CN1160350A - Hiv蛋白酶抑制剂组合物 - Google Patents
Hiv蛋白酶抑制剂组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1160350A CN1160350A CN95195548A CN95195548A CN1160350A CN 1160350 A CN1160350 A CN 1160350A CN 95195548 A CN95195548 A CN 95195548A CN 95195548 A CN95195548 A CN 95195548A CN 1160350 A CN1160350 A CN 1160350A
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- compound
- treatment
- hiv
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- administration
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Abstract
HIV蛋白酶抑制剂化合物J和四种其它强力HIV蛋白酶抑制剂的任一种或几种的组合物,无论是否与其它抗病毒剂、免疫调控物、抗生素或疫苗共用,均可以以化合物、药用盐、药物组合物成分形式用于抑制HIV蛋白酶、预防或治疗HIV感染和治疗爱滋病。本发明描述了爱滋病治疗方法和HIV感染的预防或治疗方法。
Description
发明背景
本案是默克(Merck)案19280,U.S.S.N.08/289,471,提交日期1994年8月11日的部分继续。
本案与默克案18996,U.S.S.N.08/059,038,提交日期1993年5月7日和默克案18996IA,U.S.S.N.08/235,576,提交日期1994年4月29日有关。
一种被称为人类免疫缺损病毒(HIV)的逆转录病毒是包括免疫系统进行性破坏(获得性免疫缺损综合症;AIDS(爱滋病))和中枢及外周神经系统退化的复杂疾病的病原。该病毒以前又叫LAV,HTLV-III或ARV。逆转录病毒复制一般特征是用病毒编码的蛋白酶广泛地翻译后处理前体多聚蛋白,产生病毒装配与行使功能所必需的成熟病毒蛋白。例如,Kohl.N.E.等人,美国国家科学院院刊(Proc.Nat’l.Acad.Sic.)85,4686(1988)显示HIV编码的蛋白酶遗传失活导致产生不成熟的非感染性的病毒颗粒。这些结果表明抑制HIV蛋白酶代表了一种治疗爱滋病(AIDS)和预防或治疗HIV感染的可行方法。
HIV的核苷酸测序显示一个开放阅读框架中有一个pol基因〔Ratner,L.等人,自然(Nature),313,277(1985)〕。氨基酸序列同源性提供的证据表明,pol序列编码逆转录酶、内核酸酶和HIV蛋白酶〔Toh,H.等人,EMBO J.4,1267(1985);Power,M.D.等人,科学(Science),231,1567(1986);Pearl,L.H.等人,自然,329,351(1987)〕。
如下结构的化合物J:名称为N-(2(R)-羟基-1(S)-2,3-二氢化茚基)-2(R)苯甲基-4(S)-羟基-5-(1-(4-(3-吡啶甲基)-2(S)-N’-叔丁基甲氨酰基)-哌嗪基))-戊酰胺,或其药用盐,是强力HIV蛋白酶抑制剂,可用于治疗AIDS或ARC,无明显毒副作用。
申请人发现将化合物J与其它HIV蛋白酶抑制剂组合给药,可用于治疗AIDS或ARC。
申请人证实本发明的化合物组合物是有效的HIV蛋白酶抑制剂。
本发明中,申请人用强力HIV蛋白酶抑制剂化合物J和一种或多种其它强力HIV蛋白酶抑制剂如化合物I、II、III或IV同时给药或分别给药。
发明概述
本发明的组合物无论是否与其它抗病毒剂、抗感染剂、免疫调控物、抗生素或疫苗共用均可以以化合物、药用盐(适当情况下)、药物组合物成分形式用于抑制HIV蛋白酶、预防HIV感染、治疗HIV感染和治疗AIDS和/或ARC。本发明还公开了AIDS治疗方法,HIV感染的预防方法和HIV感染的治疗方法。发明详述与优选实施方案
本发明涉及某些化合物或其药用盐的组合物,用于抑制HIV蛋白酶、预防或治疗HIV感染以及治疗由此产生的获得性免疫缺损综合症(AIDS)。该组合物定义如下:
一种含有化合物J和选自化合物I、II、III或IV的HIV蛋白酶抑制剂的组合物。
