EP0548606B1 - Résistance à comportement PTC - Google Patents

Résistance à comportement PTC Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0548606B1
EP0548606B1 EP92120542A EP92120542A EP0548606B1 EP 0548606 B1 EP0548606 B1 EP 0548606B1 EP 92120542 A EP92120542 A EP 92120542A EP 92120542 A EP92120542 A EP 92120542A EP 0548606 B1 EP0548606 B1 EP 0548606B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
varistor
ptc
resistor
contact
resistor according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92120542A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0548606A2 (fr
EP0548606A3 (fr
Inventor
Felix Dr. Greuter
Claus Dr. Schüler
Ralf Dr. Strümpler
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ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd
ABB AB
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ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd
Asea Brown Boveri AB
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Publication of EP0548606A3 publication Critical patent/EP0548606A3/xx
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Publication of EP0548606B1 publication Critical patent/EP0548606B1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/10—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material voltage responsive, i.e. varistors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient

Definitions

  • the invention is based on an electrical resistance with a resistance body arranged between two contact connections, which contains a PTC behavior material that forms at least one electrically conductive path between the two contact connections below a material-specific temperature.
  • a resistor of the aforementioned type has long been state of the art and is described, for example, in DE 2 948 350 C2 or US Pat. No. 4,534,889 A.
  • a resistor contains a resistance body made of a ceramic or polymeric material, which exhibits PTC behavior and conducts electrical current well below a material-specific limit temperature.
  • PTC material is, for example, a ceramic based on doped barium titanate or an electrically conductive polymer, such as a thermoplastic, semicrystalline polymer, such as polyethylene, with, for example, carbon black as the conductive filler. If the limit temperature is exceeded, it increases the specific resistance of the resistance based on a PTC material jumps by many orders of magnitude.
  • PTC resistors can therefore be used as overload protection for circuits. Because of their limited conductivity, carbon-filled polymers, for example, have a specific resistance greater than 1 ⁇ cm, their practical application is generally limited to nominal currents up to about 8 A at 30 V and up to about 0.2 A at 250 V.
  • PTC resistors based on a polymer filled with borides, silicides or carbides with a very high specific conductivity at room temperature, which should be used as current-limiting elements in power circuits with currents of, for example, 50 to 100 A at 250 V.
  • resistors are not commercially available and therefore cannot be implemented without considerable effort.
  • resistors are also known according to the preamble of claim 1 (see, for example, JP1152704 and JP 1158702) which have a resistance body which contains material with PTC behavior and additionally contains material with varistor behavior.
  • the thickness of the resistance material between the contact terminals determines the magnitude of the voltage held by the resistor in the high-resistance state.
  • large overvoltages are induced, particularly in circuits with high inductance. These can only be effectively dismantled if the PTC resistor is large. This inevitably leads either to a significant reduction in its current carrying capacity or to an unacceptably large component.
  • the PTC resistor may become hotter at locally specified locations, such as in the middle between the contact connections, than at other locations and therefore earlier at these locations switches to the high-resistance state than at the unheated locations. The total voltage across the PTC resistor then drops over a relatively small distance at the location of the highest resistance. The associated high electrical field strength can then lead to breakdowns and damage to the PTC resistor.
  • the invention as specified in claim 1, is based on the object of creating a resistor with PTC behavior which is simple and inexpensive and is nevertheless distinguished by a high nominal current carrying capacity and high dielectric strength.
  • the resistor according to the invention consists of commercially available elements, such as at least one varistor based on ZnO, SrTiO3, SiC or BaTiO3, and at least one element made of PTC material, and is simply constructed. It can therefore not only be produced comparatively inexpensively, but can also be of small dimensions at the same time. This is due to the fact that the overvoltages induced by a shutdown process of the resistor according to the invention are derived from the varistor, and therefore the PTC element inducing the overvoltages only has to be designed for the breakdown voltage of the varistor.
  • the varistor In addition, locally occurring overvoltages are derived by the varistor. It is particularly advantageous here that, due to the intimate contact between the varistor and PTC material, the varistor over a small distance has lower breakdown voltage than over its entire length.
