende Flächen (17, 18, 19, 20) derart zum Fuß (21) des Bodens (6) erstrecken, daß dieser damit auf eine Leiterplatte (22) auflötbar ist, wobei die leitenden Schichten (9 und 9', 10 und 10'; 11, 12) jeweils außerhalb der Dichtflächen (13, 14, 15, 16), die der Erzielung eines abgedichteten Gehäusebereichs (25) dienen, zur Potentialtrennung unterbrochen sind. - Resonator nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß sich die leitenden Schichten (9, 10) auf dem mindestens einen rahmenförmigen Mittelteil (7) befinden, wobei diese mit Boden (6) und Deckel (8) zur Herstellung der Dichtflächen (11, 12, 13, 14) verbunden werden. - Resonator nach Anspruch 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Deckel (8) und das Mittelteil (7) durch Bonden miteinander verbunden werden. - Resonator nach Anspruch 2 oder 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Boden (6) und das Mittelteil (7) durch Bonden miteinander verbunden werden. - Resonator nach Anspruch 2 oder 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Boden (6) oben eine leitende Schicht (10') aufweist, die mit der entsprechenden leitenden Schicht (10) des Mittelteils (7) verbunden ist, wobei diese mindestens im Bereich der Dichtfläche (14) korrespondieren. - Resonator nach Anspruch 2, 4 oder 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Deckel (8) unten eine leitende Schicht (9') aufweist, die mit der entsprechenden Schicht (9) des Mittelteils (7) verbunden ist, wobei diese mindestens im Bereich der Dichtfläche (13) korrespondieren. - Resonator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die leitenden Schichten (9, 9'; 10, 10'; 11 oder 12) außerhalb der Dichtflächen (13, 14, 15 oder 16) weitere Unterbrechungen (43, 43') aufweisen. - Resonator nach Anspruch 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die weiteren Unterbrechungen (43, 43') der Aufnahme weiterer Bauelemente (27, 27') dienen. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 8,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Kristall (2, 2') und das rahmenförmige Mittelteil (7, 7') als einstückiges Bauteil ausgebildet sind, wobei die aktive Resonatorfläche des Kristalls (2, 2') unter Verbleib von mindestens einem Verbindungssteg (28, 29, 30) freigestellt ist. - Resonator nach Anspruch 9,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß zwei Verbindungsstege (29, 30) vorgesehen sind, die mindestens je eine Elektrodenzuleitung (31) tragen. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 9,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die aktive Kristallfläche (2, 2') zur Erzielung einer Dickenänderung bearbeitet ist. - Resonator nach Anspruch 11,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß durch die Dickenänderung der Freiraum (39) für die Schwingungen des Kristalls (2,2') geschaffen ist. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 12,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die aktive Kristallfläche (2, 2') zur Erzielung einer Form bearbeitet ist. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 11 bis 13,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß durch die Bearbeitung der aktiven Kristallfläche (2, 2') die gewünschte Frequenz erzielt ist. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 6 bis 14,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die leitende Schicht (9') des Deckels (8) ein Fenster (32) im Bereich des Kristalls (2, 2') aufweist. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 3 oder 5 bis 13,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die leitende Schicht (10') des Bodens (6) ein Fenster (33) im Bereich des Kristalls (2, 2') aufweist. - Resonator nach Anspruch 15 und 16,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Freiraum (39) für die Schwingungen des Kristalls (2, 2') durch die Fenster (32, 33) hergestellt ist. