EP0717133B1 - Fabrication et utilisation d'un matériau textile retrécissable et retréci, mis en forme de manière permanente et réalisé à partir d'un fil hybride - Google Patents

Fabrication et utilisation d'un matériau textile retrécissable et retréci, mis en forme de manière permanente et réalisé à partir d'un fil hybride Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0717133B1
EP0717133B1 EP95119533A EP95119533A EP0717133B1 EP 0717133 B1 EP0717133 B1 EP 0717133B1 EP 95119533 A EP95119533 A EP 95119533A EP 95119533 A EP95119533 A EP 95119533A EP 0717133 B1 EP0717133 B1 EP 0717133B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
filaments
hybrid yarn
weight
shrinkage
shrinking
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95119533A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0717133A2 (fr
EP0717133A3 (fr
Inventor
Hans Knudsen
Bent Lichscheidt
Henning Bak
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hoechst Trevira GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Hoechst Trevira GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19944444917 external-priority patent/DE4444917A1/de
Priority claimed from DE1995106316 external-priority patent/DE19506316A1/de
Application filed by Hoechst Trevira GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Hoechst Trevira GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP0717133A2 publication Critical patent/EP0717133A2/fr
Publication of EP0717133A3 publication Critical patent/EP0717133A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0717133B1 publication Critical patent/EP0717133B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
    • D02G3/22—Yarns or threads characterised by constructional features, e.g. blending, filament/fibre
    • D02G3/40—Yarns in which fibres are united by adhesives; Impregnated yarns or threads
    • D02G3/402—Yarns in which fibres are united by adhesives; Impregnated yarns or threads the adhesive being one component of the yarn, i.e. thermoplastic yarn
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04B—KNITTING
    • D04B1/00—Weft knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
    • D04B1/14—Other fabrics or articles characterised primarily by the use of particular thread materials
    • D04B1/16—Other fabrics or articles characterised primarily by the use of particular thread materials synthetic threads
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04B—KNITTING
    • D04B21/00—Warp knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
    • D04B21/14—Fabrics characterised by the incorporation by knitting, in one or more thread, fleece, or fabric layers, of reinforcing, binding, or decorative threads; Fabrics incorporating small auxiliary elements, e.g. for decorative purposes
    • D04B21/16—Fabrics characterised by the incorporation by knitting, in one or more thread, fleece, or fabric layers, of reinforcing, binding, or decorative threads; Fabrics incorporating small auxiliary elements, e.g. for decorative purposes incorporating synthetic threads
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
    • D10B2331/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides
    • D10B2331/021—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides aromatic polyamides, e.g. aramides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2505/00—Industrial
    • D10B2505/02—Reinforcing materials; Prepregs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2922—Nonlinear [e.g., crimped, coiled, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2922—Nonlinear [e.g., crimped, coiled, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2924—Composite
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2922—Nonlinear [e.g., crimped, coiled, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2925—Helical or coiled
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2973—Particular cross section
    • Y10T428/2976—Longitudinally varying

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a hybrid yarn containing reinforcing filaments and thermoplastic matrix filaments, and shrinkable and shrunk, permanently deformable, e.g. deep-drawable, textile fabrics.
  • the invention further relates to that by deforming the invention deformable textile surfaces manufactured fiber-reinforced thermoplastic molded body, due to the unidirectional or multidirectional arrangement, essentially stretched reinforcement filaments a selectively adjustable high strength in one or have multiple directions.
  • Hybrid yarns made from infusible (e.g. glass or carbon fiber) and meltable fibers (e.g. polyester fiber) are known.
  • infusible e.g. glass or carbon fiber
  • meltable fibers e.g. polyester fiber
  • patent applications EP-A-0,156,599, EP-A-0,156,600, EP-A-0,351,201 and EP-A-0,378,381 and Japanese publication JP-A-04 / 353,525 relate to hybrid yarns made from non-meltable fibers, for example glass fibers, and thermoplastic, eg polyester fibers.
  • EP-A-0,551,832 and DE-A-2,920,513 also relate to mixed yarns, which, however, are bonded but previously exist as hybrid yarns.
  • EP-B-0.325.153 a textile fabric made of polyester yarns with a craquelé effect is known, which partly consists of cold-drawn, more shrinking and partly of warm-drawn, normal-shrinking polyester fibers. With this material, the craquelé effect is brought about by triggering the shrinkage of the higher-shrinking fibers.
  • EP-B-0,336,507 discloses a method for compacting a textile fabric made of polyester yarns, which partly consists of cold-drawn, more shrinking and partly of warm-drawn, normal-shrinking polyester fibers. With this material, compression is brought about by triggering the shrinkage of the higher-shrinking fibers.
  • a fundamentally different way of producing fiber-reinforced thermoplastic molded articles is to produce a textile surface which essentially consists only of reinforcing threads, to insert them as a whole or in the form of smaller sections into molds or to place them on molds, with a melted or in a solution or To disperse the dispersing agent dissolved or dispersed matrix resin and to harden the resin by cooling or evaporating the solvent or dispersing agent.
  • This method can also be varied in such a way that the reinforcing textile is impregnated into or onto the mold before it is placed or laid on and / or that the reinforcing textile and a thermoplastic matrix resin are pressed into the desired shape in closed molds under pressure, one Working temperature is selected at which the matrix resin flows and encloses the reinforcing fibers without gaps.