  • the relatively high thermal conductivity of the ceramic located in the varistor ensures a homogenization of the temperature distribution in the resistor according to the invention. This effectively counteracts the risk of local overheating and significantly increases the nominal current carrying capacity despite the small dimensions.
  • FIGS. 1 to 7 each show a top view of a section through one of seven preferred embodiments of the resistor according to the invention with PTC behavior.
  • the resistors shown in FIGS. 1 to 7 each contain a resistance body 3 arranged between two contact connections 1, 2.
  • the resistance body 3 is made up of two or more planar elements, preferably each designed as a plate.
  • One of these elements is a varistor 4, which is preferably made of a ceramic based on a metal oxide, such as ZnO, or a titanate, such as SrTiO3 or BaTiO3, or a carbide, such as SiC, is formed.
  • the varistor 4 is contacted with both connections 1, 2 and has a breakdown voltage which is above the nominal voltage of the electrical system in which the resistor is used.
  • the other 5 of the two elements consists of PTC material and can be formed from a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer or else from a ceramic.
  • the PTC element 5 is also contacted with both connections 1, 2.
  • Varistor 4 and PTC element 5 have a common contact surface over their entire areal extension. Both elements are brought into intimate electrical contact with one another on this contact surface.
  • resistors are preferably produced as follows: First, approximately 0.5 to 2 mm thick plates are produced from a varistor ceramic using a process customary in varistor technology, such as by pressing or casting and subsequent sintering. With a shear mixer, epoxy resin and an electrically conductive filler, such as TiC, are used to produce PTC material based on a polymer. This is poured with a thickness of 0.5 to 4 mm onto a previously made plate-shaped varistor ceramic. If necessary, it is possible to cover the cast layer with another varistor ceramic and to repeat the previously described process steps successively. This leads to a stack in which layers of varistor and PTC material are alternately arranged in succession in accordance with a multilayer arrangement. The epoxy resin is then cured at temperatures between 60 and 140 ° C to form the resistance body 3.
  • thermosetting PTC polymer a thermoplastic PTC polymer can also be used. This is first extruded into thin plates or foils which, after assembly with the plate-shaped varistor ceramic, are subsequently hot-pressed to form the resistance body 3.
  • the planar elements 4, 5 made of varistor and PTC ceramic can be connected to one another by gluing using an electrically anisotropically conductive elastomer.
  • this elastomer should have a high adhesive strength.
  • this elastomer should only be electrically conductive in the direction of the normal to the flat elements.
  • Such an elastomer is known, for example, from J.Applied Physics 64 (1984) 6008.
  • the resistance bodies 3 can subsequently be cut up by cutting.
  • the resistance bodies produced in this way can have, for example, a length of 0.5 to 20 cm and end faces of, for example, 0.5 to 10 cm.
  • the end faces of the resistance structure 3 having a sandwich structure are smoothed, for example by lapping and polishing, and can be connected to the contact connections 1, 2, for example, by soldering with a low-melting solder or by gluing with a conductive adhesive.
  • the resistor according to the invention normally conducts current during the operation of a system receiving it.
  • the current flows in an electrically conductive path of the PTC element 5 running between the contact connections 1 and 2. If the PTC element 5 heats up to such an extent due to an overcurrent that the PTC element suddenly increases its resistance by many orders of magnitude the overcurrent is suddenly interrupted and an overvoltage is induced in the PTC element 5.
  • the varistor 4 is connected in its entire length parallel to the entire PTC element 5 and thus also to its current path carrying the overcurrent. As soon as the overvoltage exceeds the breakdown voltage of the varistor 4, the overcurrent is dissipated in parallel through the varistor 4, thus limiting the overvoltage.
  • the PTC element 5 therefore only has to be designed for the breakdown voltage of the varistor 4.
  • the varistor 4 which has a correspondingly reduced breakdown voltage over short distances.
  • the comparatively high thermal conductivity of the varistor ceramic also ensures that the temperature distribution in the PTC element 5 is homogenized, as a result of which local overheating is avoided in this element.
  • the high heat dissipation in the varistor helps to considerably increase the nominal current carrying capacity of the resistor according to the invention compared to a PTC resistor according to the prior art.
  • FIG. 3 shows a tubular resistor according to the invention, which is cut along its tube axis.
  • This resistor contains a varistor 4 and two PTC elements 5.
  • the varistor 4 and the PTC elements are each hollow cylinders and, together with ring-shaped contact connections, form a tubular resistor.
  • This resistance can advantageously be produced from a hollow cylindrical varistor ceramic, which is coated in a cylindrical casting mold on the inner and on the outer surface with a polymeric PTC casting compound, for example based on an epoxy resin.
  • a hollow cylindrical varistor ceramic can also be used.
