EP0046230A2 - Charge pyrotechnique fumigène enveloppée, sa composition et son procédé de fabrication - Google Patents

Charge pyrotechnique fumigène enveloppée, sa composition et son procédé de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0046230A2
EP0046230A2 EP81106031A EP81106031A EP0046230A2 EP 0046230 A2 EP0046230 A2 EP 0046230A2 EP 81106031 A EP81106031 A EP 81106031A EP 81106031 A EP81106031 A EP 81106031A EP 0046230 A2 EP0046230 A2 EP 0046230A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
charge
pyrotechnic charge
pyrotechnic
ignition
binder
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP81106031A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0046230A3 (en
EP0046230B1 (fr
Inventor
Manfred Weber
Friedmar Hinzmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Piepenbrock Pyrotechnik Te Goellheim Bondsre GmbH
Original Assignee
Pyrotechnische Fabrik F Feistel GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pyrotechnische Fabrik F Feistel GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Pyrotechnische Fabrik F Feistel GmbH and Co KG
Priority to AT81106031T priority Critical patent/ATE17167T1/de
Publication of EP0046230A2 publication Critical patent/EP0046230A2/fr
Publication of EP0046230A3 publication Critical patent/EP0046230A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0046230B1 publication Critical patent/EP0046230B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
    • C06D3/00—Generation of smoke or mist (chemical part)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B33/00—Compositions containing particulate metal, alloy, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium with at least one oxygen supplying material which is either a metal oxide or a salt, organic or inorganic, capable of yielding a metal oxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/44—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information of incendiary type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/46—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing gases, vapours, powders or chemically-reactive substances
    • F42B12/48—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing gases, vapours, powders or chemically-reactive substances smoke-producing, e.g. infrared clouds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a pyrotechnic charge as a smoke or as a fire in the form of individual pressed bodies arranged in a casing, optionally with an ignition charge, and a process for their production.
  • mist-producing substances or mixtures of substances and devices which fire them into or over a target area are known.
  • the mist mixtures are usually shaped and pressed into compacts, stacked in a metal sleeve and, if ignited, are ejected from the sleeve opening, if necessary using an igniter, and are distributed conically like a shot.
  • the individual segments are designed in such a way that they are partially destroyed into small particles by the pressure load that occurs during ignition.
  • the shell usually made of metal, from which the smoke or incendiary devices are ejected at a certain height, then falls undamaged as a part to the ground and can also cause considerable injuries under unfavorable circumstances.
  • Another disadvantage of the known charges used as a mist set comes from the composition of the mist mixtures. These often react acidic or develop phosphorus pentoxide, which is converted to phosphoric acid in the air, cause breathing difficulties and coughing or attack internal organs. Such disadvantages are particularly undesirable when one thinks of the use of fog loads in wine-growing areas to prevent frost or when used for exercise and maneuvering purposes.
  • DE-AS 24 51 701 describes a smoke or mist set that contains an organic chlorine donor, metal powder and / or metal oxide.
  • the known mist set contains at least one of the high molecular weight chlorine donors chloroparaffin, chlorinated polyphenylene, chlorinated polyphenoxy resin and polyester from tetrachlorophthalic acid with chlorinated polyalcohol as a binder.
  • smoke and mist sets consist of a mixture of hexachloroethane with metal powder, such as zinc, aluminum, titanium, magnesium and iron.
  • Usual igniter sets for fire or smoke sets contain magnesium powder, black powder flour and a binding agent as main components. They have the disadvantage that they do not ignite under clearly defined conditions and, moreover, are only mechanically resilient.
  • Another set of fog is known from DE-OS 27 43 363. It contains zinc oxide, ammonium perchlorate, polychloroisoprene as well as a plasticizer and ammonium chloride for buffering. This mist set also has the disadvantage that carcinogenic combustion products are formed when it burns. Furthermore, the process for its production is very complex, since it has to be cast and provided with two coatings for stabilization and protection against external influences.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a pyrotechnic charge as a smoke or as a fire in the form of individual moldings arranged in a casing, which is simple and inexpensive to manufacture and enables a better distribution of the ignited smoke or incendiary charges.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a new mixture of a fog, fire and primer, and methods for their production, which is improved over the prior art.
  • the object is achieved by a pyrotechnic charge as a fog or as a fire in the form of individual compacts arranged in a casing, in that the casing for the pressed body consists of plastic or light metal provided with predetermined breaking points.
  • Such a cover easily hides after ignition and therefore ensures a better distribution of the fog or incendiary charges, in addition, only small parts of the cover remain, so that there is no risk of injury.
  • the pressing bodies are preferably provided with cutouts and arranged one above the other in the form of a layer. This configuration of the pressed body ensures that it is better disassembled and thus also better space distribution is achieved.
  • the recesses of all the pressing bodies form a continuous channel in which igniting charges are arranged to fill the space. This eliminates the need for an additional ignition tube and prevents friction between the individual compacts.
