CN88103467A - 用作冷冻剂的卤化碳混合物 - Google Patents
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- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 76
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)F NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 9
- KYKAJFCTULSVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(fluoro)methane Chemical compound F[C]Cl KYKAJFCTULSVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004773 chlorofluoromethyl group Chemical group [H]C(F)(Cl)* 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- BHNZEZWIUMJCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)Cl BHNZEZWIUMJCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 3
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N hydrocortisone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3[C@@H](O)C[C@](C)([C@@](CC4)(O)C(=O)CO)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular fluorine Chemical class C.FF QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)F UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000982035 Sparattosyce Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethane Chemical compound ClC NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
一种含三种或三种以上卤化碳的独特冷冻剂,在第一种卤化碳后面的每一种卤化碳具有依次增高的沸点。该冷冻剂具有基本上与FC-12相同的温度/压力关系。同时提供了采用该冷冻剂进行制冷和加热的方法。
Description
本发明涉及用于制冷和加热的冷冻剂组合物,尤其是三元或三元以上的卤化碳混合物。
由于对某些卤化碳的臭氧消耗势担忧,人们已开始寻找具有较低臭氧消耗势的替代化合物。二氯二氟甲烷是最广泛应用的冷冻剂,但预料会减少其应用,因为它的臭氧消耗势高。
在制冷应用中,特别是在汽车空调系统中,冷冻剂在运行中往往通过缝隙而漏失,例如通过轴封、软管接头和焊缝漏失。此外,在对制冷设备进行维护时,冷冻剂会释放至大气中。
目前应用的最为商业化的冷冻剂是纯液体或共沸混合冷冻剂,在释放至大气中时,这些冷冻剂中有许多都具有臭氧消耗热。某些非共沸冷冻剂混合物也可应用,但其缺点是当装入的冷冻剂有一部分漏掉或排入大气时,其组成就改变了。如果这些混合物含有一种可燃性组分,则它们还可能由于冷冻设备泄漏蒸汽时导致其组成改变而变为可燃性的。致冷设备的运行也可能由于这种由分馏作用引起的组成和蒸汽压的改变而受到不利影响。
因此需要一类替代的冷冻剂,它们能在组成变化很大的范围中保持作为冷冻剂的蒸汽压和不燃性的重要性质,同时还具有较低的臭氧消耗势。
