CN1795291A - 在导电基材上形成金属氧化物涂层的方法,由此得到的活化阴极及其在碱金属氯化物水溶液电解中的应用 - Google Patents

在导电基材上形成金属氧化物涂层的方法,由此得到的活化阴极及其在碱金属氯化物水溶液电解中的应用 Download PDF

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CN1795291A
CN1795291A CNA2004800147636A CN200480014763A CN1795291A CN 1795291 A CN1795291 A CN 1795291A CN A2004800147636 A CNA2004800147636 A CN A2004800147636A CN 200480014763 A CN200480014763 A CN 200480014763A CN 1795291 A CN1795291 A CN 1795291A
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F·安多尔法托
P·茹贝尔
G·迪伯夫
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Wang Jian simplified joint-stock company
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种在用钢或铁制成的导电基材上形成金属氧化物涂层的方法,该涂层含有任选地与钛和/或锆结合的至少一种元素分类周期表第Ⅷ族的贵金属,该方法在于涂布所述一种或多种金属乙酰丙酮化物的溶液,其盐溶于一种或多种能充分溶解每种金属乙酰丙酮化物的溶剂中,接着干燥和煅烧已涂布基材。本发明还涉及使用涂布金属氧化物的导电基材所得到的活化阴极以及在电解碱金属氯化物水溶液中的应用。

Description

在导电基材上形成金属氧化物涂层的方法,由此得到 的活化阴极及其在碱金属氯化物水溶液电解中的应用
本发明涉及一种在导电基材上形成金属氧化物涂层的方法,该涂层含有任选地与钛和/或锆结合的至少一种元素周期分类表第VIII族的贵金属。
本发明还涉及使用按照本发明方法涂布的导电基材所得到的活化阴极(cathode activée)。
本发明还涉及所述活化阴极特别在电解碱金属氯化物水溶液中的应用,尤其在制备氯和氢氧化钠中以及在制备氯酸钠中的应用。
因此,在工业上使用电解池生产氯和氢氧化钠以及氯酸钠,每个池有多个用钢制成的阴极和多个涂布钛和钌氧化物混合物的用钛制成的阳极。涉及制备氯和氢氧化钠时,这些电解池一般加入由约200-300g/l氯化钠组成的电解液。在合成氯酸钠时,它们一般装入50-250g/l氯化钠。
但是,这些用钢制成的阴极作为还原水的阴极具有绝对值相对高的过电压,并且所述的阴极对溶解氯的耐蚀性也不够充分。
关于过电压(surtension),应该理解是相对于参比阴极的相关氧化还原对(H2O/H2)的热力位与相对于同样参比电极在相关介质中有效测量的电位之差。按照惯例,使用术语过电压表示阴极过电压的绝对值。
为了克服这些缺陷,曾提出许多阴极。
因此,在法国专利申请FR 2 311 108中,描述了一种阴极,其基材是用钛、锆、铌制成的,或是基本上由这些金属组合构成的合金制成的,在其基材上涂布了一层金属氧化物,该层基本上是由一种或多种选自钌、铑、钯、锇、铱和铂的金属的氧化物,以及任选地一种或多种选自钙、镁、锶、钡、锌、铬、钼、钨、硒和碲的金属的氧化物构成的。
美国专利US 4 100 049描述了一种阴极,它包括用铁、镍、钴制成的或用这些金属合金制成的基材和氧化钯和氧化锆的涂层。
在欧洲专利申请EP 209 427中,提出一种由用镍、不锈钢或低碳钢制成导电基材构成的阴极,该基材的涂层由多层金属氧化物构成,表层由阀用金属氧化物构成,即由选自元素周期分类表第4b、5b和6b的金属的氧化物构成,中间层由第VIII族贵金属的氧化物构成,即由钌、铑、钯、锇、铱和铂的氧化物构成。
这些中间层和表层可以由单个相关金属的氧化物构成,或由相关金属和低比例的第二种金属的混合氧化物构成。
