CN1545522A - 在外科或治疗性治疗哺乳动物的方法中或在诊断方法中使用的、特别是用作血浆容量扩充剂的高支化支链淀粉 - Google Patents
在外科或治疗性治疗哺乳动物的方法中或在诊断方法中使用的、特别是用作血浆容量扩充剂的高支化支链淀粉 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及高支化支链淀粉及其衍生物在外科或治疗性治疗人或动物体的方法中或在诊断方法中的用途,优选作为血浆容量扩充剂的用途,所述高支化支链淀粉的平均摩尔支化度为大于10%至25%,分子量(Mw)为40,000至800,000道尔顿。基于羟乙基化支链淀粉的血浆容量扩充剂由于羟乙基化作用已显示出不完全代谢以及因此导致的与副作用有关的短时组织残留的缺点。本发明提供了新的基于多糖的血浆容量扩充剂,其不显示与前者类似的缺点。改进的完全代谢的血浆容量扩充剂基于高支化支链淀粉,高支化支链淀粉可通过转糖基作用改变天然植物支链淀粉而获得,以使其获得可调节且较高的支化度,所述支化度可控制血清-α-淀粉酶的裂解作用,从而无需或仅需极其少量的羟乙基化程度。
Description
本发明涉及高支化支链淀粉的用途。
具体而言,本发明涉及具有特定支化度和特定分子量Mw的高支化支链淀粉的新用途。
在血浆容量扩充剂的发展历程中,获得血清中具有胶体渗透压的天然载体即白蛋白的球形结构一直是所追求的目标之一。同样作为天然保有物多糖存在于人体器官中的糖原与所述球形结构最为类似。糖原因其非常高的支化度而具有球形结构。从结构的角度而言,糖原是一种多聚葡萄糖,其直链部分具有α-1,4糖苷键,其上锲合有α-1,6糖苷键的支化位点。由于糖原本身不能作为便宜的天然物质来源,Wiedersheim于1957年建议使用分支较少的支链淀粉作为起始物质以制备血浆扩充剂羟乙基淀粉(HES)。同时,几种不同类型的羟乙基淀粉正被广泛用作血浆扩充剂。这一发展已产生了新型羟乙基淀粉类型(HES型),其具有最佳容积学效果但副作用(如例如影响凝血或组织间残留)最小。
市售的各种类型的HES在分子量、平均取代度及取代模式方面各不相同。
尽管通过这些改进已经取得了实质性的进展,但即使是对于近几年来最佳的HES而言也仍然存在一些缺点,尤其是不能被完全代谢。
但是众所周知:从化学角度而言,羟乙基醚基团的代谢稳定性极高,以至于带有羟乙基醚基团的羟乙基淀粉中的那些失水葡萄糖(anhydroglucose)单元实际上不可能被代谢。此外,已知在羟乙基淀粉分子中,只有那些由未取代的葡萄糖单体形成的α-1,4-糖苷键可被血清α-淀粉酶裂解。因此,已发现即使是最佳类型的HES,在至少一定的时间内也可确定存在虽然最低但仍显著的组织残留。
HES的另一个缺点是:已发现其不具备白蛋白的理想球形结构,因此其特性粘度也显著高于白蛋白。对于血浆容量扩充剂而言,需要具有较低的粘度,在将其应用于循环中后,血液的总粘度将受到影响而降低。
因此,目前的任务是:基于支链淀粉开发新的改进的血浆扩充剂,所述扩充剂不具有支链淀粉衍生物,即羟乙基淀粉的代谢不完全的缺点。同时新的血浆扩充剂应具有更接近球形的结构,从而能够形成粘度较低的溶液。
开辟某些支链淀粉的其它应用领域也可认为是本发明的任务之一。
这些任务以及其它任务可由权利要求1的主题实现,所述其它任务虽然在此未详细列出,但可方便且容易地从前言介绍归纳得到。优选的本发明实施方案为返引权利要求1的权利要求的主题。
通过在外科或治疗性治疗人或动物体(包括哺乳动物)的方法中或在诊断方法中使用摩尔平均支化度为大于10%至25%且平均分子量Mw为40,000至800,000道尔顿的高支化支链淀粉及必要时使用其衍生物,一方面有可能以不可直接预见的方式开辟出高支化支链淀粉在医学领域的一些新的、有趣的应用,另一方面,具体地在有关“血浆容量扩充”领域,可提供近乎理想的目前仍普遍使用的基于淀粉的HES产品的替代品,使危险的副作用大大减少。
