EP1355327B1 - Limiteur de surtension et méthode de fabrication d' un tel limiteur de surtension - Google Patents

Limiteur de surtension et méthode de fabrication d' un tel limiteur de surtension Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1355327B1
EP1355327B1 EP02405343A EP02405343A EP1355327B1 EP 1355327 B1 EP1355327 B1 EP 1355327B1 EP 02405343 A EP02405343 A EP 02405343A EP 02405343 A EP02405343 A EP 02405343A EP 1355327 B1 EP1355327 B1 EP 1355327B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
surge arrester
electrodes
housing
arrester according
composite
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP02405343A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1355327A8 (fr
EP1355327A2 (fr
EP1355327A3 (fr
Inventor
Leopold Ritzer
Patrik Hitz
Felix Greuter
Petra Kluge-Weiss
Yvo Dirix
Reto Kessler
Ruzica Loitzl-Jelenic
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ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
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ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
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Priority to EP02405343A priority Critical patent/EP1355327B1/fr
Publication of EP1355327A2 publication Critical patent/EP1355327A2/fr
Publication of EP1355327A8 publication Critical patent/EP1355327A8/fr
Publication of EP1355327A3 publication Critical patent/EP1355327A3/fr
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Publication of EP1355327B1 publication Critical patent/EP1355327B1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/10—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material voltage responsive, i.e. varistors
    • H01C7/102—Varistor boundary, e.g. surface layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/10—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material voltage responsive, i.e. varistors
    • H01C7/12—Overvoltage protection resistors
    • H01C7/126—Means for protecting against excessive pressure or for disconnecting in case of failure