在专利申请FR 2 797 646中,申请人提出了一种活化阴极,它由或者用钛,或者用镍制成的导电基材构成,其基材涂布了以钛和元素周期分类表第VIII族贵金属为基的氧化物中间层,和含有钛、锆和元素周期分类表第VIII族贵金属的金属氧化物外层;这些金属的氯化物或氯氧化物在乙醇或异丙醇中的溶液经热分解得到所述的涂层。
关心到经济时,越来越希望使用不太贵的基材,例如用钢或用铁制成的基材。
但是,本申请人观察到,前面提到的方法并不能得到在用钢或用铁制成基材上粘附的涂层。
本申请人发现合理地选择有机金属化合物及其溶剂时,可得到前面提到的金属氧化物涂层,这种涂层在用钢或用铁制成基材上具有非常好的附着性。
因此,本发明的目的是一种在导电基材上形成金属氧化物涂层的方法,该涂层含有至少一种任选地与钛和/或锆结合的元素周期分类表第VIII族贵金属,所述的方法在于在所述的基材上涂布含有至少一种有机金属化合物的溶液,然后借助热处理将所述的一种或多种有机金属化合物转化成一种或多种金属氧化物;所述方法的特征在于导电基材是用钢或用铁制成的,其特征还在于涂布在所述基材上的唯一溶液是一种金属乙酰丙酮化物或金属乙酰丙酮化物混合物的非水溶液,其金属乙酰丙酮化物溶于一种或多种能充分溶解每种金属乙酰丙酮化物的溶剂中,一种或多种溶剂选自醇、酮、氯代甲烷类或上述两种或两种以上溶剂的混合物。
根据本发明,元素周期分类表第VIII族贵金属现在应该理解是钌、铑、钯、锇、铱或铂。优选地,使用钌或铱,非常特别地使用钌。
作为说明本发明可使用的醇,列举乙醇、异丙醇。
作为说明本发明可使用的酮,列举丙酮、甲乙酮。
作为说明本发明可使用的氯代甲烷,列举二氯甲烷、氯仿。
根据本发明,涂布在导电基材上的溶液是一种选自Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Pt、Ti和Zr的金属的乙酰丙酮化物溶液,或两种或两种以上选自该组的金属的乙酰丙酮化物混合物的溶液。
可能有多种方案制备一种或多种金属乙酰丙酮化物溶液,其溶液可根据本发明的方法用作导电基材的涂层。
如果所述的溶液只是含有金属乙酰丙酮化物,则可将这种金属乙酰丙酮化物溶于其特定的溶剂中,或溶于含有特定溶剂的溶剂混合物中可以得到其溶液。
如果所述的溶液含有多种金属乙酰丙酮化物,则可以采用下述方法得到其溶液:
-或者将所述的金属乙酰丙酮化物溶于含有所述金属乙酰丙酮化物的特定溶剂的溶剂混合物中;
-或者将所述的金属乙酰丙酮化物溶于特定的溶剂中或溶于含有所述乙酰丙酮化物的特定溶剂的溶剂混合物中,所得到的只是含有唯一金属乙酰丙酮化物的溶液进行混合。
有利地,在室温,甚至为了改善溶解金属乙酰丙酮化物而在稍微高些的温度下搅拌制备这种溶液。
根据本发明,优选地使用金属乙酰丙酮化物的浓溶液,为了制备所述的溶液,本技术领域的技术人员的责任是考虑各种金属乙酰丙酮化物在本发明可使用溶剂(或溶剂混合物)中的溶解度。
例如,在室温下使用0.25摩尔/升乙酰丙酮钌-(C5H7O2)3Ru-乙醇溶液和0.8摩尔/升乙酰丙酮络钛-(C5H7O2)2TiO-丙酮溶液。
根据本发明,一种金属氧化物涂层优选形成方式在于,在第一个步骤对用钢或用铁制成的基材进行预处理,使其具有表面粗糙度特征,然后在第二个步骤,在所述的预处理基材上沉积如前面所指出制备的含有一种或多种金属乙酰丙酮化物的溶液;然后干燥和煅烧如此涂布的基材。
这第二个步骤-浸渍/干燥/煅烧-有利地可以重复进行一次或多次得到这种涂层。优选地,这第二个步骤可重复进行,直到达到所要求的金属质量。一般而言,这个步骤重复进行2-6次。
这种预处理通常是让这种基材受到喷砂处理,接着任选地用酸进行洗涤,或者这种基材用草酸、氢氟酸、氢氟酸和硝酸的混合物、氢氟酸和甘油的混合物、氢氟酸、硝酸和甘油的混合物或氢氟酸、硝酸和过氧化氢的混合物的水溶液进行酸洗,接着用除气软化水洗涤一次或多次。
这种基材可以呈实心板、穿孔板、多孔金属或由多孔金属或穿孔金属构成的阴极篮的形式。
采用不同的技术,例如溶胶-凝胶、喷射或涂布,可以将这种溶液沉积在这种预处理基材上。有利地,例如使用刷子将这种溶液涂布到预处理基材上。这样涂布的基材再用空气进行干燥和/或在温度至多是150℃的烘箱中进行干燥。干燥后,基材在空气或富含氧的惰性气体中,在温度至少是300℃,优选地在400-600℃下煅烧10分钟至2小时。
这种操作方式能够将涂层中的一种或多种金属乙酰丙酮化物转化成一种或多种金属氧化物,而其金属氧化物均匀粘附在用钢或铁制成的基材上。
