CN1854637A - 具有固态光学元件的聚光型太阳能收集器 - Google Patents

具有固态光学元件的聚光型太阳能收集器 Download PDF

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CN1854637A
CN1854637A CNA2006100770223A CN200610077022A CN1854637A CN 1854637 A CN1854637 A CN 1854637A CN A2006100770223 A CNA2006100770223 A CN A2006100770223A CN 200610077022 A CN200610077022 A CN 200610077022A CN 1854637 A CN1854637 A CN 1854637A
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D·K·福尔克
P·Y·梅达
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Palo Alto Research Center Inc
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Abstract

一种卡塞格林(Cassegrain)型聚光型太阳能收集器电池，包括设置在透光(例如玻璃)光学元件的相对凸面和凹面上的主镜和次镜。光进入围绕着次镜的孔内，并被主镜朝着次镜反射，次镜将该光再次反射到光伏电池上，该光伏电池安装在由凸面环绕的中央区域上。主镜和次镜优选地形成为直接沉积或电镀在光学元件上的镜面膜。聚光型太阳能收集器阵列包括片状的光学面板，该光学面板包括排列成行的多个光学元件。光伏电池直接安装在光学面板上，各个收集器电池的主镜包括金属膜片段，这些金属膜片段由光伏电池耦合起来，以促进所产生的电能进行传输。旁路二极管与光伏电池并联连接。

Description

具有固态光学元件的聚光型太阳能收集器
技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能发生器，具体地，本发明涉及聚光型太阳能收集器。
背景技术
用来产生电能的光伏太阳能收集设备通常包括平板收集器和聚光型太阳能收集器。平板收集器通常包括光伏电池阵列和形成在半导体(例如，单晶硅或多晶硅)基板上的相联电子设备，由于从平板收集器输出的电能是阵列面积的正函数，因此需要很大、很昂贵的半导体基板。聚光型太阳能收集器通过采用例如抛物面反射器或能够聚焦光束的透镜聚集光束(即太阳光线)，产生强度更高的太阳能光束，而后又将太阳能光束引导到很小的光伏电池上，从而降低了对大半导体基板的需求。因此，聚光型太阳能收集器比起平板收集器的优点在于它们所使用的半导体的量少得多，另一个优点在于能够更加有效地产生电能。
传统的聚光型太阳能收集器存在的问题在于制造、操作和维护起来很昂贵。在传统的收集器中使用的用以聚焦光束的反射器和/或透镜是分别制造的，因此必需很费力地进行装配，以在聚焦的光束和光伏电池之间提供正确的对准。另外，随着时间的流逝，反射器和/或透镜可能由于热循环或振动而变得不再对准，而且可能由于暴露于环境而变得很脏。从而，形式为清洁和调节反射器/透镜的维护就变得非常重要，特别当反射器/透镜制造成很难清洁的不平坦形状时。
