CN114847100A - High-light-efficiency yield-increasing cultivation method for tomatoes in weak light areas - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
The invention provides a high-light-efficiency yield-increasing cultivation method for tomatoes in a weak light area, and relates to the technical field of crop cultivation. The invention improves the photosynthetic efficiency of tomato plants and improves the accumulation of photosynthetic products while scientifically supplying fertilizer and water. Specifically, the invention carries out scientific supply of nutrition through the integrated micro irrigation of water and fertilizer under the film, reduces the cultivation density, reasonably reduces the number of tomato leaves, and improves the illumination intensity in the tomato plant community in the weak light area, thereby improving the photosynthetic efficiency of the functional leaves at the middle and lower parts of the tomato, improving the accumulation of the photosynthetic products of the whole plant, and achieving the effect of increasing the yield. By utilizing the method, the yield and the quality of the single plant can be improved when the tomatoes are planted in the weak light area in China, and a theoretical basis is provided for field production practice.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a high-photosynthetic-efficiency yield-increasing cultivation method for tomatoes in a weak light area.
Background
The reasonable cultivation density can lead crops to obtain good quality and high yield. The crop groups can form different internal environmental conditions at different densities, and the conditions can change the growth tendency of crops and have great influence on the growth development, quality and yield of the crops and the occurrence degree of plant diseases and insect pests. The tomatoes are in the front of the middle position in the protected vegetable cultivation area in China, are rich in a large amount of nutrient substances, and have good mouthfeel which is deeply loved by consumers. With followingThe health care consciousness of consumers is improved, and the quality of the tomatoes, namely appearance, nutrition, flavor and the like, is more and more concerned. Therefore, planting high-quality tomatoes is a major concern in domestic research. The tomato is used as a photophobic crop, the change of the illumination environment has great influence on the tomato production, the Sichuan basin area belongs to the typical low-sunlight climate, particularly, the light temperature is obviously insufficient in early spring and winter, and the annual average solar radiation is less than 1500 MJ.m -2 Belonging to 5 types of areas with the worst illumination resources in China. The local low light conditions become a limiting factor for the production of tomato facilities. In order to increase the yield per unit area of tomatoes and improve the quality of tomatoes, reasonable cultivation density in the cultivation process has always been a concern of researchers. Influence of different cultivation densities of tomatoes on yield in alpine region of Myrica rubra (J. Small plum)]Northern horticulture, 2014 (11): 40-41.) the optimum row spacing of the greenhouse cultivated tomatoes in the Xining area is selected to be (80-40) cm multiplied by 35cm and (70-40) cm multiplied by 35cm by studying different cultivation densities of the tomatoes in the alpine area. Influence of planting density on tomato yield constitution and luminous environment in east-west ridge of sunlight greenhouse [ J]South-river agricultural science, 2021, 50 (05): 99-106.) study of cultivation density to construct solar greenhouse east-west ridge cultivated tomato yield to obtain fresh tomato 30000 strain in Ningxia region -2 The planting density of the method is optimal in the illumination environment, better in quality, least in investment and highest in yield. It can be seen that the cultivation density does have a great influence on tomato yield and quality. Although the planting technology of tomatoes in different areas, different environments and different fertility is greatly researched by predecessors, the research on the yield, the size and the quality of the tomatoes by the cultivation density in the weak light area of the Sichuan basin is only rarely researched.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a high-light-efficiency yield-increasing cultivation method for tomatoes in a weak light area, which improves the photosynthetic efficiency of tomato leaves, improves the accumulation of photosynthetic products of the whole plant, and achieves the effect of yield increase by organically combining the technology of reducing cultivation density, integrating water and fertilizer under the film, and reducing the number of leaves.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a method for improving the photosynthetic efficiency of tomatoes in a weak light area, which comprises the following steps: when the tomatoes are planted in a low-light area, 1600-1800 plants are planted per mu in a fixed mode, and irrigation and fertilization are carried out by adopting a method of integrating water and fertilizer under the film; in the tomato fruiting period, cutting off all leaves at the lower part of the shaped fruit;
the weak light area comprises an area with annual sunshine duration not higher than 1000 h.
