CN1322132A - 作为降血糖剂的生物类黄酮 - Google Patents

作为降血糖剂的生物类黄酮 Download PDF

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CN1322132A
CN1322132A CN98814241A CN98814241A CN1322132A CN 1322132 A CN1322132 A CN 1322132A CN 98814241 A CN98814241 A CN 98814241A CN 98814241 A CN98814241 A CN 98814241A CN 1322132 A CN1322132 A CN 1322132A
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卜成海
郑泰淑
崔明淑
文锡植
权容国
李恩淑
玄柄和
崔良圭
李哲浩
安秉台
李世峰
裴基焕
朴镛福
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Abstract

本发明涉及如分子式(Ⅰ)的生物类黄酮或含有同样生物类黄酮的植物提取物的降低哺乳动物血糖水平的用途。

Description

作为降血糖剂的生物类黄酮
发明领域
本发明涉及生物类黄酮的降低哺乳动物血糖水平的用途。
发明背景
在发展中国家高血糖是成年人的一种常见病。I型高血糖即胰岛素依赖性糖尿病可以通过给予胰岛素而治疗，但有90％以上的高血糖患者患有非胰岛素依赖性高血糖，对于这种类型的高血糖，胰岛素治疗是无效的。尽管已开发了许多用于非胰岛素依赖性高血糖患者的药物，但它们仍然是无效且相对毒性的。
本发明的发明者致力于开发在降低血糖水平方面有增强的效果的无毒的药物，并且未预期地发现生物类黄酮显示极好的降低血糖水平的效果。
至今，柑桔皮仍被丢弃或仅被用于动物饲料或有机肥料的制备。干的柑桔皮包括50-60wt％的醇不溶性聚合物，例如果胶、半纤维素和纤维素，30-50wt％的醇溶性固体物质(其80wt％由葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖组成)，以及少量的生物类黄酮、维生素、柠檬苦素类似物、酚化合物和油类。特别地，各种生物类黄酮，例如表1中所列的那些，存在于柑桔皮中(Horowitz，R.M.，et al.， J.org.chem，25，2183-2187(1960))。橙皮苷是在橙、柠檬和红橘中发现的主要生物类黄酮组分。柚苷代表圆柚中主要的生物类黄酮组分。在枸橼中柚苷和桔皮苷的量几乎相等。
                        表1
柑桔属水果                  生物类黄酮
圆柚 芹菜配基、二氢莰非醇、圣草酚、橙皮素、橙皮苷、异鼠李黄素、异野樱素、莰非醇、柚配基、柚苷、新橙皮苷、枸桔苷、五羟黄酮、芸香苷
柠檬 芹菜配基、芹菜配基7-云香糖苷、金圣草黄素、香叶木苷、圣草次苷、橙皮苷、异鼠李黄素、柠檬黄素、甲氧基柠檬黄素、藤黄菌素7-芸香糖苷、柚苷、新橙皮苷、枸桔苷、五羟黄酮
橙 酸橙黄酮、橙皮苷、异野樱素7-芸香糖苷、柚苷、新橙皮苷、川皮苷、芸香苷、橙黄酮、红桔素、牡荆葡基黄酮
红橘 橙皮苷、川皮苷、红桔素
已报导从柑桔皮中分离出来的生物类黄酮具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗病毒和降血压的活性(Saija，A.，et al.， Free Radical Biol.Med.， 19，481-486(1995)；Matsubara，Y.，et al.， Japan Organic Synthesis Chem.Association Journal， 52，318-327(1994，Mar.)；Galati，E.M.，et al.，Farmaco.， 51(3)，219-221(1996 Mar.)；Felicia，V.，et al.，Nutr.Cancer，26，167-181(1996)；EP 0352147 A2(1990.1.24)；以及Kaul，T.N.，et al.，J.Med.Viol.， 15，71-75(1985))。
但是，生物类黄酮从未被报导具有降低血糖水平的活性。
发明综述
因而，本发明的主要目的是提供生物类黄酮的降低哺乳动物血糖水平的新的用途。
根据本发明，提供如分子式(I)的生物类黄酮或含同样生物类黄酮的植物提取物的降低哺乳动物血糖水平的用途：
Figure A9881424100061
其中