因此，需要一种能够避免与传统聚光型PV电池相关联的昂贵装配以及维护费用的聚光器型PV电池及阵列。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种有效的卡塞格林(Cassegrain)型聚光型太阳能收集器，该聚光型太阳能收集器通过在粘附于固态透光(例如玻璃)光学元件相对内表面上的主镜与次镜之间反射光，将光收集(例如，聚焦或者以其他方式会聚)到光伏电池上。光学元件包括相对较大的凸面(突起)下表面和上表面，该上表面包括平坦的孔和设在该孔中心处的相对较小凹面(弯曲)表面(例如，凹陷)。主镜和次镜被设置得使反射面面对着光学元件。在一个实施例中，凸面和凹面是相联的锥形(例如，双曲线和/或抛物线)表面，这些锥形表面设置得使穿过孔到达主镜任何点上的光被反射到次镜的相应点上，次镜又再次向主镜的顶点反射该光，光伏电池安装在该顶点处以将光转换成电能。因为光学元件是固态的(即，因为凸面和凹面相对于彼此保持固定)，所以主镜和次镜保持着永久地对准，从而维持着最佳的光学操作同时使维护成本最低。而且，在气体/固体界面处的损耗最低，这是因为只有固态光学元件材料(例如，低铁玻璃)定位在主镜与次镜之间。
依照本发明的一个实施例，主镜和次镜是分别直接形成(例如，沉积或电镀)在光学元件的凸面和凹面上的薄膜。通过仔细地模制光学元件使之包括具有期望形状和定位的凸面和凹面，主镜和次镜当形成为镜面材料膜时基本上是自形成和自对准的，从而大大简化了制造过程而且将制造成本降至最低。将主镜和次镜直接形成在光学元件上还有利于用相同的镜面材料(例如银)同时低成本地电镀两个镜面，从而进一步降低了制造成本。
依照本发明的另一个实施例，光学元件被用来作为底板结构，用于支撑光伏电池和相关联的导体，这些相关联的导体串行地电学连接多个光伏电池以形成收集器阵列，从而消除了对单独的印刷电路板的需求，因此降低了制造成本。
依照本发明的另一个实施例，主镜包括两个或多个金属膜部分，这些金属膜部分设置在凸面的不同区域上并被一个或多个窄间隙隔开。采用两个或多个隔开的金属膜部分形成主镜有利于将主镜用作导电通路，从而将聚光型太阳能收集器阵列内相邻收集器的光伏电池电链接起来。在一个实施例中，每个主镜包括两半金属膜，它们被穿过凸面环绕着的中央区域的间隙分开，相邻的半金属膜由安装在中央区域上的光伏电池链接。相关联的旁路晶体管与每个光伏电池串联连接，以避免由于光伏电池故障引起的阵列故障。
依照本发明的另一个实施例，在每个光伏电池上设置散热器，以促进热量从电池转移到相邻主镜部分，由此降低对有源或无源冷却的需求。
依照本发明的另一个实施例，使用高速取放(pick-and-place)设备将光伏电池和其他的部件(例如，旁路二极管和散热器)表面安装到平坦化的中央区域上。在光伏电池与定位在该平坦的中央区域上的主镜膜的下面部分之间设置可选的介电层(例如，焊料掩模)，以促进正确的电学连接。
依照本发明的另一个实施例，次镜上覆盖密封剂结构，该密封剂结构的平坦上表面与开孔表面共面，从而提供具有易于清洁的平坦表面的阵列，由此降低维护成本。另外，该密封剂结构保护着次镜免受侵蚀。
附图说明
参看下面的说明、所附的权利要求以及附图，本发明的这些和其他特征、方面以及优点将可以更好地理解，在附图中：
图1是示出依照本发明一个实施例的聚光型太阳能收集器电池的分解透视图；
图2是示出图1的聚光型太阳能收集器电池在工作期间的侧视图；
图3是示出依照本发明另一个实施例的聚光型太阳能收集器电池的分解透视图
图4是示出图3的聚光型太阳能收集器电池的底部透视图；
图5是示出依照本发明另一个实施例的光学面板的透视图；
图6是示出依照本发明另一个实施例、包括图5的光学面板的聚光型太阳能收集器阵列的简化侧视图；
图7是详细示出图6的阵列的聚光型太阳能收集器电池的横截面侧视图；
图8(A)、8(B)以及8(C)是示出依照本发明另一个实施例将光伏电池和旁路二极管安装在图7的聚光型太阳能收集器电池上的方法的放大、背部透视图；
图9是示出依照本发明的另一个实施例的聚光型太阳能收集器阵列的背部透视图；
图10是示出包括图9的聚光型太阳能收集器阵列的太阳能收集器装置的简化平面图。
具体实施方式
