CN114190242A - Long-season tomato planting method - Google Patents
Long-season tomato planting method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114190242A CN114190242A CN202111515449.8A CN202111515449A CN114190242A CN 114190242 A CN114190242 A CN 114190242A CN 202111515449 A CN202111515449 A CN 202111515449A CN 114190242 A CN114190242 A CN 114190242A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
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Abstract
The invention discloses a long-season tomato planting method, which comprises the following steps: s1, adopting grafting or self-rooted seedlings; s2, applying base fertilizer; s3, soil preparation; s4, transplanting and planting; s5, managing water and fertilizer; s51, planting the seedlings between the seedlings and only watering the seedlings with clean water; s52, drip irrigation of nutrient solution is carried out between the seedling relaxing and the fourth inflorescence opening; s53, opening the fourth inflorescence to the sixth inflorescence, and carrying out drip irrigation on nutrient solution; s54, opening the sixth inflorescence to the ninth inflorescence, and carrying out drip irrigation on nutrient solution; s55, drip irrigation of nutrient solution from the opening of the ninth inflorescence to the opening of the twelfth inflorescence; s56, opening the twelfth inflorescence to a place before seedling pulling for one month, and carrying out drip irrigation on nutrient solution; s57, stopping irrigating one month before seedling pulling. By adopting the long-season tomato planting method, the yield and the quality of the tomatoes are improved and the nutrient utilization efficiency is improved by customizing different drip irrigation amounts in different growth periods and matching with a scientific water and fertilizer management strategy formed by nutrient solution.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a tomato planting technology, in particular to a long-season tomato planting method.
Background
The tomato is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant of tubular flores, solanaceae and tomato, the height of the plant is 0.6-2 m, all the plants grow mucilaginous gland hair and have strong smell, the stem is easy to fall down, the leaves are feathery and have multiple leaves or feathery deep cracks, the total stem length of inflorescence is 2-5 cm, 3-7 flowers are usually used, the calyx is spoked, the corolla is spongiosa, the berries are flat and spherical or nearly spherical, the flesh is rich in sap, and the seeds are yellow. The facility tomato production in China once adopts a production mode of one crop in a year, overwintering cultivation is mainly used in the north, and overwintering cultivation is mainly used in the south. However, because facility cultivation in China always takes the principles of energy conservation, low consumption and low cost as principles, sunlight greenhouses in the north have poor lighting and heat preservation performance in winter, and plastic greenhouses in the south have weak shading and cooling capabilities in summer, so that strong biotic and abiotic adversity stress is caused to fruits and vegetables cultivated in long seasons, the growth and development of plants and fruits are influenced, and high yield, high quality and high efficiency are restricted. Therefore, in recent years, the solar greenhouse tomato portion in the northern area is changed into a two-crop cultivation mode of winter-spring crops and autumn-winter crops in one year, and the production of fruit and vegetables in the plastic greenhouse is changed into two crops of early spring crops and late autumn crops. However, two crops in one year need two times of seedling raising and transplanting and shed room cleaning, the seedling consumption is large, the labor force is large, the production cost is high, and the supply of spring festival and summer season vegetable products is not facilitated. Therefore, the production mode of one crop per year is still adopted in some areas.
The protected tomato long-season cultivation faces adverse conditions such as low-temperature weak light in winter, high-temperature strong light and high humidity in summer and the like, the cultivation management difficulty is high, and the early senescence of plants is often caused by poor later-period management, so that high yield and high efficiency are difficult to obtain. The existing irrigation is generally carried out by workers according to solar terms, experience and the like, and a scientific irrigation strategy is not available. The invention mainly aims at key problems of extensive water and fertilizer management, unbalanced soil microbial structure, easy premature senility of later-stage plants and the like in the long-season cultivation process of facility tomatoes, and develops a water and fertilizer integration-based nutrient efficient utilization technology for long-season cultivation of facility tomatoes.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a long-season tomato planting method, which improves the yield and quality of tomatoes, improves the nutrient utilization efficiency and realizes the accurate regulation and control of water and fertilizer by customizing different drip irrigation amounts in different growth periods and matching with a scientific water and fertilizer management strategy formed by nutrient solution.
In order to realize the purpose, the invention provides a long-season tomato planting method, which comprises the following steps:
s1 adopting grafting or self-rooted seedling
S2, applying base fertilizer
S3 preparation of soil
S4, transplanting and planting
S5, water and fertilizer management
Adopting a soil nutrient solution cultivation mode;
s51, planting the seedlings in a field and only pouring clear water, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 0.4-0.6L/plant/day;
s52, drip irrigation of nutrient solution is carried out between the seedling recovering and the fourth inflorescence opening, the drip irrigation amount is 0.4-0.6L/plant/day, and the nutrient solution consisting of 1/2 macroelement fertilizer and 1/2 universal microelement fertilizer is applied at intervals of specific time;
s53, opening the fourth inflorescence to the sixth inflorescence, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 0.8-1.0L/plant/day, and the nutrient solution consisting of 1/2 macroelement fertilizer and 1/2 universal microelement fertilizer is applied at intervals during the drip irrigation period;
s54, putting the sixth inflorescence to the ninth inflorescence, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 0.4-0.6L/plant/day, and applying the nutrient solution consisting of 3/4 macroelement fertilizer and 3/4 universal microelement fertilizer at intervals during the drip irrigation period;
s55, drip irrigation of nutrient solution is carried out between the opening of the ninth inflorescence and the opening of the twelfth inflorescence, the drip irrigation amount is 1.0-1.5L/plant/day, and the nutrient solution consisting of 3/4 macroelement fertilizer and 3/4 universal microelement fertilizer is applied at intervals during the drip irrigation;
s56, opening the twelfth inflorescence to a position one month before seedling pulling, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 1.5-1.8L/plant/day, and applying the nutrient solution consisting of 1/2 macroelement fertilizer and 1/2 universal microelement fertilizer at intervals during the drip irrigation period;
s57, stopping irrigating one month before seedling pulling.