可以把这种溶液沉积在预处理基材的其中一个面上或两个面上。
以基材几何表面计以g/m2表示沉积贵金属的加权质量是至少等于2g/m2,通常是2-20g/m2,优选地是5-10g/m2
本发明还有一个目的是使用根据本发明涂布的导电基材所得到的所谓活化阴极。
本发明的阴极特别适合于电解碱金属氯化物水溶液,特别是电解NaCl水溶液。
本发明的阴极与一个阳极结合使用能够电解合成氯和碱金属氢氧化物。
本发明的阴极与一个阳极结合使用能够电解合成碱金属氯酸盐。
作为阳极可以列举DSA阳极(尺寸稳定的阳极),它由涂布钛和钌氧化物层的用钛制成的基材构成。在这层中钌/钛摩尔比有利地是0.4-2.4。
本发明阴极的优点是具有低过电压,它是由便宜基材构成的。
下面的实施例说明本发明。
实施例1
RuTiZr氧化物基涂层
为了达到摩尔分配为45Ru/45Ti/10Zr,将0.653g乙酰丙酮钌、0.329g钛氧基乙酰丙酮化物(acétylacétonate de titanyle)和0.178g乙酰丙酮锆溶于10ml乙醇+10ml丙酮+10ml氯仿中制备出涂布溶液。
载体是由实心铁板(3.5×2.5cm)构成的,其板上焊接钢棒;总表面积是33cm2。该载体预先用Corindon进行喷砂处理,然后用丙酮洗涤。
然后,使用这种溶液涂布其整个载体,再放入120℃烘箱中15分钟,其后在450℃炉中15分钟。于是得到2.4g/m2涂层。这种程序重复3次(总共4层),从而得到质量7.9g/m2的涂层,即等效质量3.3g(Ru)/m2。载体的最后热处理是在450℃进行30分钟。
在电化学评价之前,为了规定已充分确定表面的范围,该钢棒用特氟隆带掩蔽起来。然后,在室温下把这种涂布载体放到装有200ml 1M氢氧化钠溶液的电化学池中,并作为阴极进行了试验。使用由涂布RuO2-TiO2的钛阳极构成的反电极,和由装有饱和KCl溶液的毛细管延长的饱和甘汞参比电极(ECS)。将这些电极与电极电位计(Solartron)接线柱连接起来。由极化曲线测量阴极活性(从剩余电位直到-1.3或-1.4V/ECS,速度为1mV/s)。然后将强度等于2安培的电流施加到阴极上1小时实施活化步骤,然后绘制出新的极化曲线,以评价阴极电化学性能的改变。这个极化步骤重复进行直至得到稳定的极化曲线,即最后的活化与前面的曲线相同(一般3或4次)。
下表(1)列出电流密度1.6kA/m2的阴极电位随着活化步骤数的变化。该电位越负,还原水的过电压就越低,这意味着阴极活化就越高。同时,将同样表征方法应用于具有同样形状和性质的载体,但没有任何沉积。电压的增加是在同样电流密度时活化阴极的电位与裸露铁阴极的电位之间的差(这里1.6kA/m2)。
表1
  在1.6kA/m2的E阴极(V/ECS)   与铁载体相比的电压增加(V)
  第一次极化   -1.34   0.06
  第二次极化   -1.25   0.15
  第三次极化   -1.24   0.16
实施例2
RuTi氧化物基涂层
为了得到等摩尔Ru/Ti溶液,将0.500g乙酰丙酮钌和0.329g钛氧基乙酰丙酮化物溶于10ml乙醇+10ml丙酮中,制备出这种溶液。
载体是由实心铁板(3.5×2.5cm)构成的,其板上焊接钢棒;总表面积是33cm2。该载体预先用Corindon进行喷砂处理,然后用丙酮洗涤。
然后,使用这种溶液涂布其整个载体,再放入120℃烘箱中15分钟,其后在450℃炉中15分钟。于是得到2.2g/m2涂层。这种程序重复3次(总共4层),从而得到质量9.8g/m2的涂层,即等效质量4.6g(Ru)/m2。最后的热处理是在450℃处理30分钟。
在与实施例1所描述的同样条件下进行这个元件的电化学表征。下表(2)列出了与裸露铁阴极相比的阴极电位和电压增加的变化。
表2
  在1.6kA/m2的E阴极(V/ECS)   与铁载体相比的电压增加(V)
  第一次极化   -1.34   0.06
  第二次极化   -1.24   0.16
  第三次极化   -1.23   0.17
在与这些条件接近的条件下,在用铁或钢制成的实心载体上或在用铁或钢制成的多孔载体上制备了25个以上具有等摩尔Ru和Ti涂层的阴极,并且按照实施例1描述的操作方式进行表征。与具有同样形状和同样性质的未涂布阴极相比,所观察到的平均电压增加是160±20mV。
