CN1220527C - 永久可湿性超吸收物 - Google Patents

永久可湿性超吸收物 Download PDF

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CN1220527C
CN1220527C CNB01806874XA CN01806874A CN1220527C CN 1220527 C CN1220527 C CN 1220527C CN B01806874X A CNB01806874X A CN B01806874XA CN 01806874 A CN01806874 A CN 01806874A CN 1220527 C CN1220527 C CN 1220527C
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CN1423569A (zh
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秦建
章小民
S·兰加纳坦
李湧
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Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc
Kimberly Clark Corp
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Abstract

提供了制备永久可湿性超吸收材料的方法。该方法制备的永久可湿性超吸收材料的漂浮时间小于30秒并使盐水表面张力的降低小于大约30%。该方法包括用表面活性剂溶液处理超吸收材料。使用具有至少一个与超吸收材料反应的官能基团和至少一个不反应的亲水官能基团的表面活性剂。当超吸收材料表面的官能基团活化时，将表面活性剂应用于超吸收材料。还提供了该方法制备的永久可湿性超吸收材料如纤维和含有该永久可湿性超吸收材料的一次性吸收产品。

Description

永久可湿性超吸收物
技术领域
本发明涉及超吸收物，尤其是永久可湿性超吸收性纤维。
发明背景
水膨胀性、一般不溶于水的吸收材料通常以超吸收物著称，其在一次性吸收性个人护理产品中的应用是众所周知的。这种吸收材料通常用于吸收性产品，如尿布、运动短裤、成人失禁产品和妇女护理产品，以增加这种产品的吸收能力同时降低它们的整体体积。在纤维基质如木浆绒毛基质中，吸收材料通常以超吸收微粒形式存在。
超吸收微粒有时很难使用，因为它们在制备过程中不能保持固定，且在物品中可能移动位置。与超吸收微粒相反，使用超吸收纤维的潜在优点包括产品完整性提高、抑制更好和吸收性能提高，例如快速吸收流体和快速流体分布性能。使用超吸收纤维还可以改善产品品质，如提供更合身、减少胶条移动和产品制备过程潜在简化的更薄更柔软的产品。
超吸收纤维的表面特性在决定包含它的复合物的流体处理性能中起着主要的作用。因此，需要具有足够表面可湿性的超吸收纤维。商业上可获得的超吸收纤维不具有永久的可湿性。
发明概述
本发明包括制备永久可湿性超吸收材料的方法，包括用表面活性剂溶液处理超吸收材料。使用的表面活性剂具有至少一个与表面活性剂材料反应的官能基团和至少一个不反应的和亲水的官能基团。当超吸收材料表面的官能基团处于活化状态时，将表面活性剂应用于超吸收材料。在一个实施方案中，当超吸收材料溶剂化时，将表面活性剂应用于超吸收材料。所期望的是，表面活性剂溶液包括的溶剂是表面活性剂的溶剂而不是超吸收材料的溶剂，且该表面活性剂溶液包括定量的足以溶剂化超吸收材料表面、但不足以引起超吸收材料显著膨胀的水。
本发明进一步包括用该方法制备的永久可湿性超吸收材料，例如纤维，和包含该永久可湿性超吸收材料的一次性吸收产品。该方法制备的永久可湿性超吸收材料的漂浮时间小于30秒并使盐水表面张力的降低小于大约30％。
本发明的一个目的是提供超吸收纤维和其制备方法，所述纤维显示出永久可湿性表面(θ＜90°和漂浮时间小于30秒)并引起流体表面张力的降低较少，期望的是盐水(0.9％ NaCl)表面张力的降低小于或等于大约30％，更期望的是盐水表面张力的降低小于或等于大约25％，更期望20％。