  • Reinforcing textiles for this technology are known, for example, from German utility model 85 / 21,108. The material described there consists of superimposed longitudinal and transverse thread layers which are connected to one another by additional longitudinal threads made of thermoplastic material.
  • a similar reinforcement textile material is known from EP-A-0,144,939 This textile reinforcement consists of warp and weft threads, which are wrapped with threads made of thermoplastic material, which cause the reinforcing fibers to be welded together by heating.
  • Another reinforcing textile material is known from EP-A-0,268,838. Also this consists of a layer of longitudinal threads and a layer of transverse threads, which are not interwoven, but one of the thread layers should have a much higher heat shrinking capacity than the other. In which from this material known cohesion takes place through Auxiliary threads that do not glue the layers of the reinforcing threads but instead fix loosely against each other.
  • a layered semi-finished product for the production of fiber-reinforced, thermoplastic molded articles is known from EP-A-0,369,395.
  • This material consists of a Thermoplastic layer in the a plurality of spaced parallel reinforcing threads with very low elongation at break, which is embedded at regular intervals Have deflections that form a thread reservoir.
  • the deflections of the reinforcing threads become straight pulled, which prevents tearing.
  • those semi-finished products are most advantageous which have a textile character, ie which are drapable, and which contain both the reinforcing fibers and the matrix material.
  • Those that have a precisely defined weight ratio of reinforcing fibers to matrix material would be particularly advantageous.
  • the previously known drapable semi-finished products, which have a defined ratio of reinforcing fibers and matrix material can indeed be placed in compression molds and pressed into shaped bodies, but often do not have the ideal arrangement and extension of the reinforcing fibers after being deformed because of the compression during pressing.
  • Reinforcing inserts such as those known from DE-A-4,042,063, are indeed three-dimensionally deformable, for example by deep drawing, whereby the desired arrangement and stretching of the reinforcing fibers can generally be achieved, but must be embedded in the matrix material in an additional operation.
  • Deep-drawable fiber-reinforced semi-finished products such as those known from EP-A-0,369,395, are difficult to produce because of the complicated wave-like arrangement of the reinforcing yarns.
  • a sheet-like semifinished product which has a textile character, either shrinkable (semifinished product I) or shrunk and permanently deformable, for example deep-drawn, (semifinished product II) and both contains the reinforcing fibers as well as the matrix material in a defined weight ratio.
  • Such an advantageous semi-finished product can be produced by weaving, knitting or knitting, but also by cross-laying or other known processes for the production of sheet-like textiles on known machines, starting from a hybrid yarn which is an object of this invention.
  • fibers For the purposes of this invention and in the following description are among the Terms “fibers”, “fiber materials”, “fiber components” and with them Expressing compound terms also “filaments”, “filament materials”, To understand filament components “and related terms the “fiber or filament components” are not the components of the fibers or To understand filaments, but the fibrous or filament-shaped Components of the hybrid yarns, semi-finished products and fiber reinforced according to the invention thermoplastic molded body.
  • the filaments are expediently intermingled with one another.
  • This has the advantage that the hybrid yarn can be processed more easily into flat structures on conventional machines because of the improved thread closure, for example woven or knitted, and that in the production of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic molded articles from the sheet-like textile material because of the intimate mixture of the reinforcement and Matrix fibers, very short flow paths of the melted matrix material and an excellent, seamless embedding of the reinforcement filaments in the thermoplastic matrix result.
  • the degree of swirling is expediently at an opening length, measured with an ITEMAT needle test device (according to US Pat. No. 2,985,995), of ⁇ 200 mm, preferably in the range from 5 to 100 mm, in particular in the range from 10 to 30 mm.
  • the hybrid yarn according to the invention advantageously has a total titer of 100 to 24000 dtex, preferably from 150 to 18000 dtex, in particular from 200 up to 10000 dtex.
  • the proportion of the less shrinking filaments (A) is 20 to 90, preferably 35 to 85, in particular 45 to 75% by weight, the proportion of the higher shrinking filaments (B) 10 to 80, preferably 15 to 45, in particular 25 to 55% by weight and the proportion of further fiber components 0 to 70, preferably 0 to 50, in particular 0 to 30% by weight of the invention Hybrid yarn.
  • thermoplastic fiber whose melting point is at least 10 ° C lower as the melting point of the low shrinking fiber is 10 to 80, preferably 15 to 45, in particular 20 to 40 wt .-% of the invention Hybrid yarn.
  • the maximum dry heat shrinkage difference ⁇ S MAX between the less shrinking (A) and the higher shrinking (B) type of filament is more than 2.5% points, for example 2.5 to 90% points, preferably 5 to 75% points, especially 10-60% points.
  • lower values of the dry heat shrinkage difference can also be selected.
  • the less shrinking filaments (A) which form the reinforcing filaments in the end product, ie the fiber-reinforced three-dimensional thermoplastic molded body, advantageously have a dry heat shrinkage maximum of less than 3%.
  • These less shrinking filaments (A) expediently have an initial modulus of over 600 cN / tex, preferably from 800 to 25000 cN / tex, in particular from 2000 to 20,000 cN / tex, a fineness-related maximum tensile strength of over 60 cN / tex, preferably from 80 to 220 cN / tex, in particular from 100 to 200 cN / tex and a maximum tensile force elongation of 0.01 to 20%, preferably from 0.1 to 7.0%, in particular from 1.0 to 5.0%.