图1是显示依照本发明一个实施例的内反射镜、卡塞格林型聚光型太阳能收集器100的分解透视图。聚光型太阳能收集器100通常包括光学元件110，光伏电池120，主镜130和次镜140。光学元件110是固态盘状的透光结构，包括上层111、从上层111下侧突出的相对较大的凸面112、设在上层111上侧的基本平坦的开孔表面115、以及在开孔表面115内规定的相对较小的凹(曲)面(凹陷)117(即，延伸到上层111内)。为了将材料、重量、厚度和光吸收减至最少，上层111可以近乎为零地小。次镜140的凹度可以延伸超过上层111的厚度。光伏电池120定位在中央区域113内，该中央区域113位于凸面112的中央并被凸面112环绕着。主镜130设置在凸面112上，次镜140设置在凹面117上。主镜130和次镜140的形状和设置使得穿过开孔表面115的特定区域进入光学元件110内、沿着预定方向(例如垂直于开孔表面115)传播的光束(线)被主镜130的对应区域反射到次镜140相联区域，并从次镜140的相联区域反射到光伏电池120(例如，直接或者借助于安置在次镜和光伏电池120之间的反射或折射表面，从次镜140反射到光伏电池120)，这将在下面进行更详细的描述。如此处所用的，方向术语“上部的”、“下部的”、“上方”以及“下方”旨在为说明的目的提供相对的位置，并不旨在指定绝对的参考系。
依照本发明的一个实施例，主镜130和次镜140通过直接在凸面112和凹面117上溅射或者以其他方式沉积反射镜材料(例如，银(Ag)或铝(Al))而制成，从而使制造成本减至最小并且能提供优良的光学性质。通过采用已知的镜面制作技术在凸面112和凹面117上溅射或者以其他方式形成镜面膜，主镜130基本上成凸面112的形状，次镜140基本上成凹面117的形状。这样，光学元件110被模制或者以其他方式制作，使得凸面112和凹面117被设置和整形成产生期望的镜面形状。应当注意，通过形成具有期望镜面形状和位置的凸面112和凹面117，主镜130和次镜140有效地自形成和自对准，从而消除了与传统聚光型太阳能收集器相联的昂贵的装配和对准成本。另外，因为主镜130和次镜140保持固定在光学元件110上，它们的相对位置永久设定，由此消除了对调整和重新对准的需要，而这些在传统的多部件设置中都是需要的。在一个实施例中，主镜130和次镜140用相同的(同样的)一种材料或多种材料(例如，电镀的Ag)同时形成，从而使制作成本降至最低。另外，通过利用光学元件110的表面制作反射镜，一旦光通过开孔表面115进入光学元件110，光在到达光伏电池120之前仅被主镜130/凸面112和次镜140/凹面117反射。这样，该光经历仅仅一次空气/玻璃界面(即，开孔表面115)，从而将传统的多部件聚光型太阳能收集器所具有的损耗降至最小。通过在开孔表面115上采用抗反射涂层，该单个空气/玻璃界面的损耗可以进一步降低。虽然也可以分开形成主镜130和次镜140，然后将这些反射镜分别粘附在凸面112和凹面117上，但是这种制造方法会大大增加制造成本，而且可能会降低直接在凸面112和凹面117上形成反射镜膜所提供的优良的光学性能。
在一个具体实施例中，根据一种已知的玻璃模制法用低铁玻璃(例如，由Pilkington PLC，UK制造的光学白玻璃)结构模制出光学元件110。模制的低铁玻璃同其它的制造方法和材料相比提供的几个优点在于例如优良的透射率和表面性质(由于模制玻璃的高粘度能够避免其填充模具表面内的疵点，因此可以获得近乎完美的形状)。尽管模制玻璃由于其优良的光学性质目前被优选地用来制作光学元件110，但是，用其它透光材料和/或制作技术形成的光学元件也可以获得一些上述优点。举例来说，可以机械加工并抛光透明塑料，形成单片的光学元件110，或者胶合或以其他方式固定单独的几片来形成光学元件110。