发明详述
超吸收纤维(SAFs)具有比超吸收微粒(SAPs)更好的流体分布性能的潜力，因为纤维的尺度较小和表面积较大。然而，商业上可获得的SAFs，例如来自加拿大卡尔加里的Camelot SuperabsorbentsLtd.的Fiberdri和来自英国Technical Absorbents的Oasis，流体分布性能实际上比商业上可获得的SAPs差。这种较差性能的一般前置原因是超吸收纤维吸收流体较快。然而，这种较差性至少有其它两个原因。首先，在纤维纺纱过程中，SAF表面被制成疏水性的。其次，应用于纤维以抵消纤维疏水性的表面活性剂可以从纤维释放至与纤维接触的液体中，从而降低液体的表面张力。
这里公开的是置于盐水中时不使盐水表面张力显著降低的永久可湿性(亲水性)超吸收纤维，以及将超吸收纤维改性为这种材料的方法。这里使用的术语“永久”不是指超吸收物必须在无限时间内保持可湿性，而是指超吸收物至少在重复洗涤和正常使用时保持可湿性。含有所述永久可湿性超吸收纤维的复合物表现出比含有其它SAFs的复合物更好的流体分布性能。虽然这里描述的本发明尤其是制备永久可湿性超吸收纤维的方法，应该理解的是它也适用于制备其它形式的永久可湿性超吸收材料，例如微粒、薄膜、无纺织物、珠粒、泡沫和并合形式(coform)。
相信超吸收纤维应该比SAPs表现出更好的流体分布性能是基于Laplace等式：p＝2γcos θ/Rc(其中p是毛细管压，γ是流体表面张力，θ是液体-固体-气体交界面的接触角，而Rc是毛细管半径)。由于从SAPs到SAFs毛细管半径Rc显著减小，毛细管压p应该显著增加，这意味着流体分布力增加。然而，发现在有些情况下，SAFs的流体分布实际上比SAPs差。
不受理论的限制，据信较差结果的原因是在纺纱过程中SAF表面被疏水化。例如，一种普遍使用的超吸收材料聚丙烯酸钠是亲水聚合物，因为存在羧基(-COO-)和羧酸基(-COOH)。然而，如果聚合物溶液在热气中干燥，聚丙烯酸钠纤维的表面疏水性可以很高。那是因为热气相对于水是疏水的，以致热气可将更多聚丙烯酸钠的疏水片段(-C-C-)。吸引到表面上，并同时从表面排斥聚合物的亲水片段(-COO-，-COOH)。这是所谓的表面疏水化。表面疏水性是SAFs为什么不表现出更好的流体分布性能的原因之一。疏水表面具有大于90°的接触角θ，导致Laplace等式中毛细管负压。
为了制备可湿性超吸收纤维，其他人已将表面活性剂应用到纤维上以提高其接触角和可湿性。这个方法可解决表面可湿性问题，但产生了另一个问题。由于所用表面活性剂和应用方法，使用的表面活性剂不能永久停留在超吸收纤维的表面。超吸收纤维表面的表面活性剂易变，会溶于接触纤维的流体中，剧烈降低流体的表面张力γ，并具有负作用地阻碍流体分布性能。
本发明的方法包括纤维活化时，将反应性表面活性剂应用于超吸收纤维表面。这有几种方法可以完成。在这里特别描述的期望方法中，当纤维溶剂化时，将表面活性剂应用于纤维。表面活性剂是在液体中施用于纤维，该液体是表面活性剂的溶剂而不是纤维的溶剂。将水添加至表面活性剂溶液中。水量应该足以使纤维表面溶剂化，使得纤维表面大分子上的离子基团可自由旋转，以促进与表面活性剂的官能反应基团发生相互作用。然而，水量应该不足以引起纤维显著膨胀。可采用许多方法用表面活性剂/水/溶剂溶液处理纤维，包括喷雾或浸渍。处理过的纤维可以洗涤，如果需要的话，然后干燥去除溶剂和水。
可以使用其它方法促进表面活性剂的官能基团和SAF间的相互作用。例如，SAF可暂时接触湿度较高的环境，然后用表面活性剂处理。水蒸气会溶剂化SAF的表面，以达到与液态水相同的溶剂化状态。另一个例子是SAF可接触高能量放射线，如e-光束或等离子体，然后用表面活性剂处理。这种放射线可活化表面大分子，产生自由基或离子，促进与表面活性剂的反应。
纤维
