CN1806488A - Sprout-forcing direct-seeding method for planting artichoke - Google Patents
Sprout-forcing direct-seeding method for planting artichoke Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method of direct seeding for bud forcing in artichoke cultivation, comprising: (1) field choosing and tillage, (2) dressing enough, ridge forming, (3) seed choosing and immersing, (4) bud forcing, (5) choosing bud, (6) sowing at proper time, (7) inducing bud by breaking film, checking and supplying a lack, (8) managing for seedling stage. The invention improves seed bud quality, speeds up growing rate and reduces cost for farmer. The bud is characterized by short, strong, and increased bracteal leaf. The direct sowing of bud into field saves breeding process and cost in replanting, and the growing process is faster than that of seeding replanting.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the planting technology of plant, specifically plant the sprout-forcing direct-seeding method of arithoke.
Technical background
Arithoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) has another name called artichoke, cynara scolymus, foreign lily, French lily, lotus lily, cardoon etc., for the composite family cynara scolymus belongs to herbaceos perennial.Edible part is mainly the fertile tender bract and the meat holder of petal, and its market potential is big, and the economic worth height is a kind of high gear outlet vegetables of worth development and use.
Arithoke is nutritious, in per 100 gram calyx edible parts, and moisture 80.5 grams, fat 0.2 gram, protein 2.8 grams, carbohydrate 9.9 grams, 160 milligrams of vitamin As, Cobastab
10.6 milligram, Cobastab
20.8 milligram, 11 milligrams of vitamin Cs, 51 milligrams of calcium, 69 milligrams in phosphorus, 1.5 milligrams of iron, the nutriture value that substantially exceeds vegetables such as tomato is planted.Arithoke also contains the useful cinarine of the mankind, asparagine and flavonoids etc., can promote the human body choleresis, to strengthening hepatic and renal function, the treatment chronic hepatitis, cholesterol reducing etc. have certain curative effect, so arithoke is otherwise known as " patron saint of liver and gall, fat killer, regulation of cholesterol teacher " etc.The contained carbohydrate of arithoke mainly is a synanthrin, has the diuresis effect, can promote the discharge of urine in the kidney.Modern medicine study proves that cynara scolymus extracts is quite remarkable to the effect that promotion digests, improves blood circulation, cholesterol reducing; The non-oxidizability of arithoke is very strong, and the diffusion of human tumor and cancer cell is had extremely strong inhibitory action.In overseas, the arithoke growth has been widely used in treating liver and fields such as gallbladder function disorder, gall stone, indigestion, chronic albuminuria, anemia, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, high cholesterol and ephrosis.Arithoke blade leachate is still made the raw material of " Italian aperitif ", and this vinosity road uniqueness has the effect of appetizing, invigorating the spleen.Arithoke still is a kind of ornamental plants of elegance, and when the petal that it is very large bursted forth, indigo flower was aroused the affection of adults just as gorgeous brilliant as the jewel.
Arithoke originates in the Mediterranean bank, and plantation distributes mainly in countries such as Italy, Spain, Peru, the U.S..Shanghai is imported in 19th century into from France in China.Entered since nineteen nineties, agri-scientific research institute of domestic a few family carried out research and report to arithoke as rare vegetables once, ground such as Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Qingdao and Taiwan also carried out a small amount of cultivation, but small.Our province was once sporadicly introduced a fine variety in the eighties and planted experimentally mid-term, but never enlarged planting scale.Calendar year 2001 begins, Kuming City Agriculture Technology Spreading Station cooperates with the KunMing YingZhiYuan Agriculture Science Development Co., Ltd, routine breaks traditions, adopt test, demonstration, promote the method for carrying out synchronously, the arithoke planting scale is enlarged rapidly in the city, and obtain than good harvest, each county (city) emerged in large numbers high yield typical case field piece and the high yield typical case plantation family of a collection of average yield per mu petal more than 2000 kilograms in succession.