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8和R9各自独立地是氢；羟基基团；被-个或多个取代基任选地取代的C1-9烷氧基基团，该取代基选自羟基、C1-5烷氧基、芳氧基，以及被1到3个选自由羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、硝基和酰胺基组成的组的取代基取代的苯基基团；被1到3个选自由羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、硝基和酰胺基组成的组的取代基取代的C5-9环烷氧基团；被1到3个选自由羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、硝基和氨基基团组成的组的取代基取代的C5-9环烷羰氧基；被一个或多个取代基任选地取代的C2-10或C16-18酸基基团，该取代基选自羟基、C1-5烷氧基、芳氧基、以及被1到3个选自由羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、硝基组成的组的取代基取代的苯基基团；云香糖基基团；或鼠李糖基基团；且
X是单键或双键。发明详述
在本发明的生物类黄酮中，优选的是如分子式(I)的生物类黄酮，其中，R1是H；R2是OH、芸香糖基或鼠李糖基基团；R3是H；R4是OH；R5是H、OH或芸香糖基基团；R6是H；R7是H或OH；R8是OH式OCH3；且R9是H。
本发明的如分子式(I)的特别优选的生物类黄酮列于表2。
                                     表2
R1  R2  R3  R4   R5  R6  R7  R8  R9   X
  圣草酚 H  OH  H  OH   H  H  OH  OH  H 单键
  橙皮苷 H  ORut  H  OH   H  H  OH  OCH3  H 单键
  橙皮素 H  OH  H  OH   H  H  OH  OCH3  H 单键
  柚苷 H  ORha  H  OH   H  H  H  OH  H 单键
  柚配基 H  OH  H  OH   H  H  H  OH  H 单键
  芹菜配基 H  OH  H  OH   H  H  H  OH  H 双键
  藤黄菌素 H  OH  H  OH   H  H  OH  OH  H 双键
  香叶木素 H  ORut  H  OH   H  H  OH  OCH3  H 双键
  莰非醇 H  OH  H  OH   OH  H  H  OH  H 双键
  五羟基黄酮 H  OH  H  OH   OH  H  OH  OH  H 双键
  芸香苷 H  OH  H  OH   ORut  H  OH  OH  H 双键
注)ORut：芸香糖基基团Orha：鼠李糖基基团
本发明的生物类黄酮可以从各种植物中提取，包括蔬菜如莴苣和洋葱，水果如柑桔属水果，以及谷类如荞麦，或者根据Zemplen，Bognar在 Ber.，1403(1943)和Seka，Prosche， Monatsh.， 69，284(1936)中描述的常规方法合成。例如，芸香苷和五羟黄酮可以用合适的溶剂如水或含水醇在高温高压下从荞麦中提取。或者，可以将荞麦种子在Ca(OH)2或Na(OH)水溶液中放置过夜，然后中和后可以收集到粗的芸香苷沉淀。另外，荞麦的种子、叶、茎和花的干粉也可以被使用。通常荞麦叶和茎中的芸香苷含量为约0.6％，在荞麦花中其含量为约3％。
在本发明中可以使用的柑桔可以为红橘、橙、柠檬、圆柚和枸橼。优选地，使用没有被化学农药污染的柑桔属果皮。用水或其它合适的溶剂如含水乙醇、Ca(OH)2和NaOH水溶液，可以用任何常规方法制备柑桔皮提取物。
另一方面，如分子式(II)的新橙皮苷双氢查尔酮(C28H36O15)也可以用来降低血糖水平，它可以容易地从柚苷衍生而来，其甜度比蔗糖高1000到1500倍：
如分子式(I)和(II)的生物类黄酮在剂量仅为0.1mg/Kg/天时就开始发挥降低血糖水平的功效，该功效随其剂量增加而增加。
而且，尽管它们的功效有力，在用小鼠进行的试验中生物类黄酮和含有同样生物类黄酮的植物提取物几乎未显示毒性和促有丝分裂性。更具体地，当以1000mg/Kg的剂量口服给予小鼠柚苷、柚配基、橙皮苷、橙皮素、香叶木苷、新橙皮苷双氢查尔酮、五羟黄酮或芸香苷时，未显示毒性。另外，生物类黄酮或植物提取物对肝功能无不利影响。
本发明也提供了一种用于降低血糖水平的药物组合物，其包括作为活性组分的生物类黄酮或含有同样生物类黄酮的植物提取物以及药学可接受的赋形剂、载体或稀释剂。