大量超吸收纤维中的任何一个可用于本发明。如这里使用的，术语“超吸收”是指水可膨胀的、不溶于水的材料，其在最有利条件下，能够在水中吸收其重量的至少大约10倍，期望大约20倍，而通常达到大约1000倍。适合用作本发明的超吸收材料的有机材料可包括天然材料如琼脂、褐藻酸、角叉菜胶、淀粉、果胶、瓜尔胶、脱乙酰壳多糖等等，改性的天然材料如羧烷基纤维素、甲基纤维素、羟烷基纤维素、脱乙酰壳多糖盐、右旋糖苷等等；以及合成材料，例如合成的水凝胶聚合物。这种水凝胶聚合物包括但不限于聚丙烯酸的碱金属盐、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯醇、乙烯顺丁烯二酸酐共聚物、聚乙烯醚、羟丙基纤维素、聚乙烯基吗啉酮和乙烯磺酸、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯胺、聚烯丙基胺和聚乙烯基吡啶等等的聚合物和共聚物。其它合适的聚合物包括水解的丙烯腈接枝淀粉、丙烯酸接枝淀粉和异丁烯顺丁烯二酸酐共聚物和其混合物。期望水凝胶聚合物轻度交联以使材料基本上不溶于水。可以采用例如辐射或共价、离子、范德华或氢键进行交联。
在本发明的一个实施方案中，吸收纤维包含一种或多种以交联聚合物钠盐形式的超吸收材料。这种超吸收材料包括但不限于Fiberdri1161、Fiberdri 1231和Fiberdri 1241(全部从加拿大卡尔加里的Camelot Superabsorbent Ltd.得到)；和Oasis 101、Oasis102和Oasis 111(全部从英国Technical Absorbents得到)。
超吸收纤维可以由本领域技术人员所知的许多方法制备。
表面活性剂
合适的表面活性剂是具有至少一个与SAF反应的官能基团和至少一个不反应和亲水官能基团的化合物。反应性官能基团包括对于阴离子SAF的阳离子基团和对于阳离子SAF的阴离子基团。阳离子基团的例子不具限制性地是季铵基和氨基(当阳离子SAF含有酸性基团如羧酸基时)。阴离子基团的例子不具限制性地是羧基、磺酸盐基、磷酸盐基和它们相应的酸基(当阳离子SAF合有碱性基团如氨基时)。
不反应的亲水官能基团包括但不限于羟基、醚基、羧酸基、氨基和亚氨基。
一个合适的表面活性剂是来自Rhone-Poulenc，Inc的RhodamoxLO(十二烷基二甲基氧化胺)。期望表面活性剂溶液具有每1000g溶剂大约0.001g至20g表面活性剂的浓度，更期望每1000g溶剂大约0.005g至10g表面活性剂，更期望每1000g溶剂大约0.01g至5g表面活性剂，更期望每1000g溶剂大约0.05g至1g表面活性剂。
溶剂
溶剂必须与SAFs活化试剂例如水相容或可混溶。溶剂是使表面活性剂溶剂化但基本上不使纤维溶剂化的溶剂。适当的溶剂可以由本领域技术人员选择并包括但不限于异丙醇、甲醇、乙醇、丁醇、丁二醇、丁三醇、丁酮、丙酮、乙二醇、丙二醇、甘油，以及上述的混合物。优选的溶剂包括异丙醇、乙醇和丙酮。
水量
加入的水量是重要的；它应该足以溶剂化纤维表面以使纤维表面大分子上的离子基团可自由旋转，以促进与表面活性剂的官能基团相互作用。然而，水量应该不足以引起纤维显著膨胀。SAF显著膨胀定义为体积增加至少大约100％。
期望的水量是溶剂总重量的0.5至30重量％，期望从大约1至20％，更期望从大约1至15％，最期望从大约1至10％。这里的全部百分比以重量计除非另作指出。
不受理论的限制，据信水是作为活化试剂，以促进表面活性剂的反应性官能基团与超吸收纤维的官能基团间的反应。例如，如果阳离子/非离子表面活性剂在水不存在时被施用于聚丙烯酸酯超吸收纤维表面上，那么表面上不存在纤维的阴离子基团(-COO-)，由于表面疏水化或由于缺水表面不是离子形式。尽管表面活性剂具有阳离子基团，它们不能与纤维的阴离子基团形成离子键。表面活性剂只与纤维表面粘附并变得易变。然而，当处理溶液中存在一定量的水时，水可溶剂化纤维表面且接近纤维表面的阴离子基团将能够由向内构象旋转为向外构象，这就允许表面活性剂的阳离子基团与这些向外的阴离子基团形成离子键，并达到永久表面可湿性处理。
反应条件
可以用许多方法用表面活性剂溶液处理纤维，包括喷雾或浸渍。SAF与处理溶液的比例可依赖于表面活性剂如何应用于纤维而发生很大变化。例如，当溶液通过喷雾施用时，期望1∶1(SAF克数对溶液克数)至1∶5的比例。在浸渍处理的一个实施方案中，SAF加入到预先制备的处理溶液中。期望SAF与处理溶液的比例范围为大约1∶1至1∶500，更期望为大约1∶1至1∶100，更期望为大约1∶1至1∶50。