Preferably, the tomato planting mode comprises open field cultivation and facility cultivation.
Preferably, the planting comprises double-row planting on the compartment surface, and the row spacing of the plants is (0.4-0.5) m multiplied by 0.8 m.
Preferably, the width of each carriage surface is 1m, and the interval between two adjacent carriage surfaces is 0.6 m.
Preferably, the integration of the water and the fertilizer under the film comprises the step of paving two drip irrigation belts on each compartment surface, and when the drip irrigation belts are used for irrigation, the irrigation quantity in one production season is 160-180 tons/mu.
Preferably, the fertilizer is applied according to the target yield of the tomatoes, and N1-2 kg and P are applied per 1000kg of the target yield of the tomatoes 2 O 5 0.5 to 1.0kg and K 2 O 3～5kg。
Preferably, the tomatoes are planted in a vine hanging mode, a vine hanging single-rod pruning mode is adopted, and after the tomato fruits are enlarged and shaped, all leaves on the lower portions of the shaped fruits are cut off in time.
The invention also provides application of the method in yield-increasing cultivation of tomatoes in a weak light area.
Has the advantages that: the invention provides a method for improving the photosynthetic efficiency of tomatoes in a weak light area, which improves the photosynthetic efficiency of tomato plants and improves the accumulation of photosynthetic products while scientifically supplying fertilizer and water. Specifically, the invention carries out scientific supply of nutrition by water and fertilizer integrated micro irrigation under the film, reduces the cultivation density, reasonably reduces the number of tomato leaves, and improves the illumination intensity in the tomato plant community in the weak light area, thereby improving the photosynthetic efficiency of the functional leaves at the middle and lower parts of the tomato, and improving the product of the photosynthetic products of the whole plantTo increase the yield by tiredness. In the embodiment of the invention, the method is used for reducing the cultivation density, so that the illumination intensity of the middle lower part of the tomato community can be increased, the ratio of far-red light is reduced, and the ratio of red light, green light and blue light is increased; meanwhile, the indexes such as the single fruit weight of the tomato, the single plant yield, the soluble sugar content, the VC content and the like are improved. After Yeast Strain 1667 667m -2 Processing, tomato yield per plant, fruit soluble sugar and VC content vs. 2779 m -2 The treatment was improved by 45.3%, 37.1% and 84.6%. Therefore, by using the method, the yield and the quality of the single plant can be improved when the tomatoes are planted in the weak light area of China, and a theoretical basis is provided for field production practice.
Drawings
FIG. 1 illustrates the effect of different processes on the light quality profile.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for improving the photosynthetic efficiency of tomatoes in a weak light area, which comprises the following steps: when the tomatoes are planted in a low-light area, 1600-1800 plants are planted per mu in a fixed mode, and irrigation and fertilization are carried out by adopting a method of integrating water and fertilizer under the film; in the tomato fruiting period, cutting off all leaves at the lower part of the shaped fruit;
the weak light area comprises an area with annual sunshine duration not higher than 1000 h.
The weak light area preferably comprises a Sichuan basin, and when a tomato planting land is selected, a farmland which is large in land, smooth in ground, fertile in soil, leeward and sunny, convenient in transportation water source and environment meeting relevant standards of agricultural production is preferably selected, and a high-standard farmland which is previously planted with rice is more preferably selected.
The present invention is not limited to any particular manner of planting tomatoes, and may be used for both open field cultivation and facility cultivation.
Before the planting, the invention preferably further comprises a setting compartment surface, and the setting compartment surface specifically comprises: soil preparation; carrying out carriage preparation; 2 drip irrigation pipes/belts are laid in each compartment for double-row planting, the distance between single-row drippers is 20-30cm, the distance between double-row drippers is 30-40cm, and the drippers are arranged in staggered pits; covering a silver-gray double-color mulching film on the compartment surface; and punching holes on the mulching film according to the row spacing of the plants, and performing field planting on the plants. The complete compartment of the invention preferably comprises a complete compartment with a width of 1.6m, wherein the width of the compartment surface is 1m and the aisle is 0.6 m.
