CN112042492A - Planting method for improving yield and quality of polygonum cuspidatum - Google Patents
Planting method for improving yield and quality of polygonum cuspidatum Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the planting of giant knotweed, in particular to a planting method for improving the yield and the quality of giant knotweed. Firstly, soil preparation, namely deeply ploughing 25-40 cm soil and then applying a biological organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer; secondly, selecting excellent plants for root division propagation; ridging again, dipping humic acid water-soluble fertilizer at roots, and transplanting and planting; then, performing field management, weeding, spraying seaweed foliar fertilizer in the bud stage (middle 6 months), dressing quick-acting fertilizer in the flowering stage (late 7 months to early 8 months), and watering thoroughly after the dressing to keep the water content of the soil at 40-50%; finally, the roots and the rhizomes are harvested in 9 months of the third year of planting. The method is simple and easy to operate, can effectively prevent root rot and harm caused by continuous cropping planting, controls the heavy metal and pesticide residues to be lower than the national standard, improves the quality of the giant knotweed and increases the yield by about 10-20%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the planting of giant knotweed, in particular to a planting method for improving the yield and the quality of giant knotweed.
Background
Polygonum cuspidatum is a polygonaceae plant and is a perennial herb, the root and rhizome of the Polygonum cuspidatum are mainly used as medicines, and the fresh and tender stem leaves of the Polygonum cuspidatum can be eaten. The giant knotweed rhizome is bitter in taste and slightly cold in nature, has the effects of dispelling wind and removing dampness, promoting urination and treating stranguria, clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis and the like, and is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine in China. Mainly distributed in Shandong, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other places in China. China is a large country for the production and export of giant knotweed. Resveratrol is one of the main secondary metabolites in polygonum cuspidatum. Resveratrol has antibacterial, antitumor, cardiovascular disease resisting, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antiaging effects. Because the giant knotweed has multiple medicinal effects, wide application and short market, in recent years, the wild giant knotweed resource is excessively excavated, so that the ecological environment is seriously damaged. In addition, because the giant knotweed rhizome planting and processing technology is not standard, the problems of serious standard exceeding of heavy metal and pesticide residues, poor quality of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, high random inspection reject ratio and the like exist. These problems pose great threats to the health of people, and restrict the development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry and the national economy. Therefore, the development of artificial cultivation of giant knotweed is necessary and urgent for protecting wild resources and ensuring the yield and quality development of giant knotweed. However, the traditional cultivation method has unstable yield and uneven quality. In addition, the national implementation of GAP management of Chinese herbal medicines has become a urgent need to strictly control heavy metals and pesticide residues. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials of the giant knotweed, a standardized planting method for improving the yield and the quality of the giant knotweed is urgently needed. The invention can provide a technology for artificial large-scale standardized planting.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a planting method for improving yield and quality of giant knotweed.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a planting method for improving yield and quality of giant knotweed comprises the steps of firstly preparing soil, deeply ploughing 25-40 cm soil, and applying a biological organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer; secondly, selecting excellent plants for root division propagation; ridging again, dipping humic acid water-soluble fertilizer at roots, and transplanting and planting; then, performing field management, weeding, spraying seaweed foliar fertilizer in the bud stage (middle 6 months), dressing quick-acting fertilizer in the flowering stage (late 7 months to early 8 months), and watering thoroughly after the dressing to keep the water content of the soil at 40-50%; finally, the roots and the rhizomes are harvested in 9 months of the third year of planting.
The application amount of the biological organic fertilizer and the compound fertilizer is 550-600 kg/mu, wherein the mass ratio of the biological organic fertilizer to the compound fertilizer is 10: mixing at a ratio of 1-11: 1;
the spraying amount of the seaweed foliar fertilizer is 50-60 kg/mu;
the application amount of the quick-acting fertilizer is 10-15 kg/mu.
The land preparation is to carry out deep ploughing on sandy soil zones with rich humus for 25-40 cm, and then apply mixed fertilizers of bio-organic fertilizers and compound fertilizers to each mu.