图2是示出工作期间的聚光型太阳能收集器100的侧视图。类似于传统的聚光型太阳能收集器，利用收集器定位系统(未示出，该系统例如是在Amonix，Incorporated of Torrance，California，USA制造的MegaModuleTM系统内所用的跟踪系统)来定位聚光型太阳能收集器100，使得光束LB(例如太阳光线)沿着期望方向(例如垂直于开孔表面115)被引导到开孔表面115内。光伏电池112基本上设置在聚光区域F内，聚光区域F指的是光束LB被主镜130、次镜140以及任何其它插入光学结构(例如，介电通量聚光器)聚集到的区域。在该公开的实施例中，聚光区域F与中央区域113相重合，该聚光区域F被用传统的取放以及/或光刻处理进行平面化(平坦化)处理，以便有利于安装光伏电池120并进行相关的布线。需要注意，中央区域113位于正下方，并由此由次镜120的“阴影”确定。还需要注意，在主镜130内确定一个开口139，以有利于光通过中央区域113到达光伏电池120。为了便于在中央区域113内定位聚光区域F，凸面112、主镜130、凹面117以及次镜140都以光轴X为中心并且关于光轴X基本对称，光轴X基本上垂直于开孔表面115延伸(即，凸面112和凹面117的弯曲部分由围绕着光轴X转动的圆弧确定)。另外需要注意的是，焦深(即次镜140与光伏电池120之间的距离)可以依据所选择的光学系统进行调节。例如，光学系统可以被选择为产生较短的焦距，从而有利于使中央区域113(并且由此，光伏电池120)凹进光学元件110内。或者，光学系统可以被选择为产生较长的焦距，从而有利于在凸面112之下延伸的台面的末端处形成中央区域113。
光学元件110的尺寸和形状可以进行改变以最优化特定的功能。对于产生期望功率输出所需的更大数量的聚光器，与用较大聚光器构建的模块相比，用直径相对较小的固态聚光器构建的模块将需要更多的装配时间，但是，这样的模块将比用较大聚光器构建的模块引起较少的吸收损耗。另外，如上所建议地，主镜130和次镜140的形状可以采用各种形状，以获得理想的聚光区域。在一个特定实施例中，光学元件110的外径为28mm，凹面117的外径为6.8mm，厚度为7.5mm，凸面112形成为双曲线面，半径为15.000mm，圆锥常数为-1.030，凹陷117也形成为双曲线面，半径为3.438mm，圆锥常数为-2.752。在另一个实施例中，凸面112是抛物面，凹面117是双曲线面。光学领域的熟练人员将认识到，还可以利用其他的圆锥形或以其它形式弯曲的表面来获得将光传输到光伏电池120所需的内反射。
光伏电池120直接安装在光学元件110上，与光学元件110相邻安装，这取决于聚光区域F的位置以及中央区域113的位置。如图2所示，在一个实施例中，中央区域113包括基本上定位在凸面112顶点处的平坦、圆形区域。在其他的实施例中，中央区域113可以凹进光学元件110内(即，更接近凹面117)，或者定位在一个突起结构上(即，更远离凹面117)。在一个实施例中，光伏电池120借助于例如硅酮的填隙透明粘合剂128(例如聚联苯硅氧烷(polydiphenylsiloxane)或聚甲基苯基硅氧烷(polymethylphenylsiloxane))安装在中央区域113上，该填隙透明粘合剂128用来将中央区域113外表面与光伏电池120之间折射率的中断(disruptive break)降至最小。光伏电池120然后可以借助于标准的引线接头124连接到外部的布线。适合的光伏(聚光型太阳能)电池例如是由Spectrolab，Inc.of Sylmar，California，USA制造的。
依照本发明的另一个方面，光学元件110被用作底板结构，用于支撑光伏电池120以及导体121和122，导体121和122借助于传统的引线接头结构124和/或焊接互连连接到光伏电池120。在一个实施例中，导体121和122可以例如借助于绝缘(介电)层在主镜130之上印刷或者蚀刻导电材料来形成。在另一个实施例中，如下所述，利用主镜材料来形成导电通路(即，从而消除对单独的导体121和122的需求)。
图3和图4是示出依照本发明另一个实施例的聚光型太阳能收集器200的顶面分解透视图和底面装配透视图。类似于聚光型太阳能收集器100，聚光型太阳能收集器200包括光学元件210，光伏电池220，主镜230以及次镜240。光学元件210在形状上类似于光学元件110，包括上部区域211、对大的凸面212、基本平坦的开孔表面215以及相对小的凹面217。光伏电池120定位在中央区域213内。主镜230和次镜240基本上以上述的方式但以下述的特征分别形成在凸面212上和凹面127上。