HIV蛋白酶抑制剂化合物J按默克案18597Y,EP 0541168的操作方法(protocol)合成,该案的公开日期为1993年5月12日,在此引入作为参考。化合物L-735,524是N-(2(R)-羟基-1(S)-2,3-二氢化茚基)-2(R)-苯甲基-4-(S)-羟基-5-(1-(4-(3-吡啶甲基)-2(S)-N’-叔丁基氨甲酰基)-哌嗪基))-戊酰胺,或其药用盐。
化合物IV是:或其药用盐。它是用WO 95/09843的方法合成的。
本发明的药用盐(为水溶或油溶或可分散产物形式)包括常规无毒盐或例如由无机或有机酸或碱形成的季铵盐。此类酸加成盐的例子包括乙酸盐、己二酸盐、藻酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、硫酸氢盐、丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙烷磺酸盐、延胡素酸盐、葡糖庚酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基-乙烷磺酸盐、乳酸盐、顺丁烯二酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、草酰乙酸盐、双羟萘酸盐、果胶酯酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯丙酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、丙酸盐、琥珀酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐和十一烷酸盐。碱盐包括铵盐、碱金属盐如钠盐和钾盐,碱土金属盐如钙盐和镁盐,有机碱盐如二环己胺盐、N-甲基-D-葡糖胺和氨基酸盐如精氨酸盐,赖氨酸盐等。而且,碱性含氮基团可用下列试剂季铵化,如低烷基卤化物、如甲基、乙基、丙基和丁基氯化物、溴化物和碘化物;双烷基硫酸盐如二甲基、二乙基、二丁基和二戊基硫酸盐;长链卤化物如癸基、月桂酸基、豆蔻酸基和硬脂酸基氯化物、溴化物和碘化物;芳烷基卤化物如苯基和苯乙基溴化物等。其它药用盐包括硫酸盐乙醇化物和硫酸盐。
适当时可包括C1-4烷基酯作为前药(prodrug)。
本发明的化合物的组合物可用于抑制HIV蛋白酶,预防或治疗人类免疫缺损病毒(HIV)感染和治疗由之而来的病理状况如AIDS。治疗AIDS或预防或治疗HIV感染被限定为包括但不限于治疗范围很广的HIV感染状态:AIDS,全身性或非全身性ARC(AIDS相关综合症),实际或潜在地接触HIV。例如,本发明的化合物可用于治疗怀疑接触过HIV(例如通过输血、体液交换、啮咬、偶然地针扎或手术中接触患者血液)之后的HIV感染。
本发明的组合物也可用于抗病毒化合物筛选检验的准备与执行。例如,本发明的组合物可用于分离酶突变体,该突变体是更强力抗病毒化合物的优秀的筛选工具。进一步,本发明的组合物通过例如竞争性抑制可用于找出或确定其它抗病毒剂与HIV蛋白酶的结合位点。因此本发明的组合物又是为这些用途而出售的商品。
为了这些目的,本发明的组合物可以在含有常规无毒药用载体,佐剂和媒介物的剂量单位制剂通过口服、肠胃外(包括皮下注射、静脉内、肌肉内、胸骨内注射或输液技术)、吸入喷雾剂或直肠途径给药。
因此本发明进一步提供治疗HIV感染和AIDS的方法和药物组合物。治疗方法涉及对需要治疗的患者用含有药用载体和本发明组合物中治疗有效量的各化合物的药物组合物给药。
这些药物组合物可以为如下形式:口服悬液或片剂;鼻腔喷雾剂;无菌注射制剂例如无菌注射水溶性或油溶性悬液;栓剂。
若用悬液口服给药,可根据制药领域熟知的技术制备这些药物组合物,可含有用于填充的微晶纤维素,用作悬浮剂的藻酸或藻酸钠,用作增粘剂的甲基纤维素以及本领域已知的甜味剂/香味剂。若用作迅速释药药片,这些药物组合物可含有本领域已知的微晶纤维素、磷酸二钙、淀粉、硬脂酸镁和乳糖和/或其它赋形剂、结合剂、补充剂、崩解剂、稀释剂和润滑剂。
若用鼻腔气溶胶或吸入剂给药,这些药物组合物可根据制药领域熟知的技术制备成盐溶液,使用本领域已知的苯甲醇或其它合适的防腐剂、用于增强生物利用率的吸收促进剂,碳氟化合物和/或其它增溶剂或分散剂。
注射用溶液或悬液可根据已知技术制成,利用适当的无毒胃肠外可接受稀释剂或溶剂如甘露醇、1,3-丁二醇、水、林格氏液或等渗氯化钠溶液,或适当的分散或增湿和悬浮剂如无菌而刺激性少的固定油,包括合成的甘油一酯或二酯,以及脂肪酸,包括油酸。
