EP0640995B1 - Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant - Google Patents

Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0640995B1
EP0640995B1 EP93113545A EP93113545A EP0640995B1 EP 0640995 B1 EP0640995 B1 EP 0640995B1 EP 93113545 A EP93113545 A EP 93113545A EP 93113545 A EP93113545 A EP 93113545A EP 0640995 B1 EP0640995 B1 EP 0640995B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
filler component
resistance
resistance element
element according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP93113545A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0640995A1 (fr
Inventor
Tudor Dr. Baiatu
Felix Dr. Greuter
Ralf Dr. Strümpler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
Original Assignee
ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Research Ltd Switzerland, ABB Research Ltd Sweden filed Critical ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
Priority to EP93113545A priority Critical patent/EP0640995B1/fr
Priority to DE59306823T priority patent/DE59306823D1/de
Priority to US08/291,903 priority patent/US5602520A/en
Priority to CA002130622A priority patent/CA2130622A1/fr
Priority to JP6199857A priority patent/JPH07153604A/ja
Publication of EP0640995A1 publication Critical patent/EP0640995A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0640995B1 publication Critical patent/EP0640995B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/13—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material current responsive

Definitions

  • the invention is based on an electrical resistance element according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention also relates to the use of such a resistance element in a current limiter.
  • a resistance element of the type mentioned at the outset is known from EP 0 363 746 A1 and from the article by T. Hansson published in ABB Review 4/92 (1992), pp. 35-38, "Polyethylene current monitor for short-circuit protection".
  • This resistance element consists of a thin plastic plate made of filler-containing polyethylene, which is arranged between two comparatively thick electrodes. At room temperature, this resistance element has a very low resistance and can then easily carry the nominal current flowing in a low-voltage distribution network. The resistance element can also easily carry a nominal current that is several times higher for several seconds, since the comparatively thick electrodes can temporarily absorb the current heat generated in the resistance element.
  • the temperature of the resistance element rises very quickly in a very thin surface layer on the electrodes, which are preferably made of silver-plated copper, and melts the polyethylene in this layer.
  • the resistance of the resistance element increases abruptly and reaches approximately 30 times its initial value in less than a millisecond.
  • the short-circuit current is thereby greatly reduced and can now be switched off with a circuit breaker of low short-circuit switching capacity connected in series with the resistance element.
  • the invention has for its object to provide an electrical resistance element of the type mentioned, which can limit short-circuit currents permanently.
  • the object of the invention is also the use of this resistance element in a current limiter for nominal voltages of at least 500 V.
  • the electrical resistance element according to the invention can be produced in a simple and inexpensive manner from commercially available components, such as a polymer matrix and suitable fillers. In the low-resistance state, it has a lower specific resistance than the resistance element according to the prior art and can therefore carry larger nominal currents with the same geometric dimensions. In addition, such a resistance element can also switch off short-circuit currents without additional protective circuitry, such as switching devices connected in series with the resistance element.
  • a resistance element 10 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 contains a resistance body 3 with PTC behavior arranged between two plate-shaped, solid, copper-containing electrodes 1, 2. Below a transition temperature T c , this resistance element 10 has a low specific cold resistance and, after installation in a current limiter, forms a path that runs between the two electrodes 1, 2 and that normally leads to the nominal current. Above the transition temperature T c changes the resistance element 10 abruptly changes its electrical conductivity and then has a high specific hot resistance compared to its specific cold resistance.
  • the resistance body 3 is formed from a polymer matrix preferably containing a thermosetting or thermoplastic or an elastomer. Two filler components formed by electrically conductive particles are embedded in this matrix, which typically consists of polyethylene.
  • a first of these filler components is a material which, like carbon in particular, in the resistance element 10 leads to the abrupt change in resistance known from the prior art due to a surface layer forming when a short-circuit current occurs.
  • a second of these filler components is selected so that a polymer matrix, second filler component and possibly also first filler component-containing composite material exhibits PTC behavior with a jump behavior of the resistance that is at least one order of magnitude higher than that of the surface layer.
  • the aforementioned composite material has a specific resistance that is at least one order of magnitude lower than a comparative composite material formed by the polymer matrix and the first filler component with the same amount of filler.
  • the second filler component can be a metal, such as Ag, Au, Ni, Pd and / or Pt, and / or a boride, silicide, oxide and / or carbide, such as SiC, TiC, TiB 2 , MoSi 2 , WSi 2 , RuO 2 or V 2 O 3 , each in undoped or doped form.
  • the proportion of filler is chosen to be high and can be, for example, between 30 and 50 percent by volume.
  • the size of the particles of the first filler component is typically up to 1 ⁇ m, that of the second filler component typically between 1 and 100 ⁇ m. Because the average size of particles of the first filler component is at least one order of magnitude smaller than the average size of particles of the second filler component, the particles of the first filler component are arranged in gaps between the particles of the second filler component.
  • the second filler component can thus form numerous percolating current paths, which are necessary for a high nominal current carrying capacity, at operating temperature. At the same time, however, there is also a sufficient amount of first filler component in the regions of the resistance body near the surface to form the current-limiting surface layer.
  • the first and second filler components are mixed into a polymer, such as, in particular, polyethylene, using a shear mixer or an extruder.
  • a polymer such as, in particular, polyethylene