Preferably, in step S1, the tomato is a grafted seedling or a self-rooted seedling, the scion variety is evergreen T147, and the stock variety is zhe stock; the self-rooted seedling variety is saint roland.
Preferably, the base fertilizer in the step S2 is a mixed fertilizer of rabbit manure and rice hull chicken manure.
Preferably, high furrow double-row planting is adopted in step S4, the width of the bottom of a furrow is 0.6-0.8 m, the width of the top is 0.5-0.7 m, the height is 0.15-0.25 m, the large row spacing is 1.4-1.6 m, the small row spacing is 0.4-0.6 m, the plant spacing is 0.40-0.50 m, and adjacent treatment rooms are dug down to 0.5m depth and are separated by plastic films.
Preferably, in step S5, the pH of the nutrient solution is 5.5 to 6.5;
the macroelement fertilizer comprises Ca (NO)3)2·4H2O、KNO3、NH4H2PO4、MgSO4·7H2O;
The general trace element fertilizer comprises Na2Fe-EDTA、H3BO3、MnSO4·4H2O、ZnSO4·7H2O、CuSO4·5H2O、(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O。
Preferably, N, P in step S52O5、K2The total dosage of O is respectively 19.25-26.46 kg 667m-2、8.53~11.72kg·667m-2、33.70~46.33kg·667m-2;
The total irrigation amount is 302.4-406.08 m3·667m-2。
Preferably, the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur in the macroelement fertilizer is 7.67 mmol.L respectively-1、0.67mmol·L-1、4.0mmol·L-1、1.5mmol·L-1、1.0mmol·L-1And 1.0 mmol. L-1;
The trace elements of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron and molybdenum have the concentrations of 54 mu mol.L respectively-1、10μmol·L-1、0.32μmol·L-1、0.77μmol·L-1、46.3μmol·L-1、0.14μmol·L-1。
Preferably, the macroelement fertilizer of the formula of jazaki tomato (1978) is available from shanghai yongtong ecological engineering gmbh;
the general microelement fertilizer is purchased from Kaiton chemical reagent Co., Ltd.
Preferably, the specific time in step S5 is 4 days.
Therefore, by adopting the long-season tomato planting method, the yield and the quality of the tomatoes are improved by customizing different drip irrigation amounts in different growth periods and matching with a scientific water and fertilizer management strategy formed by nutrient solution, the nutrient utilization efficiency is improved, and the accurate regulation and control of the water and fertilizer are realized.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the height of a long-season cultivated tomato plant;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the stem thickness of a long-season cultivated tomato;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the net photosynthetic rate of leaves of long-season cultivated tomatoes;
FIG. 4 is a graph of analysis of the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the viability of a long season cultivated tomato root system;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the fresh weight of each organ of a tomato cultivated in a long season;
FIG. 6 is a graph for analyzing the influence of different drip irrigation frequencies on the dry matter accumulation of organs of long-season cultivated tomatoes;
FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the soluble solids content of long season tomato fruits;
FIG. 8 is a graph of analysis of the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the soluble sugar content of a long-season cultivated tomato fruit;
FIG. 9 is a graph of analysis of the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the organic acid content of a long-season cultivated tomato fruit;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the analysis of the influence of different drip irrigation frequencies on the sugar-acid ratio of tomato fruits cultivated in a long season;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the lycopene content of a long-season cultivated tomato fruit;
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the vitamin C content of tomato fruits cultivated in a long season.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it should be noted that the present embodiment is based on the technical solution, and the detailed implementation and the specific operation process are provided, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the present embodiment.
The method comprises the following steps:
s1 adopting grafting or self-rooted seedling
Preferably, in step S1, the tomato is grafted or self-rooted, the scion variety is evergreen T147, the rootstock variety is zhe anvil, and the self-rooted is saint rolan (3689).
S2, applying base fertilizer
Preferably, the base fertilizer in the step S2 is a mixed fertilizer of rabbit manure and rice hull chicken manure.
S3 preparation of soil
S4, transplanting and planting
Furthermore, high furrow double-row planting is adopted in the step S4, the width of the bottom of a furrow is 0.6-0.8 m, the width of the top is 0.5-0.7 m, the height is 0.15-0.25 m, the large row spacing is 1.4-1.6 m, the small row spacing is 0.4-0.6 m, the plant spacing is 0.40-0.50 m, and adjacent treatment rooms are dug down to 0.5m depth and are separated by plastic films.
Furthermore, in step S4, high furrow double row planting is adopted, wherein the furrow bottom width is 0.6m, the top width is 0.5m, the height is 0.25m, the large row spacing is 1.4m, the small row spacing is 0.6m, the plant spacing is 0.47m, and adjacent treatment rooms are dug down to 0.5m and are separated by plastic films.