实施例3
100%Ru氧化物涂层
将0.500g乙酰丙酮钌溶于10ml乙醇+10ml丙酮中制备出该溶液。
载体是由实心铁板(3.5×2.5cm)构成的,其板上焊接钢棒;总表面积是33cm2。该载体预先用Corindon进行喷砂处理,然后用丙酮洗涤。
然后,使用这种溶液涂布其整个载体,再放入120℃烘箱中15分钟,其后在450℃炉中15分钟。于是得到1.9g/m2涂层。这种程序重复2次(总共3层),从而得到质量3.8g/m2的涂层,即等效质量2.9g(Ru)/m2。最后的热处理是在450℃处理30分钟。
在与实施例1所描述的同样条件下进行这个元件的电化学表征。
下表(3)列出了与裸露铁阴极相比的阴极电位和电压增加的变化。
表3
  在1.6kA/m2的E阴极(V/ECS) 与铁载体相比的电压增加(V)
  第一次极化   -1.24   0.16
  第二次极化   -1.18   0.22
  第三次极化   -1.17   0.23
实施例4
100%Ru氧化物涂层
将0.500g乙酰丙酮钌溶于10ml乙醇中制备出该溶液。
载体是由实心铁板(3.5×2.5cm)构成的,其板上焊接钢棒;总表面积是33cm2。该载体预先用Corindon进行喷砂处理,然后用丙酮洗涤。
然后,使用这种溶液涂布其整个载体,再放入120℃烘箱中15分钟,其后在450℃炉中15分钟。于是得到2.1g/m2涂层。这种程序重复3次(总共4层),从而得到质量7.6g/m2的涂层,即等效质量5.8g(Ru)/m2。最后的热处理是在450℃处理30分钟。
在与实施例1所描述的同样条件下进行这个元件的电化学表征。下表(4)列出了与裸露铁阴极相比的阴极电位和电压增加的变化。
表4
  在1.6kA/m2的E阴极(V/ECS) 与铁载体相比的电压增加(V)
  第一次极化   -1.28   0.12
  第二次极化   -1.20   0.20
  第三次极化   -1.18   0.22
在与实施例3和4所描述的接近条件下,在用铁或钢制成的实心载体上或在用铁或钢制成的多孔载体上制备了25个以上具有100%RuO2涂层的活化阴极,并且按照实施例1描述的操作方式进行表征。与具有同样形状和同样性质的未涂布阴极相比,所观察到的平均电压增加是200±50mV。
实施例5
中间试验规模的隔膜氯-氢氧化钠电解阴极
制备实验室中间试验规模隔膜氯-氢氧化钠电解的72cm2活化阴极。这种基材是由工业电解池上使用的钢制格子构成的。希望的涂层是Ru和Ti的等摩尔组成,它是根据实施例2描述的制备方式制备的,沉积在载体材料的两个面上。涂层的质量是13.7g/m2,即6.5g(Ru)/m2,该涂层分4层沉积。由于其尺寸,在将其安装在中间试验规模的电解池上之前,对这个阴极没有进行任何的电化学表征。
把这种活化阴极安装在隔膜氯-氢氧化钠电解的中间试验规模电解池中,该电解池使用Polyramix隔膜,并且以每天24小时,每星期7天连续运行。一组排料与加料能使电解池中的不同产物浓度保持不变。运行条件如下:2-5kA/m2,85℃,阴极液的氢氧化钠浓度120g/l至140g/l,用涂布RuO2-TiO2的钛制成的阳极。来自同样工业载体的未涂布铁制阴极安装在同样操作条件下运行的等效电解池中。图(1)列出了这两个阴极在运行120天期间的电位变化。
在这个图中:■代表活化阴极,◆代表裸露的钢制阴极。
在运行20天至120天的期间里,由两个电位差得到的电压增加是约180mV。
实施例6
活化阴极用于氯酸钠电解
为中间试验规模氯酸钠电解制备200cm2(5cm×40cm)活化阴极。按照实施例2描述的操作方式在铁制载体的两个面上涂布等摩尔的Ru和Ti沉积物,但最后的热处理是在450℃进行1小时除外。沉积物质量是10.3g/m2,即4.9g(Ru)/m2。这个阴极然后置于中间试验规模的氯酸钠电解池中。阳极是由涂布RuO2-TiO2的用多孔钛制成的载体构成的。氯酸钠电解的电解池操作条件如下:[NaCl]=200g/l、[NaClO3]=300g/l、[Na2Cr2O7·2H2O]=4g/l、T=80℃、阳极-阴极距离=3mm、电流密度=4kA/m2、以每天24小时,每星期7天连续运行。一组排料和加料能够使电解池中不同产物的浓度保持不变。
与这个试验的同时,类似的电解池使用未涂布的用铁制成的同样形状阴极在同样操作条件下运行。
