CN1306458A - 含有以次膦酸盐配位体为基础的第八族金属配合物的催化剂,及加氢甲醯化和氢氰化的方法 - Google Patents
含有以次膦酸盐配位体为基础的第八族金属配合物的催化剂,及加氢甲醯化和氢氰化的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1306458A CN1306458A CN99807545A CN99807545A CN1306458A CN 1306458 A CN1306458 A CN 1306458A CN 99807545 A CN99807545 A CN 99807545A CN 99807545 A CN99807545 A CN 99807545A CN 1306458 A CN1306458 A CN 1306458A
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- group
- alkyl
- aryl
- ligand
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 238000005669 hydrocyanation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000007037 hydroformylation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 22
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphinic acid Chemical class O[PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- -1 sulphur anilide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 60
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 53
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical group [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000000052 vinegar Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 235000021419 vinegar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 claims description 23
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010941 cobalt Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical group [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010948 rhodium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical group [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000003262 carboxylic acid ester group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 claims description 12
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical group [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical class [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003931 anilides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen cyanide Chemical compound N#C LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000000 cycloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical group [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002837 carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical group [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008052 alkyl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001925 cycloalkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002390 heteroarenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 15
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 15
- 235000013495 cobalt Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 14
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 13
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 13
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-acid Natural products C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 7
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromobenzene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC=C1 QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 6
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 6
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000000058 cyclopentadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC1)* 0.000 description 5