S5, water and fertilizer management
Adopting a soil nutrient solution cultivation mode;
s51, planting the seedlings in a field and only pouring clear water, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 0.4-0.6L/plant/day;
s52, drip irrigation of nutrient solution is carried out between the seedling recovering and the fourth inflorescence opening, the drip irrigation amount is 0.4-0.6L/plant/day, and the nutrient solution consisting of 1/2 macroelement fertilizer and 1/2 universal microelement fertilizer is applied at intervals of specific time;
s53, opening the fourth inflorescence to the sixth inflorescence, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 0.8-1.0L/plant/day, and the nutrient solution consisting of 1/2 macroelement fertilizer and 1/2 universal microelement fertilizer is applied at intervals during the drip irrigation period;
s54, putting the sixth inflorescence to the ninth inflorescence, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 0.4-0.6L/plant/day, and applying the nutrient solution consisting of 3/4 macroelement fertilizer and 3/4 universal microelement fertilizer at intervals during the drip irrigation period;
s55, drip irrigation of nutrient solution is carried out between the opening of the ninth inflorescence and the opening of the twelfth inflorescence, the drip irrigation amount is 1.0-1.5L/plant/day, and the nutrient solution consisting of 3/4 macroelement fertilizer and 3/4 universal microelement fertilizer is applied at intervals during the drip irrigation;
s56, opening the twelfth inflorescence to a position one month before seedling pulling, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 1.5-1.8L/plant/day, and applying the nutrient solution consisting of 1/2 macroelement fertilizer and 1/2 universal microelement fertilizer at intervals during the drip irrigation period;
s57, stopping irrigating one month before seedling pulling.
Preferably, in step S5, the pH of the nutrient solution is 5.5 to 6.5;
the macroelement fertilizer comprises Ca (NO)3)2·4H2O、KNO3、NH4H2PO4、MgSO4·7H2O;
Universal trace elementThe elemental fertilizer comprises Na2Fe-EDTA、H3BO3、MnSO4·4H2O、ZnSO4·7H2O、CuSO4·5H2O、(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O。
Further, N, P in step S52O5、K2The total dosage of O is respectively 19.25-26.46 kg 667m-2、8.53~11.72kg·667m-2、33.70~46.33kg·667m-2(ii) a The total irrigation amount is 302.4-406.08 m3·667m-2。
Further, in step S5, the total dosage of NPK is 21.45kg 667m-2、9.5kg·667m-2、37.56kg·667m-2(ii) a The total irrigation quantity is 334.8m3·667m-2。
Preferably, the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur in the macroelement fertilizer is 7.67 mmol.L respectively-1、0.67mmol·L-1、4.0mmol·L-1、1.5mmol·L-1、1.0mmol·L-1And 1.0 mmol. L-1;
The trace elements of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron and molybdenum have the concentrations of 54 mu mol.L respectively-1、10μmol·L-1、0.32μmol·L-1、0.77μmol·L-1、46.3μmol·L-1、0.14μmol·L-1。
Preferably, the macroelement fertilizer of the formula of jazaki tomato (1978) is available from shanghai yongtong ecological engineering gmbh; the general microelement fertilizer is purchased from Kaiton chemical reagent Co., Ltd.
Preferably, the specific time in step S5 is 4 days.
Design of experiments
The test is carried out in a sunlight greenhouse of a gardening experiment station of Shandong agricultural university in 10 months to 2021 months in 2020, 6 experiment groups are designed in total, CK1 is not subjected to fertilization treatment, namely only clear water is dripped in the whole growth period, and the CK1 is a blank control; CK is conventional fertigation, i.e. conventional fertigation water soluble fertilizer (balance fertilizer and high potassium fertilizer, the balance fertilizer contains N20% and P)2O5 20%、K220 percent of O, and the high-potassium fertilizer contains 17 percent of N and P2O5 8%、K2O30% and purchased from Shandong agriculture and big fertilizer industry science and technology Co., Ltd), T1-T4 is treated by drip irrigation and matching with nutrient solution, 1/2 dosage of nutrient solution of Kawasaki tomato and 1/2 dosage of universal microelement fertilizer are applied in the early stage, the dosage is adjusted to 3/4 dosage according to the plant nutrient requirement in the middle stage, 1/2 dosage is adjusted in the later stage of plant growth, and 4 different drip irrigation frequencies (1) T1 are set on the premise that the total amount of irrigation and fertilization in each growth stage is consistent: drip irrigation once nutrient solution for 2 days; (2) t2: 4d, drip irrigation with primary nutrient solution; (3) t3: 6d, drip irrigation with primary nutrient solution; (4) t4: and 12d, carrying out drip irrigation on the primary nutrient solution.