若以栓剂形式直肠内给药,这些药物组合物的制备方法是将药物与适当的非刺激性赋形剂如可可脂、合成的甘油酯或聚乙二醇混合,这些赋形剂在常温下为固体,但在直肠内液化和/或溶解释药。
本发明的化合物对人类给药时的剂量依各化合物而异。化合物J或其药用盐口服剂量在每日约40mg到约4000mg之间,每日1至4次,优选的口服剂量是每日三次给药共约200mg至约1000mg。化合物I或其药用盐口服剂量在每日约100mg至约4000mg之间,优选的是每日三次给药共约200mg至约1000mg。化合物II以例如水中30%乙醇的酏剂形式口服,剂量范围在每日约100mg至约4000mg之间,优选的口服剂量是每日三次给药共约200mg至约1000mg。化合物III或其药用盐口服剂量范围在每日约100mg至约4000mg之间,优选的口服剂量是每日三次给药共约200mg至约1000mg之间。化合物IV或其药用盐口服剂量范围在每日约100mg至约4000mg之间。但是应当理解,每个特定患者的特定剂量水平与给药频率不是固定不变的,它们依赖于许多因素,包括所用特定化合物的活性,该化合物的代谢稳定性和作用时间的长短,接受治疗者的年龄、体重、总体健康状况、性别、食谱、给药方式与时间、排泄速率、药物组合、某一特定病症的严重性和进行治疗的宿主。
实施例1仅用化合物I的组合疗法的药物动力学评价方案
这是对HIV感染患者的多剂量、随机化、三疗程、交互式(crossover)方案,用来评价化合物J与化合物I共同给药时的药物动力学和安全性。
12个HIV阳性患者以随机次序接受三种不同治疗,包括7天全天给药和一份附加剂量的:活性化合物J与化合物I安慰剂(治疗A);化合物J安慰剂与活性化合物I(治疗B);和活性化合物J与活性化合物I(治疗C)。治疗如下表所述:
治疗 瓶号 药物 剂量 |
1 化合物J 600mg q8h×22剂量A2 化合物I安慰剂 3胶囊q8h×22剂量 |
1 化合物J安慰剂 3胶囊q8h×22剂量B2 化合物I 600mg q8h×22剂量 |
1 化合物J 600mg q8h×22剂量C2 化合物I 600mg q8h×22剂量 |
化合物J以3个200mg胶囊形式给药,化合物I以3个200mg胶囊形式给药。安慰剂胶囊与活性化合物J和活性化合物I均匹配(match)。
每8小时服用化合物J或匹配的安慰剂,潜在的患者在研究开始约一个月内接受完整的病史和体格检查(包括直立体位信号的活力信号(vital signs with orthostatic signs)),12通道ECG(心电图)和实验室筛选(包括CD4计数)来确定其是否有资格作为研究对象。
为了分析每个疗程的安全性,在每个疗程的第一剂之前(第1天)和最后一剂时(第8天)进行体检并取血和尿作实验安全性检测。另外,每个疗程第一剂之前和第一剂之后一小时以及最后一剂后一小时获得12通道心电图。在给药第一天和最后一天按预定时间频度测量包括直立体位信号在内的活力信号。受试者每个给药周的中间一天(对每个受试者每次治疗给药的同一天,可能是第3,4或5天)回来,进行观察下的给药,观察不良效果以及监测活力信号。受试者保留一张日记卡记录每一剂药的服用时间并注明每个疗程的任何不良反应。安全性的规程后(postprotocol)评价包括实验室安全性检验,体格检查,并且最后一次治疗后24小时作心电图。
在治疗A,B和C的过程中,在最后一剂(第8天)后0、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、3、4、6和8小时取血测化合物J和化合物I的血浆浓度。待分析的药物动力学参数包括每份药物的最大血浆浓度和AUC(浓度-时间曲线下的面积)。实施例2仅用化合物I的组合疗法的方案
该方案是为了显示HIV血清阴性受试者中,化合物J与化合物I一起给药的疗法(regimen)的抗病毒活性,在该方案中,化合物J每日给药3次共600mg,化合物I每日给药3次共600mg。通过测量HIV p24抗原的血清水平。HIV RNA血清水平和CD4淋巴细胞计数,在组合疗法之前和进行中测量抗病毒活性。实施例3仅用化合物II的组合疗法的药物动力学评价方案
这是对HIV感染患者的多剂量、随机化、三疗程交互式(crossover)方案,以评价化合物J与化合物II共同给药的药物动力学特性和安全性。