In the past few years, arithoke plantation is ascending, and fast development has entered large-scale development period, and become current rural economic development gradually, agricultural structure adjustment, the new industry that agricultural product intensive processing and Agricultural Export are earned foreign exchange and combined.Yet, producing most of the cultivation by specialized company of required seedling at present provides, the seedling cost is higher, seed is entirely by import in addition, quality be cannot say for sure to demonstrate,prove, and use the live method of dry seeds to be difficult to reach full stand one time in the production, and it is extremely irregular to emerge, big seedling phenomenon is comparatively outstanding, seriously restricts and influenced the sustainable and healthy development of arithoke industry.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of arithoke seedling quality that can make and significantly improve, growing process is obviously accelerated, the sprout-forcing direct-seeding method of the plantation arithoke that planting cost obviously reduces.
Arithoke sprout-forcing direct-seeding method of the present invention is as follows:
1. choosing ground, whole ground: select the Winter-Spring arid season to have water to irrigate, rainy season, draining was good, and the field plantation arithoke in the soil fertility is after previous crops is received, in time remove field stubble weeds, the mediation raceway groove turns over and digs hack, meticulous whole ground accomplishes that Tian Ping, soil are thin, links up, no weeds that irrigation and drainage freely; Whole ground should carry out before presoaking and germinating;
2. use sufficient base manure, the standard ridging: mu is executed 2～3 tons of well-rotted farmyard manures, special-purpose fertile 40 ± 10 kilograms of arithoke, or 50 ± 10 kilograms of general calcium, 10 ± 2 kilograms in urea, 10 ± 2 kilograms of potassium sulphates, 3 ± 1 kilograms of boraxs, magnesium sulfate are made base manure for 6 ± 1 kilograms, the abundant mixing of base manure and soil; Down wind or the capable ridging of aspect width, about 1.4 meters of big line width, about 1 meter of little line width, high about 0.3 meter of ridge, the pool are apart from about 0.70 meter, and dark about 0.1 meter of the pool plants about 800 pools, sky is beaten the pool for every mu;
3. seed selection, seed soaking: by the screening measure of etc.ing, reject sky not plump, go mouldy, damage by worms, damaged seed and impurity etc., select full greatly a, free from insect pests for use and the high quality seed that goes mouldy is done kind; The seed chosen with clear water seed soaking about 20 hours, is eluriated and sealed kind of a vernalization after control is done, stirred seed once in per 3～4 hours during the seed soaking, avoid seed to be in the anaerobic respiration state for a long time and influence germination;
4. vernalization: with the vernalization container and the towel cleaning and sterilizing of preserving moisture, wet towel on the pad in the vernalization container, to eluriate seed after control is done then is placed on wherein and spreads out, seed thickness is less than 5cm, covering towel again preserves moisture, the vernalization container that seed will be housed at last is placed on vernalization under 25 ± 3 ℃ of conditions, notes at any time during the vernalization checking temp. and humidity, avoids hot and humid or the seed overdrying;
5. choose the bud kind: vernalization is after about 3 days, in time sort out sowing with bud kind (bud is about half for seed length) every day, having chosen after the bud kind not chitting piece eluriates with clear water and continues to seal kind of a vernalization after control is done, if the bud kind sorted out can not sowing in time, under 1～5 ℃ of cryogenic conditions, preserve after available towel is preserved moisture, generally preserve to sow still not influence normally after 7～10 days and emerge;
6. begin sowing in good time, hold seeding quality and close: (with YANDI-5
#Kind is an example) sow in mid or late September, in the pool, put nutrition soil before the sowing in right amount and make pad native (humus soil and fine earth ratio are 2: 1 or well-rotted farmyard manure and fine earth add water at 3: 1 mix moistening), water with pool bottom pour mold saturating after sowing again, one of bud kind is broadcast on every pool, broadcast back with moistening nutrition earth mulch kind, the about 2cm of blinding thickness, use carbendazim again, phoxim and water are in 1.25: 1: 1000 ratio vehicle spraying prevention and elimination of disease and pests, get final product squirting in the pool, last covering with plastic film wants the limit to water, the limit sowing, the limit blinding, the limit laxative, the limit epiphragma for guaranteeing full stand, should be cultivated the bag seedling in order to filling the gaps with seedlings by seeding quantity 25% left and right sides during sowing same period;
7. in time rupture of membranes draws seedling, looks into seedling and fills a vacancy: sow about 5 days, seedling just is unearthed in succession, should draw seedling according to the timely rupture of membranes of temperature in the shed situation, prevents that continuous high temperature more than 35 ℃ (in the film) from burning seedling, draws the cross phase to fill the gaps with seedlings to lacking the pool with the bag seedling in seedling;
8. seedling period management: two cotyledons of seedling are expanded to and draw the cross phase during this period of time, attention control damping off, damping off and soil insect etc.; Prevent and treat disease and can use 600 times of liquid of fungicide metalaxyl MnZn or 600 times of liquid of thiophanate methyl or 800 times of liquid of carbendazim etc., but 1000 times of liquid of pest control use of insecticide phoxim or 2000 times of liquid of decis etc.; Seedling is drawn the cross after date, topdresses with 1: 8 clear liquid dung or 300 times of liquid of urea or 150 times of liquid of carbon ammonium, and every pool chases after about 1000 milliliters at every turn, chases after once every about 10 days, connects to chase after 3 times.The field management measure of each growthdevelopmental stage is identical with the field management measure of the corresponding growthdevelopmental stage of seedling raising and transplanting afterwards.