可根据任何常规过程制备药物配方。在制备配方时，活性组分优选用载体混合或稀释，或者封装于胶囊、小药囊(sachet)或其它容器的形式的载体中。当载体用作稀释剂时，其可以是固体、半固体或液体物质，来充当活性组分的载色剂、赋形剂或介质。因此，配方的形式可是片剂、丸剂、粉剂、小药囊剂、酏剂、混悬剂、乳剂、溶液剂、糖浆剂、气雾剂、软或硬明胶胶囊、无菌注射液、无菌小包装(packaged)粉剂等。
合适的载体、赋形剂和稀释剂的例子是乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、山梨醇、甘露醇、淀粉、阿拉伯树胶、藻酸盐、明胶、磷酸钙、硅酸钙、纤维素、甲基纤维素、微晶纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、水、羟基苯甲酸甲酯、羟基苯甲酸丙酯、滑石、硬脂酸镁和矿物油。配方另外可以包括填充剂、抗凝剂、润滑剂、湿润剂、矫味剂、乳化剂、防腐剂等。本发明的组合物可通过使用任何本领域熟知的过程来配方以在将它们给予哺乳动物后提供活性成分的速释、缓释或延迟释放。
本发明的药物组合物可通过各种途径给予，包括口服、经皮、皮下、静脉内和肌内引入。对于人类，生物类黄酮通常的每日剂量可以在约0.1到500mg/Kg体重，优选为0.5到100mg/Kg体重，并且可单次剂量或分多次剂量给予。
然而，应该理解实际给予的活性组分的量应该由各种相关因素确定，这些因素包括要治疗的症状、选择的给予途径、各病人的年龄、性别和体重，以及病人症状的严重程度；因而，以上剂量不应试图以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
另外，生物类黄酮或含有同样生物类黄酮的植物提取物可以作为添加剂或营养强化剂而被混入食品或饮料中，用以降低血糖水平。食品或饮料可以包括肉；汁如蔬菜汁(例如胡萝卜汁和番茄汁)和果汁(例如橙汁、葡萄汁、菠萝汁、苹果汁和香蕉汁)；巧克力；小吃；糖果；比萨；用谷粉制成的食品如面包、蛋糕、薄脆饼干、曲奇、饼干、面条等；胶质软糖；乳制品如牛奶、干酪、酸奶和冰淇淋；汤；肉汤；酱，番茄酱和沙司；茶；酒精饮料；碳酸饮料例如可口可乐、百事可乐；维生素复合物；以及各种保健食品。
在这种情况中，食品或饮料中的生物类黄酮或含有同样生物类黄酮的植物提取物的含量可以在0.01-50％(重量)，优选在0.05-10％(重量)。特别地，根据本发明的饮料可以每1000ml饮料包括200到1000mg生物类黄酮或含有同样生物类黄酮的植物提取物。在植物粉的情况中，其在食品或饮料的含量可以为0.5-10％(重量)。
如上所描述，生物类黄酮或含有同样生物类黄酮的植物提取物可以被用作有效、无毒的降血糖水平药物。
以下实施例试图进一步说明本发明而不限制本发明的范围。
另外，以下所给的固体混合物中固体的百分比、液体中液体的百分比以及液体中固体的百分比分别基于wt/wt、vol/vol、wt/vol，且除非特别说明，所有的反应都在室温下进行。实施例1：口服给予芸香素的毒性
12只七周大的无特殊病原体ICR雌性小鼠，六只雌性小鼠，每只约重25到29g，六只雄性小鼠，每只约重34到38g，在温度为22±1℃，相对湿度为55±5％，光周期为12L/12D的环境中饲养。饲料(Cheiljedang Co.，小鼠和大鼠饲料)和水被灭菌并喂给小鼠。
将购自Aldrich-Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis，MO，U.S.A.)的芸香苷溶于0.5％的吐温80，浓度为100mg/ml，将该溶液以每20g小鼠体重0.2ml的量口服给予小鼠。给予溶液一次后，按照以下时间表观察小鼠10天以得到不利影响和死亡的信号：给药后的1、4、8、12小时，其后每隔12小时。每天记录小鼠的体重变化来检验柑桔皮提取物的效果。另外，在第十天处死小鼠并目视观察小鼠的内部器官。
所有的小鼠在第十天都活着，芸香苷在剂量为1000mg/Kg时未显示毒性。尸体解剖表明小鼠没有发生任何病理学异常，并且在十天的观察期中未观察到体重减轻。实施例2：给予动物生物类黄酮
40只三周大的雄性Sprague-Dowley大鼠(Taihan实验动物中心，韩国)用实验室食物(Lab.Chow)颗粒饲料(Cheiljedang Co.)饲养直到其平均体重达到280g。在大鼠体内用链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病，已知链脲佐菌素特异性地作用于胰腺的β-细胞而对其它器官没有任何不利影响，如下( 参见Junod A，et al.， J.Clin.Invest.， 48，2129-2139(1969))。