  • Preferred pyrotechnic charges as a mist set are claims 4 to 7, a process for their preparation from claim 8.
  • a preferred pyrotechnic charge is set as a fire and in claim 10, an advantageous method for its production.
  • Claims 11 to 16 preferably represent ignition charges to be used for the pyrotechnic charges according to the invention, claim 17 represents an advantageous method for their production.
  • a pyrotechnic charge as a smoke or fire charge is arranged in a preferably cylindrical shell 1.
  • the envelope 1 (FIG. 1) is provided with longitudinal and / or transverse breaking points 2. These can be produced as notches or fracture lines on the inside of the casing 1 or in the form of material dilutions.
  • the sleeve 1 is made of a plastic, but can also be made of a light metal, such as Made of aluminum or light metal alloys.
  • the mist or incendiary mixtures are stacked on top of one another as disk-shaped pressing bodies 3.
  • the outside diameter and the shape of the disk-shaped pressing bodies correspond to the inside diameter and the shape of the casing 1.
  • the pressing bodies 3 have recesses 4, which are preferably arranged axially symmetrically and enclose the central area. 1 and 2 cross-shaped recesses 4 are shown, but they can also be star-shaped with any number of points or rounded in a leaf shape or as a simple rectangular slot.
  • the disk-shaped pressing bodies are easy to manufacture and just as easy to insert into the casing.
  • the ignition charge compression bodies 7 burn, ignite the compression bodies 3 of the fog or incendiary charge, which burst at the predetermined breaking points 5 given by the recesses 4, whereupon the casing 1 at the predetermined breaking points 2 arranged there due to the increasing internal pressure bursts.
  • the individual parts of the press body 3 of the mist or incendiary device are further broken down and distributed in all directions.
  • the three components of primer, mist or incendiary and casing therefore work together optimally in that the ignition and pressure build up occur at the same time.
  • the individual parts are distributed over a definable field, e.g. a homogeneous fog is created.
  • the fog or the fire segments are quickly and permanently generated.
  • the fog or fire time can be determined by varying the thickness of the pressed body and, in particular, by varying its composition, with different burn-off times being achieved will control.
  • mist set that has the following composition in% by weight:
  • Preferred binders are an elastomer or a rubber-based polymer.
  • compositions of fog sentences have the following composition in% by weight:
  • the mist mixtures are produced in the form of compacts in that the components are mixed with one another with a solvent-containing binder, dried, comminuted with a friction shredder and subsequently pressed to form compacts using a pressure of 500 to 1500 bar.
  • This process produces particularly stable compacts, which have a high mechanical strength and do not burst into small parts.
  • the high mechanical stability of the pressed body can be attributed to several factors. It results from the mixture of the individual components, from the completely irregular shape of the particles and their compression under pressure.
  • the bodies can be made in different sizes up to at least 155 caliber.
  • the firing time can be controlled by varying the thickness of the pressed body.
  • a batch of 2.2 kg of PVC powder, 3.3 kg of zinc oxide (dried), 2.2 kg of ammonium chloride and 2.64 kg of thiourea is pressed through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.3 to 0.55 mm and then intensely mixed.
  • the batch is then introduced into a kneading machine and pasted for 15 minutes with 2.4 kg (based on the solid portion, i.e. without solvent portion) of a highly viscous elastomer binder.
  • ammonium perchlorate processed in the same sieving process is added in an amount of 7.26 kg. This mixture is kneaded for a further 15 minutes, then spread out on trays and subsequently dried at a temperature of 45 ° C. for 6 hours.
  • the dry matter obtained is then comminuted in a grating machine and finally under a pressure of about 1000 bar pressed into compacts.
  • a pyrotechnic charge as a fire set has the following composition in% by weight:
  • the preparation takes place in such a way that the substances mentioned are introduced into a mixer without a binder and mixed with the binder, preferably an elastomer binder, and then granulated.
  • the finished granulate is dried on drying trays for 5 hours and then pressed into shaped articles.
  • the ignition kits for pyrotechnic charges which contain magnesium powder, black powder flour, an oxygen donor and a binder, have a magnesium powder with a grain size of less than 100 ⁇ m, preferably less than 60 ⁇ m and additionally amorphous boron, in order to obtain precise, defined and constant ignition conditions.
  • a catalyst preferably in the form of an iron (II) iron (III) complex, in particular iron blue, can additionally be provided to accelerate the burning off.
  • Solid chlorinated paraffin serves as a binder.
  • Ignition charges according to the invention have the following composition in% by weight:
  • a preferred composition has, in% by weight:
  • the components of the primer are mixed in a solvent, dried, granulated and then pressed into shaped articles using a pressure of 500 to 4000 bar
  • the primers according to the invention are characterized by precise and constant ignition processes and a high mechanical strength.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
  • Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
EP81106031A 1980-08-20 1981-07-31 Charge pyrotechnique fumigène enveloppée, sa composition et son procédé de fabrication Expired EP0046230B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT81106031T ATE17167T1 (de) 1980-08-20 1981-07-31 Umhuellte pyrotechnische nebelsatz- oder brandsatz-ladung, ihre zusammensetzung sowie verfahren zu ihrer herstellung.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3031369A DE3031369C2 (de) 1980-08-20 1980-08-20 Pyrotechnische Ladung aus Nebelsatz und Anzündsatz und Verfahren zur Herstellung der Nebelmischung und des Anzündsatzes
DE3031369 1980-08-20

