CN113142035A

CN113142035A - Soilless culture method for tree-type tomatoes

Info

Publication number: CN113142035A
Application number: CN202110391688.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 闫芬芬; 马全会; 刘义飞; 王振磊
Original assignee: Tarim University
Current assignee: Tarim University
Priority date: 2021-04-12
Filing date: 2021-04-12
Publication date: 2021-07-23
Anticipated expiration: 2041-04-12
Also published as: CN113142035B

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of facility agriculture, and particularly relates to a tree-type tomato soilless culture method. The invention provides a tree-type tomato soilless culture method, which comprises the following steps: planting tomato plants; after the trunk grows to 2m, a part of the trunk is buried shallowly; after the overground trunk grows to 2.0-2.2 m, reserving a main branch and a side bud at the top to form a double branch; fixing the double branches horizontally in opposite directions, forming fruit branches from axillary buds on the double trunks, removing aged fruit branches after fruits are ripe, and culturing the axillary buds on the double trunks into new fruit branches. The soilless culture method provided by the invention can highly utilize space, is particularly suitable for small-fruit tomato varieties such as cherry tomatoes, cluster tomatoes and the like, and can effectively improve culture profits as long as the tree-type tomatoes obtained by the soilless culture method have a culture period of 1-3 years.

Description

Soilless culture method for tree-type tomatoes

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of facility agriculture, and particularly relates to a tree-type tomato soilless culture method.

Background

The tree-type cultivation technology of tomatoes is more and more mature, but the traditional tree-type cultivation of tomatoes focuses more on cultivating tree-type tomatoes into trees so as to improve the ornamental value, and the tree-type cultivation technology of tomatoes has the defects of large occupied area and low space utilization rate.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a soilless culture method of tree-type tomatoes. The soilless culture method provided by the invention improves the space utilization rate on the basis of ensuring the ornamental performance and high yield performance of tree-type tomatoes, simplifies the soilless culture method, can effectively prolong the culture period, and is suitable for tree-type culture of tomato varieties with different fruit volumes.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

the invention provides a soilless culture method of tree-type tomatoes, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: planting tomato plants in a matrix; after the field planting is finished, after the length of the trunk is more than or equal to 2m, shallow burying part of the trunk underground to form an underground trunk and an overground trunk; when the height of the overground trunk is 2.0-2.2 m, processing the overground trunk, wherein the processing comprises the steps of reserving a main branch and a lateral bud at the top of the overground trunk to enable the tomato plant to form double branches; the double branches are horizontally fixed in opposite directions, and 12-20 axillary buds are reserved in each branch to form a bearing branch.

Preferably, the tomato variety comprises a high-yielding and/or unlimited-growth type tomato variety.

Preferably, the tomato variety comprises a small fruit type tomato variety.

Preferably, the tomato plants are subjected to seedling raising treatment before field planting, and the seedling raising treatment comprises the following steps: placing tomato seeds in water at 50-55 ℃ for soaking for 10-15 min for disinfection treatment; sowing seeds after the disinfection; covering a substrate on the tomato seeds during sowing, wherein the covering thickness of the substrate is 0.8-1.2 cm.

Preferably, the components of the matrix comprise grass carbon, perlite and vermiculite, and the volume ratio of the grass carbon to the perlite to the vermiculite is 6:3: 1.

Preferably, during field planting, the tomato plants are obliquely field planted.

Preferably, the shallow buried depth is 4-6 cm.

Preferably, the length of the underground trunk is 70-90 cm.

Preferably, when the double branches are horizontally fixed in opposite directions, the double branches are fixed by using a vine hanging device, and the vine hanging device comprises a hard tubular or rod-shaped object with supporting force; the material of the tubular or rod-shaped object comprises plastic, metal or wood.

Preferably, the operation of extending the cultivation period is carried out after the tomato fruit is ripe, and the operation comprises removing the aged fruiting branch, and culturing axillary buds on the double branches or lateral buds at the base of the aged fruiting branch into a new fruiting branch.

The invention provides a tree-type tomato soilless culture method, which comprises the following steps: planting tomato plants; after the trunk grows to 2m, a part of the trunk is buried shallowly; after the overground trunk grows to 2.0-2.2 m, reserving a main branch and a side bud at the top to form a double branch; fixing the double branches horizontally in opposite directions, forming fruit branches from axillary buds on the double trunks, removing aged fruit branches after fruits are ripe, and culturing the axillary buds on the double trunks into new fruit branches. The soilless culture method provided by the invention can highly utilize space, is also suitable for tomato varieties (including small-sized fruits, medium-sized fruits and large-sized fruits) with different fruit volumes, is particularly suitable for small-sized tomato varieties such as cherry tomatoes, cluster tomatoes and the like, can be used for obtaining tree-type tomatoes through the soilless culture, and has the culture period of 1-3 yearsEffectively improving the cultivation profit. According to the embodiment, after the soilless culture method provided by the invention is used, the annual yield of the tomato varieties such as the oriental cherry, the Jingdan No. 6, the Jiahong No. 4 and the like of the Ansha reaches 300-700 kg, and the measured horizontal space is only 1-4 m²。

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a soilless culture method provided by the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of the actual cultivation effect of the soilless cultivation method provided by the invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of the actual cultivation effect of the soilless cultivation method provided by the invention.