The land preparation is to carry out deep ploughing in sandy soil zones with rich humus content to cover the bottom soil on the surface soil.
The rooting propagation method comprises the steps of selecting 2-year-old rootstocks, digging up parent plants from the seedling falling to the spring germination in autumn, cutting the rootstocks into small sections with the length of 10-15 cm and 2-3 buds as a plant division propagation material.
When the ridging transplanting field planting is carried out, the width of a ridge surface is 120 cm, the height of the ridge is 20-25 cm, the width of a ditch between ridges is 30-40 cm, the plant-row spacing is 50 cm multiplied by 60 cm, the hole depth is 30-35 cm, the soil is covered for 3-5 cm, and two rows are planted in one ridge.
Before ridging, transplanting and field planting, the root of the plant division propagation material is dipped in humic acid water-soluble fertilizer, so that plant diseases and insect pests are prevented.
The bio-organic fertilizer is purchased from Shandong of tobacco, and the trade name is (Zhongde-bio-organic fertilizer-25 Kg); the seaweed foliar fertilizer is a seaweed fertilizer, concentrates seaweed essence, reserves more than ten rich mineral substances, various trace elements and other components in seaweed, simultaneously contains a certain amount of polyphenol compounds, seaweed polysaccharide and a large amount of growth regulating factors, is prepared by the components recorded in the application No. 201711430614.3 according to the preparation method of the existing foliar fertilizer, and is also purchased from Haitangzhongde' sea energy-gathering organic water-soluble fertilizer; the compound fertilizer is purchased from Shima compound fertilizer 12-12-17-2+ TE; the quick-acting fertilizer mainly comprises phosphorus and potassium, and is purchased from 15-15-30+ TE-prey-grefibrate.
The humic acid water-soluble fertilizer is rich in nutritional ingredients such as fulvic acid, polysaccharide, various amino acids, large, medium and trace elements, has comprehensive nutrients and can quickly increase yield. Contains marine high-activity substances, has the functions of rooting, strengthening roots, improving soil, loosening soil, resisting stress and the like, and is purchased from Zhongde group-sea energy-gathering humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer.
The invention has the advantages that:
the method is simple and easy to operate, can effectively prevent root rot and harm caused by continuous cropping planting, has heavy metal and pesticide residues lower than the national standard, and increases the yield by about 10-20% while improving the quality of the polygonum cuspidatum.
In the planting process, the biological organic fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, and the organic fertilizer is applied during deep ploughing, so that the rhizome yield of the giant knotweed can be effectively increased. The biological organic fertilizer is rich in organic matter nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and probiotic microorganisms, and the microorganisms have the functions of improving the continuous cropping resistance, disease resistance, insect resistance, growth promotion and the like of crops, promote the deep and luxuriant roots of plants and improve the drought resistance of the plants. The microorganisms not only can play a role in increasing the soil fertility for a long time, but also can obviously improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The organic fertilizer can provide comprehensive nutrition for crops, has long fertilizer efficiency, can increase and renew soil organic matters, promotes the propagation of microorganisms, improves the physical and chemical properties and the biological activity of soil, and is a main nutrient for green food production. In addition, the organic fertilizer not only promotes the root system development of the giant knotweed, improves the capability of obtaining water from the deep soil, improves the water retention performance of the soil, and has the water-saving effect. The cost of the biological organic fertilizer is similar to that of the decomposed organic fertilizer.
And in the planting process, a foliar fertilizer-seaweed fertilizer is sprayed, wherein the seaweed fertilizer contains more than dozens of rich mineral substances, trace elements, rich vitamins and other components, and also contains a certain amount of polyphenol compounds, seaweed polysaccharide and a large amount of growth regulating factors. After the fertilizer is sprayed, the chlorophyll content and photosynthesis of the giant knotweed leaves are improved, the growth and development of the giant knotweed root system and the absorption and operation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements are effectively promoted, and the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved. The seaweed leaf fertilizer is about 50 yuan per mu.
