CN113303162B - Construction method of citrus artificial forest capable of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease - Google Patents
Construction method of citrus artificial forest capable of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G23/00—Forestry
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Abstract
The invention relates to a construction method of an artificial citrus forest capable of preventing and controlling soil erosion and yellow dragon disease, which comprises the following steps: s1, evaluating suitability of citrus artificial forests in areas or county areas, and removing large-gradient areas which are easy to lose water and soil and low-lying areas which are easy to cause yellow dragon disease; s2, cutting and dividing the single sheets, arranging peripheral vegetation isolation belts at the periphery of each single sheet and between the connected sheets, dividing blocks in each single sheet, and arranging water and soil loss buffer belts and/or diaphorina citri isolation belts between the blocks; s3, carrying out horizontal slope soil preparation in each citrus planting area, and simultaneously carrying out under-forest vegetation space configuration. The method has the advantages that the healthy citrus artificial forest ecological system is constructed in consideration of multiple scales such as areas, slices, blocks and under the forest, the growth of the citrus psyllid population is controlled, the stability and the resistance to diseases and insect pests of the citrus artificial forest ecological system are enhanced, the application times of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are reduced, and the purposes of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease are achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of agriculture and forestry, relates to a construction method of an artificial citrus forest capable of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease, and particularly relates to multi-scale utilization of a remote sensing technology, water and soil conservation plants, citrus psyllid repelling plants, natural enemy preference plants and the like.
Background
Citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is one of the most important economic plants worldwide, and is also the first major fruit in the world, and the citrus cultivation area and yield in China are the first world. Citrus is also the first big fruit industry in China, the planting area reaches 4155.23 mu in 2019, and the yield is 4365.57 ten thousand tons. The citrus artificial Lin Youling stage brings extremely serious water and soil loss due to full reclamation, soil preparation and cultivation, and the citrus artificial forest land for 1-3 years usually has serious water and soil loss. Meanwhile, along with the rapid development of the citrus industry, 11 citrus yellow dragon diseases in 19 citrus producing areas in China are endangered, and medicines and methods for thoroughly radically treating the citrus yellow dragon diseases are not found at present, and the citrus yellow dragon diseases are listed in a crop disease and insect pest directory by agricultural rural areas in 2020.
The citrus artificial Lin Youling stage has serious water and soil loss problems, and has been studied and related measures for many years, and the citrus artificial Lin Youling stage is comprehensively called orchard grass growing, equal-height biological hedges and the like. The transmission way of the citrus yellow shoot is that the seedlings and the citrus psyllids (Kuwayama) are strictly quarantined, the destroyed plants with diseases are cleared and destroyed in time, and the control of the citrus psyllids is the main way for controlling the current citrus yellow shoot. For the prevention and control of diaphorina citri, chemical medicines are mainly used, new pesticides are continuously adopted, and physical prevention and control technologies mainly used for trapping light color plates and blocking insect-proof nets are also adopted, so that attempts to develop biological pesticides by adopting plant extracts such as nim, guava leaves and the like are recently made, but are not mainstream measures all the time. The frequent application of the pesticide not only causes the continuous enhancement of the drug resistance of the diaphorina citri, but also causes serious phytotoxicity and environmental pollution to citrus plants and fruits, and affects the export of citrus in China.
The citrus artificial forest belongs to an artificial ecological system, and vegetation is composed of single species which are determined artificially, and is a highly fragile artificial ecological system with the functions of fully-cultivated soil preparation, deep ploughing, clear ploughing and clear garden in winter, and water and soil loss and outbreak of plant diseases and insect pests are unavoidable. At present, no comprehensive technology aiming at the water and soil loss of the citrus artificial forest and the ecological regulation and control of the citrus psyllids exists.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a construction method of an artificial citrus forest capable of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease, and aims to overcome the defect that the existing comprehensive technology for effectively controlling water and soil loss of the artificial citrus forest and ecological regulation of diaphorina citri is lacking.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: a construction method of an artificial citrus forest capable of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease comprises the following steps:
s1, evaluating suitability of citrus artificial forests in areas or county areas, and removing large-gradient areas prone to water and soil loss and low-lying areas prone to yellow dragon disease to obtain suitable citrus planting areas;
s2, cutting and dividing the citrus planting area obtained in the S1 into single pieces, arranging a peripheral vegetation isolation belt at the periphery of each single piece and between the connected pieces, dividing the inside of each single piece into blocks, and arranging a water and soil loss buffer belt and/or a citrus psyllium isolation belt between the blocks;
s3, carrying out horizontal slope soil preparation in each citrus planting area, avoiding downhill planting, and simultaneously carrying out under-forest vegetation space configuration: the water and soil conservation plants are planted among the citrus lines, and the diaphorina citri repellent plants and natural enemy favorite plants of the diaphorina citri are planted among the citrus lines.
