CN107548858B - Apple seedling breeding method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses an apple nursery stock breeding method, which comprises the steps of firstly growing seedlings and cultivating roots, secondly cultivating stems, and finally cultivating branches; according to the apple nursery stock breeding method, three procedures of seed screening, seedling screening and outplanting screening are adopted, so that the bred nursery stocks are small in plant-to-plant difference and neat in garden appearance, the orchard production capacity is improved by 30% -40%, the bred apple trees are free of dominant viruses or dominant deficiency symptoms, the production time limit of single plants is prolonged, the economic life of the orchard is prolonged, meanwhile, the apple nursery stocks bred by the breeding method enable the benefit time of fruit growers to be advanced by three years, the apple nursery stocks are planted into the orchard in the same year, flowers grow in the second year, and fruits begin to grow in the third year.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant seedling breeding methods, and relates to an apple seedling breeding method.
Background
The apple is one of four fruits in the world, the cultivation area of China is as high as 800 ten thousand mu, the yield is 4000 ten thousand tons, and the Shandong, the Shanxi, Liaoning, the Shanxi, the Hebei and the Henan are all planted in large quantities, in recent years, Guizhou, Yunnan and Xinjiang areas also begin to develop the apple, and the apple is rich in nutrition, more importantly, the fruit grower in the cultivation area obtains great economic benefit, and plays a role in poverty removal and enrichment.
A plurality of problems are exposed along with the industrial development, namely poor seedling quality, disordered variety and strain and good and irregular product quality, low survival rate and slow orchard establishment, the orchard can be established to result in 5-6 years generally, and the early benefit is low, the fruiting is started after the conventional management is carried out for 6 years, the full bearing period is reached for 8 years, and obvious contrast is formed with the current development requirements of early orchard establishment, early fruiting, early benefit and high benefit.
The seedling production is a basic project for the development of the apple industry, the existing seedling breeding technology is mainly a seedling growing in one to two years, the research on the breeding technology of the high-quality apple seedlings growing in three years is a main way for realizing 'three-early-one-high', and the technology plays a positive promoting role in upgrading the apple industry and supplying agriculture.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an apple seedling breeding method, which solves the problems of late orchard establishment, late fruiting, late benefit and low benefit in the existing seedling breeding method.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that an apple seedling breeding method is implemented according to the following steps:
step 1, a seedling stage, which comprises the following specific steps:
step 1.1, selecting excellent stock plants which are free from rot, compact in tree bodies and robust in growth from stock seed stock plants, and screening excellent seeds from the selected excellent stock plants;
step 1.2, sand-storing the fine seeds screened in the step 1.1, and sowing all the seeds in a seedling-raising tray after 30-50% of the seeds begin to appear white;
step 1.3, thinning and hardening the seedlings growing in the seedling raising tray, when the conditions that at least 98% of seedlings do not continue to grow and leaves are yellow and nutrient soil in the seedling raising tray is dried into soil blocks are met, transplanting the seedlings, establishing a stock nursery, and pinching when the seedlings grow to 30-40 cm;
step 2, a dry-keeping stage, which comprises the following specific steps:
selecting strong, disease and insect free and red bark branches from the excellent stock plants selected in the step 1.1, carrying out cold storage sand storage, grafting the branches onto the nursery stocks subjected to pinching in the step 1.3 by adopting a single-bud cleft grafting method when the weather temperature reaches 9-11 ℃ in march, cultivating the roots of the grafted nursery stocks, and cutting off the young tips of the nursery stocks;
step 3, branch cultivation stage: and when the length of the terminal bud of the seedling reaches 2cm, re-shearing the young shoot of the seedling, removing redundant branches and buds on the next 7 th to 9 th days, righting the top of the bent trunk, shearing the long shoot with the length of 60cm to 80cm after the autumn, and pulling other shoots to form an included angle of 90 degrees to 110 degrees with the trunk, thereby finally obtaining the apple seedling.