已发现的一种独特的冷冻剂的组成为:第一种卤化碳约占10- 60%(重量),其大气压下的沸点在约-50℃至约-30℃的范围内;第二种卤化碳约占10-60%(重量),其大气压下的沸点在约-30℃至约-5℃的范围内;第三种卤化碳约占10-75%(重量),其大气压下的沸点在约-15℃至约30℃的范围内;所述第二种卤化碳比所述第一种卤化碳在更高温度下沸腾,所述第三种卤化碳比所述第二种卤化碳在更高温度下沸腾;所述各卤化碳含有至少一个氟原子;至少一种所述卤化碳含有一个氢原子;所述第一种和第三种卤化碳是非可燃性的;所述三种卤化碳及其比例根据下述原则选择:所生成的冷冻剂是不可燃的,在约0℃至约100℃温度范围内具有与二氯二氟甲烷的蒸汽压大体相同的蒸汽压;所述冷冻剂的臭氧消耗势明显低于二氯二氟甲烷的臭氧消耗势。
这种新冷冻剂的各组份的正常沸点最好处于-50℃至10℃的范围。同时最好这些卤化碳中至少二种在同一碳原子上联有氢原子和氟原子。其次,当这些卤化碳中只有一种在同一碳原子上联有氢原子和氟原子时,它最好是沸点居中的化合物。在同一分子中也可能有不止一个碳原子上联有氢原子和氟原子,例如在CHF2CHF2(FC-134)中。
应该理解,所述的“第一种卤化碳”、“第二种卤化碳”和“第三种卤化碳”,都可以由多于一种的在所述范围中沸腾的卤化碳组成。
本发明还提供了一种制冷方法,包括使本发明的冷冻剂凝结,并随后通过与所要冷却的物体的热交换关系使其蒸发。
最后,还提供了一种加热方法,该方法包括,通过与所要加热的物体的热交换关系使冷冻剂凝结,随后将其蒸发。
冷冻一词意为利用一种物质的物理变化产生冷却或加热效应。物理变化可为,例如由固态到液态的变化,或由液态到汽态的变化,或者相反的变化。
冷冻剂指的是在冷冻过程中发生物理变化的物质。
臭氧消耗势,是指计算所得的由某种化合物的排放而产生的在同温层中的臭氧消耗与由FC-11以同样速率排放而形成的臭氧消耗势之比,并以后者定为1。关于计算臭氧消耗势的方法,可见“The Relative Efficiency of a Number of Halocarbons for Destroying Stratospheric Ozone”(D.J.Wuebbles,LaWrence Livermore Laboratory repo-rt UCID-18924,1981.1.)和“Chlorocarbon Emission Scenarios:Potential Impact on Strat-ospheric Ozone”(D.J.Wuebbles,Journal Geophysics Research,88,1433-1443,1983)。
所谓不可燃,指的是空气中的某种气体混合物在接触点火器时不燃烧。见“Limits of Flammability of Gases and Vapours”(Bulletin 503,H.F.Coward et al.,Washington,U.S.Bureau of Mines,1952)。
所谓“蒸汽压大致等于二氯二氟甲烷(FC-12)的蒸汽压”,是指在约0℃至约100℃的温度范围内,在同样温度下,蒸汽压为FC-12蒸汽压±25%。FC-12的蒸汽压在“Handbook of Chemistry and Physics”(第50版)第D-163页中有描述。
比二氯二氟甲烷臭氧消耗明显降低的臭氧消耗势,是指比二氯二氟甲烷的臭氧消耗势至少低50%的臭氧消耗势。
本发明的冷冻剂含至少三种卤化碳,并可用于压缩循环应用,包括空调及热泵系统,既可用以制冷,也可用于加热。本发明的冷冻剂可用于授于Gray的美国专利NO.4,482,465中描述的制冷应用中,该专利列为本文参考文献。
已发现本发明的卤化碳中至少一种应含有一个氢原子。所以如此的原因之一是,如果这种卤化碳含有氯,则含有一个氢原子将引起这一卤化碳在大气中裂解,致使臭氧消耗降低。
如前所述,当一种冷冻剂组合物含有可燃性组分时,无论排出的蒸汽或剩余的冷冻剂在产生泄漏时都有变为可燃性物质的可能性,这将造成很不利的安全危险。本发明的组合物可按以下配方构成:沸点最低和沸点最高的卤化碳是非可燃性的,这样,即便中等沸点的组分可燃,原始组合物也不可燃,不仅如此,无论泄漏出的蒸汽或剩余的冷冻剂都不会变为可燃。
本发明提供三元和更多元卤化碳的混合物,它意外地具有与冷冻剂FC-12大致相等的蒸汽压/温度关系;此外,本发明的某些混合物,甚至在显著的蒸发损失后,例如损失达起始冷冻剂装量的50%或更多后,仍与FC-12的蒸汽压/温度关系保持紧密一致。与冷冻剂FC-12相似的蒸汽压/温度关系是特别理想的,因为现有的冷冻设备是为使用FC-12而设计的,这些设备经很少改造或不经改造也可采用本冷冻剂。本发明的冷冻剂可以包含或不包含FC-12作为一种组分。
另外,已经发现本冷冻剂易于配成含有一种可燃性组分作为第二种卤化碳,而使得在该冷冻剂全部蒸发的整个过程中,这一冷冻剂不会变为可燃性的。