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-7-carboxylate Chemical compound C1N(C(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CCCC11CNCC1 ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Heptene Chemical compound CCCCCC=C ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyruvic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)C(O)=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006887 Ullmann reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- GYHFUZHODSMOHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanal Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=O GYHFUZHODSMOHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 125000001118 alkylidene group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- 239000003426 co-catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种含有至少一个单,双,或多齿次膦酸盐配位体的至少一种含有第八族金属配合物的催化剂,其中该次膦酸盐的磷原子及氧原子为一五元到八元杂环的部分,以及涉及在此种催化剂存在下,对含有至少一个乙烯双键的化合物的加氢甲醯化及氢氰化的方法。
Description
本发明涉及一种含有至少一个单,二,或多齿次膦酸盐配位体的至少一种含有第八族金属配合物的催化剂,其中该次膦酸盐的磷原子及氧原子为一五元到八元杂环的部分,以及涉及在此种催化剂存在下,对含有至少一个乙烯不饱和双键的化合物的加氢甲醯化和氢氰化的方法。
加氢甲醯化或称羰基合成,为一种重要工业方法,系用来将烯烃,一氧化碳,及氢制备醛。这些醛类在适合需要时,可在同样操作下用氢加氢,得到相应的羰基合成醇类。反应本身是高度放热的,通常是在催化剂存在下,在高压高温下进行。所用催化剂为钴,铑,及钌化合物或配合物,其可以用含胺或含膦配位体改性,以影响活性及/或选择性。额外添加助催化剂迄今仍未有操作上的意义。加氢甲醯化反应中,由于可能会将CO加到双键中两个碳原子的每一个上,从而得到异构醛类混合物。此外,当使用内烯烃时,双键由内部向链端的异构化可能发生。在这些异构混合物中,正构醛较异构醛受欢迎,因为正构醛具有较大工业重要性,故一个目标是使加氢甲醯化催化剂达到较高正构选择性为最有效。
Beller等人在分子催化杂志A,104(1995),17-85页中,对加氢甲醯化方法作了评述。该文所述的参考实施例中并未叙述以二或多齿次膦酸盐配位体为基础,且该次膦酸盐基为一五元到八元杂环部分的加氢甲醯化催化剂。
EP-A0599284叙述一种环烯烃聚合物成型组合物,它用有机磷化合物稳定,以抗不希望的氧化、热及光化学损害。此例可使用的多种稳定剂为次膦酸盐,其中次膦酸基所含磷与氧原子为一六元杂环的一部分。DE-A4021195及WO92/00306叙述一种以Grignard合成制备这些有机磷化合物的方法,及其使塑料稳定的应用。此处的有机磷化合物的配合物,以及在加氢甲醯化催化剂中作为配位体的应用,均未曾叙及。
烯烃经催化氢氰化制备腈也有重大工业意义。其通常是在适当催化剂存在下,使单、双或聚烯烃与氰化氢反应,以生成单、双,或聚腈或其混合物,它们亦甚为重要,尤其是作为胺的前体,例如制备聚醯胺。
“有机金属化合物的应用均相催化作用”第1卷,VCH Weinheim,465页以后,提供了用于氢氰酸加成到烯烃中的多相及均相催化剂一般说明。所用的催化剂具体为以镍及钯的膦,亚磷酸盐,及膦酸盐配合物为基础的催化剂。
氢氰化通常所用催化剂具体为如同上述的亚磷酸镍(O)催化剂。
C.A.Tolman等人在有机金属化合物1984,3,33页以后,叙述了在亚磷酸镍(O)配合物存在下烯烃的催化氢氰化,特别重点在氢氰酸加成反应中路易士酸的影响。
催化作用进展,第33卷,1985,Academic Press Inc.,第1页以后,提供了对均相镍催化的烯烃氢氰化的评论式说明。所用催化剂为有膦及亚磷酸盐配位体的镍(O)配合物。
化学学会志,化学通讯,1991,1292页叙述非对称芳基二亚磷酸盐为配位体的氢氰化催化剂。该配位体亚磷酸盐基通过本身2个氧原子与2,2’-二萘单元的3及3’位置键联,由此而形成一七元杂环。亦可以两个该杂环经一2,2’-二萘单元连成一二齿螯合配位体。
化学学会志,化学通讯,1991,803页以后,叙述采用2,2’-二苯基单元取代2,2’-二萘基单元螯合镍(O)以及铂(O)的二亚磷酸盐配合物。
WO95/28228叙述对另外含有非共轭腈基或非共轭或共轭酯基的脂族单烯烃的氢氰化的方法。此处所用镍(O)催化剂同样含有二齿亚磷酸盐配位体,其中亚磷酸基为芳基稠合的杂环的部分。
WO95/29153叙述采用以零价镍及单齿亚磷酸盐配位体为基础的催化剂的单烯烃氢氰化的方法。该配位体的亚磷酸盐基与其本身两个氧原子一起为一芳基稠合的七元杂环的部分。亚磷酸盐基的第三个氧原子携带t-丁基取代的苯基,后者还可有取代基。
WO96/11182叙述一种脂族单乙烯属不饱和化合物的氢氰化的方法,其中乙烯属双键与另一不饱和基不共轭或者其中乙烯属双键与酯基共轭。此处在以路易士酸为助催化剂存在下,采用以多齿亚磷酸盐配位体为基础的镍(O)催化剂。该多齿配位体的亚磷酸盐基为芳基稠合的杂环的组份,可通过芳基稠合的基连结。
WO96/22968叙述一种二烯烃化合物氢氰化的方法,以及利用丙烯脂族二烯烃和氰化氢源反应,得到未共轭2-烃基-3-单烯烃腈的异构化的方法。此处反应在液相进行。所用氢氰化催化剂与WO96/11182中所述同类。
US-A5,512,695揭示内容与WO95/28228相当。
除了以上所述以单,二,及多齿亚磷酸盐配位体为基础的氢氰化催化剂外,以次膦酸盐配位体为基础的催化剂亦为人所知。美国化学学会志,1994,116,9869页后和US-A-5484902叙述用于对以非对称、非外消旋、二齿螯合次磷酸盐配位体为基础的芳香族乙烯基化合物进行对映选择性氢氰化的催化剂。此处优选使用的配位体为一苯基2,3-双-O-(3,5-双(三氟甲基)苯基)膦-4,6-O-亚苄基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。
US-A5,523,453叙述一种对单烯烃氢氰化的方法,其可在存在以路易士酸为助催化剂以及镍(O)催化剂下,额外具有一个氰基。此类催化剂含有以螯合次磷酸盐为基础配位体,其中两个芳基取代的次膦酸盐基经由其氧原子及一芳基稠合的烯桥连结一起。