在从大约0℃至100℃的温度下进行处理，更期望从10至60℃，更期望从20至30℃，期望大约在室温(23℃)。处理时间长短取决于应用的方法、应用的温度以及成分。处理时间长短可在大约0.01至1小时的范围变化，期望为大约0.05至0.5小时，更期望为大约0.1至0.3小时，期望伴随持续搅拌。
洗涤和干燥
洗涤的目的是去除任何易变表面活性剂。甚至当选择了反应性表面活性剂和适当的反应条件时，使用过多的表面活性剂(表面活性剂分子的数量多于SAF表面上可利用的官能基团数目，或表面活性剂和SAF的官能基团间的反应不完全)仍可产生易变表面活性剂。一个有效的洗涤使用的SAF与洗涤溶剂的重量比例范围为大约1∶2至1∶500，期望大约1∶5至1∶200，更期望大约1∶10至1∶100。优选在室温进行洗涤，然而，可以使用从0℃至100℃范围的温度。混合辅助如机械搅拌、振动或超声处理将有助于达到更高效的洗涤。用于洗涤的液体将是表面活性剂的溶剂但不是纤维的溶剂。
可使用任何常规的干燥方法，如在环境条件下或在高温条件下空气干燥、真空干燥、冰冻干燥、超临界干燥等来干燥处理过的和/或洗涤过的纤维。
本发明的超吸收纤维适用于一次性吸收产品如个人护理产品，如尿布、运动短裤、婴儿拭纸、妇女护理产品、成人失禁产品和医疗产品，如伤口敷料、外科斗篷和被单。
SAFs可用于织物和无纺织物产品如现在使用的商业上可获得的超吸收纤维。期望将本发明的超吸收纤维与其它纤维混合和/或向本发明的纤维制成的织物中添加超吸收微粒而制成吸收结构。公开的本发明也可应用于其它形式的超吸收物，如微粒、薄膜、片状粉、无纺织物、珠粒和泡沫以改善其表面可湿性。
在本发明的一个实施方案中，提供了一次性吸收产品，其包括液体可渗透的顶片、与顶片粘合的底片，和位于顶片和底片之间的用本发明纤维制成的吸收结构。
根据本发明所有方面的一次性吸收产品，在使用期间通常经历体液的多次污损。因此，期望一次性吸收产品能够吸收所述吸收产品和结构在使用期间会接触到的数量的体液的多次污损。污损通常被一段时间彼此分开。
本领域技术人员会认识到适合用作顶片和底片的材料。适合用作顶片的材料的示例是可渗透液体的材料，如每平方米大约15至大约25克基重的纺粘聚丙烯或聚乙烯。适合用作底片的材料的示例是不透液体的材料，如聚烯烃膜，以及可透蒸汽的材料，如微孔聚烯烃膜。
下列实施例进一步阐述本发明，不能推断它以任何方式对其范围作限制。相反，可清楚理解本领域技术人员阅读这里的说明书之后，会提示他们在不背离本发明精神的情况下，对该手段进行各种其它实施方式、变型和其等同物。
                         实施例
在实施例1中测定了SAFs的两项性能：漂浮时间，指示表面可湿性，和使用盐水溶液的表面张力，指示表面活性剂的易变性。在实施例2中，使用倾斜毛细吸收测试评估包括本发明SAF样品的复合物的流体分布性能。也报道了自由膨胀、干重、密度和盐水吸收。测试步骤总结如下：
漂浮时间：0.9％ NaCl等渗盐水大约80g，得自RICCA ChemicalCo.(Arlington，TX)，置于100ml烧杯中。称取0.01g超吸收纤维并从盐水表面大约5cm的高度轻轻加入烧杯中。记录从纤维首先接触盐水表面的时间到纤维位于盐水表面以下的时间作为漂浮时间。
表面张力测试：1克超吸收纤维与150克0.9％ NaCl盐水在烧瓶中充分混合。15分钟后，盐水倒入玻璃容器中。用Kruss ProcessorTensiometer K 12测定处理过的盐水的表面张力。
吸收性测试：称取大约0.16g超吸收纤维，置于底部有100目筛网的塑料AUL试管中。圆盘顶部放有一个塑料活塞，其产生大约0.01psi的压力。然后，将试管置于含大约50ml 0.9％ NaCl盐水的盘中。1小时后，取出试管并置于纸巾上吸干间隙液体。移动试管继续吸干质纸巾变干，直到纸巾上见不到液体痕迹。试管湿和干之间的重量差异代表了被SAF吸收的液体总量，并以自由膨胀吸收性报道。吸收性测试在WO 99/17695名为“Flooded Absorbency Under ZeroLoad”的部分中描述更详细。
