CN1303271A - 施用于下呼吸道的消炎剂,特别是抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合活性剂的制剂 - Google Patents
施用于下呼吸道的消炎剂,特别是抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合活性剂的制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1303271A CN1303271A CN99806577A CN99806577A CN1303271A CN 1303271 A CN1303271 A CN 1303271A CN 99806577 A CN99806577 A CN 99806577A CN 99806577 A CN99806577 A CN 99806577A CN 1303271 A CN1303271 A CN 1303271A
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- antibacterial
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Abstract
消炎剂诸如聚乙烯吡咯酮碘用于制备治疗对给予这类活性剂敏感的下呼吸道疾病的药物组合物的用途。
Description
本发明涉及施用于下呼吸道的具有抗炎作用,特别是具有抗菌/或促进伤口愈合特性的活性剂的制剂。将所述的制剂特别施用于人和动物下呼吸道中的气管、支气管和肺泡。
此外,本发明涉及通过施用一种药物制剂来预防和治疗感染的方法。
公知大量不同的抗菌素和抗菌剂用于局部治疗感染性疾病。抗菌素活性剂的明显缺陷在于感染细菌对这些药物表现出初步的耐受性且可以获得中度的耐受性。此外,抗菌素通常会导致患者的致敏作用。例如释放卤素的抗菌剂诸如聚乙烯吡咯酮碘,也称作PVP-碘,即聚(1-乙烯基-2-吡咯烷-2-酮)-碘配合物可以预防耐受性。与抗菌素相比,抗菌剂很少过敏。
目前,用抗菌素治疗呼吸道的感染性疾病。经呼吸道施用抗菌素活性剂已经成为几种着重于下呼吸道的综述和论文的研究主题。例如,Ramsey等在“新英格兰药物杂志”(“The New England Journal of Medicine”)1999年第340卷第1期第23-30页中描述了对患囊性纤维化病人周期性给予可吸入妥布霉素。
Wiener-Kronish在“抗菌化疗杂志”(“Journal of Antimicrobio1Chemotherapy”)(1996)38,第809-818页中研究了雾化亚胺培南/西司他丁用于预防假单胞菌属诱发的急性肺损伤。
Schreier在几种近期的综述例如在“脂质体的药物应用”(“Medicalapplications of liposomes”),Papahadjopoulos和Lasic(编辑),Elsevier 1998)中描述了给肺部施用不同的抗菌素活性剂象青霉素G、妥布霉素或阿卡米星用于治疗感染性疾病。
然而,用抗菌素治疗可导致本领域技术人员所公知的并发症。例如,通常用抗菌素治疗患急性或慢性支气管炎的病人以便缓解症状。这通常仅能产生导致症状细菌的耐受性。许多呼吸道疾病是由病毒引起的。抗菌素对这类情况无效且不能治愈这类病人的感染。
对人和动物外用抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合活性剂公开在我们的早期专利EP 0 639 373中。特别地,在该文献中证明PVP-碘的脂质体制剂可局部施用于眼外部。这些制剂一般采用乳膏剂、软膏剂、洗剂、凝胶体或滴剂的剂型。
脂质体是众所周知的药物载体且由此脂质体剂型的药剂的应用在相当长时间内已经成为研究的主题。综述“脂质体的肺部转运”(“Pulmonarydelivery of liposomes”)(H.Schreier在“控释杂志”(“Journal of ControlledRelease”)24,1993,209-223页)中提供了涉及哮喘疗法中使用肺部转运脂质体包囊的药物的综述。在该文献中证明了脂质体气雾剂的物化特征及其对呼吸道的治疗应用。已经研究的通过脂质体进行肺部转运的药物包括例如抗癌药、肽类、酶类、止喘药和抗过敏化合物以及如上所述的抗菌素。H.Schreier还在“脂质体粉状气雾剂的制剂和体外特性”(“Formulation and in vitroperformance of liposome powder aerosols”)(S.T.P.《药物科学》(Pharma.Sciences)4,1994,38-44页)中描述了脂质体气雾剂或使用例如干粉吸入器的脂质体粉末气雾剂的制剂。