关于血浆容量扩充,经过广泛的研究和调查,本发明实际已发现:在施用血浆扩充剂的数小时甚至数天后,血流和尿液中羟乙基淀粉残留部分与最初输注的羟乙基淀粉(HES产品)相比在支化度方面明显增加。因此,以带有支化点的无水葡萄糖的摩尔百分比表示的支化度在施用后2小时自约5%增至高于7%且于施用7小时后达到8%。与此同时,输注后42至48小时的全尿样本中,可观察到9%或10%这样更高的摩尔支化度。研究发现:这种现象与所施用羟乙基淀粉的分子量、取代程度或取代模式无关。这意味着这些成分在裂解时逐渐获得类似于糖原的结构和/或支化程度,按照文献记载,糖原的支化水平高达约10%的摩尔百分比。
足以令人惊讶的是,现已发现:可以利用支链淀粉及其衍生物中α-(1,6)分支的相对稳定性以使支链淀粉的裂解与占支配地位的α-淀粉酶裂解相比减少到一定程度,在此裂解程度下可生成能够完全裂解的多糖,但在药代动力学和/或容积效应方面仍然具有理想血浆容量扩充剂的特性。
因而,本发明包括高支化支链淀粉以及这种高支化支链淀粉的衍生物在医学领域中的用途。
术语“支链淀粉”一般首先应理解为在葡萄糖分子间具有α-(1,4)和α-(1,6)键的所有支链的淀粉或淀粉产品。链的分支由α-(1,6)键形成。对于天然存在的支链淀粉,链的分支呈不规则方式,约每15至30个葡萄糖片段分支一次。天然存在的支链淀粉的分子量非常大,即107至2×108道尔顿。据认为:支链淀粉在某些条件下也可形成螺旋。
可以对支链淀粉的支化度进行定义。携带支化点(α-(1,6)键)的失水葡萄糖分子数在支链淀粉的失水葡萄糖分子总数中所占的比例是支化度的量度,该比例以摩尔比形式表示。天然存在的支链淀粉的摩尔支化度为约4%。但已知当对个体进行考察时,支链淀粉簇和分子片段的支化度略高于天然平均支化度。
本发明意义上的高支化支链淀粉是那些支化度显著高于已知的天然支链淀粉的支化度的支链淀粉。在任何情况下,支化度均为平均值(平均支化度),因为支链淀粉是多分散性物质。
这种高支化支链淀粉与未改变的支链淀粉或羟乙基淀粉相比,具有显著较高的支化度,所述支化度以分支无水葡萄糖的摩尔百分比表示,因而在结构方面与糖原更为接近。
对于本发明的应用,必需的高支化支链淀粉的摩尔平均支化度在大于10%至25%的范围内。这意味着本发明意义上可使用的支链淀粉中,平均约每10至14个葡萄糖单元具有一个α-(1,6)键,从而具有一个支化位点。如果摩尔支化度低于10%,则延缓分支支链淀粉裂解的作用将不够充分(例如在作为血浆容量扩充剂的情况下)。如果摩尔支化度高于25%,则裂解被过度延缓,以使其作为血浆容量扩充剂的用途例如被排除。
可优选用于医学领域的一种类型的支链淀粉的特征在于摩尔支化度为11%至16%。
其它优选的高支化支链淀粉的摩尔支化度为13%至16%。
另外,高支化支链淀粉的分子量Mw也很重要。所述分子量Mw指的是重均分子量,其可用相关提供该平均值的方法测得。这些方法包括水性凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、光散射法等。
根据本发明适用的高支化支链淀粉显示的重均分子量数值通常为40,000至800,000道尔顿。分子量范围的下限数值Mw是在优选应用的情况下、基本上根据所谓的“肾阈值”而确定,其对于高分支化合物而言必须设定为约40,000。如果Mw小于40,000道尔顿,分子经肾的滤除将过快。而Mw高于800,000道尔顿时,即便对于球形结构而言极限粘度不再取决于分子量,也不能获得额外的值得提及的效用。
对于作为血浆容量扩充剂的用途而言,Mw平均值优选为90,000至300,000道尔顿,尤其适合的是120,000至250,000道尔顿的分子量Mw。
本发明的一个具体实施方案包括高支化支链淀粉,其平均摩尔支化度为11%至16%,分子量为90,000至300,000道尔顿。其它适合的本发明的实施方案包括高支化支链淀粉,其平均摩尔支化度为13%至16%,分子量Mw为120,000至250,000道尔顿。
上述参数,即支化度和分子量,使靶向作用得以发挥,从而可设定所需的药代动力学,尤其是可获得所需的α-淀粉酶裂解作用。在这方面,支链淀粉的支化度发挥关键性作用。然而分子量也影响相关的动力学过程。此外,通过改变支化位点的分布也可能影响支链淀粉的裂解动力学,以使其向所需的方向进行。