这两个电解池运行连续500小时以上,在约整个50小时里测量了电解池的电压。在整个试验期间,使用活化阴极的电解池电压比使用未涂布的铁制阴极的电解池电压低200±50mV。
实施例7:(对比实施例)
基材性质的影响
按照实施例2描述的操作方式,往由实心镍板构成的基材和由实心铁板构成的基材涂布RuO2-TiO2等摩尔涂层,同时重复涂布/干燥/煅烧循环直至涂层达到9-10g/m2,即4.3-4.7g(Ru)/m2。最后在450℃进行热处理30分钟。铁载体需要3层,而镍载体需要6层:该涂层在镍上的粘附比在铁上的差;然后按照实施例1描述的操作方式对这些阴极进行了电化学评价。图(2)列出了这些阴极中每个阴极在稳定后的极化曲线。我们看到镍基材涂布阴极(曲线1)的性能不如铁基材涂布阴极(曲线2)的性能:对于同样的电流密度,镍载体活化阴极的电位比铁载体活化阴极的电位更负。
实施例8:(非本发明实施例)
使用含有氯化钌和氯氧化钛的溶液在铁载体和镍载体上沉积RuO2-TiO2 涂层
将5.18g RuCl3·1.5H2O和3.1ml TiOCl2,2HCl(124.5g(Ti)/l)溶于10ml无水乙醇中制备出等摩尔Ru/Ti涂布溶液。搅拌这种溶液使这些产品溶解。
第一种载体是由实心铁板(3.5×2.5cm)构成的,其上焊接了钢棒;总表面积是33cm2。该载体预先用Corindon进行喷砂处理,然后用丙酮漂洗。
第二种载体是由实心镍板(3.5×2.5cm)构成的,其上焊接了镍棒;总表面积是33cm2。该载体预先用Corindon进行喷砂处理,然后用丙酮漂洗。
然后,用这种溶液涂布每种整个载体,放入120℃烘箱中达15分钟,再在450℃炉中达15分钟。最后的热处理是在450℃进行30分钟。
下表(5)列出了两种载体各自涂层的质量随“涂布/干燥/煅烧”循环数的变化。
表5
  铁载体   镍载体
  第一层   14.1g/m2   6.2g/m2
  第二层   25.8g/m2   12.4g/m2
  第三层   18.5g/m2
  第四层   21.2g/m2
  涂层颜色   褐色   黑色
在与实施例1所描述的同样条件下进行了电极的电化学表征。下表(6)和(7)列出了与裸露铁阴极相比的铁载体阴极的电位和电压增加的变化(表(6)),以及与裸露铁阴极相比的镍载体阴极的电位和电压增加的变化(表(7))。
表6
铁载体阴极   在1.6kA/m2的E阴极(V/ECS)   与裸露铁阴极相比的电压增加(V)
  第一次极化   -1.35   0.05
  第二次极化   -1.40   0
在强释放气体时,铁载体的阴极涂层脱落,然后,达到的这些性能是未涂布的铁制阴极的性能。在最后热处理之后涂层的颜色表明存在大量的氧化铁。
表7
铁载体阴极   在1.6kA/m2的E阴极(V/ECS)   与裸露铁阴极相比的电压增加(V)
  第一次极化   -1.3   0.10
  第二次极化   -1.17   0.23
  第三次极化   -1.15   0.25
在不同的电化学表征步骤后未现察到镍载体阴极的任何变坏,采用电化学表征改进了与裸露铁制阴极相比的电压增加。

Claims (19)

1.在一种导电基材上形成金属氧化物涂层的方法,该涂层含有任选地与钛和/或锆结合的至少一种元素周期分类表的第VIII族贵金属,所述的方法在于在所述的基材上涂布一种含有至少一种有机金属化合物的溶液,然后通过热处理将所述的一种或多种有机金属化合物转化成一种或多种金属氧化物,所述方法的特征在于导电基材是用钢或铁制成的,其特征还在于涂布在所述基材上的唯一溶液是金属乙酰丙酮化物或金属乙酰丙酮化物混合物的非水溶液,其盐溶于一种或多种特定溶解每种金属乙酰丙酮化物的溶剂中,一种或多种溶剂选自醇、酮、氯代甲烷类或上述两种或多种溶剂的混合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于元素周期分类表第VIII族贵金属是钌、铑、钯、锇、铱或铂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于贵金属是钌或铱。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于贵金属是钌。