The present invention compared with prior art has following good effect:
1. sprout-forcing direct-seeding method of the present invention significantly improves seedling quality, growing process is obviously accelerated, peasant household's seedling cost obviously reduces: the seedling sampling survey that to seedling age is 50 days, the result shows that sprout-forcing direct-seeding is because the individual plant standing area is big, and illumination condition is good, seedling is short strengthens, squats in fact, take root deeply, leafing is fast, and seedling quality obviously is better than industrial hole plate seedling growth (seeing Table 1).Sprout-forcing direct-seeding directly is sowed at the land for growing field crops with the bud kind in addition, has saved the needed per pass of seedling raising and transplanting grow seedlings operation, the expense etc. of growing seedlings, and has not had seedling-slowing stage, and therefore, the sprout-forcing direct-seeding growing process is obviously accelerated than seedling raising and transplanting, and peasant household's seedling cost also significantly reduces.The experiment and demonstration result shows between different years, and under date of seeding identical situation, the sprout-forcing direct-seeding petal of gathering will be done sth. in advance 19-30 days than seedling raising and transplanting; Sprout-forcing direct-seeding seedling cost is 0.3 a yuan/seedling, and seedling raising and transplanting seedling cost is 0.5 a yuan/seedling, and the every seedling of sprout-forcing direct-seeding reduces cost 0.20 yuan than seedling raising and transplanting.Plant 800 seedlings by every mu and calculate, can reduce by 160.00 yuan/mu of peasant household's seedling costs.Demonstrated altogether in 2005 1534 mu of arithoke sprout-forcing direct-seeding areas, only one of seedling just is 245440.00 yuan of peasant household's saving costs.
Table 1. seedling quality comparison sheet
| Handle | Plant height (CM) | Degree of development (CM) | Maximum leaf length and width (CM) | The number of blade (sheet) | Root long (CM) | Seedling age (my god) |
| Point disk seedling growing | 10.8 | 11.5×8.2 | 10.8×2.8 | 3 leaves, 1 heart | 5.8 | 50 |
| Sprout-forcing direct-seeding | 4.2 | 14.1×10.2 | 8.3×3.4 | 4 leaves, 1 heart | 10.7 | 50 |
| Ratio dish seedling ± | -6.6 | 2.6×2.0 | -2.5×0.6 | +1 | +4.9 | - |
2. petal obviously increases production, demonstration effect is remarkable: field test results shows that 557.7 kilograms in sprout-forcing direct-seeding average yield per mu petal increases 53.7 kilograms than 504.0 kilograms of mus of seedling raising and transplanting, and amplification reaches 10.7%.Further enlarged in 2005 and produce demonstration, at seed with regard to bit time evening, and under the severe drought situation that suffers to meet in 50 years, 1534 mu of sprout-forcing direct-seeding demonstration areas have still been obtained than good harvest, only one season average yield per mu in late autumn petal just reaches 741.1 kilograms, increase 55.5 kilograms than 685.6 kilograms of mus of seedling raising and transplanting, amplification reaches 8.1%; The average yield per mu value reaches 1185.76 yuan, increases 88.8 yuan than 1096.96 yuan of mus of seedling raising and transplanting.And emerged in large numbers a collection of petal per mu yield and surpassed 1000 kilograms, high yield typical case's field piece that the per mu yield value surpasses 1600 yuan and high yield typical case plantation family (seeing Table 2).