  • this composite is formed by hot pressing and in the case of epoxies by casting and subsequent curing at elevated temperature to form the plate-shaped resistance body 3.
  • the flat electrodes 1, 2 are constantly pressed against the end faces of the resistance body by means of spring pressure.
  • the second fillers provided in the resistance body 3 of the resistance element 10 form low-resistance current paths passing through the resistance body 3 with an order of magnitude lower specific resistance than a resistance element according to the prior art filled with a comparable amount, but exclusively with the first filler component.
  • a resistance element 10 therefore has a significantly increased nominal current carrying capacity.
  • the aforementioned thin surface layer is formed from the polyethylene lying on the electrodes 1, 2 and the soot within one millisecond. This layer already considerably reduces the short-circuit current. Due to the still flowing short-circuit current, the remaining part of the resistance body 3 heats up. As soon as the temperature of the remaining part of the resistance body 3 exceeds the transition temperature T c , the resistance of the resistance body increases by several orders of magnitude and limits the short-circuit current with electrical and thermal relief of the surface layer permanent. The short-circuit current is now switched off. The resistance element 10 then cools down and can now carry rated current again.
  • This behavior of the resistance element 10 is achieved, as described above, by adding suitably sized and dimensioned filler components to the polymer.
  • at least one of the end faces of the resistance body 3 is formed by a thin layer 4 of the polymer matrix filled with the first filler component.
  • This layer 4 can be produced by diffusing or pressing carbon black into the filler-free or already filled with second filler component, such as in particular TiB 2 , polymer matrix.
  • Layer 4 should be as thin as possible, but still thick enough to withstand a required number of short-circuit actions. The thickness of layer 4 is typically a few ⁇ m.
  • the second filler component can be uniformly distributed in the polymer matrix.
  • the concentration of the second filler component can also be from the middle of the Gradually remove the resistance body towards electrode 1 and / or 2.
  • a particularly pronounced interface 41 is achieved between the layer 4 and the remaining layer of the resistance body 3 that is only doped with the second filler component.
  • the end face of the resistance body 3 contacted with the electrode 2 can also be formed as a thin layer filled with the first filler component. This layer is provided with the reference number 5.
  • Such a resistance element does have a somewhat greater resistance than the resistance element according to FIG. 2 during nominal current operation, but then forms two current-limiting surface layers connected in series when a short-circuit current occurs.
  • the boundary layer 41 and a boundary layer 51 provided between the layer 5 and the layer doped with the second filler component contain a metal grid and / or a flat metallization. This favors a uniform electrical field load on the individual layers of the resistance body 3.
  • the layers 4 and 5 have interruptions 6 which are filled with polymer containing only second filler component.
  • Such a resistance element is distinguished from the resistance element according to FIG. 1 by an increased nominal current carrying capacity.
  • the layers 4 and 5 here consist of regions 7, which also contain first and possibly also second filler component, which primarily serve to generate a plasma for forming the surface layer.
  • each of the electrodes 1, 2 facing away from the resistance body 3 can carry cooling fins 8.
  • each of the electrodes 1, 2 can also carry another heat sink, for example a liquid cooler.
  • Such heat sinks connected to the outer surface of at least one of the two electrodes 1, 2 can additionally increase the nominal current carrying capacity as a result of increased heat dissipation.
  • an intermediate layer 9 made of electrically insulating but thermally highly conductive material can be arranged between the electrodes and the heat sinks, for example the cooling fins 8, which provides the potential separation between the resistance element 10 and the heat sinks serves.
  • This layer can be formed from a silicone film filled with filler, such as aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride and / or boron nitride, or a ceramic disk, for example based on Al 2 O 3 or AlN.
  • FIG. 4 shows a current limiter that can be used for nominal voltages up to 1.5 kV, in which three resistance elements 10, which are designed in accordance with the above embodiments and are connected in series with one another, are used. Instead of three resistance elements 10, only two or possibly four or more resistance elements can also be used.
  • the electrodes 1, 2 of these resistance elements have extensions 11, 12. Between the two extensions 11 and 12 of the two electrodes 1, 2, a resistor 14 is clamped elastically resiliently with the aid of two resilient contact elements 13.
  • This resistor can have linear voltage behavior, but is advantageously a non-linear, voltage-dependent resistor, for example based on metal oxide.
  • the two electrodes 1, 2, the resistance body 3, the resistor 14 connected in parallel thereto and the two resilient contact elements 13 form a current-limiting, voltage-controlled component 15 of the current limiter, which can be used for nominal voltages up to a maximum of 500V. With the series connection of three such components shown in FIG. 4, nominal voltages of up to 1.5 kV can be applied to the current limiter.
  • spring elements 16 are provided in the area of the resistance bodies 3, which act on the electrodes 1, 2 with compressive force and thus ensure a safe current path for the nominal current I at room temperature.
  • the resistance bodies 3 are accommodated in an insulating material housing 17.
  • the extensions 11, 12 of the electrodes 1, 2 are guided through the wall of the insulating housing 17 and hold the resistors 14 outside the housing.
  • An edge termination of the resistance body 3 made of insulating material is identified by the reference symbol 18.
  • the current initially flows in a current path formed by the extension 11 of the upper electrode 1, a series connection of the three resistance elements 10 and the extension 12 of the lower electrode 2.
  • a short-circuit current occurs, one of the resistance elements 10 switches first.
  • the full system voltage of 1.5 kV is then present at this resistor and at the resistor 14 connected in parallel.
  • the resistor 14 are dimensioned such that it becomes current-conducting at this voltage, the high voltage across the resistor element 10 is reduced and this protects it from destruction.
  • Another of the two other resistance elements 10 can now switch.