The present invention is also characterized in that,
the excellent stock plants in the step 1.1 are selected according to a standard method, wherein the height of the tree is more than 15 percent of the average height of the tree, the diameter at breast height is more than 50 percent of the average diameter at breast height, and the rot infection rate of the big tree is 0 percent over 20 years.
The excellent seeds in the step 1.1 are seeds with the thousand seed mass of 25g to 27 g.
The sand storage time for good seeds in step 1.2 is at least 60 days.
In the step 1.2, the length of a single hole for sowing seeds in the seedling raising plate is 3 cm-5 cm, the width is 3 cm-5 cm, and the depth is 6 cm-8 cm.
The nutrient soil in the seedling raising plate consists of forest humus soil, new soil and diammonium phosphate, and the mass ratio of the forest humus soil, the new soil and the diammonium phosphate is 8-10: 35-39: 1.
the specific operation processes of seedling raising and seedling hardening in the step 1.3 are as follows:
mulching films are covered on the roots of seedlings in a plurality of seedling raising disks, small arched sheds are built on the seedling raising disks, a greenhouse is built in a whole base for placing the seedling raising disks, the temperature of soil in the seedling raising disks reaches 12-15 ℃, the humidity of the soil is kept at 80-85%, the humidity of air is kept at 60-80%, when the temperature in the greenhouse reaches above 40 ℃, ventilation openings on two sides of the greenhouse are opened for ventilation and cooling, when the temperature in the small arched sheds reaches above 25 ℃, ventilation openings of the small arched sheds are opened for ventilation and cooling, when the temperature of the soil reaches above 20 ℃, the mulching films covered on the seedling raising disks are lifted, ventilation and cooling are carried out, thinning, weeding and water replenishing are carried out every seven days, and finally the mulching films, the small arched sheds and the greenhouse are sequentially removed, and water replenishing is carried out, so that the humidity of the soil is kept.
The mulching film is taken off from 27 th to 30 th days, the small arched shed is taken off from 32 th to 35 th days, and the greenhouse is taken off from 38 th to 40 th days.
And (3) dividing the row spacing of the seedlings in the stock nursery in the step 1.3 into two types of wide rows and narrow rows, wherein the row spacing of the wide rows is 110cm, the row spacing of the narrow rows is 30cm, the spacing of adjacent seedlings in each row is 30cm, and 3100 seedlings are fixedly planted per mu.
The temperature of the cold storage in the step 2 is 0-1 ℃, and the humidity of the sand is 80-85%.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention relates to an apple nursery stock breeding method, which ensures that the difference among bred nursery stocks is small, the garden appearance is neat, the orchard production capacity is improved by 30-40 percent through three procedures of seed screening, seedling screening and screening after seedling forming, the bred apple trees have no dominant virus or dominant nutrient deficiency symptom, the production time limit of a single plant is prolonged, the economic life of an orchard is prolonged, meanwhile, the apple nursery stocks bred through the breeding method of the invention lead the benefit time of fruit growers to be advanced by three years, the orchard is established in the same year, flowers are established in the second year, and the fruits start in the third year, thereby solving the problems of late orchard establishment, late fruiting, late benefit and low benefit in the existing nursery stock breeding method.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments.
The invention relates to an apple seedling breeding method, which is implemented according to the following steps:
step 1, a seedling stage, which comprises the following specific steps:
step 1.1, selecting excellent stock plants which are free of rot, compact in tree body and robust in growth from stock seed stock plants, and selecting excellent stock plants of Wuhui mountain ash seeds, wherein the excellent stock plants are selected according to a standard method, the height of the stock plants is more than 15% of the average height of the stock plants, the diameter at breast height is more than 50% of the average diameter at breast height, and the rot infection rate of the big trees for more than 20 years is 0%; screening good seeds with thousand seed mass of 25-27 g from the selected good mother plant;
wherein the average tree height is 20.3cm, and the average breast diameter is 22.9 cm.