最后,本冷冻剂具有大大低于FC-12的臭氧消耗势。
已发现三种或更多种卤化碳可按某些比例混合,使产生的蒸汽压/温度关系,在一般冷冻剂工作范围0℃至100℃中,甚至在冷冻剂装料大量蒸发之后,都基本上等于FC-12的蒸汽压/温度关系。
冷冻剂的各组分选自大气压下沸点范围为约-50℃至约+30℃的卤化碳。有用的卤化碳包括含1-4个碳原子并可能还含氢、氯和溴原子的氟化碳化合物。优选的卤化碳列于下表,表中还有仅作比较用的FC-12的数据。
表
冷冻剂编号 化学式 沸点(℃) 臭氧消耗势
FC-32 CH2F2-51.7 0
FC-125 CHF2CF3-48.5 0
FC-143a CF3CH3-47.6 0
FC-22 CHClF2-40.8 0.05
FC-218 CF3CF2CF3-39 0
FC-115 CClF2CF3-38.7 0.3
FC-12 CCl2F2-29.8 0.9
FC-134a CF3CH2F -26.5 0
FC-152a CHF2CH3-24.7 0
FC-134 CHF2CHF2-19.7 0
FC-22B1 CHBrF2-15 -
FC-124 CHClFCF3-12 0.05
FC-124a CHF2CClF2-10 0.05
FC-142b CClF2CH3-9.2 0.05
FC-C318 C4F8-6.1 0
FC-114 CClF2CClF23.6 0.6
FC-114a CCl2FCF33 -
FC-143 CHF2CH2F 5 0
本发明的混合物一般用至少三种该表中的化合物配成。重要的原则是该混合物要由一种低沸化合物(沸点范围为约-50℃至约-30℃)、一种中沸化合物(沸点范围为约-30℃至约-5℃)及一种高沸化合物(沸点范围为约-15℃至约30℃)组成。
根据混合物各组分间相互作用的程度,我们发现混合物的蒸汽压/温度关系在很宽的组成范围中是相对不变的,这种混合物组成改变的情况,会在盛有液态混合物及其平衡蒸汽的适当容器发生蒸汽逸出时发生。如前所述,这是一个重要发现,因为这表明三元(或更多元)混合物冷冻剂装料能在由于蒸汽泄漏而大量损失时,例如损失50%装料时,仍保持与FC-12相当的密闭蒸汽压。这一点带来了比二元混合物大大优越的性质,二元混合物在有相似的损失量时,其蒸汽压会发生较大变化。具有这一性质的混合物的一个例子是FC-22、FC-152a和FC-114的混合物,这三个组分的起始液体重量百分比分别为40%、20%和40%。
根据本原则配制的三元(或更多元)混合物的另一优点在于,含有一种作为中沸点卤化碳的可燃性化合物的混合物,在由于蒸汽泄漏而导致其组成改变的过程中,可保持不可燃性。上述三元混合物的中沸点卤化碳是可燃性化合物FC-152a。FC-22和FC-152a的混合物,在FC-152a的浓度大于25%时是可燃性的。FC-114和FC-152a的混合物,在FC-152a的 浓度大于30%时是可燃性的。对于上述三元混合物,我们发现该混合物永远达不到FC-152a的可燃浓度,甚至在允许液体上方的蒸汽泄漏至液体完全蒸发时也达不到。这说明了对三元混合物的另一意外发现:如果选择一种混合物,其中可燃性组分是中沸点化合物,则可调节其组成,使该混合物在漏失蒸汽时不变为可燃性的。这是由于初期漏失的蒸汽富含低沸点不燃性组分,随后漏失的蒸汽富含高沸点不燃性组分。含可燃性组分的二元混合物在发生连续蒸汽漏失时最终会变为可燃性的。这一性质也使三元(或更多元)混合物在商业化制冷应用中优于二元混合物。
与FC-12相比,上述三元混合物还能使臭氧消耗势降低70%。这是基于各组分臭氧消耗势值的简单加权比。这一下降是很重要的,因为工业界正在寻找对臭氧层的潜在有害影响较小的替代氟化碳化合物。
本发明优选的混合物含约30-40%(重量)FC-22,约15-25%(重量)FC-152a,约30-40%(重量)FC-114。更优选的混合物含约40%(重量)FC-22,约20%(重量)FC-152a,约40%(重量)FC-114。最优选的混合物含约36%(重量)FC-22,约24%(重量)FC-152a,约40%(重量)FC-114。
还有其他三元和更多元的混合物具有这些理想的性质,本领域技术人员可由本文所限定和举例说明的卤化碳来配制这些混合物。
例如,可为达到本发明的目的而配制的其他化合物为:
混合物组分 相应的液体重量百分数
FC-125,FC-134a,FC-124 20,40,40
FC-125,FC-152a,FC-318 25,20,55
FC-22,FC-134,FC-318 35,25,40