According to the invention, when the diseases and insect pests are prevented, the root is dipped with the humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer, so that the continuous cropping resistance, root rot resistance and other capabilities of the polygonum cuspidatum are improved. The key technical point is that the method is used for continuously planting the giant knotweed rhizome for many years. The plant diseases and insect pests tend to be aggravated along with the planting year, the humic acid water-soluble fertilizer is rich in nutritional ingredients such as fulvic acid, polysaccharide, various amino acids, large, medium and trace elements and marine high-activity substances, has comprehensive nutrients, and has the effects of improving soil, rooting and strengthening roots, loosening the soil and resisting stress, quickly increasing yield and the like after being applied to the soil. The cost is about 50 yuan/mu.
In the planting process, fertilization, watering, disease prevention, insect damage and weed damage are comprehensively considered, the operation is convenient, the cost is saved, biological control is advocated as a main part, the heavy metal of the giant knotweed is ensured to be lower than the national standard by the pesticide residue, and a matching scheme is formulated aiming at the aims of effectively improving the giant knotweed planting and achieving high yield, stable yield and high quality.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Examples
First, selecting land, preparing land and applying base fertilizer
1. Selecting land: in the Dongdong Ming region, sandy soil with fertile soil, deep soil layer and rich humus content is selected to facilitate water drainage.
2. Applying a base fertilizer: 500 kg of biological organic fertilizer and 50 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu. The biological organic fertilizer is purchased from biological organic fertilizer of Shandong dynasty in tobacco Tai; the compound fertilizer is purchased from Shima compound fertilizer 12-12-17-2+ TE;
3. land preparation: and deeply ploughing the soil by 25-40 cm before planting to provide a loose growing environment. The bottom soil is covered on the surface layer to reduce the growth of weeds and plant diseases and insect pests.
Second, selection and planting of improved variety
1. Selecting improved varieties: selecting plants with thick and strong rootstocks, strong growth, high yield, no plant diseases and insect pests, high content of effective components such as resveratrol and the like as propagation materials. The artificial cultivated giant knotweed rhizome may be propagated with seed or underground rhizome or overground branch. Can be selected according to the specific conditions such as planting time, planting quantity and the like. In the embodiment, rhizome propagation is selected, namely 2-year-old rhizome is selected, a mother plant is dug up after seedling falling (overground plant withering) in autumn and before spring germination, the rhizome is cut into small sections with the length of 10-15 cm and 2-3 buds as a plant division propagation material. The method is best for breeding in spring. The rhizome is adopted to breed the material which is easy to obtain and transplant and easy to survive; and the early growth speed is high, the digging can be carried out for more than two years, and the effect is quick.
2. The cultivation technology comprises the following steps: polygonum cuspidatum can be planted all the year round, but is most suitable for spring. Ridging, digging and planting in holes in 4-5 months, wherein the width of a ridge surface is 120 cm, the height of the ridge is 20-25 cm, the width of a ditch between ridges is 30-40 cm, the row spacing of the plants is 50 cm multiplied by 60 cm, the depth of the holes is 30-35 cm, covering soil is 3-5 cm, planting two rows in one ridge, and dipping humic acid water-soluble fertilizer at the root part before planting.
In the production, rhizomes with root buds are used for propagation, and the rhizomes are easy to obtain and survive after being transplanted; and the early growth speed is high, the digging can be carried out for more than two years, and the effect is quick. The seed propagation has slow effect, the germination rate of the seeds is low, the propagation coefficient is not high, the seeds are not easy to be directly planted in the field, and the method is mainly used for transplanting after centralized seedling raising.
Third, field management
1. Thinning and replanting: after sowing or planting, thinning the seedlings in the dense places and timely replanting the places with large seedling spacing.