The planting of the invention preferably comprises double-row planting on the compartment surface, the row spacing of plants is preferably (0.4-0.5) m multiplied by 0.8m, by utilizing the row spacing of the invention, 1600-1800 plants per mu of fixed seedlings can be ensured, the cultivation density is reduced, the illumination intensity of the middle lower part of a tomato community can be increased, the ratio of far-red light to blue light is reduced, and the ratio of red light to green light to blue light is increased; meanwhile, the indexes of single fruit weight, single plant yield, soluble sugar content, VC content and the like of the tomatoes are improved. In the present example, the far-red/red ratios incident from the upper part of the plant in the middle and lower parts of the T5 treatment were 1.3 and 1.8, respectively, and the T1 treatment was 3.0 and 3.9, which were 2.3 and 2.2 times that of the T5 treatment; therefore, the proportion of far-red light from the upper part of the plant to the middle lower part can be reduced by reducing the cultivation density, and the photosynthetic product is favorable for the growth of plants and fruits.
According to the invention, the water and fertilizer integration technology under the mulch is utilized to irrigate and fertilize tomatoes, and when the drip irrigation belts are laid, two drip irrigation belts are preferably laid on each compartment surface, the drip irrigation belts are laid on the compartment surfaces, the water drops are upward under the mulch, and when the drip irrigation belts are utilized to irrigate, the irrigation amount in one production season is preferably 160-180 tons/mu, and more preferably 170 tons/mu. The irrigation method preferably comprises the step of automatically irrigating by using an electromagnetic valve and a soil sensor in the daytime and controlling the soil humidity to be 60-70%. The invention also utilizes the under-film water and fertilizer integration technology to carry out fertilization, the fertilization amount is preferably determined according to the target yield of the tomatoes, and N1-2 kg and P are preferably applied to the target yield of every 1000kg of tomatoes 2 O 5 0.5 to 1.0kg and K 2 O3-5 kg, more preferably N1.5kg, P 2 O 5 0.6kg and K 2 O3.9 kg. The under-mulch water and fertilizer integration technology can reduce the problem of excessive humidity in the middle-lower space of a plant community.
The tomato is preferably planted in a vine hanging mode, single-stem pruning is adopted, all leaves at the lower part of a shaped fruit are cut off in time after the tomato fruit is enlarged and shaped, and the leaves at the position refer to the leaves on the trunk because only the fruit on the bearing branch of the tomato generally has no leaves. After the leaves are cut off, the invention can reduce the nutrient consumption, increase the illumination of the lower part, reduce the humidity between communities and reduce the occurrence of diseases.
The invention also provides application of the method in yield-increasing cultivation of tomatoes in a weak light area.
By using the method, the illumination intensity of the middle and lower parts of the tomato community can be increased, the single fruit weight, the single plant yield, the soluble sugar content, the VC content and the like of the tomatoes are improved, and the effects of increasing the yield and improving the quality can be achieved.
The present invention provides a method for cultivating tomatoes in a weak light area with high photosynthetic efficiency and yield increase, which is described in detail with reference to the following examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
1. Materials and methods
1.1 test materials
Tomato variety "cracking-resistant king" was used as the test material. Sowing the seedlings in 2019, 12 and 16 days, and planting the seedlings selected regularly and uniformly in 2020, 2 and 14 days in a plastic greenhouse of a modern demonstration garden of New university of academy of agricultural sciences in Sichuan province. The soil is sandy loam and is used as the chili. In order to avoid the phenomenon of uneven nutrients, an irrigation mode of arranging 1 drop arrow on 1 plant is adopted. And other field management measures are managed according to the conventional method.