Table 1 shows the nutrient status of soil to be tested
Results and analysis
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the plant height of long-season cultivated tomato, and it can be seen from FIG. 1 that the plant height of each treatment shows a gradually increasing variation trend along with the growth period. After 11 months and 15 days (one month after planting), the plant heights of different drip irrigation frequencies are obviously higher than those of the conventional drip irrigation treatment (CK), and the plant heights of the different drip irrigation frequencies are not obviously different; in 18 days in 12 months (two months after planting), the plant heights of the T1, T3 and T4 treated plants are not obviously different from those of CK, and the plant height of the T2 treated plant is obviously lower than that of the CK treated plant; 1 month and 13 days (three months after planting), the plant height treated by CK is the highest and is obviously higher than that of other treatments, and no obvious difference exists between treatments with different drip irrigation frequencies; after 10 days at 4 months (six months after planting), the plant height is the highest by using the conventional CK treatment, which is obviously higher than that of other treatments, and is respectively 8.8%, 13.2%, 4.4% and 6.5% higher than that of T1, T2, T3 and T4, wherein the plant height of the T2 treatment is the lowest and is obviously lower than that of CK and other treatments; at 13 days in 7 months (seedling pulling period), the plant height is still higher with CK, is obviously higher than that of T1, T2 and T4 treatments, and has no obvious difference with the T3 treatment.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the stem thickness of long season cultivated tomatoes, and it can be seen from FIG. 2 that the stem thickness gradually increases with the growth period. The stem thickness throughout the tomato growth period was greatest under treatment with T2 and least under treatment with T3. At one month of permanent planting, T2 was significantly higher than CK, T1 and T3 treatments, no significant difference from T4 treatment, and the stem thickness was minimal under T3 treatment, significantly lower than CK and other treatments; two months after permanent planting, the stem thickness is the largest after being treated by T2 and is obviously higher than CK, T1 and T3, and the stem thickness is not obviously different from that of the stem thickness treated by T4; three months after planting, the stem thickness is higher by treatment with T2, which is obviously higher than that by treatment with T3, and has no obvious difference with other treatments; six months after colonization, T2 treatment was significantly higher than CK and other treatments, 8.2%, 3.9%, 5.5% and 4.7% higher than CK, T1, T3, T4, respectively. The seedling pulling period is still the largest with T2 treatment, which is significantly higher than CK and other treatments, and the stem thickness is the smallest with T3 treatment.
Fig. 3 is an analysis graph of the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the net photosynthetic rate of tomato leaves, and it can be seen from fig. 3 that the net photosynthetic rate is improved when the treatment with different drip irrigation frequencies is compared with the conventional drip irrigation fertilization, and the net photosynthetic rate of tomato leaves is increased and then decreased when the drip irrigation frequency is decreased, the net photosynthetic rate of leaves under the treatment of T2 is the highest and is 28.1%, 6.5%, 2.4% and 12.4% higher than CK, T1, T3 and T4 respectively, and the net photosynthetic rate is T2> T3> T1> T4 from high to low in sequence.
Table 2 is a table for analyzing the influence of different drip irrigation frequencies on the pigment content of tomato leaves in long season
As can be seen from Table 2, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll (a + b) in the tomato leaves treated by different drip irrigation frequencies are all higher by T1, which are respectively 8.3%, 11.3% and 9.0% higher than that of CK treatment, and the difference between T1 and T2 treatments is not significant. Compared with CK, the content of chlorophyll b in each treatment is not obviously different; the carotenoid content is higher in T4, is obviously higher than CK and T2, and has no obvious difference with T1 and T3.
Fig. 4 is an analysis diagram of the influence of different drip irrigation frequencies on the activity of the tomato root system, and it can be seen from fig. 4 that the activity of the tomato root system is in a decreasing trend along with the decrease of the drip irrigation frequency, the activity of the root system under the treatment of T1 and T2 is significantly higher than that of CKT, and the activity of the root system under the treatment of T3 and T4 is not significantly different from that of CK. The root system activity of T1 is the highest among different drip irrigation frequency treatments, is obviously higher than that of CK and other treatments, is respectively 29.7%, 17.8%, 22.4% and 32.5% higher than that of CK, T2, T3 and T4, and is T1, T2, T3, CK and T4 in sequence from high to low in the root system activity of different drip irrigation frequency treatments.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the fresh weight of each organ of long-season cultivated tomatoes, and it can be seen from FIG. 5 that the fresh weight of each treated tomato plant tends to increase with the increase of the growth period. The fresh weight of each organ (except for flowering and fruit setting) is the largest ratio of the fresh weight of the fruit, and then leaves, stems and roots are used. The fresh weight of the tomato plants treated by T1 is the largest among different drip irrigation frequency treatment rooms in the flowering and fruit setting periods, then the treatment is carried out by T2 and T4, and the fresh weight of the tomato plants treated by T3 is the smallest; the fresh weight average of plants in the fruit expansion period, the mature picking period and the seedling pulling period is treated by T2 to the maximum, and is respectively 5.6 percent, 13.2 percent and 8.8 percent higher than CK.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the accumulation of dry matter in each organ of long-season cultivated tomatoes, and it can be seen from FIG. 6 that the accumulation of dry matter in tomato plants with different drip irrigation frequencies also increases with the increase of the growth period. The dry matter accumulation in each treatment room in different growth periods is similar to the fresh weight change trend, the dry weight of the plant is the largest under the treatment of T1 in the flowering and fruit setting period, and the dry weight is the smallest under the treatment of T3 in the flowering and fruit setting period; the dry matter accumulation is maximum in the fruit expansion period, the mature picking period and the seedling pulling period by treating T2, and is respectively 4.9%, 11.5% and 5.0% higher than CK.