正如可以从引述的文献中所观察到的,尽管已经将许多注意力集中到脂质体作为药物载体上,但是看起来现有技术中还没有涉及将脂质体和其它颗粒作为施用于体内特别是包括气管、支气管和肺泡在内的下呼吸道内的消炎剂,特别是抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合的活性剂的载体。
上述现有技术中的某些涉及脂质体制剂。应理解具有类似颗粒特性的可选择的药物载体是存在的。这些药物载体可以经常使用且也在本发明的说明书中使用以替代脂质体,所述药物载体包括微球体(一般包括亲脂性聚合物)、纳米颗粒、“大孔颗粒”和例如通过使用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)技术制成的各自包裹的药物物质分子。可以将这些PLD法用于将包裹材料施用于药粉上并改变各种药物系统的表面特性和释放速率。
在下文涉及的内容是针对脂质体或颗粒载体的,但是应理解也可以混合这类可选择的载体。
本领域中公知通过雾化或喷雾脂质体、微球体、大孔颗粒、PLD或纳米颗粒制剂或通过吸入相应制剂的干粉可以实现可吸入颗粒向呼吸道给药。
除可能在威胁到生命的败血病并发症的紧急情况外,看起来给身体内部施用消毒剂在本领域中存在明显的障碍。
一般来说,即使有上述缺陷,抗菌素制剂看起来也是优选的。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种具有良好接受性的易施用的消炎,特别是抗菌和/或促进伤口愈合的制剂,该制剂可使活性剂在下呼吸道内产生延长的释放和延长的局部作用。
根据本发明,这一目的可以达到,即所述的制剂在颗粒载体制剂形式中含有至少一种消炎剂,特别是抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合的活性剂,正如独立权利要求1中所限定的。
本发明进一步包括一种治疗人和动物下呼吸道的方法,正如独立权利要求21和22中所限定的。
从属权利要求限定了本发明另外优选的实施方案。
在本发明的说明书中,将消炎剂理解为包括如下所述的抗菌剂、抗菌素活性剂、皮质甾类和愈合伤口的活性剂。
在本发明的说明书中,将抗菌剂理解为包括药物上可接受的和适于在一定程度上治疗下呼吸道的可按照本发明配制它们的那些消毒剂。
更具体地说,抗菌剂特别包括释放氧的化合物和释放卤素的化合物;金属化合物诸如银和汞化合物;有机消毒剂特别包括释放甲醛的化合物、醇类、苯酚类包括烷基和芳基苯酚类以及卤代苯酚类、喹啉类和吖啶类、六氢嘧啶类、季铵化合物和亚胺鎓盐、和胍类。
促进伤口愈合的活性剂包括促进肉芽发生和上皮形成的活性剂诸如泛醇、尿囊素类、甘菊环烃类、单宁类和维生素B类化合物。
本发明根据令人意外的事实,即颗粒载体特别是脂质体,也包括微球体、纳米颗粒和包裹的药物物质分子非常适合用作施用于下呼吸道的抗菌剂特别是聚乙烯吡咯酮碘的载体和促进伤口愈合的活性剂的载体。
本发明的制剂使得延长释放所述的一种或多种活性剂成为可能,并通过与细胞表面的相互作用而在所需位置上产生了延长的和局部活性。
另一方面,本发明以进一步令人意外和出人意料的事实为基础。在本领域中众所周知新的身体组织的形成可以产生难题。因此,身体组织的修复可以伴有疤痕组织的形成,这在功能上和/或整容上可以是有害的或者至少是不需要的。角化过度症和不加控制的组织增殖可以引起严重的损害,从而导致功能障碍且当然也是整容上所不需要的。在感染和炎症发生后,组织的重新生长和愈合可以产生赘生物和共生物。因此,本领域中众所周知在治疗疾病的过程中,适当改型组织不仅是需要的,而且实际上也是必须的。
目前令人意外地发现将抗炎活性剂单独使用或与其它这类活性剂共同使用在组织修复和其它组织生长过程中几乎不会明显导致形成不需要的身体组织。因此,不仅在皮肤中而且在粘膜和其它组织诸如肌肉或内部器官组织中形成的疤痕组织减少。角化过度症可以被完全抑制且在治疗感染性疾病的过程中共生物或赘生物的形成也明显减少。
本发明达到的一个目的由此与改善身体组织的修复相关。本发明通过以如独立权利要求中所限定的颗粒载体制剂形式施用抗炎活性剂而实现了这一目的。
通过雾化装载有活性剂的颗粒载体制剂,或通过吸入相应制剂的干粉可以对呼吸道给药消炎、抗菌和/或愈合伤口的制剂。例如,通过用常用方法使脂质体载有PVP碘可以制备脂质体制剂。
还能够将加载的脂质体任何与辅助物质诸如低分子糖类,优选乳糖,一起压成致密压紧的固体药剂储备物。然后可以将这种药剂储备物研磨或微粉化或以其它方式处理得到颗粒型粉。例如,如“脂质体气雾剂吸入法对健康人志愿者肺功能的急性作用”(Thomas等《初步报告》(Preliminary report)1991年第99卷第1268-1270页)中所述,可以将所得的脂质体制剂通过吸入粉末气雾剂形式的该制剂的方式来给药。用于制备所述致密压紧的固体药剂储备物的压力优选在50-500MPa的范围。这类药剂储备物描述在WO94/14490中、而给药装置公开在WO 93/24165中。