Total amount of fertilizer applied per acre (including nutrients already in the soil): n36-40 kg, P 2 O 5 9～12kg，K 2 60-65 kg of O, wherein the base fertilizer accounts for 40% of the total fertilizing amount, and the top dressing accounts for 60% of the total fertilizing amount by applying fertilizer in real time according to the growth condition of plants. The irrigation is that the irrigation is automatically carried out according to the set soil humidity.
1.2 test set-up
On the basis of planting 5 rows in 8m broken greenhouse, the experiment sets 5 cultivation density treatments, double-row planting, row spacing of 0.8m, and single-trunk pruning of tomatoes. The vine hanging cultivation mode is adopted, the number of the plants in the cell is 20, and the plants are repeated for 3 times (table 1).
Table 1 test treatment set-up
1.3 items and methods of measurement
1.3.1 Spectrometry
Measuring spectra at the middle part and the lower part of a tomato community by using an AvaSpes fiber spectrometer (AvaSpec-ULS2048x64-EVO) in the full-bearing stage of the tomato, integrating the illumination intensity of different wave bands (ultraviolet: 300-399 nm, blue light: 400-499 nm, green light: 500-599 nm, red light: 600-699 nm and far-red light: 700-800 nm), and integrating by 300-800 nm to represent the photosynthetically active radiation intensity.
1.3.2 Single fruit weight and yield determination
At 1 to 4 ear fruit harvest, 6 fruits were repeatedly taken per treatment for single fruit weight measurement. And measuring the yield of each repeated 20 tomatoes in the whole growth period, calculating the yield of each tomato plant and the total yield of the cells, and finally converting the yield per mu.
1.3.3 tomato quality determination
1.4 data analysis
All data in this experiment were collated with Excel 2010, one-way anova (one-way anova) with SPSS20.0, and the significance of difference was tested using Duncan new double-pole difference method.
2. Results and analysis
2.1 Effect on the plant population luminous Environment
The cultivation density and the illumination intensity of the middle and lower parts of the colony have a close relationship, and the illumination intensity of the middle and lower parts of the tomato colony is gradually reduced along with the increase of the cultivation density. During measurement, 3 positions are measured at each different treatment part, an instrument automatically records the average value for 3 times, and the result is shown in table 2, wherein the illumination reduction rate of the community treated by the T5 in the middle of the community is the lowest and is 50.2 percent, and the illumination reduction rate is 57.8 percent of the maximum T1 treatment reduction rate; the reduction rate of the illumination at the lower part of the colony, T1, was the highest and was 93.2%, which was 1.2 times the reduction rate of the lowest T5 treatment.
TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on illumination intensity
The cultivation density has an influence on the internal illumination intensity and also on the light quality of the middle and lower parts. With the increase of the cultivation density, the far-red light proportion of the middle part and the lower part is increased, the far-red light proportion of the middle part and the lower part of the T1 treatment is 44.1 percent and 50.9 percent, and the far-red light proportion of the T5 treatment is 27.1 percent and 32.8 percent respectively; the red light, green light, blue light and ultraviolet light are all low, and the 4 light ratios above the middle T1 are respectively 74.7%, 80.0%, 74.5% and 76.4% of T5; the 4 light ratios above the middle T1 were 79.8%, 74.8%, 72.0%, and 75.3% of T5, respectively (fig. 1).
2.2 Effect on Single fruit weight and yield
The reduction of the cultivation density can improve the single fruit weight of the tomatoes. As can be seen from Table 3, the 1 ear fruit T4 treatment had the greatest individual fruit weight of 432.03g, with no significant difference between the treatments T5, T4 and T3, but the individual fruit weight was significantly greater than the treatments T1 and T2, and the T2 treatment had the smallest individual fruit weight of 318.80 g. From 2 ears to 4 ears, the fruits treated by T5 were the heaviest of the 5 treatments, significantly higher than the fruits treated by T1, and 1.06, 1.24 and 1.40 times heavier than the fruits treated by T1, respectively.