Table 3 is a table for analyzing the influence of different drip irrigation frequencies on the yield of long-season cultivated tomatoes
As can be seen from Table 3, the yield of individual tomato plants at the early stage of different drip irrigation frequency treatments is significantly higher than that of conventional drip irrigation treatment (CK), the yield of individual plants at the early stage of T2 treatment is highest, and the yield of individual plants at the later stage of T1 treatment is not significantly different between T3 treatment and T4 treatment; the number of fruits of the plants treated by T3 and T4 is higher than that of CK, and the number of fruits of the plants treated by T1 and T2 is not different from that of CK; the single fruit weight is highest with T2 treatment, which is significantly higher than CK and other treatments, and the single fruit weight of CK is lowest; compared with CK, the yield increase of the former stage is the highest by processing T2, and is 14.5% higher.
Compared with CK, the late yield of the T1 and the T2 treatments is respectively 4.8 percent and 9.1 percent higher, and the yield of the T3 and the T4 treatments is lower than that of the CK; the individual plant yield and the individual fruit weight were also highest at T2, significantly higher than CK and other treatments. The total yield under different drip irrigation frequency treatments is higher than that of CK, the treatment is the highest by T2, the yield is increased by 12.2% compared with that of CK, and the yield increasing rate is T2, T1, T4 and T3 in sequence from high to low.
Fig. 7 is an analysis chart of the effect of different drip irrigation frequencies on the soluble solid content of long-season tomato fruits, and it can be seen from fig. 7 that the soluble solid content of differently treated tomato fruits shows a trend of increasing first, then decreasing, then increasing last and decreasing as the harvest time is prolonged. The content of soluble solids in the tomato fruits at the early stage (1-6 ears) is in a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing, the content of the soluble solids treated by different drip irrigation frequencies is higher than that of CK, the average value of the soluble solids treated by T4 is the highest, and the content of the soluble solids is respectively 23.9%, 17.3%, 8.5% and 5.6% higher than that of CK, T1, T2 and T3; the soluble solid content of the tomato fruits in the middle period (7-9 ears) is in a gradually-decreasing trend, the soluble solid content of the fruits treated by T2 is the highest, and the soluble solid content of the fruits treated by T4 is the lowest. The solid content in the later stage (10-14 ears) tomato fruits shows a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing, and the content of soluble solids in CK fruits is the highest and is respectively 6.6%, 2.2%, 0.5% and 0.9% higher than that of T1, T2, T3 and T4.
FIG. 8 is a graph of the effect of different treatments on the soluble sugar content of tomato fruits, and it can be seen from FIG. 8 that the soluble sugar content in the fruits fluctuates greatly as the harvest time of the tomatoes is prolonged. The soluble sugar content in the early stage is gradually increased, and the soluble sugar content in the fruit treated by T3 is the highest and is respectively 9.6%, 2.7%, 5.4% and 4.9% higher than CK, T1, T2 and T4; the content of each treatment sugar in the middle period is in a descending trend, the lowest point is reached when the number of ears is 9, and the different drip irrigation frequencies are not obviously different from CK; the temperature gradually rises in the late 4 months to be higher than the sugar content in the middle, the soluble sugar content of the tomato fruits treated by CK is the highest, and the soluble sugar content is respectively 8.1%, 10.0%, 7.3% and 9.5% higher than that of T1, T2, T3 and T4.
Fig. 9 is a graph for analyzing the effect of different treatments on the organic acid content of tomato fruits, and it can be seen from fig. 9 that the organic acid content of tomato fruits with different drip irrigation frequencies shows a trend of decreasing first and then increasing second as the harvest time is prolonged. The content of organic acid in the early fruit is increased firstly and then reduced, the average value of the organic acid in the CK-treated fruit is 0.24 percent, and the average value is 9.0 percent, 1.6 percent, 4.3 percent and 2.1 percent higher than that of T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively; the content of organic acid in the middle period is increased, and the content of organic acid in each treated fruit has no obvious difference; the organic acid content in later-period fruits is gradually reduced, and the organic acid content in CK and T4 is higher, so that the organic acid content is not obviously different from other treatments.