将购自Sigma Chemical Co.的链脲佐菌素溶解于柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH＝4.5)中，以45mg/Kg体重的量肌内注射于大鼠。控制链脲佐菌素的浓度以使最大注射体积低于1ml。注射24小时后，从大鼠尾静脉取血样并用Glucocard II GT-1629(Kyto Daiichi Kagaku Co.，LTP，5616239型)测定血糖水平。大鼠的血糖水平在350到400mg/dl的范围内，说明所有的大鼠都被诱导了糖尿病(正常值：118mg/dl)。
给予生物类黄酮对大鼠血糖水平的影响如下被确定。
注射链脲佐菌素一天后，将大鼠禁食6小时，从它们的尾静脉取血样来证实这些大鼠的高血糖症。然后，这些大鼠通过随机区组设计被分成四个饮食组(n＝10)。
这四个组的大鼠分别用AIN-76(美国营养研究院)半纯化食物(对照组)，以及含有0.05％的柚苷(柚苷组)、0.05％的橙皮苷(橙皮苷组)和0.05％的芸香苷(芸香苷组)的AIN半纯化食物饲养。大鼠在恒温(25±2℃)，恒湿(50±5℃)和自然光的条件下饲养五周，同时允许其自由获取食物和水。
五周结束时，将大鼠禁食12小时，之后用醚麻醉，接着从下腔静脉取血样。每份血样在3000rpm，4℃离心分离15分钟以分离血清。血清的血糖水平用Glucocond II GT-1629(Kyto Daiichi KagakuCo.，LTP，5616239型)测定，结果列于表3。
                        表3
    组   血糖水平(mg/dl)     ％降低
    对照组     730.50±64.65     -
    0.05％柚苷     600.43±52.03     18
    0.05％橙皮苷     615.30±42.10     16
    0.05％芸香苷     580.50±42.10     21
从表3中可以看出，柚苷组、橙皮苷组和芸香苷组的血糖水平分别比对照组中的血糖水平低18％、16％和21％。实施例3：口服给予人生物类黄酮
分别用每日口服剂量5mg/Kg的柚苷、10mg/Kg的橙皮苷和5mg/Kg的芸香苷对三个五十多岁的男性治疗2个月。在给予前后测定血糖水平。
结果列于表4中。
                      表4
    组     血糖水平(mg/dl)   ％降低
    给予前 给予后2个月
    柚苷     218     180     17
    橙皮苷     150     110     23
    芸香苷     150     100     33
实施例4：降低血糖水平药
用以下组分制备硬明胶胶囊：
                                    数量(mg/胶囊)活性组分(生物类黄酮)                    200维生素C                                 50乳糖(载体)                              150总计                                    400mg实施例5：含有生物类黄酮的食品
(1)番茄酱和沙司的制备
柚苷以0.01-50wt％的量加入到番茄酱或沙司中，得到改善健康的番茄汁酱或沙司。
(2)小麦面粉食品的制备
芸香苷以0.01-50wt％的量加入到小麦面粉中，用该混合物制备面包、蛋糕、曲奇、薄脆饼干和面条，得到改善健康的食品。
(3)汤和勾芡肉汤的制备
五羟黄酮以0.01-50wt％的量加入到汤和勾芡肉汤中，得到改善健康的汤与勾芡肉汤。
(4)绞细牛肉的制备
香叶木苷以0.01-50wt％的量加入到绞细牛肉中，得到改善健康的绞细牛肉。
(5)乳制品的制备
芸香苷或五羟黄酮以0.01-50wt％的量加入到牛奶中，用这种牛奶制备各种乳制品如黄油和冰淇淋。
但是，在干酪的制备中，芸香苷或五羟黄酮加入到凝固乳蛋白质中；在酸奶的制备中，芸香苷和五羟黄酮加入到发酵后得到的凝固乳奶蛋白质中。实施例6：含有生物类黄酮的饮料
(1)将200到1000mg橙皮苷加入到1000ml番茄汁或胡萝卜汁中，得到改善健康的蔬菜汁。
(2)果汁的制备
将200到1000mg橙皮苷加入到1000ml苹果汁或葡萄汁中，得到改善健康的果汁。
(3)碳酸饮料的制备
将200到1000mg橙皮苷加入到1000ml可口可乐或百事可乐中，得到改善健康的碳酸饮料。实施例7：含有生物类黄酮的保健食品
(1)通过混合下列组分并将混合物压片制备保健食品