12个HIV阳性患者以随机次序接受三种不同治疗,包括7天全天给药和一份附加剂量的:活性化合物J与化合物II安慰剂(治疗A);化合物J安慰剂与活性化合物II(治疗B);和活性化合物J与活性化合物II(治疗C)。治疗如下表所述:
治疗 瓶号 药物 剂量 |
1 化合物J 600mg q8h×22剂量A2 化合物II安慰剂 3胶囊q8h×22剂量 |
1 化合物J安慰剂 3胶囊q8h×22剂量B2 化合物II 600mg q8h×22剂量 |
1 化合物J 600mg p8h×22剂量C2 化合物II 600mg p8h×22剂量 |
化合物J以3个200mg胶囊形式给药,化合物II以3个200mg胶囊形式给药。安慰剂胶囊与活性化合物J和活性化合物II均匹配。
每8小时服化合物J或匹配的安慰剂,潜在的患者在研究开始的一个月内接受完整的病史和体格检查(包括直立体位信号的活力信号),12通道心电图和实验室筛选(包括CD4计数)来确定其是否有资格作为研究对象。
为了分析每个疗程的安全性,在每个疗程第一剂之前(第一天)和最后一剂时(第8天)进行体检并取血和尿作实验安全性检测。另外,每次治疗期第一剂之前和第一剂之后一小时以及最后一剂后一小时获得12通道心电图。在给药第一天和最后一天按预定时间频度测量包括直立体位信号在内的活力信号。受试者每个给药周的中间一天(对每个受试者在每次治疗给药的同一天,可能是第3,4或5天)回来,进行观察下的给药,观察不良效果以及监测活力信号。受试者保留一张日记卡记录每一剂药的服用时间并注明每个疗程的任何不良反应。安全性的规程后评价包括实验室安全性检验,体格检查,并且最后一次治疗后24小时作心电图。
在治疗A、B和C的过程中,在最后一剂(第8天)后0、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、3、4、6和8小时取血测L-735,524和化合物II的血浆浓度。待分析的药物动力学参数包括每次药物的最大血浆浓度和AUC(浓度时间曲线下的面积)。实施例4仅用化合物II的组合疗法的方案
该方案是为了表明HIV血清阴性受试者中化合物J与化合物II一起给药的疗法的抗病毒活性,化合物J每日给药3次共600mg,化合物II每日给药3次共600mg。通过测量HIV p24抗原的血清水平、HIVRNA血清水平和CD4淋巴细胞计数,在组合疗法之前与当中测量抗病毒活性。实施例5仅用化合物III的组合疗法的药物动力学评价方案
这是对HIV感染患者的多剂量、随机化、三疗程交互式方案,以评价化合物J与化合物III共同给药时的药物动力学和安全性。
12个HIV阳性患者以随机次序接受三种不同治疗,包括7天全天给药和一份附加剂量的:活性化合物J与化合物III安慰剂(治疗A);化合物J安慰剂和活性化合物III(治疗B);活性化合物J与活性化合物III(治疗C)。治疗如下表所示:
治疗 瓶号 药物 剂量 |
1 化合物J 600mg q8h×22剂量A2 化合物III安慰剂 3胶囊q8h×22剂量 |
1 化合物J安慰剂 3胶囊q8h×22剂量B2 化合物III 600mg q8h×22剂量 |
1 化合物J 600mg p8h×22剂量C2 化合物III 600mg q8h×22剂量 |
化合物J以3个200mg胶囊形式给药,化合物III以3个200mg胶囊形式给药。安慰剂胶囊与活性化合物J和活性化合物III均匹配。
每8小时服化合物J或匹配的安慰剂,潜在的患者在研究开始约一个月内接受完整的病史和体格检查(包括直立体位信号的活力信号),12通道心电图和实验室筛选(包括CD4计数)来确定其是否有资格作为研究对象。
为了分析每个疗程的安全性,在每个疗程第一剂之前(第一天)和最后一剂时(第8天)进行体检并取血和尿作实验安全性检测。另外,每个疗程第一剂之前和第一剂之后一小时以及最后一剂后一小时获得1 2通道心电图。在给药第一天和最后一天按预定时间频度测量包括直立体位信号在内的活力信号。受试者每个给药周的中间一天(对每个受试者每次治疗给药的同一天,可以是第3,4或5天)回来,进行观察下的给药,观察不良效果以及监测活力信号。受试者保留一张日记卡记录每一剂药的服用时间并注明每个疗程的任何不良反应。安全性的规程后评价包括实验室安全性检验,体格检查,并且最后一次治疗后24小时作心电图。
在治疗A、B和C的过程中,在最后一剂(第8天)后0、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、3、4、6和8小时取血测化合物J和化合物III的血浆浓度。待分析的药物动力学参数包括每份药物的最大血浆浓度和AUC(浓度时间曲线下的面积)。实施例6仅用化合物III的组合疗法的方案