  • a resistor equipped with such a varistor is particularly easy to manufacture, whereas a resistor designed as a tube has particularly good heat dissipation by convection and particularly well with a liquid can be cooled. If a thermoplastic polymer is used as the PTC material instead of a thermoset polymer, the PTC material can be extruded directly onto the cylinder or the hollow cylinder.
  • the resistance body 3 each has the shape of a full cylinder with varistors and PTC elements stacked one on top of the other.
  • the varistors are designed as circular disks 40 or as ring bodies 41 and the PTC elements in a congruent manner as ring bodies 50 or as circular disks 51.
  • contact disks 6 are additionally provided.
  • Each varistor in the form of a disk 40 or annular body 41 is in intimate electrical contact along its entire circumference with a PTC element 5 in the form of an annular body 50 or disk 51.
  • Each varistor and each PTC element 5 in contact with it is either connected to one of the two contact connections 1, 2 and a contact plate 6 or contacted with two contact plates 6.
  • the varistors or the PTC elements are thus connected in series in each of the embodiments 4 to 6 between the contact connections 1, 2.
  • the resistors according to FIGS. 4 to 6 can be manufactured as follows:
  • the disks 40 and ring bodies 41 used as varistor 4 can be produced from powdered varistor material, such as from suitable metal oxides, by pressing and sintering.
  • the diameters of the disks can be, for example, between 0.5 and 5 cm and those of the ring bodies between 1 and 10 cm with a thickness of, for example, between 0.1 and 1 cm.
  • the varistors 4 designed as disks 40 are stacked one above the other with the contact disks 6 lying between them.
  • the contact disks 6 can be any in the edge area have shaped holes 7 and may even be designed as a grid.
  • the stack is placed in a mold.
  • the free space between the contact disks 6 is then poured out with polymeric PTC material to form the ring bodies 50 and the cast stack is cured.
  • the top and bottom of the stack are then contacted.
  • the metal contact disks 6 ensure a low contact resistance in a current path formed by the disks 40 or ring bodies 50 connected in series. Overvoltages that occur can be derived over the entire circular cross section of the disks 40.
  • the holes 7 filled with PTC material reduce the total resistance in the current path of the PTC elements designed as ring bodies 50. Local overvoltages in the event of overheating in the resistor are avoided particularly well in this embodiment, since the resistance is divided into partial sections by the contact disks 6, and since in each partial section a varistor designed as a disk 40 is parallel to a PTC element designed as an annular body 50 and thus parallel is connected to a section of the current path causing the local overvoltages.
  • the PTC ring bodies 50 can also be sintered from ceramic. There is then no need to punch the contact disks 6. In this case, the contact resistance can be kept low by pressing or soldering.
  • the varistors can be designed as ring bodies 41 and the PTC elements as circular disks 51.
  • the holes 7 it is advisable to provide the holes 7 in a central area of the contact disks 6.
  • the varistors 4 are built into the PTC element 5.
  • Such an embodiment of the resistor according to the invention can be achieved in that in addition to an electrically conductive component, such as e.g. C, TiB2, TiC, WSi2 or MoSi2, also in sufficient quantity, for example 5 to 30 percent by volume, varistor material is mixed in powder form.
  • the particle size and the breakdown voltage of the added varistor material marked by squares in FIG. 7 can be adjusted over a wide range and is matched to the particle size of the conductive filler of the PTC element 5 marked by circles in FIG.
  • the varistor material can e.g. by sintering a spray granulate, as occurs as a sub-step in varistor production.
  • the particle diameters are typically between 5 and a few hundred microns.
  • the breakdown voltage of a single varistor particle can be varied between 6 V and a few hundred volts.
  • the composite can be shaped to form the resistance body 3 by hot pressing or by casting with subsequent curing at elevated temperature. Subsequent application of the contact connections 1, 2 to the resistance body 3 finally leads to the resistance.
  • the conductive filler forms current paths through the resistance body during normal operation of the resistor and at the same time brings about the PTC effect.
  • the varistor material on the other hand, depending on the amount added, forms percolating paths locally or through the entire resistance body 3, which can dissipate overvoltage.
  • a composite structure can also be produced by mixing sintered or ground granulate particles of a PTC ceramic with ceramic varistor particles.
  • the mutual bonding and the electrical contacting can be ensured by a metallic solder.
  • the volume fraction of this solder must be below the percolation limit, since this is the only way to guarantee the PTC and varistor behavior of the resistor at the same time.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Résistance électrique avec un corps résistif (3) disposé entre deux bornes de contact (1, 2), lequel contient un matériau présentant un comportement CTP qui forme, à une température inférieure à celle spécifique du matériau, une voie continue conductrice d'électricité entre les deux bornes de contact (1, 2), le corps résistif (3) contenant en plus un matériau présentant un comportement de varistance, caractérisé par le fait que le matériau de varistance est branché en parallèle avec au moins une partie d'au moins une voie conductrice d'électricité pour former au moins une varistance (4) et qu'il est en contact électrique étroit avec au moins une partie du matériau CTP.