以上所述参考文献中,无一叙及以次膦酸盐配位体为基础的氢氰化催化剂,而其次膦酸盐基为一五元到八元杂环部分。
US-A3,766,237叙述一种在镍催化剂存在下,对可含有其它功能基如腈的乙烯属未饱和化合物氢氰化的方法。该镍催化剂具有M(X,Y,Z)通式的4个配位体,其中X,Y及Z各自独立为R或OR基,而R选自含18碳原子以下的烷基或芳基。然而仅有膦及亚磷酸盐于此处述及,并用在氢氰化的实施例中。另一方面,也未提及可用次膦酸盐基为杂环部分的次膦酸盐为配位体作为镍(O)氢氰化催化剂的配位体。
本发明目的之一是提供以第八族金属配合物为基础的新型催化剂。其优选适用于加氢甲醯化和/或氢氰化,并具有良好的催化活性。
本发明人已发现,此目的可藉含有至少一单,双,或多齿次膦酸盐配位体,其次膦酸盐基为一五元到八元杂环部分的第八族金属配合物为基础的催化剂来达到。
因此,本发明涉及一种含有至少一种含有至少一种单,双,或多齿次膦酸盐配位体的第八族金属配合物的催化剂,其通式Ⅰ为:其中A,以及与之键结的次膦酸盐基部分一起为一五元到八元杂环,它任选一次、二次或三次与环烷基、芳基和/或杂芳基稠合,其中该稠合的基团可各自有1、2、3或4个选自烷基、烷氧基、卤素、硝基、氰基、羧基和羧酯基的取代基,R1为烷基、芳基或杂芳基,其中每一个可任选有1、2或3个选自烷基、环烷基、芳基、烷氧基、环烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基、氰基,羧基、羧酯基、醯基、硫醯基、NE1E2及亚烷基-NE1E2的取代基,E1及E2可为相同的或不同的,选自烷基、环烷基与芳基;或为下列通式(Ⅱ)的基团
-X-Y (Ⅱ)其中X或为C2-C8-亚烷基桥,任选被SiRaRb、N、NRc、O或S间隔,其中Ra和Rb为氢、烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基或氰基,Rc为氢、烷基或芳基,其中芳基任选被烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基或氰基单或双取代,任选有一、二或三个双键和/或任选与芳基和/或杂芳基稠合一、二或三次,其中该芳基或杂芳基可各自独立任选有1、2、3或4个选自烷基、环烷基、芳基、烷氧基、环烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基、氰基、醯基、羧基、羧酯基、硫醯基、磺酸酯基、NE1E2及亚烷基-NE1E2的取代基,其中E1和E2同上所定义,相邻稠合的环任选与SiRaRb、N、NRc、O或S或与C1-C6亚烷基桥连接,后者任选还带有选自SiRaRb、N、NRc、O或S的基团,其中Ra,Rb和Rc如上所定义;或为任选取代的金属茂桥;及Y为式Ⅲ的基团其中D具上述A的相同意义,而m与n各自独立为0或1,或其盐类。
对于本发明来说,“烷基”一词含有直链和支链烷基。优选直链或支链的C1-C8-烷基,更优选C1-C6-烷基,特别优选C1-C4烷基。烷基的例子具体为甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、2-丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、2-戊基、2-甲基丁基、3-甲基丁基、1,2-二甲基丙基、1,1-二甲基丙基、2,2-二甲基丙基、1-乙基丙基、正己基、2-己基、2-甲基戊基、3-甲基戊基、4-甲基戊基、1,2-二甲基丁基、1,3-二甲基丁基、2,3-二甲基丁基、1,1-二甲基丁基、2,2-二甲基丁基、3,3-二甲基丁基、1,1,2-三甲基丙基、1,2,2-三甲基丙基、1-乙基丁基、2-乙基丁基、1-乙基-2-甲基丙基、正庚基、2-庚基、3-庚基、2-乙基戊基、1-丙基丁基、辛基。
对于本发明来说,“亚烷基”一词含有直键的任选取代的有1到8碳原子的亚烷基。若X为一亚烷基桥,那么它有2到8,优选3到6、特别优选3到5个碳原子。此亚烷基桥可被杂原子基团,例如Si、SiRaRb、N、NRc、O或S间隔,尤其是O与NRc,其中Ra和Rb为氢、烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基或氰基,而Rc为氢、烷基或芳基,其中该芳基任选被烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基或氰基单或双取代。对于X来说,不含杂原子的亚烷基桥是优选的。此外,该亚烷基桥可有1、2或3个、优选1或2个双键,和/或可任选与芳基和/或杂芳基、优选芳基稠合1、2、或3次、优选1或2次。任选稠合的芳基或杂芳基可各自独立有1、2、3或4个、优选1、2或3个,选自烷基、环烷基、芳基、烷氧基、环烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基、氰基、醯基、羧基、羧酯基、NE1E2或亚烷基-NE1E2的取代基,E1及E2为相同的或不同的,均选自烷基、环烷基及芳基。如果亚烷基带有NE1E2基,其优选含1到4碳原子,特别优选1到2碳原子,亚甲基与亚乙基是特别优选的。稠合的芳基和杂芳基的取代基优选自烷基、烷氧基、三氟甲基、卤素及羧酸酯基。
该环烷基优选C5-C7-环烷基,例如环戊基,环己基或环庚基。
若该环烷基是被取代的,那么优选有1、2、3、4或5个,特别优选为1、2或3个选自烷基、烷氧基或卤素的取代基。
芳基优选为苯基、甲苯基、二甲苯基、基、萘基、蒽基、苯蒽基、萘蒽基,而特别优选苯基或萘基。
取代的芳基优选有1、2、3或4个,特别是1、2或3个选自烷基、烷氧基、羧酸酯基或卤素的取代基。
杂芳基优选为吡啶基、喹啉基、吖啶基、哒嗪基、嘧啶基或吡嗪基。
取代的杂芳基优选有1、2或3个选自烷基、烷氧基或卤素的取代基。
以上所述烷基、环烷基和芳基也适用于相应的烷氧基、环烷氧基及芳氧基。
该NE1E2基优选为N,N-二甲基、N,N-二乙基、N,N-二丙基、N,N-二异丙基、N,N-二-正丁基、N,N-二叔丁基,N,N-二-环己基或N,N-二芳基胺基。
卤素为氟、氯、溴、碘,优选氟、氯和溴。
对于本发明来说,羧酸酯基优选为羧酸分子部分的衍生物,特别是金属羧酸盐,羧酸酯分子部分或为羧酸醯分子部分,特别优选羧酸酯分子部分。
或R1为通式(Ⅱ)的基团
-X-Y (Ⅱ)则X优选自2,3-亚二甲苯基、2,2’-亚联苯基,2,2’-亚联萘基及亚芳基,特别优选亚苯基及亚萘基,而与O、S及NRc相连,其中Rc意义同上所述。此外,各苯基单元可以另有1、2或3个取代基,各萘基单元可有1到4、优选1到3个取代基,它们选自烷基、环烷基、芳基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基、氰基、醯基、羧基和羧酸酯基,特别优选烷基、烷氧基、三氟甲基和羧酸酯基。苯基和萘基单元可另与O、S或NRc或C1-C6亚烷基桥连接,其可被O、S或NRc间隔,该Rc定义已如上述。Y优选为亚磷酸盐,膦酸盐,或次膦酸盐配位体,其中O-P-O(n=1)或P-O(n=O)同样为5-8元杂环部分。以上已对根据本发明式(Ⅰ)的次膦酸盐配位体的杂环定出定义。此外,以上对A的定义亦适用于D,A及D可相同的或不同的。