Table 2. sprout-forcing direct-seeding high yield typical case family investigation statistics table (unit: mu, kilogram, unit)
| Name | The place | Area | Gross yield | Average yield per mu | The gross output value | The average yield per mu value |
| Dai Mei | The Songming | 3.00 | 3606.0 | 1202.0 | 5769.60 | 1923.20 |
| King's energy | The Songming | 6.00 | 6616.2 | 1102.7 | 10585.92 | 1764.32 |
| Zhang Xiaoxi | Jinning County | 0.75 | 939.0 | 1252.0 | 1502.40 | 2003.20 |
| He Likui | Jinning County | 0.90 | 1017.6 | 1130.7 | 1628.16 | 1809.12 |
Embodiment
Embodiment 1:
The arithoke sprout-forcing direct-seeding method is as follows:
1, choosing ground, whole ground: select the Winter-Spring arid season to have water to irrigate, rainy season, draining was good, and the field plantation arithoke in the soil fertility is after previous crops is received, in time remove field stubble weeds, the mediation raceway groove turns over and digs hack, meticulous whole ground accomplishes that Tian Ping, soil are thin, links up, no weeds that irrigation and drainage freely; Whole ground should carry out before presoaking and germinating;
2. use sufficient base manure, the standard ridging: mu is executed 2～3 tons of well-rotted farmyard manures, special-purpose fertile (the Songming County composite fertilizer factory product) 40 ± 10 kilograms of arithoke, or 50 ± 10 kilograms of general calcium, 10 ± 2 kilograms in urea, 10 ± 2 kilograms of potassium sulphates, 3 ± 1 kilograms of boraxs, magnesium sulfate are made base manure for 6 ± 1 kilograms, the abundant mixing of base manure and soil; Down wind or the capable ridging of aspect width, about 1.4 meters of big line width, about 1 meter of little line width, high about 0.3 meter of ridge, the pool are apart from about 0.70 meter, and dark about 0.1 meter of the pool plants about 800 pools, sky is beaten the pool for every mu;
3. seed selection, seed soaking: by the screening measure of etc.ing, reject sky not plump, go mouldy, damage by worms, damaged seed and impurity etc., select full greatly a, free from insect pests for use and the high quality seed that goes mouldy is done kind; The seed chosen with clear water seed soaking about 20 hours, is eluriated and sealed kind of a vernalization after control is done, stirred seed once in per 3～4 hours during the seed soaking, avoid seed to be in the anaerobic respiration state for a long time and influence germination;
4. vernalization: with the vernalization container and the towel cleaning and sterilizing of preserving moisture, wet towel on the pad in the vernalization container will be eluriated the seed of control after dried then and be placed on wherein and spread out, and seed thickness is less than or equal to 5cm, cover towel again and preserve moisture, the vernalization container that seed will be housed at last is placed on vernalization under 25 ± 3 ℃ of conditions; At any time note during the vernalization checking temp. and humidity, avoid hot and humid or the seed overdrying;
5. choose the bud kind: vernalization is after about 3 days, and in time sort out sowing with bud kind (bud is about half for seed length) every day, has chosen after the bud kind not chitting piece and has eluriated with clear water and continue to seal kind of a vernalization after control is done; If the bud kind sorted out can not sowing in time, preserve under 1～5 ℃ of cryogenic conditions the available towel back of preserving moisture, and generally preserving after 7～10 days sowing does not still influence normally and emerge;
6. begin sowing in good time, hold seeding quality and close: with YANDI-5
#Kind is an example, sows in mid or late September; Put nutrition soil (one about) before the sowing in right amount and make pad soil (humus soil and fine earth ratio are 2: 1 or well-rotted farmyard manure and fine earth add water at 3: 1 mix moistening) in the pool, water is sowed pool bottom pour mold after thoroughly again; One of bud kind is broadcast on every pool, broadcast back with moistening nutrition earth mulch kind, the about 2cm of blinding thickness with the ratio vehicle spraying prevention and elimination of disease and pests in 1.25: 1: 1000 of carbendazim, phoxim and water, gets final product squirting in the pool again, last covering with plastic film, want to water in the limit, the limit sowing, limit blinding, limit laxative, limit epiphragma, for guaranteeing full stand, should cultivate the bag seedling in order to filling the gaps with seedlings the same period by seeding quantity 25% left and right sides during sowing;