对于支链淀粉的α-淀粉酶裂解以及因此对于血浆容量扩充剂的应用而言,支化度尤其重要。由于高度支化,α-淀粉酶的进攻被极大的延迟,并且在分子中支化位点密度大的区域,α-淀粉酶的进攻被完全消除,因为α-淀粉酶不可能靠近所述区域。不过这种化合物能够被其它酶降解为寡糖并最终裂解为葡萄糖。
如果需要,本发明中使用的高支化支链淀粉也可以为其衍生物形式。这种衍生物包括支链淀粉的化学衍生物,如例如通过化学或生物技术转化可得到的那些衍生物。
优选的高支化支链淀粉衍生物是羟乙基支链淀粉、羟丙基支链淀粉和乙酰基支链淀粉。而其中使用羟乙基支链淀粉尤其有利。因此,支链淀粉裂解的动力学也受到衍生化的影响。然而在这些情况下,显著较低的衍生化程度、例如羟乙基化程度是有利的,以便获得与由正常支化支链淀粉制备的羟乙基淀粉(HES)相当的容积效应或相似的药代动力学。
本发明意义上适合的选择之一且优选用作血浆容量扩充剂的高支化支链淀粉的制备以这样一种已知的方式进行:用所谓的支化酶进行转化,所述支化酶可催化α-1,4糖苷键水解并将其转化为α-1,6糖苷化合物。这类所谓的转移酶可用已知方法、例如根据PCT WO 0018893从海藻中提取。但是,由US 4454161和EP 0418945可知,也可相应地使用其它糖原支化酶。酶法转糖基作用的实施按照已知的方式进行,如例如将蜡质玉米淀粉与相应的酶在pH约7.5、温度约30℃的温和条件下于水溶液中温育。随后再以已知的方式对反应产物进行处理,首先使酶失活或通过改变pH或过滤步骤将酶除去。
在随后优选使用盐酸进行的水解步骤中,可对所需的产品分子量进行调节。通过使用截留分子量约3,000道尔顿的膜进行渗滤,可从产物中除去低分子量化合物和在酸性水解产物的中和过程中所形成的盐。所得产物用例如喷雾干燥进行分离。
除了被用作血浆容量扩充剂外,高支化支链淀粉通常还可用于其它医药领域。因此,高支化支链淀粉在可使用基于标准支化型淀粉的标准HES产品的治疗学和外科学领域内的所有应用中均可使用。
除了作为血浆容量扩充剂的用途外,本发明还优选涉及高支化支链淀粉改进微循环的用途、作为与白细胞采集有关的细胞分离中的助沉淀剂的用途,或用于血成分如红细胞或粒细胞的低温保存的用途。
模型实施例1
支化方式不同的α-1,4/α-1,6葡萄糖化合物的对比裂解试验
在70℃、pH6.0、含30%DMSO的DMSO/水混合物中,用得自NOVOZYMES的BAN 480L型α-淀粉酶对得自SIGMA的牡蛎糖原进行裂解。通过用凝胶色谱法测定分子量的变化监测反应进程,在约2小时后通过加入苛性钠溶液使酶失活从而终止反应。中和后,使用标定截留分子量为1,000D和25,000D的醋酸纤维素超滤器进行超滤,将产物分级,以除去低分子量级分,保留高分子量级分。随后用离子交换剂Amberlite IR200C和活性炭处理产物、用乙醇沉淀并于80℃下干燥。
用1H NMR光谱测定的支化度(对端基质子信号进行积分)为摩尔支化度
15%。平均分子量Mw为
7,000道尔顿。
按照与上述同样的方法处理沸腾的稀蜡质玉米淀粉(支链淀粉≥95%)(Cerestar)。所分离的支化簇的高支化部分的摩尔支化度为11%,平均分子量Mw为
8,000道尔顿。
随后,使用猪胰α-淀粉酶(Roche)对支链淀粉的高度分支簇级分和糖原进行裂解实验,实验于37℃、pH7.2磷酸缓冲液、1%的溶液中进行,酶浓度为0.5IU/ml。通过凝胶色谱法测定分子量的变化监测裂解动力学。同时用市售的血浆容量扩充剂羟乙基淀粉(Voluven,Fresenius Kabi)进行对比裂解试验。在裂解动力学方面发现了明显的差异:对支化度为15%的级分,分子量的半衰期(起始物质的平均分子量Mw降至初始值一半的时间)
为60分钟,因此达到在同样实验条件下测定的Voluven血浆容量扩充剂的半衰期。
另一方面,平均摩尔支化度为11%的组分,半衰期显著缩短,只有
25 分钟。
模型实施例2