X亦可是一种金属双茂桥,它任选有1个或多个它种取代基。
对于本发明来说,“金属茂”一词指的是一种夹心式金属配合物,而两个η5-或η6-键联的不饱和或芳香环系统可平行或成角度排列,视其中心金属原子而定。适合作中央金属原子的金属为适合根据本发明催化剂使用条件下,形成具有足够稳定性的稳定夹心配合物的所有金属,但优选铁、钴、镍、钌、锇、铑、锰、铬或钒,特别优选铁、钴及镍。金属茂配合物中的金属优选有氧化数0、+1或+2。适合的可η5-及η6-络合的未饱和或芳香环系统为环戊二烯基,茚基,芴基、甘菊环基、苯、萘、蒽及菲,所述的环系统例如可含1到5个、优选1到3个上述取代基,尤其是烷基、烷氧基及亚烷基-NE1E2,特别优选甲基、异丙基及叔丁基。
X优选为式Ⅳ.1,Ⅳ.2,Ⅳ.3,Ⅳ.4,Ⅳ.5,Ⅳ.6,Ⅳ.7或Ⅳ.8的基团 其中R2、R2’、R3、R3’各自独立为氢、烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基、氰基、醯基、羧基或羧酸酯基,R4为氢、烷基(优选甲基)或芳基(优选苯基),其可任选被烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基或氰基取代,且R5,R5’,R6,R6’,R7,R7’,R8,R8’,R12,R12’,R13,R13’具有同R2及R3定义,或各自独立选自环烷基、芳基或烷基,其可被氧原子间隔,或被式NE1E2的基团取代,其中E1及E2具上述意义;或在每种情况下,两相邻取代基R5、R6、R7、R8和/或R5’、R6’、R7’、R8’以及联接它们的环戊二烯基环部分表示一芳香族或非芳香族5-到7-元碳环或杂环,其中该杂环有1、2或3个选自O,N,NRc及S的杂基,M为铁、钴、镍、钌、锇、铑、锰、铬或钒,Z1为O、S及NRc,或C2-到C3-亚烷基桥,被O、S或NRc间隔,Z2及Z3各自独立为CH2、SiRaBb、O、S、NRc或CRaRb,其中Ra,Rb及Rc
各具同上所述意义。
以上对优选A基的叙述也适用于相应的优选D基团。
当Ⅳ.7中R5、R5’、R6、R6’、R7、R7’、R8或R8’任一基团为烷基,且在醚链中它被氧原子间隔时,则它们例如可为2-甲氧基乙基、2-乙氧基乙基、2-丙氧基乙基、2-丁氧基乙基、2-或3-甲氧基丙基、2-或3-乙氧基丙基、2-或3-丙氧基丙基、2-或3-丁氧基丙基、2-或4-甲氧基丁基、2-或4-乙氧基丁基、2-或4-丁氧基丁基。
当Ⅳ.7中R5、R5’、R6、R6’、R7、R7’、R8或R8’任一基为烷基,且被式NE1E2的基团取代时,它们例如可为N,N-二甲基胺基甲基、N,N-二甲基胺基乙基、N,N-二乙基胺基甲基、N,N-二乙基胺基乙基或N,N-二甲基胺基丙基。
当Ⅳ.7中R5、R6、R7、R8及/或相邻的R5’、R6’、R7’、R8’任两个取 代基同联结它们的环戊二烯基环部分表示芳香族或非芳香族的5-到7-元碳环或杂环,其额外有1,2,或3个选自O、N、及S的杂原子时,它们例如可为茚基,芴基,甘菊环基等等。
式Ⅳ.7金属茂中的两个环戊二烯基环可为重叠或交错构型,具不同构型角度。环戊二烯基环平面例如可相互平行或倾斜,视中央金属而定。
本发明优选的实施方案之一包含含有至少一个式Ⅰ次膦酸盐配位体的催化剂,其A与其键结的次膦酸盐配位体部分为5-到6-元杂环,它可任选与芳基和/或杂芳基稠合一次或两次,稠合的基团有1、2或3个上述的取代基。
A基团例如可为2,2’-亚联苯基,2,2’-亚联萘基或2,3-亚二甲苯基,它们可有1、2或3个选自烷基、烷氧基或卤素的取代基。此处的烷基优选为C1-C4-烷基,特别是t-丁基。此处的烷氧基优选为C1-C4-烷氧基,特别是甲氧基。卤素具体为氟、氯或溴。以上对优选A基的叙述也适用于相应的优选D基。
另一优选的实施方案中,本发明的催化剂含有至少一个式Ⅰ的次膦酸盐配位体,其中
R1为苯基或萘基,它可有1、2或3个以下取代基:烷基、烷氧基、卤素、硝基、氰基、羧基或NE1E2,其中E1及E2意义与前叙者相同,或为式Ⅱ的基团,其中:
X为C4-C5-亚烷基桥,它可有1或2个双键和/或可与芳基和/或杂芳基稠合1至2次,其中芳基或杂芳基可有1、2或3个下列取代基:烷基、环烷基、芳基、烷氧基、环烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、硝基、氰基、羧基、羧酸酯基,亚烷基-NE1E2,其中E1及E2具前述相同意义,及
Y为式Ⅲ的基团,其中D为式Ⅳ.1,Ⅳ.2,Ⅳ.3,Ⅳ.4,Ⅳ.5,Ⅳ.6,或Ⅳ.8的基团。
若R1为苯基或萘基,它优选含有1、2或3个选自C1-C4-烷基、C1-C4-烷氧基或卤素的取代基。此取代基特别选自t-丁基、甲氧基、三氟甲基、氟、氯及溴。
若R1为式Ⅱ的基团,其中X为C4-C5-亚烷基桥,则后者优选与苯基及/或萘基稠合1至2次,此处苯基或萘基可有1、2或3个以下取代基:t-丁基、甲氧基、羧酸酯基、氟、氯或溴。
本发明的催化剂可有1个或多个式Ⅰ次膦酸盐配位体。除了上述通式Ⅰ配位体外,它们还可有至少一个选自下列的配位体:卤素、胺、羧酸酯、乙醯丙酮盐、芳基-或烷基磺酸盐、氢化物、一氧化碳、烯烃、双烯烃、环烯烃、腈、含氮杂环化合物、芳香族和杂芳香族化合物、醚、三氟化磷,以及单、双及多齿膦、次膦酸盐、膦酸盐及次膦酸盐配位体。这些其它配位体同样可为单、双或多齿化物,并结合到催化剂配合物的金属原子上。其它适合的含磷配位体的例子为一般膦,膦酸盐及次膦酸盐配位体。
本发明所采用的式Ⅰ次膦酸盐配位体例如可以通过式Ⅴ的含羟化合物与三卤化磷、优选PCl3反应,生成式Ⅵ的化合来制备。后者再与式R1[M(Q)q]r的有机金属化合物反应。后者由R1[(Q)q]r制备,并用作现场制成的化合物或之前分出的化合物。制备方法可以由以下图示说明:其中A及R1具前述相同意义,M为锂或镁,X为H、Cl、Br,q为0或1,而r为1或2。
合成此种次膦酸盐的方法叙述于WO92/00306,在此并为参考。
式Ⅴ的适合化合物的例子为2-联苯醇,2-联萘醇、4-苯基-2-联苯醇、3,3’-5,5’-四叔丁基-2-联苯醇、3,3’-二叔茂基-5,5’-二甲氧基-2-联苯醇、3,3’-二叔丁基-5,5’-二甲氧基-2-联苯醇、3,3’-二叔丁基-2-联苯醇、3,3-二叔丁基-6,6’-二甲基-2-联苯醇,3,3’,5,5’-四叔丁基-6,6’-二甲基-2-联苯醇、3,3’-二叔丁基-5,5’-二叔丁氧基-2-联苯醇、3,3’-二叔己基-5,5’-二甲氧基-2-联苯醇、3叔丁基-5,5’-二甲氧基-2-联苯醇、1,1’-联-苯基-3,3’-二[2-(1,3-二氧杂环己烷)]-5,5’-二甲氧基-2-醇、3,3’-二甲醯基-5,5’-二甲氧基-2-联苯醇及1,1’-双菲基-2-醇,特别优选2-联苯醇及2-联萘醇。
适合的式R1[(Q)q]r化合物的例子为不饱和芳香族化合物(Q=H),例如苯、萘、四氢萘、蒽或菲,特别是苯和萘;单取代芳香族化合物,例如卤代芳香族化合物(Q=Cl、Br、I),例如卤代苯、卤代萘,特别优选氯苯和溴苯;及单烷基-或单芳基芳香族化合物,其中该烷基或芳基定义可同前述,但特别优选C1到C8-烷基或未取代的或被取代的苯基。适用的单烷基芳香族化合物的例子(Q=H)为甲苯、乙基苯、正丙基苯、异丙苯、正-丁基苯、仲丁基苯及叔丁基苯,特别是甲苯、异丙苯、及叔丁基苯。适用的单芳基芳香族化合物为联苯及取代的联苯。