FC-115,FC-134,FC-318 50,30,20
FC-115,FC-152a,FC-143 50,20,30
FC-22,FC-152a,FC-143 40,20,40
FC-22,FC-142b,FC-114 40,25,35
此外,可从每一温度范围中选择一个以上卤化碳。以上这些描述的目的,不是要确定每一种可能的混合物的组成,而是要说明我们所发现的三元(或更多元)混合物能够具有的意想不到的性质,这些性质依赖于各个组分、各组分间的相互作用及所选择的组成。
本发明的冷冻剂可通过本领域技术人员所熟知的简单混合方法进行制备。
现将本发明的具体实施例列于下面。除另有说明者外,所有百分比均指重量百分数。应当理解,这些实施例仅是说明性的,无论如何不能解释为对本发明范围的限制。
实施例1
制备了一种混合物,其液体浓度为40%FC-22,20%FC-152a,40%FC-114。计算出该混合物的臭氧消耗势为0.26,与臭氧消耗势为0.9的FC-12相比,减少了70%。在0-100℃温度范围内,该混合物的蒸汽压与FC-12的蒸汽压之差不超过15%。在23.5℃,该混合物的蒸汽压为98磅/英寸2,此时FC-12的蒸汽压为90磅/英寸2。
为了证明随着蒸汽泄漏而发生组成变化时蒸汽压只发生极小变化, 使蒸汽从盛装该液态混合物和平衡蒸汽的适当容器中泄漏。在起始混合物装料的53%通过蒸汽泄漏而损失后,该液体的组成变为29%FC-22、19%FC-152a及52%FC-114。在22.8℃,蒸汽压已降至87磅/英寸2,与FC-12的蒸汽压之差小于3%。
为了证明该混合物的不可燃性,在蒸汽泄漏试验过程中,当混合物装料的重量损失10%、25%、50%、75%和98%时,对液体和蒸汽进行取样分析。蒸汽中FC-152a的最高浓度为23.3%,产生在重量损失75%时。在这一点上,整个蒸汽的组成为33.3%FC-22、23.3%FC-152a及43.4%FC-114。在这一组成下的FC-22、FC-152a及FC-114的可燃下限为30%FC-152a,因此仅含23.3%FC-152a的这一混合物是不可燃的。
实施例2
制备了另一混合物,由液体浓度为32.4%FC-22、13.2%FC-152a和54.4%FC-114的混合物组成。计算出臭氧消耗势为0.34。该混合物的蒸汽压在24℃时为91磅/英寸,与FC-12相近。在起始混合物装料通过蒸汽泄漏而损失50%后,液体组成变为18.8%FC-22、9.9%FC-152a及71.3%FC-114。蒸汽中FC-152a的最高浓度为16.7%,发生在重量损失50%时,也还是一种不可燃的混合物。
实施例3
可以用三种以上卤化碳合并来制备具有在本发明所描述的重要性质的混合物。制备了一种液体浓度为50%FC-22、15%FC-152a、15%FC-142b及20%FC-114的混合物。计算出该混合物的臭氧消耗势为0.15,与FC-12相比减少了83%。在22.8℃时,该混合物的蒸汽压为100磅/英寸2,在同样温度下FC-12的蒸汽压为90磅/英寸2。在初始混合物装料通过蒸汽泄漏而损失60%后,液体组成变为32.2%FC-22、15.6%FC-152a、21%FC-142b及31.2%FC-114。24.0℃时其蒸汽压降至87磅/英寸2,与FC-12在该温度下的蒸汽压91磅/英寸2之差在4%之内。
实施例4
制备了另一种混合物,其液体浓度为54.2%FC-22、9.6%FC-152a及36.2%FC-124。计算出该混合物的臭氧消耗势为0.04,与FC-12相比减少96%。20.8℃时该混合物的蒸汽压为93磅/英寸2,在同样温度下FC-12的蒸汽压为86磅/英寸2。在初始混合物装料通过蒸汽泄漏而损失68%后,蒸汽压降至84磅/英寸2(22.8℃),与FC-12的蒸汽压90磅/英寸2之差在7%之内。
实施例5
制备了另一种混合物,其液体浓度为37.0%FC-22、23.9%FC-142b及39.1%FC-114。计算出该混合物的臭氧消耗势为0.26,与FC-12相比减少71%。22.5℃时该混合物的蒸汽压为87.7磅/英寸2,在同样温度下FC-12的蒸汽压为88.2磅/英寸2。
Claims (9)