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于醇是乙醇或异丙醇。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于酮是丙酮。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于氯代甲烷是氯仿。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项权利要求所述的方法,其特征在于将所述的金属乙酰丙酮化物溶于其特定的溶剂中或溶于含有特定溶剂的溶剂混合物中而得到金属乙酰丙酮化物溶液。
9.根据权利要求1-7中任一项权利要求所述的方法,其特征在于采用下述方法得到含有多种金属乙酰丙酮化物的溶液:
-或者将所述的金属乙酰丙酮化物溶于含有所述金属乙酰丙酮化物特定溶剂的溶剂混合物中;
-或者将所述的金属乙酰丙酮化物溶于其特定的溶剂中或溶于含有所述乙酰丙酮化物特定溶剂的溶剂混合物中,得到只是含有单个金属乙酰丙酮化物的溶液,将其进行混合。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项权利要求所述的方法,其特征在于为了得到一层或多层金属氧化物涂层,第一个步骤是对用钢或铁制成的基材进行预处理,第二个步骤是在所述的预处理基材上涂布含有一种或多种金属乙酰丙酮化物的溶液,干燥,然后煅烧如此涂布的基材。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于在至多等于150℃的温度下进行干燥。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于涂布一种或多种金属乙酰丙酮化物的基材,在空气下或在富含氧气的惰性气体下,在温度至少等于300℃,优选地在温度400-600℃下煅烧10分钟至2小时。
13.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于第二个步骤重复至少1次,优选地重复2-6次。
14.带有采用根据权利要求1-13中任一项权利要求所述方法形成金属氧化物涂层的用钢或铁制成的导电基材。
15.根据权利要求14所述的导电基材在制备活化阴极中的应用。
16.根据权利要求15所述的活化阴极在碱金属氯化物电解水溶液中的应用。
17.根据权利要求16所述的应用,其特征在于这些碱金属氯化物水溶液是氯化钠水溶液。
18.使用权利要求15所述的阴极,通过电解相应的氯化物生产氯和碱金属氢氧化物的方法。
19.使用权利要求15所述的阴极,通过电解相应的氯化物生产碱金属氯酸盐的方法。
CN2004800147636A 2003-03-28 2004-03-25 在导电基材上形成金属氧化物涂层的方法,由此得到的活化阴极及其在碱金属氯化物水溶液电解中的应用 Expired - Fee Related CN1795291B (zh)

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PCT/FR2004/000746 WO2004087992A2 (fr) 2003-03-28 2004-03-25 Procede de formation d'un revetement d'oxydes metalliques sur un substrat electroconducteur, cathode activee en resultant et son utilisation pour l'electrolyse de solutions aqueuses de chlorures de metaux alcalins.

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CN114616358A (zh) * 2019-10-30 2022-06-10 德诺拉工业有限公司 用于电化学析氢的电极

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EP1608795B1 (fr) 2006-06-14
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