7. in time rupture of membranes draws seedling, looks into seedling and fills a vacancy: sow about 5 days, seedling just is unearthed in succession, should draw seedling according to the timely rupture of membranes of temperature in the shed situation, prevents that continuous high temperature more than 35 ℃ (in the film) from burning seedling; Draw the cross phase to fill the gaps with seedlings to lacking the pool in seedling with the bag seedling;
8. seedling period management: two cotyledons of seedling are expanded to and draw the cross phase during this period of time, attention control damping off, damping off and soil insect etc.; Prevent and treat disease and can use 600 times of liquid of fungicide metalaxyl MnZn or 600 times of liquid of thiophanate methyl or 800 times of liquid of carbendazim etc., but 1000 times of liquid of pest control use of insecticide phoxim or 2000 times of liquid of decis etc. (it is to spend that blade is squirted); Seedling is drawn the cross after date, topdresses with 1: 8 clear liquid dung or 300 times of liquid of urea or 150 times of liquid of carbon ammonium, and every pool chases after about 1000 milliliters at every turn, chases after once every about 10 days, connects to chase after 3 times.The field management measure of each growthdevelopmental stage is identical with the field management measure of the corresponding growthdevelopmental stage of seedling raising and transplanting afterwards.
Claims (1)
1, a kind of sprout-forcing direct-seeding method of planting arithoke: it is characterized in that carrying out according to the following steps:
1) choosing ground, whole ground: select the Winter-Spring arid season to have water to irrigate, rainy season, draining was good, plot plantation arithoke in the soil fertility, previous crops is in time removed field stubble weeds after receiving, the mediation raceway groove, turn over and dig hack, meticulous whole ground, make Tian Ping, soil thin, link up, no weeds, irrigation and drainage are carried out before presoaking and germinating freely wholely;
2) use sufficient base manure, the standard ridging: mu is executed 2～3 tons of well-rotted farmyard manures, special-purpose fertile 40 ± 10 kilograms of arithoke, or 50 ± 10 kilograms of general calcium, 10 ± 2 kilograms in urea, 10 ± 2 kilograms of potassium sulphates, 3 ± 1 kilograms of boraxs, magnesium sulfate are made base manure for 6 ± 1 kilograms, the abundant mixing of base manure and soil; Down wind or the capable ridging of aspect width, about 1.4 meters of big line width, about 1 meter of little line width, high about 0.3 meter of ridge, the pool are apart from about 0.70 meter, and dark about 0.1 meter of the pool plants 800 pools approximately, sky is beaten the pool for every mu;
3) seed selection, seed soaking: reject empty not plump, go mouldy, damage by worms, damaged seed and impurity, select that grain is full greatly for use, free from insect pests and the high quality seed that goes mouldy do kind; The seed of choosing was soaked seed 20 hours with clear water, eluriate control and do, stirred seed once in per 3～4 hours during the seed soaking;
4) vernalization: the wet towel of in the vernalization container, sterilizing on the pad, the seed that above-mentioned elutriation control is dried is placed in one and spreads out, and seed thickness covers the towel of preserving moisture again less than 5cm, the vernalization container that seed will be housed at last is placed on vernalization under 25 ± 3 ℃ of conditions, avoids hot and humid or the seed overdrying;
5) choose the bud kind: vernalization is after 3 days, and in time sort out sowing with the bud kind every day, and chitting piece is not eluriated with clear water and continued to seal kind of a vernalization after control is done; If the bud kind of sorting out is can not sowing in time, and preserve under 1～5 ℃ of cryogenic conditions the available towel back of preserving moisture;