1、一种冷冻剂,含约10-60%(重量)的第一种卤化碳(大气压下沸点范围为约-50℃至约-30℃),约10-60%(重量)的第二种卤化碳(大气压下沸点范围为约-30℃至-5℃)及约10-75%(重量)的第三种卤化碳(大气压下的沸点范围为约-15℃至约30℃);所述第二种卤化碳的沸点比所述第一种卤化碳的沸点高,所述第三种卤化碳的沸点比所述第二种卤化碳的沸点高;所述各卤化碳含有至少一个氟原子;至少一种所述卤化碳含有一个氢原子;所述第一种和第三种卤化碳是不可燃的;选择所述第一种、第二种和第三种卤化碳及其比例时,要使产生的冷冻剂是不可燃的,并且其蒸汽压在约0℃至约100℃的温度范围中大致等于二氯二氟甲烷的蒸汽压;所述冷冻剂具有明显低于二氯二氟甲烷臭氧消耗势的臭氧消耗势;所述冷冻剂不包括二氯二氟甲烷。
2、权利要求1的冷冻剂,其中至少有两种所述卤化碳在同一碳原子上含有氟原子和氢原子。
3、权利要求1的冷冻剂,其中第二种卤化碳是在同一碳原子上含有氟原子和氢原子的卤化碳。
4、权利要求1的冷冻剂,其中至少一种卤化碳是选自CH2F2、CHF2CF3、CF3CH3、CHClF2、CF3CF2CF3、CClF2CF3;至少一种卤化碳是选自CF3CH2F、CHF2CH3、CHF2CHF2、CHBrF2、CHClFCF3、CHF2CClF2、CClF2CH3、C4F3;至少一种卤化碳是选自CHBrF2、CHClFCF3、CHF2CClF2、CClF2CH3、C4F3、CClF2CClF2、CCl2FCF3、CHF2CH2F,沸点最高和最低的卤化碳是不可燃性的,并且至少要选出三种不同的卤化碳。
5、权利要求1的冷冻剂,其中第一种卤化碳是FC-22,第二种卤化碳是FC-152a,第三种卤化碳为FC-114,所述各卤化碳在所述冷冻剂中的比例,分别为冷冻剂总重量的约30-40%、约15-25%、约30-40%,
6、权利要求5的冷冻剂,其中第一种卤化碳是FC-22,第二种卤化碳是FC-152a,第三种卤化碳是FC-114,所述各卤化碳在所述冷冻剂中的比例,分别为冷冻剂总重量的约40%、约20%、约40%。
7、权利要求5的冷冻剂,其中第一种卤化碳是FC-22,第二种卤化碳是FC-152a,第三种卤化碳是FC-114,所述各卤化碳在所述冷冻剂中的比例,分别为冷冻剂总重量的约36%、约24%、约40%。
8、一种制冷方法,它包括使权利要求1的冷冻剂凝结,随后使所述冷冻剂通过与所要冷却的物体的热交换关系而蒸发。
9、一种加热方法,它包括通过与所要加热的物体的热交换关系而使权利要求1的冷冻剂组合物凝结,然后使所述冷冻剂蒸发。
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US6007787A | 1987-06-09 | 1987-06-09 | |
US060,077 | 1987-06-09 | ||
US07/152,799 US4810403A (en) | 1987-06-09 | 1988-02-05 | Halocarbon blends for refrigerant use |
US152,799 | 1988-02-05 |
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CN88103467A true CN88103467A (zh) | 1988-12-28 |
CN1025214C CN1025214C (zh) | 1994-06-29 |
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- 1988-02-05 US US07/152,799 patent/US4810403A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-06 AT AT88305135T patent/ATE75501T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-06-06 DE DE8888305135T patent/DE3870525D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-06 ES ES198888305135T patent/ES2030503T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-06 EP EP88305135A patent/EP0299614B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-07 MY MYPI88000617A patent/MY102831A/en unknown
- 1988-06-07 IN IN464/CAL/88A patent/IN169520B/en unknown