  2. Résistance conforme à la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait qu'au moins une varistance (4) est en contact avec les deux bornes de contact (1, 2).
  3. Résistance conforme à la revendication 2, caractérisée par le fait qu'au moins une varistance (4) ainsi que les autres varistances (4) éventuellement prévues contiennent à chaque fois une couche allongée de matériau de varistance, que le matériau CTP se présente sous la forme d'une ou de plusieurs couches allongées, et que les couches alternées successives de matériau de varistance et de matériau CTP sont disposées en forme de pile.
  4. Résistance conforme à la revendication 2, caractérisée par le fait qu'au moins une varistance (4) ainsi que les autres varistances (4) éventuellement prévues et le matériau CTP sont chacun en forme de cylindre creux ou plein, et au moins une varistance (4) et au moins un élément (5) en matériau CTP sont alternés successivement pour former un tube ou un cylindre plein.
  5. Résistance conforme à l'une des revendications 3 ou 4, caractérisée par le fait que le matériau CTP est un polymère, lequel est fabriqué par coulage sur une varistance (4) voisine suivi d'un durcissement ou par pose d'un élément (5) de type plaque ou film sur une varistance (4) voisine suivie d'un pressage à chaud pour établir le contact électrique étroit.
  6. Résistance conforme à l'une des revendications 3 ou 4, caractérisée par le fait que le matériau CTP est une céramique qui est fixée sur une varistance (4) voisine au moyen d'un matériau anisotrope conducteur d'électricité, comme par exemple un élastomère, pour établir le contact électrique étroit.
  7. Résistance conforme à la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait qu'une première varistance (4) est en contact avec une première (1) des deux bornes de contact (1, 2) et un disque de contact (6) et qu'une deuxième varistance (4) est en contact soit avec deux disques de contact (6), soit avec un disque de contact (6) et une deuxième (2) des deux bornes de contact (1, 2) (figures 4, 5, 6).
  8. Résistance conforme à la revendication 7, caractérisée par le fait que la première et la deuxième varistance (4) ont à chaque fois la forme d'un disque circulaire (40), et que ces disques (40) sont à chaque fois entourés par un anneau (50) réalisé en matériau CTP (figures 4, 5).
  9. Résistance conforme à la revendication 7, caractérisée par le fait que la première et la deuxième varistance (4) ont à chaque fois la forme d'un anneau (41), et que cet anneau (41) entoure à chaque fois un disque circulaire (51) réalisé en matériau CTP (figure 6).
  10. Résistance conforme à l'une des revendications 8 ou 9, caractérisée par le fait que les disques de contact (6) présentent des orifices (7) remplis de matériau CTP à l'aide desquels sont liés entre eux les disques (51) ou les anneaux (50) composés de matériau CTP (figure 4).
  11. Résistance conforme à la revendication 10, caractérisée par le fait que le matériau CTP contient un polymère thermodurcissable ou un polymère thermoplastique, lequel, après la réalisation d'une pile contenant les disques de contact (6) ainsi que la première et la deuxième varistance (4), est coulé ou pressé à chaud dans la pile pour former les anneaux (50) ou les disques (51).
  12. Résistance conforme à l'une des revendications 8 ou 9, caractérisée par le fait que les anneaux (50) ou les disques (51) composés de matériau CTP sont en céramique.
  13. Résistance conforme à la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait qu'au moins une varistance (4) est disposée sous forme de particules dans le corps résistif (3) et, avec d'autres varistances (4) en forme de particules prévues dans le corps résistif (3), elle forme, après avoir atteint la tension de claquage dépendante de la taille des particules et des propriétés du matériau, une voie électrique filtrante locale ou complète au travers du corps résistif (3) (figure 7).
EP92120542A 1991-12-21 1992-12-02 Résistance à comportement PTC Expired - Lifetime EP0548606B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4142523A DE4142523A1 (de) 1991-12-21 1991-12-21 Widerstand mit ptc - verhalten
DE4142523 1991-12-21

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0548606A2 EP0548606A2 (fr) 1993-06-30
EP0548606A3 EP0548606A3 (fr) 1994-04-06
EP0548606B1 true EP0548606B1 (fr) 1996-02-28

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92120542A Expired - Lifetime EP0548606B1 (fr) 1991-12-21 1992-12-02 Résistance à comportement PTC

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US5313184A (fr)
EP (1) EP0548606B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP3342064B2 (fr)
DE (2) DE4142523A1 (fr)

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US6038117A (en) * 1997-01-22 2000-03-14 Abb Research Ltd. Power switching apparatus
DE19702094B4 (de) * 1997-01-22 2008-01-24 Abb Research Ltd. Leistungsschaltvorrichtung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE4142523A1 (de) 1993-06-24
JPH05267006A (ja) 1993-10-15
JP3342064B2 (ja) 2002-11-05
EP0548606A2 (fr) 1993-06-30
EP0548606A3 (fr) 1994-04-06
DE59205492D1 (de) 1996-04-04
US5313184A (en) 1994-05-17

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