如图3所示，光学元件210的上部区域211的围缘包括六个邻接的小面219。如下面进一步详细说明，这种六面设置有利于以高度空间有效的方式形成大阵列的聚光型太阳能收集器200。在其他实施例中，可以使用具有其它周边形状(例如，如上所述，圆形周边形状的聚光器100)的聚光器来制造空间效率较低的聚光型太阳能收集器阵列。
依照本发明的另一个方面，主镜230包括设置在凸面212第一半上的第一金属膜部分231和设置在凸面212第二半部上的第二金属膜部分234。第一金属膜部分231包括半六边形的围缘232和基本半圆形的内缘233，第二金属膜部分234包括半六边形的围缘235和基本半圆形的内缘236。在内缘233与内缘236之间确定一个薄的间隙237，以有利于金属膜部分231和234之间的电绝缘，该间隙237设置得尽可能窄，避免反射光的损耗。如下面另外详细说明地，采用两个或多个间隔开的金属膜部分形成主镜230有利于将主镜230用作导电通路，该导电通路将聚光型太阳能收集器阵列内相邻收集器的光伏电池电学地联接起来。类似于收集器100(如上所述)，凸面212设置有平坦的中央区域213。在本实施例中，主镜230包括对应的平坦结构，该平坦结构包括整体地连接到第一金属膜部分231的第一平坦部分238A，和整体地连接到第二金属膜部分234的第二平坦部分238B。依照另一方面，这些平坦部分也被间隙237分开，这些平坦部分中的一个(例如，第一平坦部分238A)确定开口239，该开口239与光轴X相重合，以有利于反射光穿过并到达光伏电池220，光伏电池220基本上如上所述和如图4所示固定在平坦中央部分213上。
图5是示出依照本发明另一个实施例的固态透光光学面板300的透视图，图6是示出包括光学面板300的聚光型太阳能收集器阵列400A的简化侧视图。
参看图5，光学面板300是一个固态透光板，其包括排列成蜂窝图案的光学元件部分210-1至210-7(用虚线绘出)的集成阵列，其中每个光学元件部分210-1至210-7都基本与光学元件210(如上面参看图3和4所述的)相同。这样，光学面板300包括：具有多个突起(凸面)212的下表面305，这些突起212被槽307(如图6所示)分开；以及基本上平坦的孔径(顶)表面315，该开孔表面315包括相对很小、隔开的凹陷(凹面)217，每一个突起212与相联的凹陷217关于相联的光轴X-1至X-7对称，其中光轴X-1至X-7穿过这两个结构的中心。例如，光学元件部分210-1包括关于光轴X-1对称并且被光轴X-1贯穿的突起212-1和凹陷217-1。如图6所示，开孔表面315由相邻光学元件部分的邻接开孔表面部分215总体形成。例如，开孔表面315的部分315-1由光学元件部分210-1的开孔表面部分215-1和光学元件部分210-2的开孔表面部分215-2形成。光学面板300提供的优点在于它有利于以节省空间的方式将许多很小的收集器排列在一起，以防止玻璃的体积变得过大，而且在不需要有源冷却的条件下保持每个PV电池的功率量易于管理。另外，开孔表面315基本上是平坦的，从而相对易于清洁，由此降低维护成本。在该优选实施例中，光学元件面板300为5到20mm厚，每个聚光器200为20到80mm宽。因此，光学面板300相对较薄和平坦，从而比较容易进行模制。