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0046230A2 true EP0046230A2 (fr) 1982-02-24
EP0046230A3 EP0046230A3 (en) 1982-05-26
EP0046230B1 EP0046230B1 (fr) 1985-12-27

Family

ID=6109994

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP81106031A Expired EP0046230B1 (fr) 1980-08-20 1981-07-31 Charge pyrotechnique fumigène enveloppée, sa composition et son procédé de fabrication

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4474715A (fr)
EP (1) EP0046230B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE17167T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3031369C2 (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2529318A1 (fr) * 1982-06-25 1983-12-30 Thomson Brandt Dispositif de dispersion d'un produit fumigene et projectile comportant un tel dispositif
EP0108939A2 (fr) * 1982-10-16 1984-05-23 Pyrotechnische Fabrik F. Feistel GmbH + Co KG Charge fumigène et procédé pour la production d'un brouillard opaque aux ondes visibles et infrarouges
EP0357412A2 (fr) * 1988-09-01 1990-03-07 Astra Holdings Plc Article fumigène
EP0780658A2 (fr) 1995-12-22 1997-06-25 Buck Werke GmbH & Co Grenade à main fumigène rapide
WO2002001530A2 (fr) * 2000-06-28 2002-01-03 Ici Americas Inc. Generateur de fumee souple
DE10065816B4 (de) * 2000-12-27 2009-04-23 Buck Neue Technologien Gmbh Munition zur Erzeugung eines Nebels
EP3076121A1 (fr) * 2015-04-01 2016-10-05 Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co. Kg Corps fumigenes