倾斜毛细吸收测试：超吸收纤维样品与木浆绒毛空气沉降为具有400gsm总基重的复合物。复合物增加密度至大约0.2g/cc并切成5.1cm×33cm的大小。切成的样品放入倾斜毛细吸收槽(倾斜角度30°)进行毛细吸收测试。测试流体是0.9％ NaCl盐水。测试持续大约90分钟，记录毛细吸收距离和毛细吸收容量(吸收)作为参数以反映流体分布能力。毛细吸收测试在欧洲出版物761 192 A2名为“WickingParameter”的部分中描述更详细。
用基重除以网厚度测定密度。使用得自日本MitutoyoCorporation的Digimatic Indicator Model 1DF-150E测定厚度，施用压力为0.05psi，精确度为0.001mm。
实施例1：可湿性和高表面张力纤维的形成
使用商业上可获得的超吸收纤维(得自加拿大卡尔加里CamelotSuperabsorbent Ltd.的Fiberdri 1241)。这种纤维是顺丁烯二酸酐和异丁烯的交联共聚物。这种纤维是可湿性的(漂浮时间小于30秒)，但使盐水(0.9％ NaCI)表面张力从72降低至47dyne/cm(降低34.7％)。在异丙醇中洗涤纤维达6次(纤维与异丙醇的重量比是大约1至10)以去除超吸收纤维带来的任何表面活性剂。每次洗涤时间大约1小时。每次洗涤向纤维中添加新鲜异丙醇。表1中样品1-7的结果显示了纤维的漂浮时间和随每次洗涤增加的盐水表面张力，表明表面活性剂确实已从纤维中洗掉，以及纤维表面变得更加疏水。
在第二步中，用得自RhonePoulenc，Inc的阳离子-非离子表面活性剂Rhodamox LO(十二烷基二甲基氧化胺)在含水(样品9)或不含水(样品8)的异丙醇介质中处理洗涤过的SAF。SAF/水/异丙醇/Rhodamox LO的重量比是1∶1∶50∶0.005。然后用新鲜异丙醇洗涤处理过的纤维以确保无未反应的表面活性剂留在纤维表面。漂浮时间和表面张力的结果表明水存在下处理的纤维为永久可湿性，漂浮时间为26.1秒，表面张力保持为57.5dyne/cm(降低20％)。
表1
样品号 超吸收纤维   漂浮试验(秒)   表面张力(dyne/cm)
    1 Fiberdri 1241原样品   19.1     47.8
    2 洗涤一次的Fiberdri 1241   59.5     54.2
    3 洗涤二次的Fiberdri 1241   大于60     --
    4 洗涤三次的Fiberdri 1241   大于60     --
    5 洗涤四次的Fiberdri 1241   大于60     56.9
    6 洗涤五次的Fiberdri 1241   大于60     57.1
    7 洗涤六次的Fiberdri 1241   大于60     58.1
    8 洗涤六次并用阳离子表面活性剂(不含水)处理的Fiberdri1241   24.6     44.3
    9 洗涤六次并用阳离子表面活性剂(含水)处理的Fiberdri1241   26.1     57.5
实施例2：复合物的形成和测试
实施例1中的1、7和9号样品在实施例2中用作纤维样品。选择1号样品代表可湿性的但表面张力低的纤维，选择7号样品代表不可湿性但表面张力高的纤维，和选择9号样品代表可湿性的和高表面张力的样品。通过空气形成过程将每个纤维样品制成复合物。
使用空气成形器制备复合物。空气成形器由两个室组成。第一个室是直径大约2英尺和高度大约1英尺的圆柱形室，装有10个与压缩空气源连接的空气喷嘴。这个室是为了混合意欲加入复合物中的组分。压缩空气将产生强烈湍流辅助混合。第二个室称作空气铺设室，具有大约1.5′(长)×0.5′(宽)×2.5′(高)的大小，与真空源连接。SAF和木浆绒毛以一定比例加入第一个室，空气湍流混合，接着在真空下通过连接两个室的金属筛吸入第二个室。完全均匀化的组分被气置在形成组织的薄片上以形成复合物。制备的复合物用Carver压力机在150℃的温度下和500psi压力下压缩10秒。
每一复合物包括60％超吸收纤维和40％木浆绒毛纤维(CoosaCR1654，由US Alliance Coosa Pines Corporation，Alabama生产)，每平方米为400克(gsm)基重。用Carver压力机增加复合物密度至大约0.2g/cc。将复合物切成2″(5.08cm)乘13″(33.02cm)的条并将一条放入倾斜角为30°的槽中至水平位，测定倾斜毛细吸收距离和毛细吸收容量。下表2总结了结果。