Step 1.2, sand-storing the fine seeds screened in the step 1.1 for at least 60 days, and sowing all the seeds in a seedling tray with the length of 51cm and the width of 27cm after 30-50% of the seeds begin to appear white, wherein the length of each single hole of the sown seeds is 3-5 cm, the width of each single hole of the sown seeds is 3-5 cm, and the depth of each single hole of the sown seeds is 6-8 cm; the nutrient soil in the seedling raising plate consists of forest humus soil, new soil and diammonium phosphate, and the mass ratio of the forest humus soil, the new soil and the diammonium phosphate is 8-10: 35-39: 1;
step 1.3, thinning the seedlings growing out of the seedling raising tray, taking off the over-large and over-small seedlings, mulching a mulching film on the roots of the seedlings in a plurality of seedling raising plates, building a small arched shed on the seedling raising plates, building a greenhouse in the whole base for placing the seedling raising plates, enabling the temperature of soil in the seedling raising plates to reach 12-15 ℃ within one week, so that the seeds which do not grow seedlings can better grow new seedlings, the seeds can mildew and lose vitality due to too low temperature, the soil humidity is kept between 80 and 85 percent, the air humidity is kept between 60 and 80 percent, when the temperature in the greenhouse reaches above 40 ℃, the ventilation openings at the two sides of the greenhouse are opened for ventilation and cooling, when the temperature in the small arched shed reaches above 25 ℃, opening the ventilation opening of the small arched shed for ventilation and cooling, and when the soil temperature reaches above 20 ℃, opening the mulching film covered on the seedling raising tray for ventilation and cooling, thereby creating good conditions for seedling growth; thinning, weeding and replenishing water once every seven days according to normal seedbed management, taking off the mulching film from the last 27 th to 30 th days, taking off the small arched shed from the last 32 th to 35 th days, taking off the greenhouse from the last 38 th to 40 th days, and replenishing water to keep the soil humidity at 80% -85%. When at least 98% of nursery stocks do not continue to grow and the leaves are yellow and the nutrient soil in the nursery stock tray is dry to form soil blocks, transplanting the nursery stocks, and establishing a stock garden, wherein the line spacing of the nursery stocks in the stock garden is divided into two types of wide lines and narrow lines, the wide line spacing is 110cm, the narrow line spacing is 30cm, the spacing of adjacent nursery stocks in each line is 30cm, and 3100 nursery stocks are fixedly planted per mu; pinching when the seedlings grow to 30-40 cm, promoting the growth of new shoots, and carrying out root culture by applying the balance principle of the overground part and the underground part of the plants;
step 2, a dry-keeping stage, which comprises the following specific steps:
selecting robust branches without diseases and insect pests and with red skin color from the excellent stock plants selected in the step 1.1, wrapping the branches with an adhesive tape, labeling, numbering, placing the branches in a refrigeration house which does not store apples and has the temperature of 0-1 ℃ for sand storage, adjusting the sand humidity and the temperature of the refrigeration house in time, grafting the branches on the nursery stocks subjected to core picking in the step 1.3 by adopting a single bud cleft grafting method when the weather temperature reaches 9-11 ℃ in march, and well performing weeding, soil loosening and disease and insect control according to a normal field management mode; a layer of black mulching film is horizontally covered among the rows of the nursery stock, the root of the grafted nursery stock is cultivated by utilizing the geotropic property, the fertile property and the water-tropic property of the root system, and the young tip of 5cm at the tip of the nursery stock is cut off, so that the filling degree of the nursery stock is improved;
step 3, branch cultivation stage: and when the length of the terminal bud of the seedling reaches 2cm, re-shearing the young shoot of the seedling, shearing 4-5 young shoots, taking out growth inhibin, promoting more new shoots, removing redundant shoots on a seedling stem which is 80cm away from the ground on the 7 th-9 th days later, concentrating effective nutrients, promoting the growth of the new shoots, righting the top of a bent main stem by a bamboo pole, shearing off long shoots with the length not less than 60cm after autumn, and pulling other tree shoots to form an included angle of 90-110 degrees with the trunk, thereby finally obtaining the apple seedling.