Definitions

  • the invention also relates to a method for producing such a surge arrester.
  • the surge arrester includes two fixedly held power terminals and a non-linear electrical resistance comprising two electrodes spaced apart in the direction of an axis and a polymer composite resistor body having a polymeric matrix and a varistor-loaded powdered filler embedded in the matrix.
  • the filler generally contains a sintered varistor granule with predominantly spherical particles of doped metal oxide. The particles are composed of crystalline grains separated by grain boundaries. Since over comparable comparable surge arresters with non-linear resistors based on a sintered ceramic eliminates additional processes, such surge can be made relatively simple and in great variety of forms.
  • a surge arrester of the aforementioned type can be described, for example, in DE 198 24 104 A1 or R. Straumpler, P.Kluge-Weiss and F.Greuter "Smart Varistor Composites", Proceedings of the 8th CIMTECH World Ceramic Congress and Forum on New Materials, Symposium VI (FIG. Florence, June 29 - July 4, 1994).
  • This surge arrester contains a non-linear electrical resistor having a resistor body made of a composite comprising a polymer matrix and a powder contained therein.
  • the powder used is a granulate which has been produced by sintering a spray-dried varistor powder on the basis of a zinc oxide doped with oxides of Bi, Sb, Mn, Co, Al and / or other metals.
  • This granule has ball-shaped spherical particles with varistor behavior, which are composed of crystalline grains separated by grain boundaries. The diameters of these particles are up to 300 microns.
  • the electrical properties of the sintered granules such as the nonlinearity coefficient ⁇ B or the breakdown field strength U B [V / mm] can be adjusted over a wide range.
  • two electrodes are cast into the polymer composite during manufacture of the resistor body, or after the resistive body has been fabricated, a metal layer is applied to its surface.
  • EP 0 875 087 B1 describes a composite material based on a polymeric, in particular elastomeric, matrix and a powder embedded in this matrix.
  • the powder used is a granulate which has likewise been produced by sintering a spray-dried varistor powder on the basis of a zinc oxide doped with oxides of Bi, Sb, Mn, Co, Al and / or other metals.
  • This granule has ball-shaped spherical particles with varistor behavior, which are composed of crystalline grains separated by grain boundaries. The particles have diameters of at most 125 ⁇ m and have a size distribution which follows a Gaussian distribution.
  • This material is used in cable connections and cable terminations and forms voltage-controlling layers there.
  • a surge arrester with a varistor based on doped zinc oxide microspheres first sintered and then pressed and then sintered is known from US 5,231,370 A. Since the microspheres are initially present in the form of a gel as starting material for the varistor, the production of the surge arrester is relatively complicated. In addition, it can not be ruled out that air spaces remain between the individual microspheres during sintering, which reduce the dielectric strength of the varistor and thus also of the surge arrester. It is also mentioned in the cited document that sintered microspheres are not only used as Varistors, but also can be used as a filler for electric rubber products.
  • US 5,955,936 A describes a PTC resistor made of a polymer composite containing a polymer matrix and an electrically conductive filler embedded therein. For contacting this resistor, two electrodes made of a metal foam are used, which are connected directly or via conductive layers with the composite electrically conductive.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a surge arrester of the type mentioned, which is easy to manufacture despite a good protection characteristic, and at the same time to provide a method with which in an economical way to the solution very various protection tasks required variety of surge arresters can be produced.
  • the resistor body is formed of a cold-workable polymer composite and pressed between two electrodes to form a non-linear electrical resistance. Because of the cold workability of the resistor body is on the electrodes with a constant surface pressure, so that inhomogeneities at the interface between resistor body and electrodes avoided and a low contact resistance is achieved. Surges occurring at high current amplitudes during operation of the surge arrester due to switching operations or lightning strikes can be reliably guided in the resistor because of the homogeneous and low resistance contact resistance between the electrodes and the resistor body without fear of local overheating of the nonlinear resistor leading to premature failure of the surge arrester ,
  • a particularly uniform surface pressure is achieved when the matrix is formed by a polymer based on a liquid, a gel or an elastomer and preferably contains a silicone or a mixture of silicones.
  • suitable polymers are flexible polyurethanes, epoxies, fats or oils.
  • a liquid polymer such as a silicone oil, or a weakly crosslinked polymeric gel
  • a paste-like composite is achieved.
  • the filler-containing areas of the resistor body abut the electrodes.
  • the surge arrester has a housing accommodating the resistance body.
  • the non-linear resistor is thus not only housed protected, but it is at the same time also absorbed by the housing necessary for the surface pressure force.
  • This force can be generated in a particularly effective manner by a prestressed spring or by pressing in a precursor element of the resistance body formed between the cold-deformable polymer composite material and the electrodes. Since, in this case, the resistance body is supported on the housing due to the cold deformability of the polymer composite, generally with a lateral surface arranged between the two electrodes, the dimensions of the precursor element can still deviate considerably from the definitive dimensions of the resistance body.
  • Such an executed surge arrester according to the invention can be made extremely cost-effective.
  • the housing is formed elastically deformable or shrinkable.
  • the force required to compress the resistor body can be generated by tightening or shrinking the housing.
  • the housing longitudinally stiffened in the direction of the axis and form elastically deformable in the circumferential direction.
  • the longitudinal stiffening can be achieved for example by a predominantly axially directed, steep cross-wound. Due to the longitudinal stiffeners, the dimensions of the resistance body in the axial direction are kept constant. The heat caused by Volume changes of the resistor body then affect because of its cold workability in changes in its radial dimensions. These changes are absorbed by the circumferentially elastically deformable housing.