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AT376499B (de) * 1982-08-03 1984-11-26 Oregon Ets Patentverwertung Geschosshaube fuer sprengstofflose kampfstoffgranaten, insbesondere fuer rauchgranaten
DE3407238A1 (de) * 1984-02-28 1985-11-21 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 8000 München Vorrichtung zum herstellen von treibladungspulver in strangform
DE3421708A1 (de) * 1984-06-12 1985-12-12 Buck Chemisch-Technische Werke GmbH & Co, 7347 Bad Überkingen Einrichtung zur erzeugung einer scheinzielwolke, insbesondere einer infrarot-scheinzielwolke
JPH0633990B2 (ja) * 1985-01-11 1994-05-02 旭エンジニアリング株式会社 含水爆薬包及びその製造方法
DE3515166A1 (de) * 1985-04-26 1986-10-30 Buck Chemisch-Technische Werke GmbH & Co, 7347 Bad Überkingen Wurfkoerper zur darstellung eines infrarot-flaechenstrahlers
NO156224C (no) * 1985-04-30 1987-08-12 Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker Roekgranat.
US4581998A (en) * 1985-06-19 1986-04-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Programmed-splitting solid propellant grain for improved ballistic performance of guns
DE3728380C1 (de) * 1987-08-26 1988-11-24 Nico Pyrotechnik Pyrotechnische Mischung zur Erzeugung eines Tarnnebels und Anzuendmischung hierfuer
CH674742A5 (fr) * 1987-12-24 1990-07-13 Eidgenoess Munitionsfab Thun
US5591496A (en) * 1990-11-20 1997-01-07 Linpac Plastics International Limited Method of manufacturing composite sheet materials
NO171750C (no) * 1991-01-21 1993-04-28 Raufoss As Anordning ved roeykgranat
DE19704070C2 (de) * 1997-02-04 1998-12-24 Buck Chem Tech Werke Tarn- und/oder Täuscheinrichtung
NL1005529C2 (nl) * 1997-03-13 1998-09-15 Tno Samenstelling voor het genereren van rook.
SE9804400L (sv) * 1998-12-18 2000-02-14 Bofors Ab Sätt att vid initiering av artilleridrivkrutladdningar bestående av ett flertal efter varandra anordnade drivkrutsmoduler åstadkomma en jämn övertändning mellan dessa samt i enlighet med sättet utformade drivkrutsmoduler och kompletta laddningar
DE19914097A1 (de) * 1999-03-27 2000-09-28 Piepenbrock Pyrotechnik Gmbh Pyrotechnische Wirkmasse zur Erzeugung eines im Infraroten stark emissiven und im Visuellen undurchdringlichen Aerosols
US6817298B1 (en) * 2000-04-04 2004-11-16 Geotec Inc. Solid propellant gas generator with adjustable pressure pulse for well optimization
ES2291360T3 (es) * 2000-10-26 2008-03-01 Smg Technologies Africa (Pty) Ltd Granulos metalicos y de oxidos metalicos y procedimiento para su formacion.
DE20020099U1 (de) * 2000-11-27 2001-04-05 Trw Airbag Sys Gmbh & Co Kg Gasgenerator
US6431072B1 (en) * 2000-11-30 2002-08-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Propellant grain configuration
DE10152023B4 (de) * 2001-10-22 2005-06-16 Buck Neue Technologien Gmbh Schockunempfindliche Nebelwurfkörper
JP3884741B2 (ja) * 2004-03-15 2007-02-21 勝義 近藤 マグネシウム合金顆粒状粉体原料の製造方法
DE102004018862A1 (de) * 2004-04-19 2005-11-03 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung eines Infrarot-Flächenstrahlers
DE102006008309B4 (de) * 2006-02-23 2008-03-27 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Nebelwurfkörper
DE102010026641A1 (de) 2010-07-09 2012-01-12 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Nebelwurfkörper
DE102011107960B3 (de) 2011-07-20 2012-03-22 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Munition
RU2602568C1 (ru) * 2015-10-05 2016-11-20 Акционерное общество "Чебоксарское производственное объединение имени В.И. Чапаева" Дымовой пиротехнический состав
JP6563773B2 (ja) * 2015-10-20 2019-08-21 株式会社ダイセル 煙幕発生器
CN110950727A (zh) * 2019-12-09 2020-04-03 张倩韬 一种黑色发烟剂的制备方法以及黑色发烟剂
CN111256551A (zh) * 2020-03-27 2020-06-09 北京中大爆破工程有限公司 一种快速确定故障雷管的方法