该方案是为了表明HIV血清阴性受试者中化合物J与化合物III一起给药的疗法的抗病毒活性,化合物J每日给药3次共600mg,化合物III每日给药3次共600mg。通过测量HIV p24抗原的血清水平、HIVRNA血清水平和CD4淋巴细胞计数,在组合疗法之前与当中测量抗病毒活性。实施例7仅用化合物IV的组合疗法的药物动力学评价方案
这是对HIV感染患者的多剂量、随机化、三疗程交互式方案,以评价化合物J与化合物IV共同给药时的药物动力学和安全性。
12个HIV阳性患者以随机次序接受三种不同治疗,包括7天全天给药和一份附加剂量的:活性化合物J与化合物IV安慰剂(治疗A);化合物J安慰剂和活性化合物IV(治疗B);活性化合物J与活性化合物IV(治疗C)。治疗如下表所示:
治疗 瓶号 药物 剂量 |
1 化合物J 600mg q8h×22剂量A2 化合物IV安慰剂 3胶囊 q8h×22剂量 |
1 化合物J安慰剂 3胶囊 q8h×22剂量B2 化合物IV 600mg q8h×22剂量 |
1 化合物J 600mg q8h×22剂量C2 化合物IV 600mg q8h×22剂量 |
化合物J以3个200mg胶囊形式给药,化合物IV以3个200mg胶囊形式给药。安慰剂胶囊与活性化合物J和活性化合物IV均匹配。
每8小时服化合物J或匹配的安慰剂,潜在的患者在研究开始约一个月内接受完整的病史和体格检查(包括直立体位信号的活力信号),12通道心电图和实验室筛选(包括CD4计数)来确定其是否有资格作为研究对象。
为了分析每个疗程的安全性,在每个疗程第一剂之前(第一天)和最后一剂时(第8天)进行体检并取血和尿作实验安全性检测。另外,每个疗程第一剂之前和第一剂之后一小时以及最后一剂后一小时获得12通道心电图。在给药第一天和最后一天按预定时间频度测量包括直立体位信号在内的活力信号。受试者每个给药周的中间一天(对每个受试者每次治疗给药的同一天,可以是第3,4或5天)回来,进行观察下的给药,观察不良效果以及监测活力信号。受试者保留一张日记卡记录每一剂药的服用时间并注明每个疗程的任何不良反应。安全性的规程后评价包括实验室安全性检验,体格检查,并且最后一次治疗后24小时作心电图。
在治疗A、B和C的过程中,在最后一剂(第8天)后0、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、3、4、6和8小时取血测化合物J和化合物IV的血浆浓度。待分析的药物动力学参数包括每份药物的最大血浆浓度和AUC(浓度时间曲线下的面积)。实施例8仅用化合物IV的组合疗法的方案
该方案是为了表明HIV血清阴性受试者中化合物J与化合物IV一起给药的疗法的抗病毒活性,化合物J每日给药3次共600mg,化合物IV每日给药3次共600mg。通过测量HIV p24抗原的血清水平、HIVRNA血清水平和CD4淋巴细胞计数,在组合疗法之前与当中测量抗病毒活性。
虽然前述说明书讲授了本发明的原理,并提供了实施例来进行例示,应当理解,本发明的实践包涵下述权利要求及等价物范围内的所有一般的变化,适应性改变或修改。
Claims (9)
1.一种化合物的组合物,它包含化合物I、II、III或IV中的任一种和化合物J,或其药用盐。
2.权利要求1中的化合物的组合物,它包含化合物J和化合物I。
3.权利要求1中的化合物的组合物,它包含化合物J和化合物II。
4.权利要求1中的化合物的组合物,它包含化合物J和化合物III。
5.权利要求1中的化合物的组合物,它包含化合物J和化合物IV。
6.一种抑制HIV蛋白酶的方法,该方法包括对需要治疗的适当哺乳动物施用有效量的权利要求1中的任一组合物中的化合物。
7.一种预防HIV感染,或治疗HIV感染或治疗AIDS或ARC的方法,该方法包括对需要治疗的适当哺乳动物施用有效量的权利要求1中的任一组合物中的化合物。
8.一种用于抑制HIV蛋白酶的药物组合物,它包含有效量的权利要求1中的任一组合物中的化合物和药用载体。
9.一种用于预防或治疗HIV感染或治疗AIDS或ARC的药物组合物,它包含有效量的权利要求1中的任一组合物中的化合物和药用载体。
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US08/289,474 | 1994-08-11 | ||