Based on the technical scheme, the invention can also make the following further specific selection or better selection.
Specifically, the gradient of the large-gradient area which is easy to lose water and soil in the S1 is more than 25 degrees, and the areas which are easy to lose water and soil in the S1 are removed from the areas which are returned to the cultivation or are planted with water and soil to keep vegetation.
Specifically, the area of each single sheet in S2 is within 200 mu, the area of each single sheet is 20-50 mu, the peripheral vegetation isolation zone is a arbor and shrub community with the width of more than 30 meters and the height of more than 10m, the water and soil loss buffer zone is a grass plant with the width of 2-3 meters and the height of less than 1 meter, and the diaphorina citri isolation zone is a arbor and shrub community with the width of 2-5 meters and the height of 7-8 meters.
Specifically, the arbor and shrub community of the peripheral vegetation isolation zone and the diaphorina citri isolation zone both comprise diaphorina citri repelling plants and diaphorina citri natural enemy favorite plants.
Specifically, the arbor in the arbor and shrub community comprises a plurality of camptotheca acuminata, guava, chinaberry, yin xiang, juniper, fir, camphor tree and hackberry, the shrub in the arbor and shrub community comprises a plurality of French ilex, waistcoat, lespedeza, hibiscus, mimosa, lantana camara and erythrina, and the herb in the arbor and shrub community comprises a plurality of red phoenix-tail, capsicum, tobacco, leek, peppermint, onion and basil.
Specifically, the herb used in the water and soil loss buffer zone comprises one or more of white clover, astragalus sinicus, paspalum distichum, bermuda grass, arrow peas, ryegrass and bluegrass.
Specifically, in S2, the water and soil loss buffer zone and the diaphorina citri isolation zone are arranged in a transverse and longitudinal crossing manner, and for the north-south sloping fields, the water and soil loss buffer zone is arranged on a transverse slope, and the diaphorina citri isolation zone is arranged on a downhill slope.
Specifically, the water and soil loss buffer zone and/or the diaphorina citri isolation zone in the S2 can be green belts of main roads in each citrus planting area.
Preferably, the plant spacing is controlled to be 4m×5m when citrus is planted after the land is prepared on the transverse slope in the step S3.
Specifically, the plant-derived diaphorina citri repellent plant comprises one or more of camptotheca acuminata, guava, chinaberry, cinnamomum camphora, hackberry, mimosa, lantana camara, erythrina, red phoenix-tail fern, capsicum, tobacco, leek, peppermint, onion and basil, and the natural enemy repellent plant comprises one or more of camphortree, paper mulberry, chinaberry, erythrina, lantana camara, cinnamomum burejense, xylocarpum, leek, mimosa and ageratum.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the invention, based on an ecological system, from planning and adjusting a vegetation space pattern of an area scale, a proper area of the citrus artificial forest is reasonably planned, then single-chip area control of the citrus artificial forest is performed from the aim of regulating and controlling the citrus psyllids, isolation belts are arranged in the periphery and the artificial forest, water and soil conservation plants, the citrus psyllids and natural enemy favorite plants of the citrus psyllids are reasonably configured under the citrus forest, a healthy citrus artificial forest ecological system is constructed from multiple scales, the growth of the citrus psyllids is controlled, the stability of the citrus artificial forest ecological system and the resistance to diseases and insect pests are enhanced, the application times of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are reduced, and the aims of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and citrus psyllids (namely controlling the number of the citrus psyllids) are fulfilled.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a construction method of an artificial citrus forest capable of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a single citrus planting area and a peripheral isolation belt arrangement;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the plant arrangement in the peripheral isolation zone of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the inside of a single citrus planting area divided into blocks and a water and soil loss buffer zone and a citrus psyllid isolation zone arranged between the blocks;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a single citrus planting area in a woody vegetation space configuration.