Fig. 10 is an analysis chart of the influence of different treatments on the sugar-acid ratio of tomato fruits, and as can be seen from fig. 10, the sugar-acid ratio of tomato fruits treated with different drip irrigation frequencies shows a trend of increasing first, then decreasing and then increasing as the harvest time of tomatoes is prolonged. The sugar acid ratio of each treatment at the early stage is in an ascending trend, and the peak value is 12.23-14.86% when the second ear is reached; the sugar-acid ratio of each treatment in the middle period is in a descending trend and reaches the lowest point at the ninth ear, wherein the sugar-acid ratio of T3 is 8.2 percent, 10.9 percent, 3.7 percent and 16.3 percent higher than that of CK, T1, T2 and T4 respectively in the maximum sugar-acid ratio of T3; the sugar acid ratio of each treatment in the later period is slightly increased, wherein the sugar acid ratio of the tomato fruits treated by T1 is the highest, and is respectively 4.1%, 10.0%, 5.3% and 12.3% higher than that of CK, T2, T3 and T4
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the effect of different treatments on lycopene content in tomato fruits, and it can be seen from FIG. 11 that lycopene in early tomato fruits tends to increase, and the content of lycopene treated with T3 is the highest, which is 11.1%, 29.7%, 9.0% and 2.9% higher than that treated with CK, T1, T2 and T4, respectively; the lycopene content in the fruit is reduced in the middle period, and the highest lycopene content in the fruit still treated with T3 is 5.0%, 18.7%, 13.6% and 9.4% higher than that in CK, T1, T2 and T4 respectively; the lycopene content of the later fruit fluctuates greatly, and the peak value of each treatment in the thirteenth ear is 28.48 mg.kg-1~32.87mg·kg-1。
FIG. 12 is a graph of the effect of different treatments on the vitamin C content of tomato fruits, and it can be seen from FIG. 12 that the variation of the vitamin C content in the tomato fruits of each treatment is large throughout the entire growth period of the tomato. The Vc content in the early fruit tends to rise firstly and then fall, and the peak value reaches 18.45-20.50 mg.100 g in the fifth fruit-1The highest average Vc content by T1 treatment was 16.40mg 100g-117.1%, 2.1%, 5.0% and 13.2% higher than CK, T2, T3 and T4 respectively; the Vc content in the middle-stage fruits is in a gradually decreasing trend, wherein the Vc content of the CK-treated fruits is higher and is respectively 3.4%, 1.7%, 23.1% and 42.8% higher than that of T1, T2, T3 and T4; the Vc content of the fruits treated in later period is increased firstly and then decreased, and the Vc content of the fruits treated by CK is still higher, and is respectively 0.6%, 2.9%, 12.8% and 17.9% higher than that of the fruits treated by T1, T2, T3 and T4.
Table 4 shows the nitrogen content and accumulated nitrogen content in different organs of tomato plants cultivated in long season
As can be seen from Table 4, the nitrogen content in the tomato root system in the long season gradually decreases with the increase of the growth period. The nitrogen content of the root system treated by different methods is increased firstly and then decreased along with the decrease of the drip irrigation frequency, the nitrogen content reaches the peak value under the treatment of T2, and the nitrogen content of the root system T2 is 1.27 percent and is 14.4 percent higher than CK during the seedling pulling period. From the point of view of nitrogen accumulation, the nitrogen accumulation amount of each treatment gradually increases with the growth period, and the nitrogen accumulation amount in the root system is higher under the treatment of T1 and is 1.19g per plant-1Higher than CK by 26.7%.
The nitrogen content in the tomato stem cultivated in the long season tends to increase firstly and then decrease along with the prolongation of the growth period. In the mature picking period, the nitrogen content in each treated stem reaches the peak value of 2.30-2.77 percent, and the nitrogen content is dripped along with the treatment in different treatment periodsThe decrease in frequency of irrigation was in a rising first and falling second trend, with the highest treatment at T2, significantly higher than CK and T1. From the aspect of nitrogen accumulation amount, the nitrogen accumulation amount in the stem gradually increases along with the growth period, and the maximum nitrogen accumulation amount under the treatment of T2 is 3.14g per plant-1。
The nitrogen content in the leaves of the tomatoes cultivated in the long season is gradually reduced along with the prolongation of the growth period, the nitrogen content in the leaves is in a trend of increasing firstly and then reducing along with the reduction of the drip irrigation frequency in different treatment rooms, and the nitrogen content of the leaves is the highest under the treatment of T2. From the view point of the nitrogen accumulation amount, the nitrogen accumulation amount in the leaves in different growth periods is treated with T2, and is remarkably higher than CK, T1, T3 and T4.
The nitrogen content in the tomato fruits cultivated in the long season is increased firstly and then reduced along with the prolongation of the growth period, and the nitrogen content of the fruits is the highest in the mature picking period of each treatment, and is 2.56-2.89%. The nitrogen content is increased and then decreased along with the reduction of the drip irrigation frequency, and the treatment reaches 2.89 percent of peak value at T2. The nitrogen accumulation in the fruit is still highest with T2 treatment, significantly higher than CK, T1, T3 and T4.
In terms of the whole plant, the nitrogen accumulation amount of the tomatoes cultivated in long seasons gradually increases along with the prolongation of the growth period, and the nitrogen accumulation amount reaches the highest in each treatment in the seedling pulling period. The nitrogen accumulation amount is increased and then decreased along with the decrease of the drip irrigation frequency, and the peak value of 24g plants is reached in the T2 treatment-1The ratios CK, T1, T3 and T4 are respectively 9.3%, 12.4%, 28.5% and 28.0% higher.
Table 5 shows the phosphorus content and accumulated phosphorus content in different organs of long-season cultivated tomato plants
As can be seen from Table 5, the phosphorus content in the roots of tomato cultivated in a long season increases and then decreases along with the growth period, and reaches a peak value of 0.84-0.93% in the mature picking period. The phosphorus content in the root system is increased and then decreased along with the decrease of the drip irrigation frequency, and the root system is treated by T2The phosphorus content is highest. From the aspect of phosphorus accumulation amount, the phosphorus accumulation amount gradually increases along with the growth period, and the maximum phosphorus accumulation amount under the treatment of T1 and T3 is 0.1g per plant-1。
The phosphorus content in the stems of the tomatoes cultivated in the long season tends to increase firstly and then decrease along with the decrease of the drip irrigation frequency, and the phosphorus content is the highest under the treatment of T2. From the aspect of phosphorus accumulation amount, the phosphorus accumulation amount gradually increases along with the growth period, and the maximum phosphorus accumulation amount under the treatment of T2 is 1.02g per plant-1And the difference is not obvious from CK.