脂质体的性质或构造一般并不关键。例如,通过吸入气雾剂可以给药如EP 0 639 373中所述的脂质体制剂。将EP 0 639 373的公开内容引入本说明书作为参考。
本发明的制剂显然不仅含有包裹在颗粒载体,特别是脂质体中的活性剂,象聚乙烯吡咯酮碘。看起来还有一定量的没有包含在载体内部的药物。本发明的制剂通常表现出明显的初始作用,这种作用是除活性剂从载体中缓慢、延长释放以外另外观察到的。这种作用特别在载体包括脂质体的情况中观察到。尽管不希望结合任何理论上的解释,但是目前设想除包裹在脂质体内的活性剂外,某些活性剂还存在于脂质体外部且可能松散地结合在脂质体的外表面。这可能是因为活性剂分子与脂质体膜结合所导致的或可能是因为在脂质体表面上形成一层的活性剂分子导致的,所述的层部分或乃至完全在外表上包裹脂质体。这种初始活性剂作用的类型和量可以例如受到所选择的浓度参数的影响。
在本发明的说明书中可以使用现有技术中一般公知可形成脂质体膜的两亲物质,条件是对于所需的应用来说它们是药物上可接受的。目前,含有卵磷脂的脂质体成形系统是优选的。这类系统除含有胆甾醇和琥珀酸二钠-六水合物外还可以含有氢化大豆卵磷脂;目前特别优选的是使用氢化大豆卵磷脂作为唯一的成膜剂。
上述文献中描述了形成脂质体结构的现有技术中的公知方法且一般可以将它们用于本发明的说明书中。概括地说,这些方法包括机械搅拌含有成膜物质和水或水溶液的合适混合物。在形成基本上均匀大小的脂质体的过程中优选通过合适的膜过滤。
本发明脂质体的平均大小可以在较宽的范围内改变,一般直径约为1-约50μm、优选的直径范围约1-约30μm。对于溶液来说,较小的平均直径、例如直径约为100nm可能更为合适。
本发明脂质体具有的基本上均匀的大小范围是:施用于气管的直径范围约20μm-30μm;施用于支气管的直径范围是约10μm-20μm;且施用于肺泡的直径范围是约1μm-6μm、特别是在2-5μm。
如果使用另一种颗粒载体,那么它们一般如本领域中公知的方法制备。因此,如例如WO 95/15118中所述来制备用于转运极宽范围治疗剂或美容剂的微球体。
在某些情况中可以使用纳米颗粒,条件是它们可以载有足量的活性剂且可以按照本发明对下呼吸道给药。按照本领域中公知的方法、如例如Heyder(GSF Munchen)在“转运到肺部的药物”(“Drugs delivered to thelung”-,Abstracts IV,Hilton Head Island Conference,1998年5月)中所述可以制备它们。
在短的非水法中使用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)仪和聚合靶物将包裹层施用于药粉的方法也适于形成本发明的颗粒制剂。例如,Talton等已经在“用于改善干法转运的新型包裹法”(“Novel Coating Method for Improved DryDelivery”,Univ.of Florida UF 1887(1998))中描述了这些方法。
另外合适的转运系统使用了如David A.Edwards等在“用于肺部药物转运的大孔颗粒”(《科学》(Science)1997年6月20日第276卷第1868-1871页)中所公开的大孔颗粒。例如,施用于肺泡的本发明大孔颗粒直径可以在约5-20μm的范围。
优选的抗炎活性剂包括抗菌剂、抗菌素、皮质甾类和促进伤口愈合的活性剂,可以将它们作为单一物质使用或彼此结合使用。
优选的抗菌剂包括众所周知的可产生快速作用、具有广谱活性、低全身毒性和良好的组织相容性的药物物质。例如,它们可以选自下列物质组:金属化合物、酚类化合物、洗涤剂、碘和碘配合物。特别优选的抗菌剂是聚乙烯吡咯酮碘。
优选促进伤口愈合的活性剂包括已经在本申请文献中描述的物质。优选的这类活性剂包括公知用于促进上皮形成的物质。这些物质包括维生素、特别是来自维生素B族的维生素;尿囊素;某些苷葡环烃类等。
某些目前本发明非常优选的实施方案包括在组织修复,特别是关于功能和整容组织改型中表现出有利作用的抗炎活性剂或这类活性剂的组合物。在这些实施方案中,活性剂通常是抗菌剂诸如PVP-碘或抗菌素。
在优选的实施方案中,含有消炎剂,特别是抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合活性剂的本发明制剂可以进一步含有诸如麻醉剂这样的活性剂。本发明制剂还可以含有另外常用的试剂包括佐剂和添加剂、抗氧化剂、保存剂或形成稠度的试剂诸如粘度调节添加剂、乳化剂等。
一般来说,根据这类可选择的载体来选择制剂的浓度、颗粒大小、活性剂的承载量等以便基本上符合本文所述关于脂质体制剂的参数。选择并提供的这类特别以明确实验为基础的参数在从事本领域的普通技术人员中是令人满意的。