  • the less shrinking filaments (A) have individual titers of 0.1 to 20 dtex, preferably 0.4 to 16 dtex, in particular 0.8 to 10 dtex. In cases where drapability is not important, reinforcement filaments with individual titers greater than 20 dtex can also be used.
  • the less shrinking filaments (A) are either inorganic filaments, or filaments made of so-called high-performance polymers or pre-shrunk and / or fixed organic filaments from others, for the production of high strength Suitable organic polymer filaments.
  • inorganic filaments are glass filaments, carbon filaments, filaments made of metals or metal alloys such as steel, aluminum or tungsten; Non-metals such as boron; or metal or non-metal oxides, carbides or nitrides, such as aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, boron nitride, boron carbide or silicon carbide; Ceramic filaments, filaments made of slag, stone or quartz.
  • Preferred as inorganic, less shrinking filaments (A) are metal, glass, ceramic or carbon filaments, in particular glass filaments.
  • Have glass filaments used as less shrinking filaments (A) preferably titers from 0.15 to 3.5 dtex, in particular from 0.25 to 1.5 dtex.
  • Such filaments are described in detail in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th edition (1989), volume A13, pages 1 to 21 and volume 21, Pages 449 to 456.
  • LCP liquid crystalline polyesters
  • BBB poly (bis-benzimidazo-benzophenanthroline)
  • PAI poly (amide imides)
  • PBI Polybenzimidazole
  • PBO poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole)
  • PBT poly (p-phenylene benzobistiazole)
  • PK Polyether ketone
  • PEEK polyether ether ketone
  • PEEKK polyetherimides
  • PEI polyether sulfone
  • PESU polyimides
  • PI polyimides
  • aramids such as poly (m-phenylene-isophthalamide) (PMIA), Poly (m-phenylene terephthalamide) (PMTA), poly (p-phenylene isophthalamide) (PPIA), Poly (p-phenylene isophthalamide) (PPIA), Poly (p-phenylene pyromellitimide) (PPPI), poly (p-phenylene) (PPP), poly (phenylene
  • the less shrinking filaments (A) are preferably pre-shrunk and / or fixed aramid, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, PEK, PEEK or Polyoxymethylene filaments, especially pre-shrunk and / or fixed Aramid filaments or high modulus polyester filaments.
  • the shrinkability of the higher shrinking filaments (B) must be at least so great that when their shrinkage is triggered (for example by heating), the reinforcing filaments are crimped, ie assume a wavy position, which, when later deformed, is produced from the hybrid yarn according to the invention
  • Semi-finished product, in which an increase in area occurs, is reversed again, so that the reinforcing filaments in the three-dimensionally deformed, fiber-reinforced thermoplastic molded body (end product) are again essentially in an elongated form.
  • the higher shrinking filaments (B) expediently have a dry heat shrinkage maximum of over 20%. However, the dry heat shrinkage maximum can also be selected lower for end products with a relatively slight three-dimensional deformation.
  • the higher shrinking filaments (B) therefore expediently have one Dry heat shrink tension maximum of 0.1 to 3.5 cN / tex, preferably from 0.25 to 2.5 cN / tex.
  • the higher shrinking filaments (B) have an initial modulus of over 200 cN / tex, preferably from 220 to 650 cN / tex, in particular from 300 to 500 cN / tex, a fineness-related maximum tensile force of over 12 cN / tex, preferably from 40 to 70 cN / tex, especially from 40 to 65 cN / tex and a maximum tensile strength elongation of 20 to 50%, preferably 15 to 45%, in particular 20 to 35%.
  • the Semi-finished individual titers from 0.5 to 25 dtex, preferably 0.7 to 15 dtex, especially 0.8 to 10 dtex.
  • the higher shrinking filaments (B) are synthetic organic filaments. To the extent that they can be produced with the required dry heat shrinkage maximum and the required dry heat shrinkage tension, they can consist of the high-performance polymers mentioned above. It should only be noted here that the dry heat shrinkage difference ⁇ S MAX between the filament types (A) and (B) is achieved, for example filaments (B) made of polyetherimide (PEI).
  • PEI polyetherimide
  • spinnable polymers such as vinyl polymers such as polyolefins, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl ethers, polyacrylic and methacrylates, polyvinyl aromatics, polyvinyl halides and a wide variety of copolymers, block and graft polymers are also suitable as polymer material from which the higher-shrinking filaments (B) are made.
  • Liquid crystal polymers or polymer mixtures Special representatives of these groups are polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polypentene, polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, poly- (meth) acrylonitrile, possibly modified polystyrene, or multi-phase plastics such as ABS.
  • Polyaddition, polycondensation, polyoxidation or cyclization polymers are also suitable. Special representatives of these groups are polyamides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyimides, polyesters, polyethers, polyhydantoins, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone polycarbonates, and their mixed forms, their mixtures and combinations with one another and with other polymers or polymer precursors, for example polyamide-6, polyamide -6.6, polyethylene terephthalate or bisphenol A polycarbonate.
  • the higher shrinking filaments (B) are preferably stretched polyester, polyamide or polyetherimide filaments. Polyester-POY filaments and in particular polyethylene terephthalate filaments are particularly preferred as higher shrinking filaments (B).