按照实施例1中给出的条件,使用猪胰α-淀粉酶对经NMR测定摩尔平均支化度为4%的沸腾的稀蜡质玉米淀粉(Cerestar)进行裂解试验。为此,将1%的溶液在pH7.2的磷酸盐缓冲液中短时加热至约90℃进行胶化,冷却后向产物中加入一定量的酶,使其浓度为0.5IU/ml。
试验温度为37℃。
通过凝胶色谱法测定分子量的变化从而监测裂解动力学。在与实施例1相同的条件下,10分钟内起始物质的分子量即降低一半。
与实施例1的高支化α-1,4/α-1,6葡萄糖化合物相比,平均支化度相对低的稀沸腾蜡质玉米淀粉被α-淀粉酶裂解的速度如此之快,致使其不能用作血浆容量扩充剂。
这样,两个模型实施例1和2证明:即使分子量低,但较高的支化度可延缓α-淀粉酶的裂解作用,且该效应可用于制备血浆容量扩充剂。
Claims (7)
1.高支化支链淀粉及其衍生物,其平均摩尔支化度为大于10至25%,平均分子量Mw为40,000至800,000道尔顿,用于人或动物体的外科或治疗性治疗方法或诊断方法。
2.权利要求1的高支化支链淀粉,其用作血浆容量扩充剂。
3.权利要求1的高支化支链淀粉,其用于改善微循环。
4.权利要求1的高支化支链淀粉,其在与白细胞采集相关的细胞分离中用作助沉淀剂。
5.权利要求1的高支化支链淀粉,其用于血成分如红细胞或粒细胞的低温保存。
6.上述权利要求之一的高支化支链淀粉,其平均摩尔支化度为11%至16%且分子量为90,000至300,000道尔顿。
7.上述权利要求1至5之一的高支化支链淀粉,其平均摩尔支化度为13%至16%且分子量为120,000和250,000道尔顿。
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DE10237442B4 (de) * | 2002-08-16 | 2004-08-19 | Fresenius Kabi Deutschland Gmbh | Hochverzweigte, niedrig substituierte Stärkeprodukte |
DE10256558A1 (de) * | 2002-12-04 | 2004-09-16 | Supramol Parenteral Colloids Gmbh | Ester von Polysaccharid Aldonsäuren, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung zur Kopplung an pharmazeutische Wirkstoffe |
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FR2864088B1 (fr) | 2003-12-19 | 2006-04-28 | Roquette Freres | Polymeres solubles de glucose hautement branches |
US9346029B2 (en) | 2005-06-06 | 2016-05-24 | The University Of British Columbia | Polymer-based serum albumin substitute |
EP1943908A1 (en) * | 2006-12-29 | 2008-07-16 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO | Novel slowly digestible storage carbohydrate |
CN106432747B (zh) | 2010-03-01 | 2019-11-05 | 不列颠哥伦比亚大学 | 衍生的超支化聚丙三醇 |
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CN103140503B (zh) * | 2010-06-17 | 2016-05-18 | 株式会社林原 | 含有支链淀粉的粉末及其制备方法以及用途 |
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