图6示出包括串联电连接的聚光型太阳能收集器200-1、200-2和200-3的阵列部分400A，其中每个聚光型太阳能收集器200-1、200-2和200-3基本上与聚光型太阳能收集器200(如上面参看图4所述的)相同。依照本发明的另一个方面，相邻收集器的金属膜部分在相邻的槽处整体地连接，相邻收集器的金属膜部分通过相联的光伏电池电耦合，从而在相邻的收集器之间形成导电通路。例如，收集器200-1的金属膜部分231-1和234-1通过光伏电池220-1电耦合，而且收集器200-1的金属膜部分234-1在槽307-1处连接到收集器200-2的金属膜部分234-2。收集器200-2和200-3类似地联接在一起，从而形成包括收集器200-1、200-2和200-3的串联的收集器“行”。依照一个实施例，每个收集器收集器200-1、200-2和200-3还包括旁路二极管225，每个旁路二极管具有连接到其第一金属膜部分231的阳极和连接到其第二金属膜部分234的阴极。例如，收集器200-1包括二极管225-1，其具有连接到金属膜部分231-1的阳极和连接到金属膜部分234-1的阴极。旁路二极管225通过促使绕过由于其光伏电池故障而不正常工作的收集器而有利于串联操作(即，避免出现断路状态)。本领域的熟练人员将认识到，旁路电阻仅代表有利于这种串联操作的一种电路情况。
图7是示出依照本发明另一个实施例的聚光型太阳能收集器200-8的横截面侧视图。该聚光型太阳能收集器200-8基本上与收集器200-1至200-7(如上所述)相同，但具有下面任选的特征。
依照图7所示的第一个可选实施例，聚光型太阳能收集器200-8利用表面安装集成电路封装来在金属膜部分231和234上安装光伏电池220和旁路二极管225。在该实施例中，旁路二极管225例如用焊料凸块(solder bump)进行安装，以使旁路二极管225横跨间隙237，其阳极连接到金属膜部分231的延伸部分，其阴极连接到金属膜部分234的延伸部分。类似地，光电二极管电池220包括便于安装到金属膜部分231上的前侧安装封装(front-side mounting package)，以使光电二极管电池220的光接收区域定位在开口239之上。
依照另一个备选实施例，聚光型太阳能收集器200-8包括安装到光电二极管电池220背部表面上的散热器，并包括连接到金属膜部分231和234的臂，从而有利于操作期间有效地传热。需要注意，散热器230还可以提供光电二极管电池220到金属膜部分231和234上中至少一个的电连接的至少一部分(例如，通过将光电二极管电池220的阳极连接到金属膜部分234)。在一种备选制造方法中，光电二极管电池和旁路二极管可以安装在特定的散热器结构上，该特定的散热器结构在安装在相联的突起上时提供与主镜金属膜部分的所有电学连接，从而有利于用于在安装成阵列之前测试光电二极管电池的便捷交通工具(convenient vehicle)。在另一个备选实施例(未示出)中，光伏电池可以凹进光学面板内，实施成基板的散热器定位在凹进区域的边缘上，该基板横跨或者以其他方式连接到反射镜金属膜部分。
依照又一个备选实施例，一个密封剂结构720(例如，玻璃或塑料)形成在次镜204上，使次镜240密封在该密封剂结构720的波状(contoured)(弯曲)下表面722与光学面板部分210-8的凹面217之间。该密封剂结构720的上表面725是平坦的，且与部分210-8/光学面板300的上表面215/315共面。密封剂结构720通过提供完全平坦的表面，用来进一步简化维护/清洁处理，同时还用来防止次镜240由于暴露于环境下而被侵蚀。尽管并未示出，但是类似的密封剂层和/或加强结构可以设置在光学面板的下侧上，用来加强并保护主镜膜。
图8(A)、8(B)以及8(C)是示出依照本发明另一个实施例、在制作过程期间的示例性聚光型太阳能收集器200-9的下部中央区域的透视图。该聚光型太阳能收集器200-9基本与收集器200-1至200-7(如上面讨论的)相同，但具有下面附加的特征。