  • the higher shrinking filaments (B) at the same time are the thermoplastic filaments (matrix filaments), their melting point at least 10 ° C below the melting point of the lower shrinking filaments (Reinforcement filaments) of the hybrid yarn according to the invention.
  • the three-dimensionally deformed thermoplastic molded articles produced from the hybrid yarns according to the invention via the sheet-like semifinished products should contain auxiliaries and additives such as fillers, stabilizers, matting agents or color pigments.
  • auxiliaries and additives such as fillers, stabilizers, matting agents or color pigments.
  • at least one of the filament types of the hybrid yarn additionally contains such auxiliaries and additives, in an amount of up to 40% by weight, preferably up to 20% by weight, in particular up to 12% by weight. % of the weight of the fiber components.
  • the matrix fibers preferably contains the additional auxiliaries and additives in an amount of up to 40% by weight, preferably up to 20% by weight .-%, in particular up to 12 wt .-% of the weight of the fiber components.
  • Preferred auxiliaries and additives which may be contained in the thermoplastic fiber content are fillers, stabilizers and / or pigments.
  • the hybrid yarn described above is shrinkable overall due to the shrinkable fiber type (B) contained therein. If this hybrid yarn is subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature at which the fiber type (B) shrinks, the fibers of the type (A) form a crimp, that is to say they form a series of small or larger arcs, by their unchanged length in the now accommodate shorter yarn lengths.
  • This shrunk yarn is thus characterized in that the filaments of the type (A) are crimped and the filaments of the type (B) are shrunk. This yarn is also the subject of the present invention.
  • End products that are produced from the hybrid yarn according to the invention are the fiber-reinforced thermoplastic molded body. These are made from the hybrid yarn manufactured using sheet-like textile fabrics (semi-finished products I and II) when the reinforcing filaments contained therein are in a crimped state are present, are three-dimensionally permanently deformable.
  • the present invention also relates to textile fabrics (semifinished product I) consisting of or containing a portion of the hybrid yarn according to the invention described above which significantly influences its shrinkage capacity.
  • the fabrics according to the invention can be woven fabrics, knitted fabrics or knitted fabrics, stabilized scrims or possibly bonded nonwoven fabrics.
  • the fabric is preferably a knitted or knitted fabric or a stabilized, unidirectional or multidirectional fabric, but in particular a fabric.
  • the woven surfaces can do all known fabric constructions like the plain weave and its derivatives, e.g. Reps, Panama, barley grain or mock leno weave, the twill weave and their multiple derivatives, of which only, for example, herringbone twill, flat twill, Braided twill, lattice twill, cross twill, pointed twill, zigzag twill, shadow twill or shadow cross twill, or the satin weave with floats of different lengths.
  • the plain weave and its derivatives e.g. Reps, Panama, barley grain or mock leno weave
  • the twill weave and their multiple derivatives of which only, for example, herringbone twill, flat twill, Braided twill, lattice twill, cross twill, pointed twill, zigzag twill, shadow twill or shadow cross twill, or the satin weave with floats of different lengths.
  • the density of each of the fabric surfaces depends on the application for which Material is provided and depending on the titer used in the manufacture Yarns in the range of 10 to 60 threads / cm in warp and weft. Within this Range, the densities of the fabric layers can be different or, preferably, be equal.
  • the textile surfaces are knitted or knitted.
  • the knitted textile surfaces can be warp knitted or weft knitted, whereby the constructions can be varied widely by means of handles or floats. (See DIN 62050 and 62056)
  • a knitted or knitted textile material according to the invention can Right / right, left / left or a right / left mesh structure and their known variants as well as jacquard patterns.
  • the right / right stitch structure includes, for example, their variants clad, openwork, ribbed, offset, wave, catch or nub as well as the interlock binding right / right / crossed.
  • the left / left mesh structure also includes, for example, their variants clad, broken, interrupted, offset, translated, catch or pimple.
  • the right / left stitch structure also includes, for example, their variants plated, deposited, perforated, plush, lining, catch or pimple.
  • the fabric or stitch weaves are made according to the intended Purpose of the textile material according to the invention selected, whereby purely technical expediency may be decisive, but occasionally additional decorative aspects can also be taken into account.
  • these flat structures according to the invention have very good permanent deformability, in particular deep-drawing ability, if the reinforcing filaments contained therein are in a crimped state.
  • Another object of the present invention is therefore permanently deformable textile fabrics (semi-finished product II) consisting of, or containing a portion of the hybrid yarn of claim 1 which significantly influences their shrinkability, the less shrinking filaments (A) of the hybrid yarn contained therein being crimped.
  • the less shrinking filaments of the hybrid yarn contained therein are preferably crimped by 5 to 60%, preferably 12 to 48%, in particular 18 to 36%.
  • the present invention also relates to fiber-reinforced molded parts which are formed by Deformation of the above-mentioned textile fabric is produced.
  • Sheet-like reinforcement materials embedded in the thermoplastic matrix are made up of parallel filaments that are unidirectional arranged or e.g. multidirectional in superimposed layers aligned and essentially stretched. But you can also choose from Woven fabrics Knitted or knitted fabrics, but preferably made of woven fabrics.
  • the fiber-reinforced molded part according to the invention contains fillers, stabilizers and / or pigments as auxiliaries and additives.