同样适合的式R1[(Q)q]r化合物为多取代芳香族化合物,例如烷基-或芳基取代的卤代芳香族化合物,多烷基-和/或多芳基取代的芳香族化合物,以及取代或未取代的金属茂。适合的烷基取代的卤代芳香族化合物(Q=Cl、Br、I)的例子为2-烷基-或4-烷基-取代的卤代芳香族化合物,其烷基可具有同前述的定义,特别是C1到C8-烷基,及特别优选甲基、乙基、异丙基及叔丁基。2-甲基氯苯、2-甲基溴苯、4-甲基溴苯,2-叔丁基-氯苯,2-叔丁基溴苯,4-叔丁基氯苯及4-叔丁基溴苯是特别优选的。
适合的芳基-取代的卤代芳香族化合物(Q=Cl,Br,I)的例子为2-芳基-或4-芳基卤代芳香族化合物,其芳基可具同前述的定义,具体是苯基及取代的苯基,优选苯基、2-甲苯基、4-甲苯基及2,4-二甲基苯基。联苯、9,9-二甲基呫吨及4,5-二溴-2,7-二-叔丁基-9,9-二甲基呫吨为特别优选的。
若需要时,式Ⅰ的化合物,可用已知方法如蒸馏、结晶、色谱分离等分离和纯化。
本发明催化剂的优选用途为烯烃的加氢甲醯化。
通常,在加氢甲醯化条件下,会由各情况中使用的催化剂或催化剂前体生成具催化剂活性的通式HxMy(CO)zLq物种,其中M为第八族金属,L为本发明的次膦酸盐配位体,q、x、y及z为视金属性质及价数以及配位体L共价而定的整数。对于z及q来说,其数值优选各自独立为至少1,例如为1、2或3。z及q总合优选为2到5。此处若有需要,该配合物可有至少一个上述另外的其它配位体。
金属M优选钴、钌、铑、钯、铂、锇或铱,特别优选钴、铑及钌。
在一优选的实施方案中,该加氢甲醯化催化剂在加氢甲醯化反应所用反应器内就地制备。若有需要,本发明的催化剂也可用传统方法分开制备和分离。为了在现场制备本发明催化剂,至少一种通式Ⅰ次膦酸盐配位体、一第八族金属的配合物或化合物、如果需要至少有一种其它配位体以及如果需要一活化剂在加氢甲醯化条件下惰性溶剂中反应。
适合的铑化合物或配合物的例子为铑(Ⅱ)及铑(Ⅲ)盐,例如氯化铑(Ⅲ)、硝酸铑(Ⅲ)、硫酸铑(Ⅲ)、硫酸钾铑、羧酸铑(Ⅱ)或铑(Ⅲ)、醋酸铑(Ⅱ)及铑(Ⅲ)、氧化铑(Ⅲ)、铑(Ⅲ)酸盐类、六氯铑酸三铵盐(Ⅲ)等等。铑配合物也可适用,例如双羰乙醯丙酸铑,乙醯丙酯双亚乙基铑(Ⅰ)等。较双羰乙醯丙酸铑及醋酸铑是优选的。
另外钌盐或化合物也适用。适用的钌盐的例子为氯化钌(Ⅲ)、氧化钌(Ⅳ)、氧化钌(Ⅵ)或氧化钌(Ⅷ)、的碱钌含氧酸的碱金属盐例如K2RuO4或KRuO4,或通过RuX1X2L1L2(L3)n的络合化合物,其中L1、L2、L3及n具同上定义,而X1、X2具对X的定义(见前述),例如RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3。在本发明的方法中,也可使用金属羰基钌,例如十二羰基三钌或十八羰基六钌,或混合形式,而其中部分CO被式PR3取代,例如Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2。
适合的钴化合物的例子为氯化钴(Ⅱ)、硫酸钴(Ⅱ)、碳酸钴(Ⅱ)、硝酸钴(Ⅱ)、其胺类或水合物配合物,羧酸钴如醋酸钴、乙基己酸钴,萘酸钴,以及己内醯胺钴配合物。此处也可使用钴的羰基配合物,例如八羰基二钴、十二羰基四钴及十六羰基六钴。
以上所述的钴、铑及钌的化合物原则上是已知的,并在相关文献中均有足分描述,或其可由熟练的技术人员以类似已知化合物的方法制备。
适合的活化剂的例子包括Bronsted酸,路易士酸,例如BF3、AlCl3、ZnCl2及路易士硷。
优选使用的溶剂为特定烯烃加氢甲醯化生成的醛,及其二次反应的高沸产物,例如醛醇缩合产物。其它适合的溶剂为芳香族化合物,如甲苯,烃类或烃类混合物,也用来稀释前述醛及醛的二次产物。在配位体亲水性足够下,也可使用水、醇,例如甲醇、乙醇、正-丙醇、异丙醇、正-丁醇及异丁醇,酮,例如乙酮及甲乙酮等等。
通式Ⅰ的次膦酸盐配位体对第八族金属的摩尔比通常在1∶1至1000∶1范围内。
本发明还涉及一种化合物加氢甲醯化的方法,该化合物至少含一个乙烯属双键,与一氧化碳及氢在至少一种本发明的加氢甲醯化催化剂存在下反应。
本发明的加氢甲醯化方法所用的适当基质原则上为所有含一个或多个乙烯属双键的化合物。它们如包括烯烃,例如α-烯烃,直链内烯烃及支链内烯烃。α-烯烃适合的例子为乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、1-戊烯、1-己烯、1-庚烯、1-辛烯、1-壬烯、1-癸烯、1-十一烯、1-十二烯等等。
适合的直链内烯烃优选为C4-C20-烯烃,例如2-丁烯、2-戊烯、2-己烯、3-己烯、2-庚烯、3-庚烯、2-辛烯、3-辛烯、4-辛烯等等。
适合的支链内烯烃优选为C4-C20-烯烃,例如2-甲基-2-丁烯、2-甲基-2-戊烯、3-甲基-2-戊烯、支链内庚烯混合物、支链内辛烯混合物、支链内壬烯混合物、支链内癸烯混合物、支链内十一烯混合物,支链内十二烯混合物等等。
适合加氢甲醯化的烯烃另外包括C5-C8-环烯烃,例如环戊烯、环己烯、环庚烯、环辛烯及其衍生物,例如有1到5个烷基取代基者的C1-C20-烷基衍生物。适合加氢甲醯化的烯烃还包括乙烯基芳香族化合物,例如苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、4-异丁基苯乙烯等等。适合加氢甲醯化的烯烃还包括α,β-乙烯属不饱和的单及/或双羧酸及其酯、单酯及醯胺,如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、顺丁烯二酸、富马酸,巴豆酸、衣康酸,3-戊烯酸甲酯,4-戊烯酸甲酯,油酸甲酯,丙烯酸甲酯,甲基丙烯酸甲酯,不饱和腈如3-戊烯腈、4-戊烯腈、丙烯腈、乙烯基醚如乙烯基甲基醚,乙烯基乙基醚,乙烯基丙基醚等,C1-C20-烯醇、烯二醇及烷二醇,如2,7-辛二烯-1-醇。适当基质还包括二烯或多烯,有分开的或共轭的双键。它们如包括1,3-丁二烯、1,4-戊二烯、1,5-己二烯、1,6-庚二烯、1,7-辛二烯、乙烯基环己烯,双环戊二烯、1,5,9-环十二碳三烯及丁二烯的均聚物及共聚物。
加氢甲醯化反应可连续式、半连续式或间歇式操作。
适合连续操作的反应器为熟练技术人员熟知的,其相关叙述可见于例如Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der technischen Chemie,第1卷,第3版,743页以后,1951年。
适合的耐压反应器也为熟练的技术人员熟知的,其相关叙述可见于Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der technischen Chemie,第1卷,第3版,1951年,769页以后。通常在本发明的方法中使用高压釜,若需要时,可加设搅拌器及内衬。
本发明方法中使用的一氧化碳及氢合成气的组成范围变化甚大。通常一氧化碳对氢的摩尔比在约5∶95到70∶30,优选40∶60到60∶40。特别优选的一氧化碳对氢摩尔比在约1∶1。
加氢甲醯化反应的温度通常在约20到180℃范围,优选50到150℃。反应通常在选定反应温度下反应气体的分压下进行。此压力通常在1到700bar范围内,优选在1到600巴,更优选1到300巴。反应压力可随本发明的加氢甲醯化催化剂活性变化。本发明的以次膦酸盐配位体为基础的催化剂通过容许反应在较低压力范围,如在1到100巴范围。