- 1988-06-07 CA CA000568813A patent/CA1314139C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-07 BR BR8802765A patent/BR8802765A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-06-08 KR KR1019880006926A patent/KR960000865B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-06-08 MX MX011813A patent/MX166811B/es unknown
- 1988-06-09 JP JP63142755A patent/JP2550154B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-09 CN CN88103467A patent/CN1025214C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-09 AU AU17522/88A patent/AU597221B2/en not_active Expired
-
1992
- 1992-06-11 GR GR920401231T patent/GR3004888T3/el unknown
- 1992-06-30 SG SG651/92A patent/SG65192G/en unknown
- 1992-08-27 HK HK640/92A patent/HK64092A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107401850A (zh) * | 2017-08-24 | 2017-11-28 | 上海加冷松芝汽车空调股份有限公司 | 适宜于自然工质的客车空调制冷系统 |
CN107401850B (zh) * | 2017-08-24 | 2023-07-14 | 上海加冷松芝汽车空调股份有限公司 | 适宜于自然工质的客车空调制冷系统 |
CN113631681A (zh) * | 2019-03-11 | 2021-11-09 | 大金工业株式会社 | 含有1,1,2-三氟乙烷(hfc-143)的组合物 |
CN113631534A (zh) * | 2019-03-11 | 2021-11-09 | 大金工业株式会社 | 含有1,1,2-三氟乙烷的组合物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US4810403A (en) | 1989-03-07 |
GR3004888T3 (zh) | 1993-04-28 |
AU597221B2 (en) | 1990-05-24 |
EP0299614A2 (en) | 1989-01-18 |
JP2550154B2 (ja) | 1996-11-06 |
CN1025214C (zh) | 1994-06-29 |
MY102831A (en) | 1992-11-30 |
IN169520B (zh) | 1991-11-02 |
ES2030503T3 (es) | 1992-11-01 |
CA1314139C (en) | 1993-03-09 |
KR890013155A (ko) | 1989-09-21 |
EP0299614B1 (en) | 1992-04-29 |
AU1752288A (en) | 1988-12-15 |
JPS641787A (en) | 1989-01-06 |
ATE75501T1 (de) | 1992-05-15 |
KR960000865B1 (ko) | 1996-01-13 |
SG65192G (en) | 1992-09-04 |
HK64092A (en) | 1992-09-04 |
BR8802765A (pt) | 1988-12-27 |
EP0299614A3 (en) | 1990-01-24 |
MX166811B (es) | 1993-02-08 |
DE3870525D1 (de) | 1992-06-04 |
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