The phosphorus content in the leaves of the tomato cultivated in the long season is gradually reduced along with the prolongation of the growth period, the phosphorus content in the leaves is increased firstly and then reduced along with the reduction of the drip irrigation frequency when the phosphorus content in the leaves in the fruit expansion period is highest, and the phosphorus content is higher under the treatment of T2. From the phosphorus accumulation amount, the phosphorus accumulation amount of the leaves is gradually increased along with the growth period, and the phosphorus accumulation amount of the leaves in different growth periods is the highest in the T2 treatment.
The phosphorus content in the tomato fruits cultivated in the long season tends to increase firstly and then decrease along with the prolongation of the growth period. The phosphorus content in the fruit is increased firstly and then reduced along with the reduction of the drip irrigation frequency, and the phosphorus content of the fruit seeds treated by T3 is higher and has no obvious difference with CK 2. The phosphorus accumulation in the fruit is treated with T2 to reach 2.74g-1Higher than CK by 9.6%.
In the whole plant, the phosphorus accumulation amount gradually increases along with the prolongation of the growth period, and the phosphorus accumulation amount reaches the highest in each treatment in the seedling pulling period. The accumulated phosphorus amount is increased and then decreased along with the decrease of drip irrigation frequency, and the peak value of the accumulated phosphorus amount is 5.27g per plant after the treatment of T2-1The ratios CK, T1, T3 and T4 are 7.1%, 9.8%, 29.7% and 28.5% higher, respectively.
Table 6 shows the record of potassium content and potassium accumulation in different organs of tomato plant cultivated in long season
As can be seen from Table 6, the fruits of tomatoes cultivated in long seasons have the highest potassium content, followed by stems, leaves and roots. The potassium content in the roots tends to decrease firstly and then increase along with the prolongation of the growth period, the peak value is reached to 2.17-3.14% in the fruit expansion period, and the average potassium content is highest under the treatment of T2. From the aspect of potassium accumulation, the potassium accumulation in the fruit is gradually increased along with the prolongation of the growth period, and the potassium accumulation under the treatment of T2 and T3 is higher and is 0.27 g.plant-1。
The content of potassium in the stem gradually decreases along with the growth period, and gradually increases and then decreases along with the reduction of drip irrigation frequency, and the content of potassium is the highest under the treatment of T2 in the fruit expansion period. From the view of potassium accumulation, the stem potassium accumulation is gradually increased along with the prolongation of the growth period, and the potassium accumulation is higher under the treatment of T2 in different growth periods.
The potassium content in the leaves gradually decreases with the growth period, the potassium content in the leaves gradually increases and then decreases with the reduction of the drip irrigation frequency, and the potassium content of the leaves is highest under the treatment of T2. From the view of potassium accumulation, the potassium accumulation is gradually increased along with the prolongation of the growth period, and the potassium accumulation is the highest by treating with T2 under different drip irrigation frequencies.
The potassium content in the fruit is increased and then reduced along with the growth period, the potassium content is increased and then reduced along with the reduction of drip irrigation frequency, and the maximum value is 3.88 percent under the treatment of T2 in the mature picking period. From the point of potassium accumulation, the highest potassium accumulation reaches 21.39g per plant when the seedlings are treated at the seedling pulling period T2-1。
In the whole plant, the potassium accumulation amount gradually increases along with the prolongation of the growth period, and the potassium accumulation amount reaches the highest in each treatment in the seedling pulling period; along with the reduction of the drip irrigation frequency, the potassium accumulation amount is in the trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing, and the maximum value of 32.62g per plant is reached after the treatment of T2-1The ratios CK, T1, T3 and T4 are respectively 13.1%, 13.9%, 28.6% and 24.1% higher.
Table 7 shows the analysis table of the influence of different drip irrigation frequencies on the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer for tomato cultivation in long seasons
From Table 7 canKnowing that the total fertilizing amount of the conventional drip irrigation fertilization and the nutrient solution treatment with different drip irrigation frequencies is 182.35kg 667m-2And 93.28kg 667m-2. Compared with CK, the fertilizer saving rate of the fertilization treatment with different drip irrigation frequencies reaches 48.84%. The partial productivity of the fertilizer treated by the nutrient solution with different drip irrigation frequencies is higher than CK, and is up to 205.28 kg/kg with the highest T2-1Respectively 119.4%, 6.4%, 9.7% and 6.7% higher than CK, T1, T3 and T4, the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is treated with T2 to reach 892.70 kg/kg-1、2015.62kg·kg-1、509.81kg·kg-1。
TABLE 8 analysis table of the influence of different drip irrigation frequencies on the nutrient utilization rate of long season cultivated tomatoes
From table 8, it can be seen that the utilization rates of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers treated by the nutrient solutions with different drip irrigation frequencies are higher than that of CK, the fertilizer nutrient utilization rates tend to increase and decrease along with the reduction of the drip irrigation frequencies, the nutrient utilization rate is the highest under the treatment of T2, the nitrogen fertilizer nutrient utilization rate reaches 76.94%, the phosphate fertilizer utilization rate reaches 46.71%, and the potassium fertilizer utilization rate is 56.77%. The irrigation amount is consistent in different drip irrigation frequency treatment, the water utilization efficiency is highest in T2 treatment, and is respectively 12.2%, 6.4%, 9.7% and 6.7% higher than CK, T1, T3 and T4.