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US08/339,369 | 1994-11-14 | ||
US49246195A | 1995-07-20 | 1995-07-20 | |
US08/492,461 | 1995-07-20 |
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CN1160350A true CN1160350A (zh) | 1997-09-24 |
CN1101190C CN1101190C (zh) | 2003-02-12 |
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AT (1) | ATE232727T1 (zh) |
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CA (1) | CA2197207C (zh) |
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MX (1) | MX9701121A (zh) |
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US6037157A (en) * | 1995-06-29 | 2000-03-14 | Abbott Laboratories | Method for improving pharmacokinetics |
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HU9301446D0 (en) * | 1990-11-19 | 1993-11-29 | Monsanto Co | Inhibitors or fetrovirus protease |
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PL181578B1 (pl) | 2001-08-31 |
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MX9701121A (es) | 1997-05-31 |
IL114808A (en) | 1999-10-28 |
NO314168B1 (no) | 2003-02-10 |
PL318506A1 (en) | 1997-06-23 |
CZ292577B6 (cs) | 2003-10-15 |
FI970565A0 (fi) | 1997-02-10 |
EP0774969B1 (en) | 2003-02-19 |
EP0774969B8 (en) | 2003-07-02 |
AU698664B2 (en) | 1998-11-05 |
ES2190456T3 (es) | 2003-08-01 |
CZ38997A3 (en) | 1997-11-12 |
JPH10504036A (ja) | 1998-04-14 |
HUT76540A (en) | 1997-09-29 |
CY2360B1 (en) | 2004-06-04 |
CA2197207C (en) | 2006-10-17 |
CA2197207A1 (en) | 1996-02-22 |
FI970565A (fi) | 1997-02-10 |
NO970632D0 (no) | 1997-02-11 |
ATE232727T1 (de) | 2003-03-15 |
SK18197A3 (en) | 1997-09-10 |
DE69529678T2 (de) | 2003-09-25 |
KR970704441A (ko) | 1997-09-06 |
WO1996004913A1 (en) | 1996-02-22 |
EP0774969A1 (en) | 1997-05-28 |
NO970632L (no) | 1997-04-10 |
AU3361195A (en) | 1996-03-07 |
CN1101190C (zh) | 2003-02-12 |
IL114808A0 (en) | 1995-12-08 |
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