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 17,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß mindestens eines der Gehäuseteile Boden (6) oder Deckel (8) aus einem durchsichtigen Material besteht. - Resonator nach Anspruch 18,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß mindestens eine der Elektroden (3, 3', 4, 4') nach der Zusammenfügung des Gehäuses (5, 5') zur Erzielung eines genauen Frequenzabgleichs mittels eines Lasers nachbearbeitet ist. - Resonator nach Anspruch 18,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß mindestens eine der Elektroden (3, 3', 4, 4') nach der Zusammenfügung des Gehäuses (5, 5') zur Erzielung eines genauen Frequenzabgleichs mittels einer Glimmentladung nachbearbeitet ist. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 20,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Elektroden (3, 3', 4, 4') auf dem Kristall (2, 2') angeordnet sind. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 20,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Elektroden (3, 3', 4, 4') auf der Unterseite des Deckels (8) und auf der Oberseite des Bodens (6) angebracht sind. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 22,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß in das Gehäuse (5') mehrere Kristalle (2, 2') eingefügt sind. - Resonator nach Anspruch 23,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß mehrere rahmenförmige Mittelteile (7, 7') zwischen Boden (6) und Deckel (8) eingefügt sind. - Resonator nach Anspruch 24,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß sich zwischen den rahmenförmigen Mittelteilen (7, 7') Zwischenböden (34) befinden, die zumindest zur Herstellung der elektrischen Verbindung des mindestens einen darüberliegenden Kristalls (2') zur Leiterplatte (22) leitende Flächen (17, 28, 19, 20) aufweisen. - Resonator nach Anspruch 25,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Zwischenteil (34) oben und unten jeweils eine leitende Schicht (15, 15') zur Bildung der jeweiligen Dichtfläche (16) aufweist, die außerhalb der Dichtfläche (16) zur Potentialtrennung unterbrochen (26, 26', 47) ist. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 23 bis 26,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Kristalle (2, 2') durch separate Anschlüsse (35, 36, 37, 38) mit der Leiterplatte (22) verbunden sind. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 23 bis 26,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die einzelnen Resonatoren (1, 1') in Reihe geschaltet sind. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 23 bis 26,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die einzelnen Resonatoren (1, 1') parallel geschaltet sind. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 29,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Freiraum (39) für das Schwingen des Kristalls (2, 2') durch wannenförmige Ausnehmungen (40, 41) von Boden (6) und Deckel (8) gebildet wird. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 30,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Boden (6) Anschlußflächen (42) zum Verlöten mit den Leiterbahnen (23, 23', 23", 23"') der Leiterplatte (22) aufweist. - Resonator nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 31,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß alle Bauteile (6, 7, 7', 8, 34) des Gehäuses (5, 5') aus demselben Quarzmaterial bestehen wie der Kristall (2, 2'). - Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Resonators (1, 1') mit mindestens einem Mittelteil (7, 7') aus einer Kristallscheibe mit zwei Elektroden (3, 3', 4, 4') sowie einem Boden (6) und einem Deckel (8) durch folgende Verfahrensschritte:dadurch gekennzeichnet,a) die aktive Kristallfläche (2; 2') wird derart freigestellt, daß mindestens ein Verbindungssteg (28, 29,30) zum dadurch entstehenden rahmenförmigen Mittelteil (7, 7') erhalten bleibt.b) die aktive Kristallfläche (2, 2') wird derart bearbeitet, daß die gewünschte mechanische Abmessung erzielt ist,c) die Elektroden (3, 3') werden aufgebracht und gegebenenfalls zum Abgleich bearbeitet sowie mit den leitenden Schichten (9, 10, 11, 12) verbunden, das mindestens eine Mittelteil (7, 7'), der Boden ( 6) und der Deckel (8) werden zusammengefügt,