  • the surge arrester developed in this way can thus be adapted, as it were, by "breathing" to the prevailing operating conditions.
  • the composite is made as a paste and then has a polymer with a relatively low viscosity, such as in particular oil, so the polymer does not come to the outside even with a change in volume of the resistor body or the polymer composite.
  • the volume change of the resistor body can also be compensated by an electrically conductive, cold-formable and reversibly compressible intermediate layer, which is arranged between the composite and one of the two electrodes. At the same time, the electrical contact between resistor body and electrode can be improved by this layer.
  • the housing is made of several parts, and if the necessary force for pressing the resistor body by clamping two relatively movable parts of the housing is generated.
  • a surge arrester is characterized in which at least one of the two electrodes is made porous.
  • the material of the resistance body then snuggles during pressing particularly close to the porous and therefore rough surface of the resistor body and then penetrates at the same time in the pores.
  • the size of the pores should not be at least in one direction to the axis, for example perpendicular or parallel thereto be much larger than the average size of the filler particles.
  • Suitable materials for a porous electrode are metal nonwovens, especially those based on stainless steel, copper or bronze, metal foams, advantageously those based on nickel or aluminum, or sintered bodies, preferably based on bronze, brass, copper, silver or nickel. These materials not only have good electrical properties, but can be firmly embedded in the resistor body to form a low contact resistance. To failure of the surge arrester leading boundary layer problems are largely avoided. The boundary layer between the electrode and the resistor thus does not become a power-limiting factor, even with high-current loads, so that power consumption of up to 200J / cm 2 is possible. If the porous electrode is designed as a metal fleece or as a metal foam, then it can be easily deformed by pressing. It can be generated in a particularly simple manner, the desired pore size. By punching, embossing, grinding or other similar mechanical processing methods, the porous electrode can be given a predetermined desired geometric shapes.
  • the porous electrode consisting of such a material may possibly have a very small layer thickness of, for example, 0.1 mm. Despite the small thickness, the electrode has a high mechanical strength due to the support body holding it. Typical layer thicknesses range between 0.1 and 10 mm.
  • the connection between porous electrode and current-carrying carrier body is advantageously achieved by soldering, gluing with conductive adhesives, sintering (sintered electrodes) or ultrasonic welding.
  • the surge arrester according to the invention can be produced particularly advantageously if a cold-formable precursor element is separated from a starting body formed from the polymer composite, and if the precursor element is arranged between two electrodes to form bearing surfaces and pressed to form the nonlinear electrical resistance.
  • the precursor element will be in the form of a disk or plate.
  • the starting body is then expediently formed in the manner of a sausage or a band. It can then be produced continuously by extrusion, for example, and the precursor element can be achieved very easily by separating the disc or the plate.
  • the Surge arrester can thus not only be manufactured extremely cost-effectively, but also a constant quality of the surge arresters can be achieved within a narrow tolerance range by controlling the weight of the precursor elements. Due to the possibility of giving the resistive body different shapes during the production of the surge arrester when pressing the precursor element, the electrical properties of the surge arrester can be adapted to different protection requirements in a very simple manner.
  • the precursor element can be pressed into a closable housing containing two electrodes held in a fixed position and the housing closed after reaching a predetermined pressure value.
  • the precursor element When the polymer composite is formed as an elastomer, the precursor element can be inserted into a housing which is not necessarily closable, the precursor element can then be contacted with two electrodes and subsequently be pressed by displacing one of the two electrodes up to a predetermined pressure value. This can be made in a particularly simple manner sufficient for many applications surge arrester.
  • the surge arrester shown in Figure 1 has a designed as a hollow cylinder housing 1, in which at the top and bottom of an unnamed female thread is inserted in each case.
  • the provided at the upper end of the internal thread acts together with the external thread of a screw designed as power connector 2, while provided at the bottom of internal thread cooperates with the external thread of a likewise designed as a screw power connector 3.
  • a compression spring 4 and each designed as a circular disk, a pressure body 5, an electrode 6, a resistor body 7 and an electrode.
  • the housing 1 is formed by a mechanically and electrically high-quality insulating material.
  • a suitable insulating material is, for example, a ceramic, such as porcelain, or a polymer based on a polymer, such as a preferably fiber-reinforced duromer, in particular an epoxide, or a thermoplastic, such as an acrylate, such as PMMA.
  • the housing may be provided with creepage extending ribs or screens and may be made of an outdoor material.
  • the housing mainly handles supporting and supporting functions.
  • the power connections 2 and 3, the pressure plate 5 and the electrodes 6 and 8 are each formed by a metal with good electrical conductivity.
  • metals are typically copper, nickel, aluminum, stainless steel, as well as copper-based alloys such as bronze or brass, and / or aluminum.
  • the electrodes used are sintered bodies, in particular of bronze, brass, copper, nickel or silver, metal foam, such as fine-pored nickel foam or coarsely porous, uniaxially compacted aluminum foam, metal fleece or fabric, compressible graphite in layer or foil form, on solid supports sintered porous metal layers, such as bronze, or sandblasted metal body, such as aluminum or copper used.
  • the porous metal layers can be sintered on one or more layers and have thicknesses greater than about 0.1 mm and up to a few centimeters.