Detailed Description
The principles and features of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description, the examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, the invention provides a construction method of an artificial citrus forest capable of preventing and controlling soil erosion and yellow dragon disease, which comprises the following steps:
s1, evaluating suitability of citrus artificial forests in areas or county areas, and removing large-gradient areas prone to water and soil loss and low-lying areas prone to yellow dragon disease to obtain suitable citrus planting areas;
s2, cutting and dividing the citrus planting area obtained in the S1 into single pieces, arranging a peripheral vegetation isolation belt at the periphery of each single piece and between the connected pieces, dividing the inside of each single piece into blocks, and arranging a water and soil loss buffer belt and/or a citrus psyllium isolation belt between the blocks;
s3, carrying out horizontal slope soil preparation in each citrus planting area, avoiding downhill planting, and simultaneously carrying out under-forest vegetation space configuration: the water and soil conservation plants between the citrus lines are planted between the citrus lines, and the citrus plant is planted between the citrus lines to repel the plant from the diaphorina citri and/or to favor the natural enemy of the diaphorina citri.
It should be noted that, S1 mainly adjusts the vegetation space pattern on the macroscopic level, controls the water and soil loss, and reduces the probability of yellow dragon disease outbreak, S2 mainly effectively avoids the occurrence of yellow dragon disease in large areas caused by the migration of diaphorina citri in blocks and between sheets on the mesoscale, S3 works on the smaller scale, the water and soil are kept between the citrus lines to stabilize the water and soil, and the diaphorina citri is used to repel plants and natural enemy favorites between the citrus plants to reduce the number of diaphorina citri. And the multi-scale comprehensive consideration is carried out, so that the purposes of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and preventing and controlling the yellow dragon disease outbreak of the citrus through controlling the quantity and migration of the diaphorina citri are finally achieved.
In one embodiment of the invention, an area with a gradient of more than 25 degrees is taken as a large-gradient area, so that the area is not suitable for being used as a citrus planting area due to easy water and soil loss, the planted citrus is returned to a cultivation area, and water and soil conservation vegetation is planted; the pool is easy to accumulate water and is easy to explode, so that the orange planting areas which are easy to generate the yellow dragon disease in the pool can be removed according to the statistics of the explosion conditions of the past year, and other crops can be planted or returned to the forest for treatment. It can be understood that the slope of the heavy slope area is defined to be more than 25 degrees, the depression degree of the depression can be set according to the actual situation of the local citrus planting area and the observed statistics of the yellow dragon disease of the past year after comprehensive consideration, and strict depression degree data is not given.
In one embodiment of the invention, the area of each single sheet in S2 is within 200 mu, the area of each single sheet is 20-50 mu, the peripheral vegetation isolation zone is a arbor and shrub community with the width of more than 30 meters and the height of more than 10m, the water and soil loss buffer zone is a herbaceous plant with the width of 2-3 meters and the height of less than 1 meter, and the citrus psyllium isolation zone is a arbor and shrub community with the width of 2-5 meters and the height of 7-8 meters.
As shown in fig. 2, peripheral vegetation isolation belts are arranged on the periphery of a single citrus planting area, the wider the peripheral vegetation isolation belts are, the better the peripheral vegetation isolation belts are, the lowest the peripheral vegetation isolation belts are 30-50 m, the height of the peripheral vegetation isolation belts exceeds the maximum height of the diaphorina citri in the migration process by 7 m, the existing natural mountain separation can be utilized, the original natural vegetation is reserved or the local natural vegetation is simulated, a complex arbor-shrub community with the height exceeding 10m is established, the diaphorina citri repelling plants and natural enemy favoring plants are increased, and meanwhile, the plants favorable for water and soil conservation can be properly planted.