参看图8(A)，金属膜231和234如上所述分别形成有平坦部分238A和238B。在本实施例中，金属膜231的平坦部分238A设置有一个突起部分804，该突起部分804限定开口239，金属膜234的平坦部分238B限定凹进区域808，该凹进区域808提供了突起部分804所需的面积，同时在内缘233与236之间存在着隔开间隙237。如图8(B)所示，介电层810(例如，焊料掩模)然后形成在金属膜231和234的平坦部分238A和238B之上(即，桥接间隙237)，穿过介电层810限定通路820和825，以暴露平坦部分238A和238B的下表面。介电层可以用已知技术，如喷射印刷或丝网印刷来应用。参看图8(C)，然后使用高速取放设备放置光伏电池220和旁路二极管225，使从相联封装(或裸露芯片)的下表面伸出的焊料凸块分别安置在介电层810内形成的相联通路上。然后进行回流焊接处理，将光伏电池220和旁路二极管225固定在平坦的金属膜部分238A和238B上。如通路820的放置所示，焊料凸块将光伏电池220连接到突起部分804的围缘(图8(B))，从而需要单独连接到金属膜234。在该实施例中，这种连接借助于任意的引线接合处理来实现，以在例如光伏电池220的阳极或阴极与金属膜234的平坦部分238B之间产生引线接合815。
图9是示出依照本发明的另一个实施例制造的聚光型太阳能收集器阵列400B的底部透视图。阵列400B包括排列成平行的行的多个收集器200-11至200-14、200-21至200-25、以及200-31至200-34，收集器200-11至200-14形成第一行，收集器200-21至200-25形成第二行，收集器200-31至200-34形成第三行。图9所示的每个收集器基本上与图8所示的收集器200-9相同。如上所述，每个收集器的金属膜片段(segment)都通过相关联的光电二极管电池和可选旁路二极管进行电学耦合。例如，以间隙237-11隔开的金属膜231-11和234-11以上述方式通过光电二极管电池220-11和旁路二极管225-11电学耦合。另外，每行中每个相邻收集器的金属膜连接，以形成相联的金属膜片段。例如，收集器200-11的金属膜234-11和收集器200-12的金属膜231-12沿着接缝901连接，以形成基本上半沙漏形(hour-glass-shaped)的金属膜片段900-11。类似地，收集器200-12的金属膜234-12和收集器200-13的金属膜231-13沿着相关联的接缝901连接，以形成金属膜片段900-12。从而，用于包含收集器200-11至200-14的行的导电通路由金属膜片段900-11至900-14形成。类似地，用于包含收集器200-21至200-25的行的导电通路由金属膜片段900-21至900-25形成，用于包含收集器200-31至200-34的行的导电通路由金属膜片段900-31至900-34形成。
相邻金属膜片段之间的电绝缘(即，间隙237)，以及相邻金属膜片段行之间的电绝缘通过在相邻金属膜片段行之间蚀刻出或以其他方式形成狭长的间隙来提供。例如，金属膜片段900-11至900-14与金属膜片段900-21至900-25用狭长间隙937-12隔开。类似地，金属膜片段900-21至900-25与金属膜片段900-31至900-34用狭长间隙937-34隔开。依照一个实施例，金属膜片段900-11至900-34包括光学面板上的溅射的银层。然后，例如用已知的蜡染(wax-printing)技术形成掩模。可以利用双侧印刷以确定出光学系统的两侧。随后，光学面板沉浸在一个或多个电镀槽内，以累积串式布线(string wiring)所需的金属厚度。在一个实施例中，电镀的铜或镍层形成在银层上，而不是镀在掩模上。铜的厚度需要为约1微米，以便用作充分导电的层，将电损耗限制为低于转换功率的1％。一旦完成电镀，剥离掩模，并将电镀金属用作蚀刻掩模蚀刻掉金属镜面涂层。这样做的目的在于从上侧的透光孔(暴露形成在其上的抗反射涂层)蚀刻掉镜面金属，并且打开下侧上的间隙237和937以形成需要的金属膜片段。然后用上述的方法进行随后处理，例如安装光伏电池。