  • the electrodes 6, 8 can be given a well-defined shape, wherein in the shaping is especially important to ensure that the electrodes have rounded edges on their support surface 7 on the resistor body ,
  • the compression spring may be formed by a good conductive metal alloy, such as steel or bronze, but may also consist of a moderately or non-conductive material, such as plastic. In general, the compression spring is bridged over a plurality of acting as a contact band conductor elements. These elements not shown in FIG. 1 connect the power connection 2 and the pressure plate 5 to one another in an electrically conductive manner.
  • the resistor body is formed of a cold-workable polymer composite of a polymeric matrix and a powdered filler with varistor behavior embedded in the matrix.
  • the polymer forming the matrix is generally a gel or an elastomer, preferably each based on silicone, but may also be a liquid, such as preferably an oil, for example based on mineral or silicone oil.
  • the filler contains varistor particles of doped metal oxide of predominantly spherical structure, the particles being composed of crystalline grains separated by grain boundaries. Preparation and properties of the filler are described in the cited prior art. To improve the electrical contact between the individual varistor particles and thus the energy consumption of the surge arrester, the filler may contain a few percent by weight of metal powder.
  • two electrically conductive, cold-formed and elastically reversible compressible intermediate layers 12, 13 may be provided.
  • These intermediate layers generally consist of a highly electrically conductive, compressible polymer composite, preferably a conductive powder, such as nickel or titanium diboride, and in particular polymeric hollow microspheres (Such as those sold under the trade name Expancel) filled polymeric gel, but can also be designed as electrically conductive foam or as other electrically conductive, compressible body with spring action (fleece, fabric).
  • the intermediate layers 12, 13 not only improve the electrical contact, but can also compensate for volume changes of the resistor body 7 at the same time. They thus extremely effectively prevent overstretching of a rigidly executed housing.
  • a resistance body typical of the surge arrester according to the invention had the following formulation in parts by weight (GT): SYLGARD 527 A 100 GT SYLGARD 527 B 100 GT filler 1000 GT
  • SYLGARD is a silicone resin sold by Dow Corning under this trade name.
  • the filler corresponded to the filler described in the prior art according to DE 198 24 104 A1.
  • the polymer composite was prepared by mixing the aforementioned starting components. In this case, the components were mixed at room temperature and then vented at a reduced pressure of typically 50 to 100 mbar. Alternatively, in another manufacturing process, the filler was pre-evacuated at a pressure of about 1 mbar and then infiltrated at a pressure of about 100 mbar with the silicone formed by mixing the two aforementioned resin components. To achieve a high degree of filling, the infiltrated samples were spun in a centrifuge. Alternatively, a high degree of filling can be achieved by pressing out excess silicone resin. After a curing time of about 24 hours at room temperature, a cold-formable, rubber-like polymer material was formed.
  • the polymer composite was prepared in the form of a sausage-shaped starting body and was separated therefrom as a precursor element for the resistance body 7 a substantially circular material disc formed.
  • This precursor element was in the already the current terminal 3 and the electrode 8 containing housing. 1 brought.
  • the electrodes 6, the pressure body 5 and the compression spring 4 were brought into the housing 1 in rows and then screwed the thus formed stack using the power connector 2 in rows.
  • the compression spring 4 is compressed.
  • the pressure plate 5 applied with compressive force now presses the electrodes 6 and 8 from above or from below against the precursor element.
  • this element is compressed even at a relatively low pressure of a few, for example 1 to 2, bar to the resistance body 7.
  • this resistance body 7 has two end surfaces lying gap-free on the electrodes 6 and 8, as well as a lateral surface lying gap-free on the inside of the housing.
  • a nonlinear electrical resistance inserted without gaps into the housing is formed.
  • the breakthrough field strength U B [V / mm], the non-linearity coefficient ⁇ B, and the break-even field strength U B [V / mm] were determined on two such embodiments 1 and 2 of the surge arrester according to the invention having a cylindrically shaped resistance body 7 of approximately 40 mm diameter and a height of approximately 15 mm maximum absorbed power P [J / cm 3 ] determined.
  • the determined values are listed in the following table.
  • sintered bronze electrodes 7 and in the embodiment 2 sandblasted aluminum electrodes were used.
  • Comparative Example 3 the electrodes were poured into the polymer composite.
  • Example 4 relates to an embodiment of the surge arrester according to the invention, in which the polymer composite is designed as a paste with about 85 parts by volume filler and about 15 parts by volume silicone oil.
  • the electrodes were in this case formed of sintered bronze.
  • the electrode 6 of nickel foam and the electrode 8 consist of a sintered bronze and, as also shown both electrodes 6 and 8 by gluing, soldering, sintering or welding firmly connected to the pressure plate 5 and the power connector 3 , Alternatively you can both electrodes are made of the same material, such as sintered bronze, and only one or both electrodes can not be connected to the associated electrically conductive support body.
  • surge arresters of the invention although much simpler and cheaper to manufacture, have electrical characteristics that are broadly consistent with the corresponding characteristics of a surge arrester made in accordance with the prior art.
  • the surge arrester designed according to sample 4 with a pasty polymer composite can absorb particularly high powers. This surge arrester can be used anywhere where a high energy absorption capacity is required by the arrester.
  • the precursor element marked with arrows can be pressed through an opening 9 into a closable housing 10 become.
  • the two electrodes 6 and 8 are arranged fixed in the housing. Since they are led through the housing wall, they can at the same time be used as a power connection.
  • the resistance body is formed, which is pressed gaplessly on the inside of the housing, in particular the two electrodes 6 and 8.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Apparatuses And Processes For Manufacturing Resistors (AREA)