本发明的加氢甲醯化催化剂,可用熟练的技术人员熟知的传统方式自加氢甲醯化反应排出物中除去,也可重新用于此加氢甲醯化反应。
本发明的催化剂具有利的高活性,故适当醛类的产率良好。此外,在对α-烯烃及直链内烯烃加氢甲醯化作用中,其显示对所用烯烃的加氢产物具极低的选择性。
本发明的加氢甲醯化方法适用于和优选用于制备醛类异构物混合物,用于加氢甲醯化的化合物含有至少1个端部双键,其中该醛类异构物混合物的正/异比至少为3∶1,优选为5∶1,特别优选为8∶1。
本发明还涉及醛类异构物混合物,它可由本方法得到,其正/异比为8∶1或更高。
本发明的催化剂如上所述且具有式Ⅰ的非对称次膦酸盐配位体者,适用于对映选择性加氢甲醯化作用。
本发明催化剂的另一优选用途为烯烃的氢氰化。本发明的氢氰化催化剂,也含第八族金属配合物,具体是钴、镍、钌、铑、钯、铂,优选为镍、钯及铂,最优选镍。该金属通常在本发明配合物中价位为0。此金属配合物可按前述用于加氢甲醯化催化剂所述来制备。包括在现场制备本发明的氢氰化催化剂。
以镍(O)作为金属的本发明的氢氰化催化剂可通过至少一种式Ⅰ次膦酸盐配位体与镍或镍化合物在一还原剂存在下反应,或惰性溶性中与镍配合物反应来制备。此处适合的镍化合物的例子包括这样的化合物,其中过渡金属氧化态大于0,并可在现场与式Ⅰ次膦酸盐配位体反应被还原,其中优选在一种适合的还原剂存在下。它们例如包括卤化物,优选氯化物,以及前述过渡金属的醋酸盐。优选使用NiCl2。适合的还原剂的例子为金属,优选硷金属(例如钠及钾)、铝、锌以三烷基烷化合物。
若过渡金属配合物化合物用于制备该次膦酸盐-镍(O)配合物,该过渡金属优选在化合物中的价数为0。优选用来制备的配合物有前述本发明配位体中相应的额外配位体的配位体。此处,可用前述式Ⅰ的次膦酸盐配位体部分或全部取代配位体进行制备。
在本发明的一优选实施方案中,该镍配合物为双(1,5-环辛二烯)-镍(O)。
适用于制备镍(O)配合物的惰性溶剂的例子为芳香族化合物,如苯、甲苯、乙基苯、氯苯;醚,优选二乙基醚及四氢呋喃;或卤代烷烃,如二氯甲烷、氯仿、二氯乙烷及三氯乙烷。为此温度在-70℃到150℃范围,优选0℃到100℃,特别优选接近室温。
若使用元素镍来制备次膦酸-镍(O)配合物,其优选为粉状。镍与膦酸盐配位体的反应优选在一种氢氰化产物作为溶剂下进行,如单烯属C5-单腈的混合物或优选3-戊烯基腈。在适合情况下,也可用配位体作溶剂。温度在0-150℃范围,优选60到100℃。
该氢氰化催化剂在适当情况下也可采用类似于前述加氢甲醯化催化剂的方法在现场制备。
通式Ⅰ次膦酸盐配位体对第八族金属元素的摩尔数量比通常在约1∶1到1000∶1范围内。
本发明还涉及一种通过催化氢氰化制备腈的方法,其中该氢氰化在至少一种前述本发明催化剂存在下进行。适用于氢氰化的烯烃通常为前述作为加氢甲醯化作用的原料的烯烃。本发明方法的一特定实施方案涉及通过在至少一种本发明催化剂存在下1,3-丁二烯或含有1,3-丁二烯的烃类混合物的催化氢氰化,和异构化作用/进一步反应生成饱和C4-二腈,较优选己二腈,来制备有不共轭的C=C和C≡N键的单烯C5-单腈混合物。当烃类混合物用本发明的方法制备单烃C5-单腈时,优选使用1,3-丁二烯含量至少为10%(体积),优选至少25%(体积),特别优选至少为40%(体积)的烃类混合物。
为了制备含有例如3-戊烯基腈及2-甲基-3-丁烯腈的单烯C5-单腈混合物,并适用作为生产己二腈的中间体,可以使用纯丁二烯或含1,3-丁二烯的烃类混合物。
含1,3-丁二烯的烃类混合物可在工业规模制得。例如,石油处理的轻油蒸汽裂解可得到含C4馏份及高总烯烃量,约有40%为1,3-丁二烯,其余为单烯烃及多不饱和烃加上烷烃。这些馏分均会含小量,通常至多5%的炔烃,1,2-二烯烃,及乙烯基乙炔。
纯1,3-丁二烯例如可用萃取蒸馏方法从工业得到的烃类混合物分离出。
本发明的催化剂可有利地应用在这样的含烯烃的烃类混合物,特别是含1,3-丁二烯的烃类混合物的氢氰化,甚至不须先用蒸馏纯化该烃类混合物。可能存在并有害于催化剂效率的烯烃,例如炔及累积烯(cumulenes)可在适当情况下,于氢氰化前,用选择性加氢作用自烃类混合物除去。对于熟练的技术人员来说,适用的选择性加氢作用是已知的。
本发明的氢氰化可连续、半连续或间歇式操作。在本发明方法的一变通方案中,该氢氰化连续进行。熟练的技术人员已知用于连续反应的反应器,如Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der technischen Chemie,第1卷,第3版,1951年,743页以后所述。串联式搅拌槽或管式反应器优选用于本发明方法的连续式操作法。适用于半连续式或连续式操作的耐压反应器为熟练的技术人员已知,并于Ullmanns Enzyklopadie dertechnischen Chemie,第1卷,第3版,1951年,769页以后有叙述。可在需要时加搅拌器及内衬的高压釜通常用于本发明的方法。
本发明的氢氰化催化剂可用熟练的技术人员已知的传统方式从氢氰反应排出物中除去,并通常可重新用于氢氰化。
本发明用下列非限制性实施例说明细节。
实施例1-辛烯的低压加氢甲醯化
实施例1:
取2.6mg双羰基乙醯丙酮酸铑(0.01mmol)、80mg本发明的配位体Ⅰ.a(R9,R10=CF3,0.20mmol)、4.5g1-辛烯(40mmol)和5ml Texanol于50ml玻璃高压釜中,与100℃CO/H2(1∶1)合成气混合物在10巴下反应。经过4小时反应时间后,将该高压釜减压并排空。用有内标的GC分析该混合物。转化率为99%。壬醛异构物的产率为90%,而生成壬醛异构体的选择性为90%(90.8%为正-壬醛、9.1%甲基辛醛、0.1%乙基庚醛)。对比例1
取2.6mg双羰基乙醯丙酮酸铑(0.01mmol)、262mg三苯基膦(1.0mmol)、10.0g1-辛烯(90mmol)和10ml Texanol,与100℃,10巴的CO/H2(1∶1)合成气于50ml玻璃高压釜内反应。反应4小时后,将该高压釜减压并排空。混合物用带内标的GC分析。转化率达100%。壬醛异构物的产率为88%,而生成壬醛异构物的选择性为89%(73%正-壬醛、25%2-甲基辛醛、2%乙基庚醛)。
Claims (11)
1.一种催化剂,含有至少一种有至少一种单、二或多齿次膦酸盐配位体的第八族金属配合物,其中次膦酸盐配位体为通式Ⅰ:其中A与键联的次膦酸盐部分一起为五元到八元杂环,其任选另外与环烷基,芳基和/或杂芳基稠合一、二或三次,其中该稠合基可各自独立有1、2、3或4个选自烷基、烷氧基、卤素、硝基、氰基、羧基及羧酸酯基的取代基,R1为烷基、芳基或杂芳基,每一个可任选有1、2或3个选自烷基、环烷基、芳基、烷氧基、环烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基、氰基、羧基,羧酸酯基、醯基,硫醯基、NE1E2和亚烷基-NE1E2的取代基,其中E1及E2可为相同的或不同的,且选自烷基、环烷基和芳基,或为下列通式(Ⅱ)的基团