6) begin sowing in good time, holding seeding quality closes: sow in mid or late September, in the pool, put nutrition soil before the sowing in right amount and make pad soil, nutrition soil is: humus soil: fine earth=2: 1, or well-rotted farmyard manure: fine earth=3: 1, and add water and mix moistening, water with pool bottom pour mold saturating after sowing again, one of bud kind is broadcast on every pool, broadcasts back with moistening nutrition earth mulch kind, blinding thickness 2～3cm, use carbendazim again, phoxim and water are in 1.25: 1: 1000 ratio vehicle spraying prevention and elimination of disease and pests, get final product squirting in the pool, last covering with plastic film, water in the limit, the limit sowing, the limit blinding, the limit laxative, the limit epiphragma;
7) rupture of membranes draws seedling, looks into seedling and fills a vacancy: sow 4～6 days, seedling just is unearthed in succession, draws seedling according to the timely rupture of membranes of temperature in the shed situation, draws the cross phase to fill the gaps with seedlings to lacking the pool with the bag seedling in seedling;
8) seedling period management: draw the cross phase when two cotyledons of seedling are expanded to, the attention control damping off, damping off and soil insect, prevent and treat disease and can use 600 times of liquid of fungicide metalaxyl MnZn or 600 times of liquid of thiophanate methyl or 800 times of liquid of carbendazim, but 1000 times of liquid of pest control use of insecticide phoxim or 2000 times of liquid of decis, it is to spend that blade is squirted, seedling is drawn the cross after date, topdress with 1: 8 clear liquid dung or 300 times of liquid of urea or 150 times of liquid of carbon ammonium, every pool chases after about 1000 milliliters at every turn, every about 10 days, chase after once, even chase after 3 times, the field management measure of each growthdevelopmental stage is identical with the field management measure of the corresponding growthdevelopmental stage of seedling raising and transplanting afterwards.
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN104177184A (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2014-12-03 | 万客齐食品（云南）有限公司 | Artichoke foliage spraying fertilizer |
| CN104303806A (en) * | 2014-11-08 | 2015-01-28 | 汇美农业科技有限公司 | Cultivation method for reserving seeds of globe artichoke |
| CN104396710A (en) * | 2014-12-03 | 2015-03-11 | 汇美农业科技有限公司 | Float seedling method for globe artichoke |
| CN105766354A (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2016-07-20 | 汇美农业科技有限公司 | Artichoke-soybean interplanting technology |
| CN106613091A (en) * | 2016-10-11 | 2017-05-10 | 汇美农业科技有限公司 | Cultivation method for crop rotation of globe artichoke and water-saving and drought-resistant rice |
| CN109122160A (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2019-01-04 | 曲靖市锦屯农业科技有限责任公司 | A kind of implantation methods of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae |
| CN112243801A (en) * | 2020-09-08 | 2021-01-22 | 常德市农林科学研究院 | Method for reducing morbidity of globe artichoke, prolonging bud period and improving yield and quality |
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104177184A (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2014-12-03 | 万客齐食品（云南）有限公司 | Artichoke foliage spraying fertilizer |
| CN104303806A (en) * | 2014-11-08 | 2015-01-28 | 汇美农业科技有限公司 | Cultivation method for reserving seeds of globe artichoke |
| CN104396710A (en) * | 2014-12-03 | 2015-03-11 | 汇美农业科技有限公司 | Float seedling method for globe artichoke |
| CN105766354A (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2016-07-20 | 汇美农业科技有限公司 | Artichoke-soybean interplanting technology |
| CN106613091A (en) * | 2016-10-11 | 2017-05-10 | 汇美农业科技有限公司 | Cultivation method for crop rotation of globe artichoke and water-saving and drought-resistant rice |
| CN109122160A (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2019-01-04 | 曲靖市锦屯农业科技有限责任公司 | A kind of implantation methods of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae |
| CN112243801A (en) * | 2020-09-08 | 2021-01-22 | 常德市农林科学研究院 | Method for reducing morbidity of globe artichoke, prolonging bud period and improving yield and quality |
| CN112243801B (en) * | 2020-09-08 | 2023-12-29 | 常德市农林科学研究院 | Method for reducing incidence of globe artichoke, prolonging bud period and improving yield and quality |
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| CN100391328C (en) | 2008-06-04 |
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