目前本发明脂质体制剂的非常优选的应用是将其用于治疗下呼吸道包括气管、支气管和肺泡的感染,特别是当所述的脂质体制剂含有聚乙烯吡咯酮碘时。此外,在这种适应征中,本发明的抗菌制剂、特别是那些含有PVP碘的制剂具有不产生耐受性的主要优点并可导致很低的过敏反应;同时使得具有广谱作用的疗法的费用很低廉。例如,本发明的聚乙烯吡咯酮碘脂质体制剂可有效地抗病毒。此外,杀菌剂诸如聚乙烯吡咯酮碘的脂质体制剂可使所述活性剂从将活性剂转运至肺部区域例如肺泡区域的脂质体中延长释放。与常规的抗菌溶液制剂相比,这将使抗菌物质产生延长作用且由此不需频繁施用。
本发明还用于治疗感染性疾病或用于缓解诸如HIV感染这样的伴有机会致病菌感染的疾病。还可以按照本发明治疗例如器官移植后带有免疫抑制系统的病人。特别地,可以用本发明的聚乙烯吡咯酮碘制剂治疗急性或慢性支气管炎、肺炎、支气管扩张、囊性纤维化、白喉、结核。
此外,非常优选的用途是组织修复,特别是功能和整容组织的改型。
本发明的制剂可以采用不同的剂型,这些剂型适合于经下呼吸道给药,包括适合于产生可吸入颗粒的药物上可接受的固体或液体制剂。因此,本发明的制剂可以是(粉末)气雾剂剂型或致密固体药剂的储备物形式,优选环状片剂、更优选含有所述载体和一种或多种活性剂的胶囊剂、粉剂、喷雾剂、乳剂、分散液、混悬剂乃至溶液。
一般来说,一方面,本发明制剂中活性剂的量根据所需作用来确定;而另一方面,根据用于所述活性剂的载体制剂的携带容量来确定。
为使本发明的制剂携带大量活性剂或高剂量的活性剂,对于粉剂或粉末气雾剂优选雾化制剂或气雾剂。概括地说,本发明载体制剂中活性剂的量可以在所述活性剂有效性的低限到所述活性剂在相应载体制剂中的最大承载量之间的浓度范围。
更具体地说,对于抗菌剂诸如聚乙烯吡咯酮碘来说,本发明载体制剂尤其是载体是脂质体的制剂中溶液或分散液可以在100g制剂中含有0.1-10g活性剂。这类制剂一般在每100g制剂中含有1-5g的脂质体成膜物质,特别是卵磷脂。
本发明气雾剂或喷雾剂通常含有达50mg的脂质体活性剂制剂,而可以含有达到和高于100mg脂质体活性剂制剂且例如可以通过5次喷雾剂量给药,每次含有20mg的脂质体活性剂制剂。
所述的制剂一般在承载的脂质体(或另一种载体颗粒)中含有至少10%wt的活性剂诸如PVP-碘,而可以含有达50wt.-%乃至50wt.-%以上的活性剂。如果活性剂是PVP-碘,那么可利用碘的用量一般约为10wt.-%(以PVP-碘为基准)。
来自实施例的更为具体的制剂是值得关注的。
本发明的特征和优点会从随后优选实施方案的描述中更为显著。在这些包括最佳实施方式的实施方案中,聚乙烯吡咯酮碘是典型的抗菌剂且选择脂质体为载体。然而,尽管这类制剂是特别优选的,但是这不应将本发明限制到抗菌剂或抗菌剂中的聚乙烯吡咯酮碘和/或作为载体的脂质体。
制备本发明脂质体的一种优选方法一般如下所述:
将脂类成膜成分例如卵磷脂溶于合适的溶剂诸如氯仿或甲醇和氯仿的2∶1的混合物并在无菌条件下过滤。然后,通过控制溶剂的蒸发而使脂类薄膜在高度无菌的表面基质诸如玻璃珠上产生。在某些情况中,可在用于蒸发溶剂的容器内表面上足以形成薄膜而不用特殊基质来增加表面积。
由电解质成分和(一种或多种)混入所述脂质体制剂中的活性剂来制备含水系统。这类含水系统例如可以含有10mmol/l磷酸氢钠和0.9%氯化钠、pH为7.4;该含水系统还含有至少所需量的活性剂,在实施例中,该活性剂是聚乙烯吡咯酮碘。所述的含水系统通常含有过量的一种或多种活性剂。
通过在有由脂类成分形成的所述薄膜存在的情况下搅拌所述的含水系统一般可以形成脂质体。在这一阶段,可以加入另外的添加剂以便改善脂质体制剂;例如,可以加入胆酸钠。通过机械作用诸如通过例如聚碳酸酯膜加压过滤或离心也可以影响脂质体的形成。一般来说,例如用制备上述活性剂的溶液使用的电解质溶液来洗涤粗的脂质体分散液。
当已经获得具有所需大小分布的脂质体并进行了洗涤时,可以将它们重新分散在如上所述的电解质溶液中,所述的电解质溶液通常还含有糖类诸如蔗糖或合适的糖替代物。将所述的分散液冻干并可以将其冷冻干燥。在使用前,可以通过加入水并在脂类成分的转变温度下,对于氢化大豆卵磷脂来说例如是55℃,进行适当机械搅拌使冻干物再溶解(reconstitute)。
在下列实施例中,使用获自德国Lukas Meyer的氢化大豆卵磷脂(EPIKURON(TM)200SH或获自德国Nattermann Phospholipid GmbH的PHOSPHOLIPON(TM)90H。不过,也可以使用其它药物上可接受的脂质体成膜物质且本领域技术人员会发现易根据现有技术中所述选择合适的另一种脂质体成形系统。
实施例Ⅰ
在1000ml装有用于增加表面积的玻璃珠的玻璃烧瓶中,将51.9mg胆甾醇和213mg氢化大豆卵磷脂溶于足量的按2∶1比例混合的甲醇与氯仿的混合物中。然后在真空中蒸发溶剂,直到在烧瓶内表面上和玻璃珠上形成薄膜为止。