                                       数量(wt/wt％)柚苷，橙皮苷                               200人参粉或提取物                             20甜味剂或食用香料                           75总计                                       100mg
(2)荞麦粉的制备及从荞麦中提取芸香苷
荞麦种子、叶、茎和花在室温下干燥然后制成粉末。
或者，荞麦叶和花各100g被提取两次，每次用200ml 70％乙醇在40℃提取5小时。这样得到的提取物被过滤。得到的提取物分别含1.8％和4％的芸香苷。
另外，Ca(OH)2加入到荞麦叶或花中，使pH＝12.0，该混合物放置过夜。调节混合物的pH至6到7，回收产生的沉淀，得到粗的芸香苷(纯度：40-50％)。
含有这样得到的芸香苷粉末或提取物的药品或保健食品可以根据常规方法制备。
(3)制备含有以下组分的混合物：
                                    数量 (wt/wt％)洋葱粉                                  40大蒜粉                                  10枣粉                                    30荞麦花粉                                5干葡萄粉                                15总计                                    100
尽管本发明已根据以上特定实施方案进行了描述，但应认识到，本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种修饰和改变，它们也属于所附权利要求书定义的本发明的范围之内。

Claims (11)

1.如分子式(I)的生物类黄酮或含有同样生物类黄酮的植物提取物的降低哺乳动物血糖水平的用途：
Figure A9881424100021
其中
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8和R9各自独立地是氢；羟基基团；被一个或多个取代基任选地取代的C1-9烷氧基，该取代基选自羟基、C1-5烷氧基、芳氧基，以及被1到3个选自由羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、硝基和酰胺基组成的组的取代基取代的苯基基团；被1到3个选自由羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、硝基和酰胺基组成的组的取代基取代的C5-9环烷氧基团；被1到3个选自由羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、硝基和酰胺基组成的组的取代基取代的C5-9环烷羰氧基基团；被一个或多个取代基任选地取代的C2-10或C16-18酸基基团，该取代基选自羟基、C1-5烷氧基、芳氧基、以及被1到3个选自由羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、硝基组成的组的取代基取代的苯基基团；云香糖基基团；或鼠李糖基基团；且
X是单键或双键。
2.根据权利要求1的用途，其中的哺乳动物是人。
3.根据权利要求2的用途，其中的生物类黄酮的有效量是0.1-500mg/Kg体重/天。
4.根据权利要求1的用途，其中的生物类黄酮是橙皮苷、橙皮素、柚苷、柚配基、香叶木苷、芸香苷、五羟黄酮或其混合物。
5.根据权利要求1的用途，其中的植物提取物是蔬菜或水果提取物。
6.根据权利要求5的用途，其中的蔬菜提取物是荞麦幼芽、种子、茎、叶或花的提取物。
7.根据权利要求1的用途，其中的生物类黄酮或植物提取物以药物组合物的形式给予。
8.根据权利要求1的用途，其中的生物类黄酮或植物提取物以食品或饮料中的添加剂或营养强化剂的形式给予。
9.根据权利要求8的用途，其中食品中生物类黄酮的含量是0.01-50％(重量)。
10.根据权利要求8的用途，其中饮料中生物类黄酮的含量是每1000ml饮料中200到1000mg。
11.一种降低哺乳动物血糖水平的用途，包括给予其有效量的如分子式(II)的新橙皮苷双氢查尔酮：
Figure A9881424100031
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