Claims (20)

  1. Parafoudre comprenant deux bornes électriques (2, 3) maintenues en position fixe et comprenant une résistance électrique non linéaire, contenant deux électrodes (6, 8) espacées l'une de l'autre dans le sens d'un axe et un corps de résistance (7) composé d'une matrice et d'un matériau de remplissage ayant un comportement de varistance intégré dans la matrice, caractérisé en ce que le corps de résistance (7) est formé par un matériau composite façonnable à froid et il est comprimé en formant la résistance électrique non linéaire entre les deux électrodes (6, 8).
  2. Parafoudre selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la matrice est formée par un polymère à base d'un liquide, d'un gel ou d'un élastomère, de préférence à base de silicone.
  3. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que les surfaces du corps de résistance (7) qui contiennent le matériau de remplissage reposent sur les électrodes (6, 8).
  4. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le corps de résistance (7) est disposé dans un boîtier (1, 10) qui absorbe la force nécessaire à la compression du corps de résistance (7).
  5. Parafoudre selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le corps de résistance (7) est soutenu sur le boîtier (1, 10) par une surface d'enveloppe disposée entre les deux électrodes (6, 8).
  6. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce que la force est produite par un ressort (4).
  7. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce que les électrodes sont maintenues en position fixe dans le boîtier et que la force lors de l'injection de l'élément précurseur du corps de résistance formé par le matériau composite façonnable à froid est produite entre les électrodes.
  8. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce que le boîtier (1, 10) est réalisé de manière à être rétractable ou déformable par effet élastique et que la force est produite en détendant le boîtier précontraint ou en rétractant le boîtier.
  9. Parafoudre selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que le boîtier (1, 10) est configuré avec un raidissement longitudinal dans le sens de l'axe et déformable par effet élastique dans le sens du pourtour.
  10. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce que le boîtier est réalisé en plusieurs parties et que la force est produite en déformant deux parties du boîtier mobiles l'une par rapport à l'autre.
  11. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins l'une des électrodes (6, 8) est réalisée poreuse.
  12. Parafoudre selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que la taille des pores dans une direction prédéfinie par rapport à l'axe est supérieure à la taille moyenne des particules du matériau de remplissage.
  13. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 11 ou 12, caractérisé en ce que l'au moins une électrode (6, 8) est réalisée sous la forme d'un voile métallique, d'une mousse métallique ou d'un corps fritté.
  14. Parafoudre selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que le voile métallique, la mousse métallique ou le corps fritté est appliqué sur un corps porteur du parafoudre réalisé sous la forme d'une borne électrique (3) ou d'une plaque de compression (5).
  15. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce qu'une couche intermédiaire (12, 13) conductrice d'électricité, façonnable à froid et compressible de manière réversible est disposée entre le matériau composite et l'une des deux électrodes (6, 8) .
  16. Parafoudre selon l'une des revendications 4 à 15, caractérisé en ce que le matériau composite est prévu dans une partie du boîtier (1) rendue étanche par rapport à l'extérieur.
  17. Procédé de fabrication d'un parafoudre selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'un élément précurseur façonnable à froid est séparé d'un corps initial formé par un matériau composite à base de polymère et que l'élément précurseur est disposé entre deux électrodes (6, 8) en formant des surfaces d'appui et comprimé en formant la résistance électrique non linéaire.
  18. Procédé selon la revendication 17, caractérisé en ce que lorsque le matériau composite à base de polymère est réalisé sous la forme de gel ou de pâte, l'élément précurseur est comprimé dans un boîtier (10) pouvant être fermé et contenant deux électrodes (6, 8) maintenues en position fixe, et en ce que le boîtier (10) est fermé après avoir atteint une valeur prédéfinie de la pression.
  19. Procédé selon la revendication 17, caractérisé en ce que lorsque le matériau composite à base de polymère est réalisé sous la forme d'élastomère, l'élément précurseur est inséré dans un boîtier (1), mis en contact avec deux électrodes (6, 8) et ensuite comprimé jusqu'à une valeur prédéfinie de la pression en déplaçant l'une (6) des deux électrodes (6, 8).
  20. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 17 à 19, caractérisé en ce que l'élément précurseur sous la forme d'un disque ou d'une plaque est séparé d'un corps initial réalisé en forme de boudin ou de bande.
EP02405343A 2002-04-18 2002-04-25 Limiteur de surtension et méthode de fabrication d' un tel limiteur de surtension Expired - Lifetime EP1355327B1 (fr)