  • a characteristic of these molded parts is that they are produced by deforming a textile fabric from the hybrid yarn described above, in which the reinforcing filaments are crimped, at a temperature which is above the melting point of the thermoplastic filaments and below the melting point of the less shrinking filaments. It is important that they are produced by stretching deformation, the reinforcing filaments crimped in the semifinished product being stretched and drawn at least in the region of the deformed parts.
  • the melting point of the filaments used to produce the hybrid yarn according to the invention was determined in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min.
  • DSC differential scanning calorimeter
  • the filament was loaded with a tension of 0.0018 cN / dtex and the shrinkage temperature diagram was recorded. Both values can be taken from the curve shape obtained.
  • a shrinkage force-temperature curve was recorded continuously with a heating rate of 10 ° C./min and with an inlet and outlet velocity of the filament into and out of the oven. Both desired values can be taken from the curve.
  • the determination of the opening length as a measure of the degree of swirl was carried out according to the principle of the hook drop test, described in US Pat. No. 2,985,995 using an ITEMAT test device.
  • the turbulence is preferably set so that the degree of turbulence at an opening length of less than 200 mm, preferably in the range from 5 to 100 mm, is in particular in the range from 10 to 30 mm.
  • the first of these steps is a process for making a textile Fabric (semi-finished product I) by weaving, knitting, knitting, laying or Tangled storage of the hybrid yarn according to the invention, if necessary, together with others Yarns, the hybrid yarn used according to the invention the above Features described and the proportion of the hybrid yarn chosen so is that it significantly affects the shrinkability of the fabric. It is preferable to use as much of the hybrid yarn according to the invention that the proportion of the hybrid yarn in the total amount of the woven, entangled, knitted, laid or laid yarn 30 to 100 wt .-%, preferably 50 to 100 wt .-%, in particular 70 to 100 wt .-%.
  • the fabric is preferably produced by weaving with a Thread density from 4 to 20 threads / cm or by unidirectional or multi-directional laying of the hybrid yarns and stabilization of the scrim cross-laid binding threads or by local or full-surface bonding.
  • the second of these processing steps of the hybrid yarn according to the invention into the end product consists in a process for the production of a permanently deformable sheet (semi-finished product II), whereby after the fabrication of a sheet by weaving, knitting, knitting, laying or tangling a hybrid yarn, the result may be obtained together with other yarns
  • Sheets are subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature below the melting temperature of the lowest melting fiber material or an infrared treatment until they are shrunk in at least one direction by 3 to 120% of their initial size.
  • the heat treatment is preferably carried out at a temperature of from 85 to 250 ° C., preferably from 95 to 220 ° C.
  • the permanently deformable fabrics according to the invention in which the reinforcing filaments (A) contained therein are present in a crimped state, can of course also be obtained by using the above-described methods by weaving, knitting, knitting, laying or tangling down a hybrid yarn, if necessary produced together with other yarns using a shrinked hybrid yarn according to the invention, in which the filaments (A) are already in crimped form and the filaments (B) are in shrinked form, the proportion of the hybrid yarn being chosen so that it makes it stretchable Fabric significantly influenced. It should only be noted here that the tensile load during the manufacture of the fabric does not exceed the tensile stress of the shrunk hybrid yarns according to the invention.
  • the last step in the processing of the hybrid yarn according to the invention consists in a method for producing a fiber-reinforced molded part, consisting of 20 to 90, preferably 35 to 85, in particular 45 to 75% by weight of one preferably sheet-like reinforcement material from low shrinking Filaments that are embedded in 10 to 80, preferably 15 to 45, in particular 25 to 55% by weight of a thermoplastic matrix, and 0 to 70, preferably 0 to 50, in particular 0 to 30% by weight of further fiber components and additionally up to 40 %
  • By weight preferably up to 20% by weight, in particular up to 12% by weight of the Weight of the fiber and matrix constituents, additives and additives is characterized in that an above-described, permanent deformable textile fabric (semifinished product II) at a temperature above the melting point of the thermoplastic filaments and below the melting point of the low shrinking filaments is produced.
  • the following embodiments illustrate the manufacture of the hybrid yarn according to the invention, the semifinished products I and II and of a fiber-reinforced thermoplastic molded body according to the invention.
  • the polyester POY yarn has a dry heat shrinkage maximum of 65%, with a peak temperature of 100 ° C and a dry heat shrinkage tension maximum of 0.3 cN / tex at a peak temperature of 95 ° C; its melting point is 250 ° C.
  • the swirled hybrid yarn obtained has a total titer of 2260 dtex; the opening length, measured with the ITEMAT device, is 19.4 mm.
  • the yarn has a tenacity of 25.8 cN / tex and an elongation at break of 3.5%.
  • Samples of the hybrid yarn were shrunk at 95, 150 or 220 ° C for 1 minute. The shrinkage obtained was 56-57%.
  • the KD diagram of the shrunk yarn shows that the PET filaments are first stretched. After a stretch of 130 - 150%, the glass filaments begin to wear, shortly afterwards the yarn tears off.
  • a multifilament high-modulus aramid yarn from dtex 220f200 dtex and a multifilament yarn made from polyethylene terephthalate POY yarn with a titer of 2 x dtex 111f128 are fed together to a swirling nozzle in which they are swirled by a stream of compressed air.