将2.4gPVP碘(含有约10%的可利用碘)单独溶于12ml水中。
此外,在单独的容器中,将8.77g氯化钠和1.78g Na2HPO4·2H2O溶于400ml水。再将水加入至980ml的总体积,且然后加入约12ml 1N盐酸以便将pH调节至7.4。接着用水将该溶液加至精确的1000ml。
在第四个容器中,将900mg蔗糖和57mg琥珀酸二钠溶于12ml水。
然后将上述PVP碘溶液加入到上述烧瓶中的脂类薄膜上并将混合物振摇至薄膜溶解为止。从烧瓶中水合脂类中分离出产生的脂质体制剂。将产物离心并将上清液弃去。将蔗糖溶液加入至12ml并再次将产物离心。此后再次弃去上清液。在该阶段,使用蔗糖溶液或氯化钠缓冲溶液进行进一步的洗涤步骤。
在最后的离心步骤并弃去上清液后,加入12ml氯化钠缓冲溶液并使脂质体均匀分布在其中。然后将产物分装入各自装有2ml脂质体分散液的管形瓶中并将管形瓶进行冻干步骤。
冻干后,各管形瓶中含有约40mg固体。
实施例Ⅰ方法具有的较小缺陷在于所用的PVP碘溶液因固体的百分比高而有相当的粘性且由此更难以处理。
实施例Ⅱ
在2000ml装有用于增加表面积的玻璃珠的烧瓶中,将173mg氢化大豆卵磷脂和90mg琥珀酸二钠溶于约60ml甲醇/氯仿按2∶1比例混合的混合物中。在真空中除去溶剂,直到形成薄膜为止。
将4g PVP碘(10%可利用碘)溶于40ml实施例Ⅰ中所述的氯化钠缓冲溶液并加入到所述烧瓶中的脂类薄膜上。然后将烧瓶振摇到薄膜溶解和脂质体形成为止。
将产物离心并弃去上清液。
向由此产生的脂质体沉淀中再加入40ml氯化钠缓冲溶液并重复离心步骤。再次弃去上清液。在该阶段,如果必要,可以重复洗涤步骤。
在最后的离心和倾析步骤后,再次将40ml氯化钠缓冲溶液加入到沉淀的脂质体中。然后将均匀的分散液分装入各自装有约2ml脂质体分散液的管形瓶中并将管形瓶进行冻干步骤。该步骤使得每个管形瓶中产生约200mg的冻干固体。
类似于实施例Ⅰ,上述方法在薄膜形成后在有有机溶剂存在的情况下使用水合步骤且目的在于包含率为5-15%。这些方法一般产生相当大其且通常是多层的脂质体。
在粗脂质体形成后或在随后的任何洗涤步骤后通过经合适膜诸如聚碳酸酯膜的高压过滤步骤或直接通过使用高压匀化法可以改进上述方法。该步骤产生所包裹活性剂的量增加的更小的单层脂质体。
可以使用公知可产生较小均匀大小脂质体的其它现有技术的方法来替代高压匀化法。
实施例Ⅲ
由20g含有按照上述一般制备方法得到的冻干(leophilised)物质的聚乙烯吡咯酮碘脂质体和20mg乳糖通过加压至500MPa来制备适合于产生可吸入颗粒的胶囊剂。通过研磨法,使用粉末吸入器(由Brin Tech International Ltd.产生的Orbital-Inhaler)由获得的硬胶囊来产生粉剂或粉末气雾剂。
还能够制备类似于上述制剂的典型制剂,该制剂含有能够促进伤口愈合的活性剂而不是,和不包括抗菌剂诸如例如在上述实施例中公开的聚乙烯吡咯酮碘。然而,目前优选使用促进伤口愈合的活性剂(如果肯定)以及抗菌剂。
为了给病人施用发明制剂,可以使用公知的系统诸如吸入器、粉末吸入器、双室气压药包、气雾剂喷雾分配器、喷雾器、压缩器等。
实施例Ⅳ
通过气动喷雾器来雾化脂质体制剂。已经预先描述了使用气雾剂产生的排出量和脂质体的气雾剂特征。所产生的小滴具有的总的平均气动直径约为2.4μm且由此适合于在肺泡区沉积。
然后使用发明制剂进行功效试验,如下:
试验Ⅰ
这是由本发明聚乙烯吡咯酮碘脂质体制剂产生的杀菌作用的体外试验。该试验以“Richtlinien der Deutschen Gesellschft fur Hygiene undMikrobiologie”(1989)中所述的定量悬浮试验为基础。在该试验中,将杀菌剂用于杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 29213)、一个医院卫生方面的主要难题。
所用的脂质体制剂是实施例Ⅰ中所用的脂质体制剂。在1-120分钟之间的不同接触时间,测定能够杀灭葡萄球菌属细菌的制剂水溶液的最低浓度。
结果如表1中所示。
表1
接触时间(分钟) 杀菌浓度
1,2,3,4 ≥0.060%
5,30,60 ≥0.015%
120 ≥0.007%
结果表明在较短的接触时间(1-4分钟)杀菌浓度低到0.06%;而在较长接触时间(120分钟)杀菌浓度可以低到0.007%。
试验Ⅱ
Wutzler等已经研究了脂质体PVP-碘在细胞培养物中的杀病毒和杀衣原体活性(参见1999年3月在柏林举行的第9届欧洲临床微生物学和感染疾病会议资料)。在细胞培养物中,脂质体PVP-碘对单纯疱疹1型病毒和8型腺病毒非常有效,而长期的经大量试验细胞系的细胞毒性实验表明脂质体剂型的可接受性好于含水PVP-碘。PVP-碘的脂质体剂型是非基因毒性的。
试验Ⅲ