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EP02405343A EP1355327B1 (fr) 2002-04-18 2002-04-25 Limiteur de surtension et méthode de fabrication d' un tel limiteur de surtension

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EP02405318 2002-04-18
EP02405318 2002-04-18
EP02405343A EP1355327B1 (fr) 2002-04-18 2002-04-25 Limiteur de surtension et méthode de fabrication d' un tel limiteur de surtension

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EP1355327A2 EP1355327A2 (fr) 2003-10-22
EP1355327A8 EP1355327A8 (fr) 2003-12-17
EP1355327A3 EP1355327A3 (fr) 2005-01-05
EP1355327B1 true EP1355327B1 (fr) 2006-09-27

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AT (1) ATE341086T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE50208251D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2273988T3 (fr)

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US9906017B2 (en) 2014-06-03 2018-02-27 Ripd Research And Ip Development Ltd. Modular overvoltage protection units
US10319545B2 (en) 2016-11-30 2019-06-11 Iskra Za{hacek over (s)}{hacek over (c)}ite d.o.o. Surge protective device modules and DIN rail device systems including same
US10707678B2 (en) 2016-12-23 2020-07-07 Ripd Research And Ip Development Ltd. Overvoltage protection device including multiple varistor wafers
US10447026B2 (en) 2016-12-23 2019-10-15 Ripd Ip Development Ltd Devices for active overvoltage protection
US10340110B2 (en) 2017-05-12 2019-07-02 Raycap IP Development Ltd Surge protective device modules including integral thermal disconnect mechanisms and methods including same
US10685767B2 (en) 2017-09-14 2020-06-16 Raycap IP Development Ltd Surge protective device modules and systems including same
US11223200B2 (en) 2018-07-26 2022-01-11 Ripd Ip Development Ltd Surge protective devices, circuits, modules and systems including same
US11862967B2 (en) 2021-09-13 2024-01-02 Raycap, S.A. Surge protective device assembly modules
US11723145B2 (en) 2021-09-20 2023-08-08 Raycap IP Development Ltd PCB-mountable surge protective device modules and SPD circuit systems and methods including same
US11990745B2 (en) 2022-01-12 2024-05-21 Raycap IP Development Ltd Methods and systems for remote monitoring of surge protective devices

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DE19824104B4 (de) * 1998-04-27 2009-12-24 Abb Research Ltd. Nichtlinearer Widerstand mit Varistorverhalten

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EP1355327A8 (fr) 2003-12-17
EP1355327A2 (fr) 2003-10-22
ATE341086T1 (de) 2006-10-15
EP1355327A3 (fr) 2005-01-05
ES2273988T3 (es) 2007-05-16
DE50208251D1 (de) 2006-11-09

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