  • the polyester POY yarn has a dry heat shrinkage maximum of 65%, with a peak temperature of 100 ° C and a dry heat shrinkage tension maximum of 0.3 cN / tex at a peak temperature of 95 ° C; its melting point is 250 ° C.
  • the swirled hybrid yarn obtained has a total titer of 440 dtex, the opening length, measured with the ITEMAT device, is 21 mm, the maximum shrinkage is 98 ° C and 68%.
  • a fabric with a plain weave is made from the hybrid yarn produced according to Example 1.
  • the thread density in the warp is 12.6, in the weft 10.6 threads per cm.
  • This fabric (semi-finished product I) is shrunk free in the oven at 200 ° C. for 1 minute. This results in a shrinkage of 50% in the warp and in the weft direction.
  • the fabric thus obtained (semifinished product II) has very good permanent deformability.
  • the maximum possible area enlargement during deep drawing is over 250%.
  • a fabric with a plain weave is made from the hybrid yarn produced according to Example 1.
  • the thread density in the warp is 10.4, in the weft 10.6 threads per cm.
  • This fabric (semi-finished product I) is shrunk in the oven for 1 minute at 200 ° C on the stenter. A shrinkage of 4% in the warp and in the weft direction is permitted.
  • the fabric thus obtained (semi-finished product II) has sufficient permanent deformability. The possible increase in area when deforming is about 8%.
  • a fabric with a plain weave is made from the hybrid yarn produced according to Example 1.
  • the thread density in the warp is 7.4, in the weft 8.2 threads per cm.
  • This fabric (semi-finished product I) is shrunk in the oven for 1 minute at 200 ° C on the stenter. A shrinkage of 12% in the warp direction and 15% in the weft direction is permitted.
  • the fabric thus obtained (semifinished product II) has good permanent deformability. The possible increase in area when deforming is about 30%.
  • a fabric with a plain weave is made from the hybrid yarn produced according to Example 1.
  • the thread density in the warp is 12.6, in the weft 5.2 threads per cm.
  • This fabric (semi-finished product I) is shrunk free in the oven at 200 ° C. for 1 minute. This results in a shrinkage of 50% in the warp direction, in the weft direction there is no shrinkage.
  • the fabric thus obtained (semifinished product II) has good permanent deformability.
  • the maximum possible area enlargement during deep drawing is approx. 50%.
  • a semifinished product II produced according to Example 15 is drawn into a fender mold and heated to 280 ° C. for 3 minutes. After cooling to about 80 ° C., the raw molded fender body can be removed from the deep-drawing mold.
  • the fiber-reinforced thermoplastic molded body obtained has excellent strength. The reinforcement filaments are very evenly distributed and largely stretched.
  • the molded body is finished by trimming, smoothing and painting.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)

Claims (37)

  1. Fil hybride caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué d'au moins deux sortes de filaments, où au moins une sorte (A) présente un retrait thermique plus faible et au moins une sorte (B) présente un retrait thermique plus élevé que les autres filaments du fil hybride, caractérisé en ce que
    la première sorte de filaments (A) présente un maximum de retrait de séchage inférieur à 7,5 %,
    la seconde sorte de filaments (B) présente un maximum de retrait de séchage supérieur à 10 % et
    leurs maximum de contrainte du retrait de séchage est tellement élevé, que la résistance au retrait globale du taux de la seconde sorte de filaments suffit à forcer les filaments moins rétractables présents à subir une texturation,
    les maxima de retrait de séchage d'une autre sorte des filaments (C) éventuellement présente se trouvent dans le domaine de 20 à 200°C
    et au moins une sorte des filaments (B) et/ou (C) du fil hybride étant un filament thermoplastique, dont le point de fusion est inférieur d'au moins 10°C, de préférence de 20 à 100°C, en particulier de 30 à 70°C au point de fusion du constituant moins rétractable du fil hybride.
  2. Fil hybride selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les filaments sont enchevêtrés entre eux.
  3. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce qu'il possède un titre global de 100 à 24000 dtex, de préférence de 150 à 18000 dtex, en particulier de 200 à 10000 dtex.
  4. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le taux des filaments moins rétractables (A) est de 20 à 90, de préférence de 35 à 85, en particulier de 45 à 75 % en masse, le taux des filaments plus rétractables (B) est de 10 à 80, de préférence de 15 à 45, en particulier de 25 à 55 % en masse et le taux des autres constituants est de 0 à 70, de préférence de 0 à 50, en particulier de 0 à 30 % en masse du fil hybride.
  5. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le taux des fibres thermoplastiques, dont le point de fusion est d'au moins 10°C inférieur au point de fusion des fibres moins rétractables, est de 10 à 80, de préférence de 15 à 45, en particulier de 20 à 40 % en masse du fil hybride.
  6. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la différence maximale du retrait de séchage ΔSmax entre les sortes de filaments moins rétractables (A) et plus rétractables (B) est supérieure à 2,5 % points, de préférence de 5 à 75 %-points, en particulier de 10 à 60 %-points.
  7. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que les filaments moins rétractables (A) présentent un maximum de retrait de séchage inférieur à 3 %.