2. Scientific fertilization: when the field is planted in the same year, the additional fertilizer is not needed in spring, and the seaweed foliar fertilizer (50 kg/mu) is sprayed once from summer growth to the bud stage (in the middle of 6 months), so that the seaweed foliar fertilizer can effectively promote the growth of crop roots, improve the stress resistance of plants and reduce the occurrence of later-stage plant diseases and insect pests. A large amount of potassium element contained in the seaweed fertilizer sprayed on the leaf surfaces has the effects of inhibiting the steep growth of stems and leaves and promoting the expansion of roots; and after the giant knotweed grows to the flowering period (beginning of late 7 months to early 8 months), applying quick-acting fertilizers mainly containing phosphorus and potassium once by combining artificial weeding or irrigation, wherein the application amount of the topdressing is 10 kilograms per mu. In the growth period of the giant knotweed (the second to the third year), 500 kilograms per mu of bio-organic fertilizer is applied after green turning, 50 kilograms per mu of leaf fertilizer is added in the bud stage, and 10 kilograms per mu of quick-acting fertilizer mainly containing phosphorus and potassium is added in the flowering stage for fertilization.
The seaweed foliar fertilizer is a seaweed fertilizer, concentrates seaweed essence, reserves more than ten rich mineral substances, various trace elements and other components in seaweed, simultaneously contains a certain amount of polyphenol compounds, seaweed polysaccharide and a large amount of growth regulating factors, can be prepared according to the preparation method of the existing foliar fertilizer according to the components recorded in the application No. 201711430614.3, or is a sea energy-gathering organic water-soluble fertilizer purchased from Shangtai Zhongde; the quick-acting fertilizer mainly comprises phosphorus and potassium, and is purchased from 15-15-30+ TE-prey-grefibrate.
3. Water content management: giant knotweed prefers to be wet. Irrigation is carried out in time in the planting period or in the drought period in the morning or evening; draining off water in time in rainy season; and ventilation needs to be enhanced at high temperature and high humidity, so that the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced.
4. Comprehensive control of weeds and plant diseases and insect pests:
1) the giant knotweed has stronger capability of resisting diseases and insect pests, and a small amount of diseases and insects do not need to be prevented and controlled. The diseases mainly comprise root rot and leaf spot. Root rot is the main prevention, and especially for perennial plants, once the roots decay, the loss is large. Before planting, the roots are dipped in humic acid water-soluble fertilizer, so that the occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as root rot and the like can be effectively prevented. Leaf spot usually occurs in 7-9 months, and low-toxicity pesticide such as carbendazim can be selected for spraying when the disease is serious.
The humic acid water-soluble fertilizer is rich in nutritional ingredients such as fulvic acid, polysaccharide, various amino acids, large, medium and trace elements, has comprehensive nutrients and can quickly increase yield. Contains marine high-activity substances, has the functions of rooting, strengthening roots, improving soil, loosening soil, resisting stress and the like, and is purchased from Zhongde group-sea energy-gathering humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer.
2) The insect pest is mainly aphid, which damages stem and leaf, inhibits the growth of tender tip and tender leaf, and affects the normal growth of plant in serious cases. Can be properly sprayed with low-toxicity pesticide, and mainly adopts the comprehensive control of protecting natural enemy, applying fungi, artificially trapping and killing, removing disease and pest residues such as dead-branch weeds and the like, breeding and popularizing resistant varieties, biological pesticide and the like, and controlling the damage of aphids.
3) Weeding is respectively carried out once in spring, summer and autumn on the land blocks with more weeds in the first year after sowing. Especially in autumn, weeds are pulled out before the seeds of the weeds are ripe and fall. After the giant knotweed is transplanted, the overground part of the plant is cut off in winter, meanwhile, the weeds on the ground surface are eradicated, and the weeds are covered on the root and stem surface of the giant knotweed, so that the heat preservation and antifreezing effects are achieved, and the number of the weeds in the next year is reduced. In the second year after sowing, the giant knotweed grows to have absolute advantages, and only a small amount of tall weeds need to be removed in time. For plants infected with diseases and insect pests, dead plants and fallen leaves are removed in winter and buried deeply or burnt out, so that the damage of diseases and insect pests in the next year is reduced.