Examples
Selecting excellent stock plants which are free from rot and have compact tree bodies and strong growth from stock seed stock plants, screening excellent seeds with thousand-grain mass of 25-27 g from the selected excellent stock plants, No. 5 Yuanyue, sand-storing the screened excellent seeds for 60 days, sowing all the seeds in a seedling tray with the length of 51cm and the width of 27cm after 30% of the seeds begin to appear white, thinning the seedlings growing in the seedling tray, taking off the over-large and over-small seedlings, carrying out three-layer seedling hardening on a plurality of seedling trays, covering roots of the seedlings in the seedling trays with a mulching film, building a small arched shed on the seedling tray, building a greenhouse in the whole base for placing the seedling tray, enabling the soil temperature in the seedling tray to reach more than 12 ℃ within one week, keeping the soil humidity at about 80%, keeping the air humidity at about 70%, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse at 40 ℃, opening ventilation openings at two sides of the greenhouse for ventilation and cooling, opening the ventilation openings of the small arched greenhouse for ventilation and cooling when the temperature in the small arched greenhouse reaches 25 ℃, and opening the mulching film covered on the seedling raising tray for ventilation and cooling when the soil temperature reaches 20 ℃; thinning, weeding and replenishing water once every seven days according to normal seedbed management, removing a mulching film on the last 30 days, removing a small arched shed on the 35 th day, removing a greenhouse on the 40 th day, replenishing water to keep the soil humidity at about 80%, after 60 days, preventing 98% of seedlings from continuously growing and yellowing blades, transplanting the seedlings when nutrient soil in a seedling culture disc is dry to form soil blocks, establishing a stock garden, dividing row spacing of the seedlings in the stock garden into two types of wide rows and narrow rows, wherein the wide row spacing is 110cm, the narrow row spacing is 30cm, spacing of adjacent seedlings in each row is 30cm, planting 3100 plants in each mu, pinching when the seedlings grow to 30-40 cm, promoting new shoots, and culturing the roots by applying a balance principle of overground parts and underground parts of the plants.
In winter, selecting robust branches without diseases and insect pests and with red skin color from selected excellent stock plants, wrapping the branches with adhesive tapes, labeling, numbering, placing the branches in a cold storage with 0 ℃ which is not used for storing apples for sand storage, adjusting the sand humidity and the temperature of the cold storage in time, grafting the branches on the picked seedlings by adopting a single bud cleft grafting method in the next three months when the weather temperature reaches 10 ℃, and well performing weeding, soil loosening and pest control according to a normal field management mode; april No. 4, a layer of black mulching film is flatly covered among the rows of the seedlings, the roots of the grafted seedlings are cultivated by utilizing the geotropism, the fertility and the water tropism of the root systems, and when the number reaches No. 9 and No. 10, young tips of 5cm at the tips of the seedlings are cut off, so that the filling degree of the seedlings is improved.
In spring of the third year, when the top bud of the nursery stock reaches 2cm in length, re-shearing the tender tips of the nursery stock, shearing 4-5 tender tips, taking out growth inhibin, promoting more new tips, removing redundant buds on the nursery stock which is about 80cm away from the ground after 7 days, righting the top of the bent trunk by a bamboo pole, shearing off long tips with the length of more than 60cm after autumn, and pulling other tips to form an included angle of 90-110 degrees with the trunk, thereby finally obtaining the apple nursery stock.