daß vor dem Zusammenfügen mindestens eine Kristallscheibe (7, 7') beidseitig mit leitenden Schichten (9, 10, 11, 12) versehen wird, wobei die aktive Kristallfläche (2, 2') und mindestens eine Unterbrechung (26, 26', 47) außerhalb von Dichtflächen (13, 14, 15, 16), die der Erzielung eines abgedichteten Gehäusebereichs (25) dienen, ausgespart bleiben, und zumindest der Boden (6) mit mindestens zwei leitenden Flächen (17, 18, 19, 20) versehen wird, die sich derart zum Fuß (21) des Bodens (6) erstrecken, daß dieser damit auf eine Leiterplatte (22) auflötbar ist und elekrische Verbindungen zu den leitenden Schichten (9, 10, 11, 12) der mindestens einen Kristallscheibe (7, 7') herstellbar sind. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 33,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß auch Boden (6) und Deckel (8) mindestens im Bereich der Dichtflächen (13, 14) mit leitenden Schichten (9', 10') versehen werden und daß beim Zusammenfügen die leitenden Schichten (9, 10) der Kristallscheibe (7, 7') mit den leitenden Schichten (9', 10') von Boden (6) und Deckel (8) verbunden werden. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 33 oder 34,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß mittels eines Lasers mindestens eine der Elektroden (3, 3', 4, 4') durch ein durchsichtiges Gehäuseteil (6, 8) hindurch nachbearbeitet wird. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 33 oder 34,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß mittels einer Glimmentladung mindestens eine der Elektroden (3, 3', 4, 4') durch ein durchsichtiges Gehäuseteil (6, 8) hindurch nachbearbeitet wird. - Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 33 bis 36,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Gehäuseteile (6, 8, 7, 7', 34) unter Vakuum durch Unterdruck verschlossen und dann durch eine weitere Verbindungstechnik miteinander verbunden werden.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19649332 | 1996-11-28 | ||
| DE19649332A DE19649332C1 (de) | 1996-11-28 | 1996-11-28 | Resonator mit Kristall |
| PCT/EP1997/006363 WO1998024178A1 (de) | 1996-11-28 | 1997-11-14 | Resonator mit kristall |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0941576A1 EP0941576A1 (de) | 1999-09-15 |
| EP0941576B1 true EP0941576B1 (de) | 2001-05-30 |
Family
ID=7813031
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97951202A Expired - Lifetime EP0941576B1 (de) | 1996-11-28 | 1997-11-14 | Resonator mit kristall |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6087759A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0941576B1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU5482198A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE19649332C1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1998024178A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3887137B2 (ja) * | 1999-01-29 | 2007-02-28 | セイコーインスツル株式会社 | 圧電振動子の製造方法 |
| DE10016628A1 (de) | 2000-04-04 | 2001-10-18 | Schott Glas | Verfahren zum Herstellen von kleinen Dünnglasscheiben und größere Dünnglasscheibe als Halbfabrikat für dieses Herstellen |
| JP2003318699A (ja) * | 2002-04-23 | 2003-11-07 | Piedekku Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk | 水晶ユニットとその製造方法 |
| US7076870B2 (en) * | 2004-08-16 | 2006-07-18 | Pericom Semiconductor Corp. | Manufacturing process for a surface-mount metal-cavity package for an oscillator crystal blank |
| DE102005024497B4 (de) | 2005-05-27 | 2008-06-19 | Schott Ag | Verfahren zum mechanischen Brechen von geritzten flachen Werkstücken aus sprödbrüchigem Material |
| WO2008102900A1 (ja) * | 2007-02-20 | 2008-08-28 | Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co., Ltd | パッケージ型圧電振動子及びパッケージ型圧電振動子の製造方法 |