将3%的PVP-碘水凝胶脂质体制剂与3%的PVP-碘软膏剂进行比较,其中活性剂不是脂质体剂型。将活性剂施用于大鼠皮肤和腹膜外植体的体外标准化培养物用于筛选皮肤和伤口的抗感染药的组织相容性。
在暴露30分钟并用测试物质培养后研究所培养的外植体的生长率。
此外,根据腹膜生长率和皮肤生长率,在结果中清楚地证明了脂质体制剂的基本上较好的可接受性。
使用软膏剂的腹膜生长率达到85%,而皮肤的生长率达到90%;使用脂质体水凝胶制剂的腹膜生长率为96%,而皮肤生长率为108%;将这些数值与使用林格溶液作为活性剂的对照试验中的100%数值进行比较。
Claims (43)
1.一种用于制备施用于下呼吸道的抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合的活性剂的药物制剂的方法,其特征在于所述的制剂含有至少一种所述活性剂和颗粒载体。
2.权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述的颗粒载体包括脂质体、微球体、纳米颗粒、大孔颗粒或激光脉冲聚合物包裹的分子中的至少一种。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于至少最大部分的所述活性剂包裹在所述载体内部,特别是在脂质体或微球体载体的内部。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任何一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述的抗菌剂选自释放氧的化合物和释放卤素的化合物;金属化合物诸如银和汞化合物;有机消毒剂特别包括释放甲醛的化合物、醇类、苯酚类包括烷基和芳基苯酚类以及卤代苯酚类、喹啉类和吖啶类、六氢嘧啶类、季铵化合物和亚胺鎓盐、和胍类。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于所述的抗菌剂选自下列物质组:金属化合物诸如汞化合物;苯酚衍生物诸如百里酚、丁子香酚和六氯苯;碘和碘配合物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于所述的抗菌剂是聚乙烯吡咯酮碘。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任何一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述的促进伤口愈合的活性剂选自促进肉芽发生和上皮形成的活性剂诸如泛醇、尿囊素类、甘菊环烃类、单宁类、来自维生素B系列的化合物或起类似作用的活性剂。
8.根据上述权利要求中任何一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述的制剂含有至少一种抗菌剂和至少一种促进伤口愈合的活性剂。
9.根据上述权利要求中任何一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述的载体颗粒,特别是脂质体具有的基本上均匀的大小的范围是约1-约50μm;优选范围约1-约30μm。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于所述的载体颗粒,特别是脂质体具有的基本上均匀的直径大小的范围是:施用于气管的直径约20μm-30μm;施用于支气管的直径约10μm-20μm;且施用于肺泡的直径约1μm-6μm、特别是在2-5μm。
11.根据上述权利要求中任何一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述的载体制剂,特别是脂质体制剂可在延长的时间期限内,优选在几小时持续时间的延长时间期限内释放所述的活性剂。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于所述的载体制剂,特别是脂质体制剂可在释放时间期限内以大约相同的释放速率释放所述的活性剂。
13.根据上述权利要求中任何一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述的制剂还含有至少一种麻醉活性剂。
14.根据上述权利要求中任何一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述的制剂含有添加剂和佐剂诸如保存剂、抗氧化剂和形成稠度的添加剂。
15.根据权利要求1-14中任何一项所述的方法,所述的制剂是用于经下呼吸道给药的含有所述活性剂和载体的合适剂型,特别是脂质体剂型、优选气雾剂剂型、尤其是粉末气雾剂剂型。