Fourthly, harvesting: the harvest time of the artificially cultivated giant knotweed needs to be determined by the yield and the quality of the perennial plants, considering the quality of the products and the cost of the products. The seeds can be harvested more than 2 years after root division propagation, and can be harvested more than 3 years after seed propagation, but the harvest does not exceed 5 years. Digging out roots in spring or autumn.
The yield, the production efficiency, the economic benefit and the content of effective components of the medicinal materials are comprehensively considered, the high quality and the high yield are ensured, and the harvesting season of roots and rhizomes is suitable for 9 months in the third year. The yield is 5000-6200 kg/mu during collection, and the content of resveratrol is 0.21-0.35%.
Fifthly, quality monitoring: the production process strictly prohibits the use of national prohibited pesticides, and the cultivation process selects biofertilizer and biological prevention and cure of diseases, insects and weeds as much as possible. In the case, the medicines of the six medicines and the DDT are not detected in the giant knotweed rhizome root. The indexes of the total amount of heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, copper) in the polygonum cuspidatum root and the like meet the national standard (wherein the total arsenic is less than 2mg/kg, the total mercury is less than 0.2mg/kg, the lead is less than 5mg/kg, the cadmium is less than 0.3mg/kg, and the copper is less than 20 mg/kg).
The above-mentioned embodiments are preferred applications of the present invention, but not intended to limit the invention in any way. In practice, the invention can be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein.
Claims (7)
1. A planting method for improving yield and quality of giant knotweed rhizome is characterized in that: firstly, soil preparation, namely deeply ploughing 25-40 cm soil and then applying a biological organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer; secondly, selecting excellent plants for root division propagation; ridging again, dipping humic acid water-soluble fertilizer at roots, and transplanting and planting; then performing field management, weeding, spraying seaweed leaf fertilizer in the bud stage, dressing quick-acting fertilizer in the flower stage, and watering thoroughly after application to keep the water content of the soil at 40-50%; finally, the roots and the rhizomes are harvested in 9 months of the third year of planting.
2. The planting method for improving yield and quality of giant knotweed according to claim 1, wherein: the application amount of the biological organic fertilizer and the compound fertilizer is 550-600 kg/mu, wherein the mass ratio of the biological organic fertilizer to the compound fertilizer is 10: 1-11:1, mixing;
the spraying amount of the seaweed foliar fertilizer is 50-60 kg/mu;
the application amount of the quick-acting fertilizer is 10-15 kg/mu.
3. The planting method for improving yield and quality of giant knotweed according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the land preparation is to carry out deep ploughing on sandy soil zones with rich humus for 25-40 cm, and then apply mixed fertilizers of bio-organic fertilizers and compound fertilizers to each mu.
4. The planting method for improving yield and quality of giant knotweed according to claim 3, wherein: the land preparation is to carry out deep ploughing in sandy soil zones with rich humus content to cover the bottom soil on the surface soil.
5. The planting method for improving yield and quality of giant knotweed according to claim 1, wherein: the rooting propagation method comprises the steps of selecting 2-year-old rootstocks, digging up parent plants from the seedling falling to the spring germination in autumn, cutting the rootstocks into small sections with the length of 10-15 cm and 2-3 buds as a plant division propagation material.
6. The planting method for improving yield and quality of giant knotweed according to claim 1, wherein: when the ridging transplanting field planting is carried out, the width of a ridge surface is 120 cm, the height of the ridge is 20-25 cm, the width of a ditch between ridges is 30-40 cm, the plant-row spacing is 50 cm multiplied by 60 cm, the hole depth is 30-35 cm, the soil is covered for 3-5 cm, and two rows are planted in one ridge.
7. The planting method for improving yield and quality of giant knotweed according to claim 1, wherein: before ridging, transplanting and field planting, the root of the plant division propagation material is dipped in humic acid water-soluble fertilizer, so that plant diseases and insect pests are prevented.
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