| JP5262530B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-30 | 2013-08-14 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 電子デバイス及び電子デバイスの製造方法 |
| JP4864152B2 (ja) * | 2009-07-23 | 2012-02-01 | 日本電波工業株式会社 | 表面実装用の水晶振動子 |
| US9450556B2 (en) * | 2009-10-16 | 2016-09-20 | Avx Corporation | Thin film surface mount components |
| JP5595218B2 (ja) * | 2010-10-20 | 2014-09-24 | 日本電波工業株式会社 | 圧電デバイス及び圧電基板の製造方法 |
| JP2013021667A (ja) * | 2011-03-23 | 2013-01-31 | Nippon Dempa Kogyo Co Ltd | 水晶デバイス |
| JP5804799B2 (ja) * | 2011-06-30 | 2015-11-04 | 日本電波工業株式会社 | 圧電振動片及び圧電デバイス |
| JP5882868B2 (ja) * | 2012-09-25 | 2016-03-09 | 京セラ株式会社 | 圧電装置ならびに圧電装置の製造方法 |
| DE102013102206B4 (de) | 2013-03-06 | 2016-04-07 | Epcos Ag | Bauelement mit gestapelten funktionalen Strukturen und Verfahren zur Herstellung |
| JP6382626B2 (ja) * | 2014-08-05 | 2018-08-29 | 日本電波工業株式会社 | 圧電振動片及び圧電デバイス |
| JP6538408B2 (ja) * | 2015-04-08 | 2019-07-03 | 日本電波工業株式会社 | 圧電デバイス |
| EP3896847A4 (de) * | 2018-12-14 | 2022-02-09 | Daishinku Corporation | Piezoelektrische vibrationsvorrichtung |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5478693A (en) * | 1977-12-05 | 1979-06-22 | Matsushima Kogyo Co Ltd | Crystal vibrator |
| CH625372A5 (de) * | 1979-07-06 | 1981-09-15 | Ebauchesfabrik Eta Ag | |
| US4421621A (en) * | 1979-07-17 | 1983-12-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Suwa Seikosha | Quartz crystal oscillator |
| DE2931357C2 (de) * | 1979-08-02 | 1981-11-19 | Gebrueder Junghans Gmbh, 7230 Schramberg | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines vollständigen elektronischen Uhren-Bausteins |
| US4524497A (en) * | 1982-05-12 | 1985-06-25 | Motorola, Inc. | Method of making a low-profile crystal package with an improved crystal-mounting arrangement |
| EP0111483A4 (de) * | 1982-06-14 | 1985-12-19 | Gte Prod Corp | Trimmen von piezoelektrischen komponenten. |
| JPS5918663A (ja) * | 1982-07-22 | 1984-01-31 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 電子部品のケ−ス収容方法 |
| US4627533A (en) * | 1984-10-29 | 1986-12-09 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Ceramic package for compensated crystal oscillator |
| US5394123A (en) * | 1991-03-13 | 1995-02-28 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Ladder type filter comprised of stacked tuning fork type resonators |
| US5382929A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1995-01-17 | Ndk, Nihon Dempa Kogyo Company, Ltd. | Monolithic crystal filter |
| KR0158469B1 (ko) * | 1992-10-15 | 1999-03-20 | 모리시타 요이찌 | 발진자 |
| US5481154A (en) * | 1993-09-28 | 1996-01-02 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Piezo-resonator |
| JPH08242026A (ja) * | 1995-03-03 | 1996-09-17 | Fujitsu Ltd | 圧電振動子及びこれを具備する圧電振動子デバイス並びに該デバイスを具備する回路装置 |
| JP3301262B2 (ja) * | 1995-03-28 | 2002-07-15 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 弾性表面波装置 |
| TW438155U (en) * | 1995-07-27 | 2001-05-28 | Daishinku Corp | Multi-mode piezoelectric filter |
| JP3218972B2 (ja) * | 1996-04-01 | 2001-10-15 | 株式会社村田製作所 | ラダー形フィルタ |
| US5945774A (en) * | 1997-03-28 | 1999-08-31 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Open package for crystal oscillator chips |
-
1996
- 1996-11-28 DE DE19649332A patent/DE19649332C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-11-14 EP EP97951202A patent/EP0941576B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-14 AU AU54821/98A patent/AU5482198A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-11-14 WO PCT/EP1997/006363 patent/WO1998024178A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1997-11-14 US US09/308,599 patent/US6087759A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE19649332C1 (de) | 1998-01-22 |
| EP0941576A1 (de) | 1999-09-15 |
| AU5482198A (en) | 1998-06-22 |
| WO1998024178A1 (de) | 1998-06-04 |
| US6087759A (en) | 2000-07-11 |
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