16.根据权利要求1-14中任何一项所述的方法,所述的制剂是致密固体药剂的储备物形式,优选环状片剂,更优选在药物上可接受的固体或液体制剂中含有所述载体和一种或多种活性剂的胶囊剂、粉剂、喷雾剂、乳剂、分散液、悬乳剂或溶液,它们适合于产生可吸入的颗粒。
17.根据上述权利要求中任何一项所述的方法,所述的制剂是用于经下呼吸道给药的合适剂型,它包括:
a)含有药物上可接受的脂质体成膜物质的脂质体;和
b)0.1-2%PVP碘溶液(在PVP碘配合物中大约有10%的可利用碘),其中的至少大部分被所述的脂质体膜包裹;
其中所述的脂质体的基本上均匀的大小约为1-约50μm且在这种情况下所述的制剂还含有常规的药物制剂的添加剂、佐剂和辅助物质。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于所述的脂质体具有的基本上均匀的直径大小的范围是:施用于气管的直径约20μm-30μm;施用于支气管的直径约10μm-20μm;且施用于肺泡的直径约1μm-6μm、优选约2μm-5μm。
19.根据权利要求1-18中任何一项所述的方法,其中所述的制剂适于治疗感染性疾病或缓解诸如HIV感染这样的伴有机会致病菌感染或免疫抑制系统的疾病。
20.根据权利要求1-18中任何一项所述的方法,其中所述的制剂适于治疗急性或慢性支气管炎、肺炎、支气管扩张、囊性纤维化、白喉和/或结核。
21.根据权利要求1-20中任何一项所述的方法,其中所述的制剂适于功能和整容组织的改型和修复治疗。
22.一种预防或治疗人或动物下呼吸道感染的方法,该方法通过给所述的呼吸道施用含有至少一种抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合的活性剂的药物制剂来进行,在所述的制剂中所述的活性剂与颗粒载体混合。
23.一种在人和动物的下呼吸道中进行功能和整容组织改型和修复的方法,该方法通过给所述的呼吸道施用含有至少一种消炎剂,特别是抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合的活性剂以及颗粒载体的药物制剂来进行。
24.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的载体包括脂质体、微球体、纳米颗粒、大孔颗粒或激光脉冲聚合物包裹的分子中的至少一种。
25.权利要求22或23的方法,其中至少最大部分的所述活性剂包裹在所述载体内部,特别是在脂质体或微球体载体的内部。
26.权利要求23的方法,其中所述的消炎剂选自抗菌剂、抗菌素、皮质甾类和促进伤口愈合的活性剂。
27.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的抗菌剂选自释放氧的化合物和释放卤素的化合物;金属化合物诸如银和汞化合物;有机消毒剂特别包括释放甲醛的化合物、醇类、苯酚类包括烷基和芳基苯酚类以及卤代苯酚类、喹啉类和吖啶类、六氢嘧啶类、季铵化合物和亚胺鎓盐、和胍类。
28.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的抗菌剂选自下列物质组:金属化合物诸如汞化合物;苯酚衍生物诸如百里酚、丁子香酚和六氯苯;碘和碘配合物。
29.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的抗菌剂是聚乙烯吡咯酮碘。
30.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的促进伤口愈合的活性剂选自促进肉芽发生和上皮形成的活性剂诸如泛醇、尿囊素类、甘菊环烃类、单宁类、来自维生素B系列的化合物或起类似作用的活性剂。
31.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的制剂含有至少一种抗菌剂和至少一种促进伤口愈合的活性剂。
32.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的载体颗粒、特别是脂质体具有的基本上均匀的大小的范围是约1-约50μm;优选范围约1-约30μm。
33.权利要求32的方法,其中所述的载体颗粒,特别是脂质体具有的基本上均匀的直径大小的范围是:施用于气管的直径约20μm-30μm;施用于支气管的直径约10μm-20μm;且施用于肺泡的直径约1μm-6μm、特别是在2-5μm。
34.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的载体制剂,特别是脂质体制剂可在延长的时间期限内,优选是在几小时持续时间的延长时间期限内释放所述的活性剂。
35.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的载体制剂,特别是脂质体制剂可在释放时间期限内以大约相同的释放速率释放所述的活性剂。