TABLE 3 Effect of different treatments on the weight of the individual fruit
Note: different lower case letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
Different cultivation densities have certain influence on the yield per plant and the yield per mu, and as can be seen from table 4, the yield of the plant treated by T5 is the highest, 3.43kg, which is 1.5 times that of the plant treated by T1 which is the lowest. In terms of reduced yield, T1 with the highest cultivation density was processed the highest, 6562kg ∑ 667m -2 Significantly higher than other treatments; minimum yield for T3 processing, 5609kg 667m -2 Is 85.5% of the T1 treatment; but there were no significant differences from the T2, T4, and T5 treatments. Therefore, the smaller the cultivation density is, the higher the yield per plant is, but the yield per mu is reduced.
TABLE 4 Effect of different treatments on tomato yield
Note: different lower case letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
2.3 Effect on quality
The decrease of cultivation density can increase the content of soluble sugar, titrated acid, sugar-acid ratio and VC, but has no significant effect on lycopene. As can be seen from table 5, T5 treated soluble sugars was 6.65%, which was not significantly different from T4 and T3 treatments, but was significantly higher than T1 and T2 treatments; there was no significant difference between the treatments for titrating acids T3, T4, and T5, with the treatment for T4 being significantly higher than the treatments for T1 and T2; from the viewpoint of embodying tomato taste parameter sugar-acid ratio, the sugar-acid ratio of the T5 treatment is 12.75 at the highest, which is significantly higher than that of the T1 and T2 treatments, and the sugar-acid ratio of the T2 treatment is 9.87 at the lowest, which is 77.4% of that of the T5 treatment, and has no significant difference with that of the T1 treatment. VC content in T5 was highest, 0.24 mg. mu.g -1 1.8 times the lowest T1 treatment, there was no significant VC content between T2 and T3, T4 and T5 treatmentsA difference. Each treated lycopene was prepared with 43.3 μ g- -1 To 54.25 μ g- -1 But with no significant differences between treatments.
TABLE 5 Effect of different treatments on tomato quality
Note: different lower case letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for improving the photosynthetic efficiency of tomatoes in a weak light area is characterized by comprising the following steps: when the tomatoes are planted in a low-light area, 1600-1800 plants are planted per mu in a fixed mode, and irrigation and fertilization are carried out by adopting a method of integrating water and fertilizer under the film; in the tomato fruiting period, cutting off all leaves at the lower part of the shaped fruit;
the weak light area comprises an area with annual sunshine duration not higher than 1000 h.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the tomatoes are planted in a manner selected from the group consisting of open field cultivation and facility cultivation.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the planting comprises double row planting on the compartment surface, and the row spacing of the plants is (0.4-0.5) m x 0.8 m.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein each of the faces has a width of 1m, and a space between two adjacent faces is 0.6 m.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the integration of water and fertilizer under the film comprises the step of laying two drip irrigation tapes on each compartment surface, and the irrigation amount in one production season is 160-180 tons/mu when the drip irrigation tapes are used for irrigation.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the fertilizer is applied according to the target yield of the tomatoes, wherein N1-2 kg, P is applied per 1000kg of the target yield of the tomatoes 2 O 5 0.5 to 1.0kg and K 2 O3～5kg。
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the tomatoes are planted in a vine hanging mode, and the vine hanging single-rod pruning is adopted, and when the tomato fruits are enlarged and shaped, all the leaves at the lower part of the shaped fruits are cut off in time.
8. Use of the method of any one of claims 1 to 7 in tomato yield increasing cultivation in low light areas.
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| CN115486335A (en) * | 2022-11-03 | 2022-12-20 | 中国农业科学院都市农业研究所 | Rapid propagation and generation-adding method for tomatoes |
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| CN115486335A (en) * | 2022-11-03 | 2022-12-20 | 中国农业科学院都市农业研究所 | Rapid propagation and generation-adding method for tomatoes |
| CN115486335B (en) * | 2022-11-03 | 2023-07-07 | 中国农业科学院都市农业研究所 | Tomato rapid propagation and generation adding method |
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