  8. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les filaments moins rétractables (A) possèdent un module d'élasticité supérieur à 600 cN/tex, de préférence de 800 à 25000 cN/tex, en particulier de 2000 à 20000 cN/tex, une résistance en traction limite par rapport au titre supérieure à 60 cN/tex, de préférence de 80 à 220 cN/tex, en particulier de 100 à 200 cN/tex, et un allongement à la rupture en traction maximal de 0,1 à 20 %, de préférence de 0,1 à 7,0 %, en particulier de 1,0 à 5,0 %.
  9. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que les filaments moins rétractables (A) sont des filaments inorganiques ou des filaments organiques pré-rétractés et/ou fixés.
  10. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que les filaments moins rétractables (A) sont des filaments métalliques, céramiques ou de carbone.
  11. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que les filaments moins rétractables (A) sont de filaments de verre.
  12. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que les filaments moins rétractables (A) sont des filaments aramides ou des filaments polyester à haut module pré-rétractés et/ou fixés.
  13. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que les filaments plus rétractables (B) présentent un maximum de retrait de séchage supérieur à 20 %.
  14. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce que les filaments plus rétractables (B) présentent un maximum de contrainte du retrait de séchage de 0,1 à 3,5 cN/tex, de préférence de 0,25 à 2,5 cN/tex.
  15. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce que les filaments plus rétractables (B) sont des filaments organiques synthétiques.
  16. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 15, caractérisé en ce que les filaments plus rétractables (B) sont des filaments de polyester, de polyamide ou de polyétherimide étirés.
  17. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 16, caractérisé en ce que les filaments plus rétractables (B) sont des filaments de polyester-POY.
  18. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 17, caractérisé en ce que les filaments plus rétractables (B) sont des filaments de poly(téréphtalate d'éthylène).
  19. Fil hybride selon au moins l'une des revendications 1 à 18, caractérisé en ce que au moins l'une des sortes des filaments du fil hybride contient de plus des adjuvants et des matières d'addition en une quantité allant jusqu'à 40 % en masse, de préférence jusqu'à 20 % en masse, en particulier jusqu'à 12 % en masse du poids des constituants fibreux.
  20. Produit textile plat constitué du fil hybride ou contenant un taux du fil hybride selon la revendication 1 qui influence significativement son pouvoir de retrait.
  21. Produit textile plat selon la revendication 20, caractérisé en ce que le produit plat est un tissu ou un tricot, un mat stabilisé ou éventuellement une nappe enchevêtrée liée.
  22. Produit textile plat selon au moins l'une des revendications 20 et 21, caractérisé en ce que le produit plat est un tissu.
  23. Produit textile plat selon au moins l'une des revendications 20 à 22, caractérisé en ce qu'il est un mat unidirectionnel stabilisé.
  24. Produit textile plat déformable de manière permanente constitué du fils hybride ou contenant un taux du fil hybride selon la revendication 1 qui influence significativement son pouvoir de retrait, les filaments moins rétractables (A) du fil hybride contenu dans ledit produit textile plat étant texturés.
  25. Produit textile plat déformable de manière permanente selon la revendication 24, caractérisé en ce que les filaments moins rétractables du fil hybride contenu dans ledit produit textile plat sont texturés de 5 à 60 %, de préférence de 12 à 48 %, en particulier de 18 à 36 %.
  26. Profilé renforcé de fibres caractérisé en ce qu'on le prépare déformation d'un produit textile plat selon la revendication 24 ou 25, à une température supérieure au point de fusion des filaments thermoplastiques et inférieure au point de fusion des filaments moins rétractables.
  27. Profilé renforcé de fibres selon la revendication 26, constitué de 20 à 90, de préférence de 35 à 85, en particulier de 45 à 75 % en masse d'un matière fibreuse plane en filaments faiblement rétractables, qui est noyée dans une quantité de 10 à 80, de préférence de 15 à 45, en particulier de 25 à 55 % en masse d'une matrice thermoplastique, de 0 à 70, de préférence de 0 à 50, en particulier de 0 à 30 % en masse d'autres constituant fibreux et de plus, jusqu'à 40 % en masse, de préférence jusqu'à 20 % en masse, en particulier jusqu'à 12 % en masse du poids des constituants fibreux et des constituants pour matrice, d'adjuvants et de matières d'addition.
  28. Profilé renforcé de fibres selon la revendication 27, caractérisé en ce qu'il contient, en tant qu'adjuvants et matières d'addition, des charges, des stabilisants et/ou pigments.
  29. Profilé renforcé de fibres selon au moins l'une des revendications 26 à 28, caractérisé en ce qu'il est préparé par déformation étirante.
  30. Procédé pour la préparation d'un fil hybride de la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les filaments moins rétractables (A), les filaments plus rétractables (B) et éventuellement d'autres sortes de filaments (C) sont enchevêtrés dans un dispositif d'enchevêtrement, caractérisé en ce que
    la première sorte (A) de filaments présente un maximum de retrait de séchage inférieur à 7,5 %,
    la seconde sorte (B) de filaments présente un maximum de retrait de séchage supérieur à 10 % et
    un maximum de contrainte du retrait de séchage étant tellement élevé, que la résistance au retrait globale du taux de la seconde sorte de filaments suffit à forcer les filaments moins rétractables présents à subir une texturation,
    les maxima de retrait de séchage de l'autre sorte de filaments (C) éventuellement présente se trouvent dans le domaine de 20 à 200°C
    et au moins une des sortes de filaments (B) et/ou (C) du fil hybride étant un filament thermoplastique, dont le point de fusion est inférieur d'au moins 10°C, de préférence de 20 à 100°C, en particulier de 30 à 70°C au point de fusion du filament moins rétractable.