表2
合成物号 SAF号 SAF的自由膨胀(g/g) 干重(g)     密度(g/cc)     盐水吸收(g)   毛细吸收距离(cm)
    1     1     30.0     6.66     0.184     64.6     15.2
    2     7     30.7     6.40     0.177     68.5     15.2
    3     9     29.4     6.75     0.188     86.6     18.2
注意含本发明SAF的复合物的毛细吸收距离更大，毛细吸收容量更高。
上述说明书旨在说明且不是限制性的。许多实施方案对于阅读上述说明书的本领域技术人员将很明显。因此，本发明的范围不应该根据上述说明书确定，而应该根据所附权利要求与这种权利要求赋予的等同物的全部范围来确定。这里提到的所有文章和参考文献包括专利、专利申请和出版物的公开，在这里引入作为参考。

Claims (21)

1.制备永久可湿性超吸收材料的方法，包括：
用表面活性剂溶液处理超吸收材料；
其中表面活性剂具有至少一个与超吸收材料反应的官能基团，和至少一个不反应的亲水官能基团；和
其中在超吸收材料表面上的官能基团被活化时，将表面活性剂施用于超吸收材料。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中表面活性剂溶液包含一种是表面活性剂的溶剂但不是超吸收材料的溶剂的溶剂；和
其中表面活性剂溶液包含足以溶剂化超吸收材料的表面、但不足以引起超吸收材料显著膨胀的一定量的水。
3.权利要求2的方法，进一步包括干燥经处理的超吸收材料。
4.权利要求1的方法，进一步包括用溶剂洗涤经处理过的超吸收材料。
5.权利要求2的方法，其中所述处理是通过浸渍或喷雾。
6.权利要求1的方法，其中超吸收材料是超吸收纤维。
7.权利要求1的方法，其中超吸收材料是以选自微粒、薄膜、无纺织物、珠粒、泡沫和并合型的形式。
8.由权利要求6的方法制备的永久可湿性超吸收纤维。
9.权利要求8的纤维，其盐水表面张力的降低小于30％。
10.权利要求1的方法，其中处理过的超吸收材料的漂浮时间小于30秒并使盐水表面张力的降低小于30％。
11.权利要求1的方法，其中处理过的超吸收材料使盐水表面张力的降低小于25％。
12.权利要求1的方法，其中处理过的超吸收材料使盐水表面张力的降低小于20％。
13.权利要求1的方法，其中超吸收材料选自聚丙烯酸的碱金属盐、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯醇、乙烯顺丁烯二酸酐共聚物、聚乙烯醚、羟丙基纤维素、聚乙烯基吗啉酮和乙烯磺酸、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯胺、聚烯丙基胺和聚乙烯基吡啶的聚合物和共聚物。
14.权利要求1的方法，其中超吸收材料选自琼脂、褐藻酸、角叉菜胶、淀粉、果胶、瓜尔胶、脱乙酰壳多糖、羧烷基纤维素、甲基纤维素、羟烷基纤维素、脱乙酰壳多糖盐、右旋糖苷。
15.权利要求1的方法，其中表面活性剂的反应性官能基团选自季铵基、氨基、羧基、磺酸盐基、磷酸盐基和它们相应的酸基。
16.权利要求1的方法，其中表面活性剂的不反应性亲水官能基团选自羟基、醚基、羧酸基、氨基和亚氨基。
17.权利要求2的方法，其中溶剂选自异丙醇、甲醇、乙醇、丁醇、丁二醇、丁三醇、丁酮、丙酮、乙二醇、丙二醇、甘油和它们的混合物。
18.权利要求2的方法，其中水以溶剂总重量的1至10％存在。
19.权利要求1的方法，其中处理过的超吸收材料具有小于30秒的漂浮时间。
20.一次性吸收产品，包括液体可渗透顶片、与顶片粘合的底片和位于顶片和底片之间的用权利要求8的纤维制成的吸收结构。
21.权利要求1的方法，其中当超吸收材料处于溶剂化状态时将表面活性剂施用于超吸收材料。
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