36.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的制剂还含有至少一种麻醉活性剂。
37.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的制剂含有添加剂和佐剂诸如保存剂、抗氧化剂和形成稠度的添加剂。
38.权利要求22或23的方法,所述的制剂是用于经下呼吸道给药的含有所述活性剂和载体的合适剂型,特别是脂质体剂型,优选气雾剂剂型,尤其是粉末气雾剂剂型。
39.权利要求22或23的方法,所述的制剂是致密固体药剂的储蓄物形式,优选环状片剂,更优选在药物上可接受的固体或液体制剂中含有所述载体和一种或多种活性剂的胶囊剂、粉剂、喷雾剂、乳剂、分散液、混悬剂或溶液,它们适合于产生可吸入的颗粒。
40.权利要求22或23的方法,所述的制剂是用于经下呼吸道给药的合适剂型,它包括:
a)含有药物上可接受的脂质体成膜物质的脂质体;和
b)0.1-2%PVP碘溶液(在PVP碘配合物中大约有10%的可利用碘),其中的至少大部分被所述的脂质体膜包裹;
其中所述的脂质体的基本上均匀的大小约为1-约50μm且在这种情况下所述的制剂还含有常规的药物制剂的添加剂、佐剂和辅助物质。
41.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的脂质体具有的基本上均匀的直径大小的范围是:施用于气管的直径约20μm-30μm;施用于支气管的直径约10μm-20μm;且施用于肺泡的直径约1μm-6μm、优选约2μm-5μm。
42.权利要求22活23的方法,其中所述的制剂适于治疗感染性疾病或缓解诸如HIV感染这样的伴有机会致病菌感染或免疫抑制系统的疾病。
43.权利要求22或23的方法,其中所述的制剂适于治疗急性或慢性支气管炎、肺炎、支气管扩张、囊性纤维化、白喉和/或结核。
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CN99806578A Pending CN1303272A (zh) | 1998-05-27 | 1999-05-27 | 施用于上呼吸道和/或耳部的消炎剂,特别是抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合活性剂的制剂 |
CN99806648A Pending CN1303276A (zh) | 1998-05-27 | 1999-05-27 | 包含紧密压实的固体药剂原料的药物释放系统 |
CN99806577A Pending CN1303271A (zh) | 1998-05-27 | 1999-05-27 | 施用于下呼吸道的消炎剂,特别是抗菌剂和/或促进伤口愈合活性剂的制剂 |
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CN99806648A Pending CN1303276A (zh) | 1998-05-27 | 1999-05-27 | 包含紧密压实的固体药剂原料的药物释放系统 |
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1999
- 1999-05-27 EP EP99926448A patent/EP1079807B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1999-05-27 WO PCT/EP1999/003677 patent/WO1999060998A1/en active IP Right Grant
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- 1999-05-27 EP EP99953285A patent/EP1083886B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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CN108743537A (zh) * | 2012-05-21 | 2018-11-06 | 英斯麦德公司 | 治疗肺部感染的系统 |
CN108743537B (zh) * | 2012-05-21 | 2021-06-11 | 英斯麦德公司 | 治疗肺部感染的系统 |
CN110799179A (zh) * | 2017-07-04 | 2020-02-14 | 富陆凯米有限责任公司 | 水溶性提高的包含碘试剂及氯化钠的固体组合物及包含其水溶液的眼、口腔、鼻腔或吸入用抗病毒及抗菌组合物 |
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