Claims (4)
1. The apple seedling breeding method is characterized by being implemented according to the following steps:
step 1, a seedling stage, which comprises the following specific steps:
step 1.1, selecting excellent stock plants which are free from rot, compact in tree bodies and robust in growth from stock seed stock plants, and screening excellent seeds from the selected excellent stock plants;
step 1.2, performing sand preservation on the excellent seeds screened in the step 1.1, sowing all the seeds in a seedling tray when 30-50% of the seeds begin to appear white, wherein the sand preservation time of the excellent seeds is at least 60 days, and the seeds are sowed in the seedling tray with the single hole length of 3-5 cm, the width of 3-5 cm and the depth of 6-8 cm;
step 1.3, thinning and hardening the seedlings growing in the seedling raising tray, when the conditions that at least 98% of seedlings do not continue to grow and leaves are yellow and nutrient soil in the seedling raising tray is dried into soil blocks are met, transplanting the seedlings, establishing a stock nursery, and pinching when the seedlings grow to 30-40 cm;
step 2, a dry-keeping stage, which comprises the following specific steps:
selecting strong, disease and insect free and red bark branches from the excellent stock plants selected in the step 1.1, carrying out cold storage sand storage, grafting the branches onto the nursery stocks subjected to pinching in the step 1.3 by adopting a single-bud cleft grafting method when the weather temperature reaches 9-11 ℃ in march, cultivating the roots of the grafted nursery stocks, and cutting off the young tips of the nursery stocks;
step 3, branch cultivation stage: when the length of the terminal bud of the seedling reaches 2cm, carrying out re-shearing on the young shoot of the seedling, removing redundant branches and buds on the next 7 th to 9 th days, righting the top of the bent trunk, cutting off the long shoot with the length of 60cm to 80cm after the autumn harvest, and pulling other shoots to form an included angle of 90 degrees to 110 degrees with the trunk, thereby finally obtaining the apple seedling;
the excellent stock plants in the step 1.1 are selected according to a standard method, wherein the height of the tree is more than 15 percent of the average height of the tree, the diameter at breast height is more than 50 percent of the average diameter at breast height, and the rot infection rate of the big tree for more than 20 years is 0 percent;
the excellent seeds in the step 1.1 are seeds with thousand seed mass of 25 g-27 g;
the nutrient soil in the seedling raising plate consists of forest humus soil, new soil and diammonium phosphate, and the mass ratio of the forest humus soil to the new soil to the diammonium phosphate is 8-10: 35-39: 1;
the specific operation process of seedling exercising in the step 1.3 is as follows:
mulching films are covered on the roots of seedlings in a plurality of seedling raising disks, small arched sheds are built on the seedling raising disks, a greenhouse is built in a whole base for placing the seedling raising disks, the temperature of soil in the seedling raising disks reaches 12-15 ℃, the humidity of the soil is kept at 80-85%, the humidity of air is kept at 60-80%, when the temperature in the greenhouse reaches above 40 ℃, ventilation openings on two sides of the greenhouse are opened for ventilation and cooling, when the temperature in the small arched sheds reaches above 25 ℃, ventilation openings of the small arched sheds are opened for ventilation and cooling, when the temperature of the soil reaches above 20 ℃, the mulching films covered on the seedling raising disks are lifted, ventilation and cooling are carried out, thinning, weeding and water replenishing are carried out every seven days, and finally the mulching films, the small arched sheds and the greenhouse are sequentially removed, and water replenishing is carried out, so that the humidity of the soil is kept.
2. The apple seedling breeding method of claim 1, wherein the mulching film is removed from the 27 th day to the 30 th day, the small arch shed is removed from the 32 th day to the 35 th day, and the greenhouse is removed from the 38 th day to the 40 th day.
3. The apple seedling breeding method of claim 1, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings in the stock nursery of step 1.3 is divided into two types of wide row spacing and narrow row spacing, wherein the wide row spacing is 110cm, the narrow row spacing is 30cm, the spacing between adjacent seedlings in each row is 30cm, and 3100 plants are planted per mu.
4. The apple seedling breeding method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the refrigeration storage in the step 2 is 0-1 ℃, and the humidity of sand is 80-85%.
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