To sum up, in the tomato cultivation in long season, the optimum drip irrigation frequency for screening a set of tomato cultivation in the sunlight greenhouse in long season is T2 by combining the irrigation frequency with the drip irrigation frequency by utilizing the nutrient solution, thereby achieving the purposes of improving the yield and the quality, improving the nutrient utilization efficiency and realizing the accurate regulation and control of the water and the fertilizer.
Therefore, by adopting the long-season tomato planting method, the yield and the quality of the tomatoes are improved by customizing different drip irrigation amounts in different growth periods and matching with a scientific water and fertilizer management strategy formed by nutrient solution, the nutrient utilization efficiency is improved, and the accurate regulation and control of the water and fertilizer are realized.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that: modifications and equivalents may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. A long-season tomato planting method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
s1 adopting grafting or self-rooted seedling
S2, applying base fertilizer
S3 preparation of soil
S4, transplanting and planting
S5, water and fertilizer management
Adopting a soil nutrient solution cultivation mode;
s51, planting the seedlings in a field and only pouring clear water, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 0.4-0.6L/plant/day;
s52, drip irrigation of nutrient solution is carried out between the seedling recovering and the fourth inflorescence opening, the drip irrigation amount is 0.4-0.6L/plant/day, and the nutrient solution consisting of 1/2 macroelement fertilizer and 1/2 universal microelement fertilizer is applied at intervals of specific time;
s53, opening the fourth inflorescence to the sixth inflorescence, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 0.8-1.0L/plant/day, and the nutrient solution consisting of 1/2 macroelement fertilizer and 1/2 universal microelement fertilizer is applied at intervals during the drip irrigation period;
s54, putting the sixth inflorescence to the ninth inflorescence, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 0.4-0.6L/plant/day, and applying the nutrient solution consisting of 3/4 macroelement fertilizer and 3/4 universal microelement fertilizer at intervals during the drip irrigation period;
s55, drip irrigation of nutrient solution is carried out between the opening of the ninth inflorescence and the opening of the twelfth inflorescence, the drip irrigation amount is 1.0-1.5L/plant/day, and the nutrient solution consisting of 3/4 macroelement fertilizer and 3/4 universal microelement fertilizer is applied at intervals during the drip irrigation;
s56, opening the twelfth inflorescence to a position one month before seedling pulling, carrying out drip irrigation on the nutrient solution, wherein the drip irrigation amount is 1.5-1.8L/plant/day, and applying the nutrient solution consisting of 1/2 macroelement fertilizer and 1/2 universal microelement fertilizer at intervals during the drip irrigation period;
s57, stopping irrigating one month before seedling pulling.
2. The method for growing long-season tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: in step S1, the tomato is grafted seedling or self-rooted seedling, the scion variety of the grafted seedling is Eleusine T147, the stock variety is Zhejiang stock, and the self-rooted seedling variety is Saint Roland.
3. The method for growing long-season tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: and in the step S2, the base fertilizer is a mixed fertilizer of rabbit manure and rice hull chicken manure.
4. The method for growing long-season tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: in step S4, high furrow double-row planting is adopted, the furrow bottom width is 0.6-0.8 m, the top width is 0.5-0.7 m, the height is 0.15-0.25 m, the large row spacing is 1.4-1.6 m, the small row spacing is 0.4-0.6 m, the plant spacing is 0.40-0.50 m, the depth of a lower digging part of an adjacent treatment room is 0.5m, and the adjacent treatment rooms are separated by a plastic film.
5. The method for growing long-season tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: in step S5, the pH of the nutrient solution is 5.5-6.5;
the macroelement fertilizer comprises Ca (NO)3)2·4H2O、KNO3、NH4H2PO4、MgSO4·7H2O;
The general trace element fertilizer comprises Na2Fe-EDTA、H3BO3、MnSO4·4H2O、ZnSO4·7H2O、CuSO4·5H2O、(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O。
6. The method for growing long-season tomatoes as claimed in claim 5, wherein the method comprises: in thatN, P in step S52O5、K2The total dosage of O is respectively 19.25-26.46 kg 667m-2、8.53~11.72kg·667m-2、33.70~46.33kg·667m-2;
The total irrigation amount is 302.4-406.08 m3·667m-2。
7. The method for growing long-season tomatoes as claimed in claim 5, wherein the method comprises: the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur in the macroelement fertilizer are respectively 7.67 mmol.L-1、0.67mmol·L-1、4.0mmol·L-1、1.5mmol·L-1、1.0mmol·L-1And 1.0 mmol. L-1;
The trace elements of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron and molybdenum have the concentrations of 54 mu mol.L respectively-1、10μmol·L-1、0.32μmol·L-1、0.77μmol·L-1、46.3μmol·L-1、0.14μmol·L-1。
8. The method for growing long-season tomatoes as claimed in claim 7, wherein the method comprises: macroelement fertilizer of the formula of the Japanese Kawasaki tomato is purchased from Shanghai Yongtong ecological engineering GmbH;
the general microelement fertilizer is purchased from Kaiton chemical reagent Co., Ltd.
9. The method for growing long-season tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the specific time in step S5 was 4 days.
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