  • the voltage is now distributed over two of the three resistance elements 10. With a suitable dimensioning of the resistance elements 10, the two connected resistance elements cannot be overstressed by the system voltage, which is only temporarily fully effective fear.
  • Resistor 14, now loaded with reduced voltage changes to the non-conductive state.
  • the current limiter now finally switches off the short-circuit current.
  • a particularly space-saving design of the current limiter is achieved if the resistors 14 are arranged in a step-like manner, for example rotated by 90 ° and 180 ° relative to one another. With a suitable design of the electrodes 1, 2 and the intermediate insulation, the current-limiting resistance elements 10 and the resistors 14 can also be arranged one above the other. The current limiter then has a particularly easy to handle, columnar structure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Elément de résistance électrique (1) limitant le courant, avec un corps de résistance (3), présentant un comportement PTC, disposé entre deux électrodes (1, 2) plane-parallèles appliquées par pression, en matrice polymère et au moins un premier composant de charge noyé dans la matrice polymère en particules électroconductrices, pour lequel la résistance spécifique du corps de résistance (3) augmente de manière discontinue au dessus d'une valeur limite de température, lors de l'apparition d'un courant de court-circuit au moins à une couche superficielle appliquée sur la première (1) des deux. électrodes (1, 2), caractérisé en ce que le corps de résistance (3), complètement ou au moins dans une zone englobant la plus grande partie de son volume et se prolongeant de manière parallèle à la couche superficielle, présente un deuxième composant de charge noyé dans la matrice polymère, qui est choisi de sorte qu'un matériau composite contenant la matrice polymère, le deuxième composant de charge ainsi que, le cas échéant, également le premier composant de charge, présente un comportement PTC avec un comportement discontinu supérieur d'au moins un ordre de grandeur par rapport à la couche superficielle, et en ce que ce matériau composite possède simultanément une résistance spécifique inférieure d'au moins un ordre de grandeur à un matériau composite de comparaison formé par la matrice polymère et le premier composant de charge.
  2. Elément de résistance selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le premier et le deuxième composants de charge sont répartis de manière uniforme dans la matrice polymère.
  3. Elément de résistance selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la concentration du deuxième composant de charge dans la matrice polymère diminue à partir du milieu du corps de résistance (3) en direction de la première électrode (1).
  4. Elément de résistance selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que la grandeur moyenne des particules du premier composant de charge est inférieure d'au moins un ordre de grandeur à la grandeur moyenne des particules du deuxième composant de charge.
  5. Elément de résistance selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le corps de résistance (3) présente au moins deux couches (4), se prolongeant de manière parallèle aux électrodes, de conductibilité électrique différente, dont la première (4) de deux couches est en contact avec la première électrode (1), et dont la deuxième des deux couches présente une résistance spécifique plus faible que la première couche (4) et est en contact avec la première couche (4) et, du côté opposé, soit avec la deuxième (2) des deux électrodes (1, 2), soit avec une troisième couche (5) comparable à la première couche (4).
  6. Elément de résistance selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la première couche (4) et la troisième couche (5), prévue, le cas échéant, sont constituées d'un matériau composite formé du premier composant de charge et de matrice polymère, ou d'un mélange d'un premier composant de charge et d'un deuxième composant de charge et de matrice polymère.
  7. Elément de résistance selon l'une quelconque des revendications 5 ou 6, caractérisé en ce qu'une couche limite (41, 51), formée par la première couche (4) et par la deuxième couche ainsi que par la deuxième couche et la troisième couche (5), prévue, le cas échéant, contient une grille métallique et/ou une métallisation superficielle.
  8. Elément de résistance selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que la première couche (4) et la troisième couche (5), prévue, le cas échéant, présentent des interruptions remplies par la deuxième couche.
  9. Elément de résistance selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une des deux électrodes (1, 2) est raccordée à un dissipateur de chaleur (8).
  10. Elément de résistance selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce qu'une couche intermédiaire (9) électriquement isolante à haute conductibilité thermique est disposée entre les électrodes (1, 2) et le dissipateur de chaleur (8).
  11. Elément de résistance selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que la matrice polymère contient une résine thermoplaste, comme en particulier le polyéthylène, le deuxième composant de charge contient du carbone et le deuxième composant de charge contient du diborure de titane.
  12. Utilisation de l'élément de résistance selon la revendication 1 dans un limiteur de courant ayant au moins un élément de construction (15), qui contient l'élément de résistance (10) et une résistance (14), indépendante de la tension, de préférence non linéaire, branchée en parallèle à cette dernière, caractérisée en ce que sont prévus au moins deux éléments de construction (14) branchés en série.
  13. Utilisation selon la revendication 12, caractérisée en ce qu'entre les corps de résistance (3) et les résistances (14) est disposée la paroi d'un boîtier (17) en matériau isolant entourant les éléments de résistance (10) ou les résistances (14).
  14. Utilisation selon la revendication 13, caractérisée en ce que les électrodes (1, 2) des éléments de résistance (10) sont conduites à travers la paroi du boîtier (17) en matériau isolant.
EP93113545A 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant Expired - Lifetime EP0640995B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP93113545A EP0640995B1 (fr) 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant
DE59306823T DE59306823D1 (de) 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Elektrisches Widerstandselement und Verwendung dieses Widerstandselementes in einem Strombegrenzer
US08/291,903 US5602520A (en) 1993-08-25 1994-08-18 Electrical resistance element and use of this resistance element in a current limiter
CA002130622A CA2130622A1 (fr) 1993-08-25 1994-08-22 Element de resistance electrique et utilisation de ladite resistance dans un limiteur de courant
JP6199857A JPH07153604A (ja) 1993-08-25 1994-08-24 電気的抵抗要素と電流制限器におけるこの抵抗要素の使用