  31. Procédé pour la préparation du produit textile plat selon la revendication 20 par tissage, tricotage, dépôt ou dépôt par enchevêtrement d'un fil hybride, éventuellement conjointement avec d'autres fils, caractérisé en ce que le fil hybride utilisé présente les caractéristiques indiquées à la revendication 1 et en ce que le taux du fil hybride est choisi de façon telle qu'il influence significativement le pouvoir de retrait du produit plat.
  32. Procédé selon la revendication 31, caractérisé en ce que le taux du fil hybride est de 30 à 100 % en masse, de préférence de 50 à 100 % en masse en particulier de 70 à 100 % en masse de la quantité totale du fil tissé, tricoté, déposé ou déposé par enchevêtrement.
  33. Procédé selon au moins l'une des revendications 31 et 32, caractérisé en ce que le produit plat est préparé par tissage avec un compte en fils de 4 à 20 fils/cm.
  34. Procédé pour la préparation d'un produit plat déformable de manière permanente de la revendication 24, caractérisé en ce qu'on soumet le produit plat, après avoir préparé le produit plat par tissage, tricotage, dépôt ou dépôt par enchevêtrement d'un fil hybride, éventuellement conjointement avec d'autres fils selon la revendication 20, à un traitement thermique à une température inférieure au point de fusion de la matière fibreuse ayant le point de fusion le plus faible ou à un traitement aux rayons infrarouges jusqu'à ce qu'il se rétracte au moins dans une direction de 3 à 120 % de sa taille initiale.
  35. Procédé selon la revendication 34, caractérisé en ce qu'on met en oeuvre le traitement thermique à une température de 85 à 250°C, de préférence de 95 à 220°C.
  36. Procédé selon au moins l'une des revendications 34 et 35, caractérisé en ce que la mesure du retrait est établie par choix adéquat de la température et de la durée du traitement thermique de façon telle que le retrait corresponde environ à l'expansion qui s'ensuit au cours de la transformation.
  37. Procédé de préparation d'un profilé renforcé de fibres de la revendication 27, constitué de 20 à 90, de préférence de 35 à 85, en particulier de 45 à 75 % en masse d'une matière fibreuse plane à partir de filaments faiblement rétractables, noyée dans une quantité de 10 à 80, de préférence de 15 à 45, en particulier de 25 à 55 % en masse d'une matrice thermoplastique, ainsi que de 0 à 70, de préférence de 0 à 50, en particulier de 0 à 30 % en masse d'autres constituants fibreux et de plus, jusqu'à 40 % en masse, de préférence jusqu'à 20 % en masse, en particulier jusqu'à 22 % en masse du poids des constituants fibreux et pour matrice, d'adjuvants et de matières d'addition, caractérisé en ce qu'on le prépare par déformation d'un produit plat textile de la revendication 24, à une température supérieure au point de fusion des filaments thermoplastiques et inférieure au point de fusion des filament faiblement rétractables.
EP95119533A 1994-12-16 1995-12-12 Fabrication et utilisation d'un matériau textile retrécissable et retréci, mis en forme de manière permanente et réalisé à partir d'un fil hybride Expired - Lifetime EP0717133B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

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DE4444917 1994-12-16
DE19944444917 DE4444917A1 (de) 1994-12-16 1994-12-16 Hybridgarn und daraus hergestelltes schrumpffähiges und geschrumpftes, permanent verformbares Textilmaterial, seine Herstellung und Verwendung
DE1995106316 DE19506316A1 (de) 1995-02-23 1995-02-23 Hybridgarn und daraus hergestelltes schrumpffähiges und geschrumpftes, permanent verformbares Textilmaterial, seine Herstellung und Verwendung
DE19506316 1995-02-23

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EP0717133A3 EP0717133A3 (fr) 1997-01-22
EP0717133B1 true EP0717133B1 (fr) 2001-03-21

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102007028373A1 (de) 2007-06-11 2008-12-24 Technische Universität Dresden Faserverbundwerkstoff und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Faserverbundwerkstoffen
DE102007028373B4 (de) * 2007-06-11 2012-12-20 Technische Universität Dresden Faserverbundwerkstoff und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Faserverbundwerkstoffen

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ES2154710T3 (es) 2001-04-16
ATE199946T1 (de) 2001-04-15
JPH08260276A (ja) 1996-10-08
AU4045795A (en) 1996-06-27
AU693292B2 (en) 1998-06-25
NO955098D0 (no) 1995-12-15
FI956013A0 (fi) 1995-12-14
EP0717133A2 (fr) 1996-06-19
KR960023340A (ko) 1996-07-18
EP0717133A3 (fr) 1997-01-22
DE59509109D1 (de) 2001-04-26
CZ332795A3 (en) 1997-09-17
NO955098L (no) 1996-06-17
TW382642B (en) 2000-02-21
PL311862A1 (en) 1996-06-24
US5688594A (en) 1997-11-18
FI956013A (fi) 1996-06-17
CA2165402A1 (fr) 1996-06-17
DK0717133T3 (da) 2001-04-23

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