As shown in FIG. 3, the plant species for repelling diaphorina citri in the peripheral vegetation isolation zone can be selected from camptotheca acuminata, guava, chinaberry, cinnamomum camphora, and hackberry, the plant species can be selected from mimosa, lantana camara, erythrina, and the herb plant can be selected from red phoenix-tail, capsicum, tobacco, leek, peppermint, onion, and basil. The preferred species of natural enemy ladybug and heterochrome ladybug are camphor tree, and Broussonetia papyrifera, chinaberry, erythrina, lantana camara, YINXIANG, mulotus, chinese chives, and Mimosa glaucescens can also be selected.
In addition, in one embodiment of the invention, the diaphorina citri isolation belt is a arbor and shrub community consisting of small arbor, shrubs and herbaceous plants so as to control rapid migration of diaphorina citri. The height of the diaphorina citri isolation belt is 7-8 m, the width of the diaphorina citri isolation belt is 2-5 m, the isolation belt needs to be densely planted, free penetration of diaphorina citri is avoided, the direction of the isolation belt is in the north-south direction, and shading of the adjacent diaphorina citri can be reduced. And the main road in the citrus orchard can be combined as a road green belt to carry out arbor-shrub configuration. The isolation belt can simultaneously consider the control of water and soil loss, and the species is composed of diaphorina citri repellent plants, natural enemy preference plants, small local trees and shrubs with dense branches and leaves, and herbaceous plants beneficial to water and soil conservation. Preferred species within the diaphorina citri isolation zone are selected as follows: arbor is a mixture of multiple seeds of chinaberry, guava, camptotheca acuminata, fir, camphor tree and juniper; the shrub is a mixture of multiple species of French ilex, erythrina, waistcoat, lespedeza and hibiscus; the herb is a mixture of herba Phoenix, tobacco, folium Allii tuberosi, capsici fructus, herba Menthae, bulbus Allii Cepae and herba Ocimi.
In one embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 4, for the divided single citrus planting area, the soil and water loss buffer zones and the citrus psyllid isolation zones arranged between the divided small blocks in the divided single citrus planting area can be arranged in a transverse and longitudinal crossing manner, for the north and south slope, the citrus psyllid migration isolation zones can be arranged along the slope, and the soil and water loss buffer zones mainly containing herbaceous plants are arranged along the transverse slope. The width of the water and soil loss buffer zone is preferably 2-3 meters, the height is not more than 1 meter, and the buffer zone is mainly made of perennial herbaceous plants and assisted with one-two-year herbaceous plants. The herbaceous plants used in the water and soil loss buffer zone are recommended to be selected from white clover, astragalus sinicus, paspalum distichum, bermuda grass, arrow peas, ryegrass, bluegrass and the like for mixed planting.
In one embodiment of the invention, small lands divided in a single citrus planting area are planted with oranges after being subjected to land preparation by a transverse slope, the plant row spacing of the oranges is controlled to be 4m multiplied by 5m (namely, the plant spacing is 4m and the row spacing is 5 m), the plant row spacing is properly pulled open, and the forest stand with too high density is closed early, so that the yellow dragon disease is easy to occur. As shown in fig. 5, grass plants which are favorable for water and soil conservation are planted among rows, gramineae plants and leguminous plants which are shallow in root system, easy to plant and manage and less in plant diseases and insect pests are selected, and soil can be fertilized while water and soil loss is controlled. The novel garden can be planted in winter in the same year when a new garden is opened, shallow pit sowing and hill sowing are suitable, organic fertilizer is mixed during sowing, and thin soil is properly covered after sowing. Preferably, the seeds are sowed before rain, which is favorable for germination. The arid areas in winter can be sowed again when the spring is more abundant in rainwater, and the latest is not more than 3 months. Therefore, before the plum rain season comes, the vegetation coverage of the ground surface reaches more than 75%, and the purpose of controlling water and soil loss is achieved. Inter-row soil and water conservation plant planting pattern recommendation: white clover or arrowhead pea + ryegrass or white clover + ryegrass. Different citrus psyllid repelling plants and natural enemy favorite plants are planted among citrus plants, mixed planting of different species is recommended, and other citrus insect repelling plants and natural enemy favorite plants can be properly added. Inter-plant diaphorina citri repellent plant recommendation: red phoenix vegetable, capsicum, tobacco, leek, peppermint, onion, basil and the like. Inter-plant natural enemy preference plant recommendation: leek, herba Agastaches, and the like.