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP93113545A EP0640995B1 (fr) 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0640995A1 EP0640995A1 (fr) 1995-03-01
EP0640995B1 true EP0640995B1 (fr) 1997-06-25

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EP93113545A Expired - Lifetime EP0640995B1 (fr) 1993-08-25 1993-08-25 Résistance électrique et application de cette résistance dans un limiteur de courant

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US5602520A (fr)
EP (1) EP0640995B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH07153604A (fr)
CA (1) CA2130622A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE59306823D1 (fr)

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US6128168A (en) 1998-01-14 2000-10-03 General Electric Company Circuit breaker with improved arc interruption function
US6144540A (en) 1999-03-09 2000-11-07 General Electric Company Current suppressing circuit breaker unit for inductive motor protection
US6157286A (en) 1999-04-05 2000-12-05 General Electric Company High voltage current limiting device
CN103199491A (zh) * 2013-02-08 2013-07-10 萧志杰 家庭电器已漏电、不会触电的新设计

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EP0852385A1 (fr) * 1997-01-02 1998-07-08 General Electric Company Dispositif de limitation du courant
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US6290879B1 (en) 1998-05-20 2001-09-18 General Electric Company Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device
US6133820A (en) * 1998-08-12 2000-10-17 General Electric Company Current limiting device having a web structure
DE19842125A1 (de) * 1998-09-15 2000-03-23 Moeller Gmbh Kontaktanordnung elektrisch leitfähiger Polymere
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6128168A (en) 1998-01-14 2000-10-03 General Electric Company Circuit breaker with improved arc interruption function
US6144540A (en) 1999-03-09 2000-11-07 General Electric Company Current suppressing circuit breaker unit for inductive motor protection
US6157286A (en) 1999-04-05 2000-12-05 General Electric Company High voltage current limiting device
CN103199491A (zh) * 2013-02-08 2013-07-10 萧志杰 家庭电器已漏电、不会触电的新设计

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2130622A1 (fr) 1995-02-26
JPH07153604A (ja) 1995-06-16
EP0640995A1 (fr) 1995-03-01
DE59306823D1 (de) 1997-07-31
US5602520A (en) 1997-02-11

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