图10是示出依照本发明另一个实施例的聚光型太阳能收集器单元400C的平面图。聚光型太阳能收集器单元400C包括以上述方式形成的光学面板300C、用于支撑和保护光学面板300C的金属支撑框架410(例如，铝或钢)、用于将收集器单元400C安装在收集器阵列网络(未示出)内的插接件420。光学面板300C包括数行聚光型太阳能收集器，这些收集器如上所述由金属膜片段900-11至900-87链接起来。端部片段910-12、910-23、910-34、910-45、910-56、910-67以及910-78以示出的方式在相邻的行之间提供连接，部分片段910-1和910-8与金属化片段910-81一起用来在这些收集器与插接件420之间提供连接。示出的片段图形是大大地简化的，仅被用来提供图解的目的，本领域的熟练人员将认识到，可以采用许多种替代的图形。将每个相邻的收集器隔开的圆包括例如如上所述的介电区域和电路组件(例如，光伏电池200-11被示出位于片段900-11与900-12之间)。尽管在单元400C中示出的所有收集器连接成一条串行的串(string)，该串包括由端部片段相链的所有八行，但是可以理解，可以以类似的方式形成在每个单元上两个或多个串行的串。
虽然已经针对某些特定的实施例描述了本发明，但是对于本领域的熟练人员很清楚地是，本发明这些创造性的特征也可以应用于其它实施例，所有这些都应当落入本发明的范围内。例如，在以如上所述的方式将次镜形成在第一(前)片(pane)、将主镜形成在第二(背)片这种两片的布置中，也可以实现本发明的一些有益方面。虽然这样的布置得益于例如利用主镜膜来提供串式布线，但是这样的布置需要在装配期间定位所述片，从而增加了维护成本。在另一个备选实施例中，主镜和次镜可以预先形成，然后用合适的粘合剂安装到光学元件上，但是这种方法会显著增加制造成本。在又一个实施例中，形成次镜所利用的曲面可以是凸面而不是凹面，从而呈传统的格雷戈里(Gregorian)型系统的状态。在另一个实施例中，形成主镜和次镜所利用的曲面可以是椭圆形、椭球形、球形或者其它的弯曲形状。

Claims (4)

1.一种聚光型太阳能收集器，包括：
固态透光光学元件，其具有包括相对较大凸面的第一侧、包括基本平坦的开孔表面的第二侧、以及在所述开孔表面的中央部分内确定的相对较小的曲面；
设置在所述凸面上的主镜；以及
设置在所述曲面上的次镜。
2.一种聚光型太阳能收集器，包括固态透光光学元件，该固态透光光学元件具有包括相对较大凸面的第一侧、包括基本平坦的开孔表面的第二侧、以及在所述开孔表面的中央部分内确定的相对较小曲面，
其中所述凸面和所述曲面都基本关于一光轴对称，且所述开孔基本垂直于该光轴。
3.一种聚光型太阳能收集器阵列，包括：
固态透光光学面板，其包括限定多个相对较大突起的第一表面，和限定多个相对较小凹陷的基本平坦的开孔表面，每个凹陷与相应的突起相关联；
设置在所述第一表面上的多个主镜，使得每个主镜设置在所述多个突起中相应的突起上；以及
多个次镜，每个次镜设置在所述多个凹陷中相应的凹陷内。
4.一种聚光型太阳能收集器阵列，包括：
光学面板；
安装在所述光学面板上且排列成行的多个间隔开的导电金属膜片段，其中每个金属膜片段包括面对所述光学面板的反射表面；
多个光伏电池，每个光伏电池电连接在一对相邻的金属膜片段之间，使得每行的金属膜片段通过相关联的光伏电池串联连接。
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EP1715260A3 (en) 2010-11-24
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US20060231133A1 (en) 2006-10-19
CN104052389B (zh) 2016-10-26
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AU2006201575B2 (en) 2011-04-14

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