-X-Y (Ⅱ)其中X或为C2-C8-亚烷基桥,任选被SiRaRb、N、NRc、O或S间隔,其中Ra和Rb为氢、烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基或氰基,Rc为氢、烷基或芳基,其中芳基任选被烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基或氰基单或双取代,任选有一、二或三个双键和/或任选与芳基和/或杂芳基稠合一、二或三次,其中该芳基或杂芳基任选各自独立有1、2、3或4个选自烷基、环烷基,芳基、烷氧基、环烷氧基、芳氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基、氰基、醯基、羧基、羧酸酯基、NE1E2和亚烷基-NE1E2的取代基,其中E1及E2同上所定义,而相邻的稠合环任选接于SiRaRb、N、NRc、O或S,或接于C1-C6-亚烷基桥,其任 选外加带有选自SiRaRb、N、NRcO或S的基团,其中Ra,Rb,及Rc如上所定义;或任选取代的金属茂桥;及Y为式Ⅲ的基团其中D具前述A的相同意义,而m与n各自独立为0或1,或其盐类。
2.根据权利要求1的催化剂,其中
X为式Ⅳ.1,Ⅳ.2,Ⅳ.3,Ⅳ.4,Ⅳ.5,Ⅳ.6,Ⅳ.7或Ⅳ.8的基团其中R2、R2’、R3、R3’各自独立为氢、烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基、氰基、醯基、羧基或羧酸酯基,R4为氢、烷基或芳基,可任选被烷基、烷氧基、卤素、三氟甲基、硝基或氰基取代,且R5、R5’、R6、R6’、R7、R7’、R8、R8’、R12、R12’、R13、R13’具有同R2及R3的定义,或各自独立为选自环烷基、芳基或烷基的基团,其可被一氧原子间隔,或被式NE1E2的基团取代,其中E1及E2具上述意义;或在每种情况中,两相邻取代基R5、R6、R7、R8和/或R5’、R6’、R7’、R8’与联接它们的环戊二烯环部分一起为具有5-到7-元碳环或杂环的芳香族或非芳香族化合物,其中该杂环有1、2或3个选自O、N、NRc和S的杂基,M为铁、钴、镍、钌、锇、铑、锰、铬或钒,Z1为O、S和NRc,或C2-到C3-亚烷基桥,其被O、S或NRc间隔,Z2和Z3各自独立为CH2、SiRaRb、O、S、NRc或CRaRb,其中Ra、Rb和Rc各具同上所述意义。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项的催化剂,其中第八族金属选自钴、镍、钌、铑、钯和铂。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项的催化剂,它还含有至少一种不同于式Ⅰ配位体的其它配位体,选自卤化物、胺类、羧酸盐类、乙醯丙酮化物、芳基或烷基磺酸盐、氢化物、一氧化碳、烯烃、二烯烃、环烯烃、腈类、含氮的杂环化合物、芳香族及杂芳香族化合物、醚类、PF3和单-,双-,及多齿膦,次磷酸盐,膦酸盐,亚磷酸盐配位体。
6.一种化合物加氢甲醯化的方法,该化合物含有至少一个乙烯属双键,在加氢甲醯化催化剂存在下,它与一氧化碳和氢反应,其中权利要求1-5中任一项的催化剂用作加氢甲醯化催化剂。
7.根据权利要求6的方法,其中含有至少一个端部双键的化合物用于加氢甲醯化作用,其中得到异构醛的混合物,其正/异比至少为3∶1,优选5∶1,特别优选8∶1。
8.一种异构醛的混合物,其正/异比为8∶1或更高,它可通过权利要求7的方法制得。
9.一种含有至少一个乙烯属双键的化合物氢氰化的方法,系在一种氢氰化催化剂存在下与氰化氢反应,其中权利要求1-5中任一项中的催化剂用作氢氰化催化剂。
10.根据权利要求6或9中任一项的方法,其中加氢甲醯化催化剂或氢氰化催化剂系于现场制备,通过至少一种权利要求1-5中规定的通式(Ⅰ)的次膦酸盐配位体、第八族金属的化合物或配合物以及在适当情况下还包括活化剂在加氢甲醯化或氢氰化条件下,在惰性溶剂内反应来制备。
11.权利要求1-5中任一项的含有式Ⅰ次膦酸盐配位体的催化剂的应用,用于含有至少一个乙烯属双键的化合物的加氢甲酰化或氢氰化。
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DE19827232A DE19827232A1 (de) | 1998-06-18 | 1998-06-18 | Katalysator, umfassend einen Komplex eines Metalls der VIII. Nebengruppe auf Basis eines Phosphinitliganden und Verfahren zur Hydroformylierung und Hydrocyanierung |
DE19827232.4 | 1998-06-18 |
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CN1162221C CN1162221C (zh) | 2004-08-18 |
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US (1) | US6486359B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1089818B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2002518156A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20010052945A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1162221C (zh) |
DE (2) | DE19827232A1 (zh) |
MY (1) | MY125826A (zh) |
TW (1) | TWI245669B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1999065606A1 (zh) |
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CN111036306A (zh) * | 2019-11-25 | 2020-04-21 | 中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所 | 一种钴-膦催化剂及其制备方法与应用 |
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DE10046026A1 (de) * | 2000-09-18 | 2002-03-28 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Hydroformylierung, Xanthen-verbrückte Liganden und Katalysator, umfassend einen Komplex dieser Liganden |
BE1014966A3 (fr) * | 2001-02-13 | 2004-07-06 | Basf Ag | Procede d'hydroformylation de composes ethyleniquement insatures et catalyseurs utilises a cet effet. |