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DE1913790A1 (de) 1969-03-19 1970-10-08 Buck Kg Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung einer kuenstlichen Nebel- und/oder Flammendecke
DE2412346A1 (de) 1974-03-14 1975-09-25 Buck Kg Handabfeuerungsgeraet mit brandladung
DE2743363A1 (de) 1977-09-27 1979-04-05 Nico Pyrotechnik Nebelsatz und verfahren zu seiner herstellung

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DE1913790A1 (de) 1969-03-19 1970-10-08 Buck Kg Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung einer kuenstlichen Nebel- und/oder Flammendecke
DE2412346A1 (de) 1974-03-14 1975-09-25 Buck Kg Handabfeuerungsgeraet mit brandladung
DE2743363A1 (de) 1977-09-27 1979-04-05 Nico Pyrotechnik Nebelsatz und verfahren zu seiner herstellung

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2529318A1 (fr) * 1982-06-25 1983-12-30 Thomson Brandt Dispositif de dispersion d'un produit fumigene et projectile comportant un tel dispositif
EP0108939A2 (fr) * 1982-10-16 1984-05-23 Pyrotechnische Fabrik F. Feistel GmbH + Co KG Charge fumigène et procédé pour la production d'un brouillard opaque aux ondes visibles et infrarouges
EP0108939A3 (fr) * 1982-10-16 1985-07-03 Pyrotechnische Fabrik F. Feistel GmbH + Co KG Charge fumigène et procédé pour la production d'un brouillard opaque aux ondes visibles et infrarouges
EP0357412A2 (fr) * 1988-09-01 1990-03-07 Astra Holdings Plc Article fumigène
EP0357412A3 (fr) * 1988-09-01 1992-03-18 Astra Holdings Plc Article fumigène
EP0780658A2 (fr) 1995-12-22 1997-06-25 Buck Werke GmbH & Co Grenade à main fumigène rapide
DE19548436C1 (de) * 1995-12-22 1997-06-26 Buck Chem Tech Werke Schnellnebelhandgranate
WO2002001530A2 (fr) * 2000-06-28 2002-01-03 Ici Americas Inc. Generateur de fumee souple
WO2002001530A3 (fr) * 2000-06-28 2002-06-06 Ici America Inc Generateur de fumee souple
US6552660B1 (en) 2000-06-28 2003-04-22 3Si Security Systems, Inc. Flexible smoke generator
DE10065816B4 (de) * 2000-12-27 2009-04-23 Buck Neue Technologien Gmbh Munition zur Erzeugung eines Nebels
EP3076121A1 (fr) * 2015-04-01 2016-10-05 Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co. Kg Corps fumigenes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3173299D1 (en) 1986-02-06
DE3031369A1 (de) 1982-02-25
DE3031369C2 (de) 1987-01-02
EP0046230A3 (en) 1982-05-26
US4474715A (en) 1984-10-02
EP0046230B1 (fr) 1985-12-27
ATE17167T1 (de) 1986-01-15

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