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and any such modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. The construction method of the citrus artificial forest capable of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, evaluating suitability of citrus artificial forests in areas or county areas, and removing large-gradient areas prone to water and soil loss and low-lying areas prone to yellow dragon disease to obtain suitable citrus planting areas;
s2, cutting and dividing the citrus planting area obtained in the S1 into single pieces, arranging a peripheral vegetation isolation belt at the periphery of each single piece and between the connected pieces, dividing the inside of each single piece into blocks, and arranging a water and soil loss buffer belt and/or a citrus psyllium isolation belt between the blocks;
s3, carrying out horizontal slope soil preparation in each citrus planting area, avoiding downhill planting, and simultaneously carrying out under-forest vegetation space configuration: the water and soil conservation plants between the citrus lines are planted between the citrus lines, and the citrus plant is planted between the citrus lines with the diaphorina citri repellent plants and/or the natural enemy preference plants of the diaphorina citri;
s1, removing the back-ploughed forest from a large-gradient area which is easy to lose water and soil and has a gradient of more than 25 ℃; the area of each single sheet in S2 is within 200 mu, the area of each single sheet is 20-50 mu, the peripheral vegetation isolation zone is a arbor and shrub community with the width of more than 30 meters and the height of more than 10m, the water and soil loss buffer zone is a herbal plant with the width of 2-3 meters and the height of less than 1 meter, the arbor and shrub isolation zone is a arbor and shrub community with the width of 2-5 meters and the height of 7-8 meters, the herbaceous plants of the arbor and shrub community of the peripheral vegetation isolation zone and the arbor and shrub isolation zone comprise the arbor and shrub repellent plants and the natural enemy favorite plants of the arbor and shrub, the water and soil loss buffer zone and the arbor and shrub isolation zone in S2 are arranged in a crossing manner, the arbor and shrub repellent plants are arranged on a northern slope, the arbor and shrub repellent plants comprise camphora, guava, chinaberry, yin, camphor tree, mimosa, red pepper, chinese chive, herba Oenotherae, herba tsche, herba tsubiae, and multiple plants of the like.
2. The method for constructing an artificial citrus forest capable of preventing and controlling soil erosion and yellow dragon disease according to claim 1, wherein the arbor in the arbor-shrub community comprises a plurality of camptotheca acuminata, guava, chinaberry, yin-joss, juniper, fir, camphor tree and hackberry, the shrub in the arbor-shrub community comprises a plurality of franchet holly, waistcoat, lespedeza, hibiscus, mimosa, lantana camara and erythrina, and the herb in the arbor-shrub community comprises a plurality of red phoenix, capsicum, tobacco, leek, peppermint, onion and basil.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the herbs used in the water and soil loss buffer zone include one or more of white clover, astragalus sinicus, paspalum distachtum, bermuda grass, arrowhead peas, ryegrass and bluegrass.
4. The construction method of the citrus artificial forest capable of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease according to claim 1, wherein the water and soil loss buffer zone and/or the citrus psyllid isolation zone in the S2 can be a green belt of a main road in each citrus planting area.
5. The construction method of the citrus artificial forest capable of preventing and controlling water and soil loss and yellow dragon disease according to claim 1, wherein the plant row spacing is controlled to be 4m×5m when citrus is planted after land preparation on a transverse slope in the step S3.
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| 绿色防治柑桔木虱控制黄龙病的策略与技术探讨;欧阳革成等;中国南方果树(第01期);第25-27页 * |
| 赣南脐橙高标准示范果园建设技术要领;刘德盛;叶剑波;钟修洪;林荣;;现代园艺(第13期);第62-63页 * |
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