FR2849027B1 (fr) * | 2002-12-23 | 2005-01-21 | Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates | Procede de synthese de composes comprenant des fonctions nitriles a partir de composes a insaturations ethyleniques |
KR100964099B1 (ko) * | 2007-09-14 | 2010-06-16 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 인을 포함하는 촉매 조성물 및 이를 이용한 히드로포밀화방법 |
FR2946649B1 (fr) * | 2009-06-16 | 2012-04-13 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de fabrication de composes nitriles a partir de composes a insaturation ethylenique |
CN105772091B (zh) * | 2014-12-18 | 2018-11-27 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一类用于co2还原的催化剂及其应用 |
EP3424897A4 (en) | 2016-03-01 | 2019-10-09 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING DIALDEHYDE COMPOUND |
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US3766237A (en) | 1972-01-25 | 1973-10-16 | Du Pont | Hydrocyanation of olefins |
US4755624A (en) | 1987-02-18 | 1988-07-05 | Eastman Kodak Company | Low pressure hydroformylation process |
KR950007596B1 (ko) | 1990-07-02 | 1995-07-12 | 훽스트 아크티엔게젤샤프트 | 신규한 6-아릴-6h-디벤조[c,e][1,2]옥사포스포린, 그의 제조방법 및 플라스틱 특히 폴리올레핀 성형 물질을 안정화시키기 위한 그의 용도 |
US5312996A (en) | 1992-06-29 | 1994-05-17 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Hydroformylation process for producing 1,6-hexanedials |
TW268959B (zh) | 1992-11-27 | 1996-01-21 | Hoechst Ag | |
US5530150A (en) | 1993-03-12 | 1996-06-25 | Takasago International Corporation | Phosphine compound, complex containing the phosphine compound as ligand, process for producing optically active aldehyde using the phosphine compound or the complex, and 4-[(R)-1'-formylethyl]azetidin-2-one derivatives |
JPH06263681A (ja) * | 1993-03-12 | 1994-09-20 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | 光学活性アルデヒド類の製造法 |
US5512695A (en) | 1994-04-14 | 1996-04-30 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Bidentate phosphite and nickel catalyst compositions for hydrocyanation of monoolefins |
CN1072980C (zh) | 1994-04-14 | 2001-10-17 | 纳幕尔杜邦公司 | 用于单烯烃氢氰化的双配位亚磷酸酯和镍的催化剂复合物 |
US5543536A (en) | 1994-04-26 | 1996-08-06 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Monodentate phosphite and nickel catalyst composition for monoolefin hydrocyanation |
TW315370B (zh) | 1994-10-07 | 1997-09-11 | Du Pont | |
IN187044B (zh) | 1995-01-27 | 2002-01-05 | Du Pont | |
US5523453A (en) | 1995-03-22 | 1996-06-04 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process for hydrocyanation |
DE19521339A1 (de) | 1995-06-12 | 1996-12-19 | Hoechst Ag | Neue Oxaphosphorine und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
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- 1999-06-18 DE DE59911876T patent/DE59911876D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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US6486359B1 (en) | 2002-11-26 |
WO1999065606A1 (de) | 1999-12-23 |
TWI245669B (en) | 2005-12-21 |
EP1089818B1 (de) | 2005-04-06 |
CN1162221C (zh) | 2004-08-18 |
JP2002518156A (ja) | 2002-06-25 |
MY125826A (en) | 2006-08-30 |
KR20010052945A (ko) | 2001-06-25 |
DE59911876D1 (de) | 2005-05-12 |
EP1089818A1 (de) | 2001-04-11 |
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