Detailed Description

The invention provides a soilless culture method of tree-type tomatoes, which comprises the following steps: planting tomato plants in a matrix; after the field planting is finished, after the length of the trunk is more than or equal to 2m, shallow burying part of the trunk underground to form an underground trunk and an overground trunk; when the height of the overground trunk is 2.0-2.2 m, processing the overground trunk, wherein the processing comprises the steps of reserving a main branch and a lateral bud at the top of the overground trunk to enable the tomato plant to form double branches; the double branches are horizontally fixed in opposite directions, and 12-20 axillary buds are reserved in each branch to form a bearing branch. The invention provides a tomato soilless culture method which can efficiently utilize space and is convenient to operate.

In the present invention, the tomato varieties preferably include high-yielding and/or unlimited-growth type tomato varieties, and further preferably include small-fruit type tomato varieties, and the tomato varieties successfully planted in the practice of the present invention include oriental cherry, jingdan No. 6, and Jiahong No. 4. The soilless culture method provided by the invention is different from the culture mode which mainly uses medium-sized fruit or large-sized fruit tomato varieties in the prior art, is suitable for tomato varieties with different fruit volumes, and is particularly suitable for small-sized fruit varieties such as cherry tomatoes, cross-growing tomatoes and the like.

According to the invention, seedlings of tomato plants are obtained through seedling raising treatment before field planting of the tomato plants; the seedling raising treatment preferably comprises the following steps: soaking tomato seeds in water for disinfection treatment; sowing seeds after the disinfection; after sowing, the tomato seeds emerge; the temperature of the water is preferably 50-55 ℃; the soaking time is preferably 10-15 min; the components of the matrix preferably comprise grass carbon, perlite and vermiculite, and the volume ratio of the grass carbon (with the particle size of 0-10 mm), the perlite (with the particle size of 1-3 mm) and the vermiculite (with the particle size of 1-3 mm) is preferably 6:3: 1; during sowing, tomato seeds are covered with a substrate, and the covering thickness of the substrate is preferably 0.8-1.2 cm, and is further preferably 1.0 cm. In the seedling raising treatment provided by the invention, the seed is soaked in the warm soup by utilizing the heat resistance difference between the plant material and the pathogens, and the proper water temperature and treatment time are selected, so that the pathogens on the surface or outside the seeds can be killed without damaging the seeds; the treatment of the covering matrix can effectively improve the germination rate of the seeds and has the characteristic of no seedling recovering period after the plant is fixedly planted; the seedling raising treatment can effectively promote the emergence rate of tomato plants and improve the quality of tomato plant seedlings.

According to the invention, before the tomato plants are fixedly planted, a cultivation groove is preferably built, a nutrition pool is equipped, a liquid supply pump is equipped, a liquid supply pipeline is equipped, a drop arrow is assembled, and a power supply and liquid supply device is equipped; the material for building the cultivation tank preferably comprises brick or polystyrene board material; the length, width and height of the cultivation groove are preferably 2m, 0.5m and 0.5m respectively; the cultivation tank is filled with a substrate, and the substrate is different from the substrate used in seedling culture in that the particle size of the turf is preferably 10-30 mm; the water pressure of a liquid supply pipe in the liquid supply pump is preferably 0.05-0.10 MPa; the distance between the drop arrows is preferably 20 cm; the power supply liquid supply device preferably supplies liquid twice a day for 4min each time. The preparation before field planting provided by the invention is different from the traditional cultivation method that the tomato trees are mainly cultivated in nutrient solution water and have higher technical requirements, and the preparation method is simple to set and convenient to popularize.

The vine hanging device is preferably installed before the fixed planting of the tomatoes; the vine hanging device preferably comprises a hard tubular or rod-shaped object with supporting force; the material of the tubular or rod-shaped object preferably comprises plastic, metal or wood, further preferably PVC pipe, in a particular operation of the invention suspended rigid PVC pipe is used: (

) (ii) a The direction of the vine hanging device is preferably consistent with the length direction of the cultivation groove, and the height of the vine hanging device is preferably 2.2 m; the method for fixing the tomato plants by the vine hanging device is preferably as follows: the vine hanging device is tied together with the branches of the tomato plant by using ropes. The vine hanging device can effectively fix tomato plants to enable the tomato plants to grow to target shapes, and meanwhile, the selected PVC pipeline has the advantages of low price, light weight and attractive appearance, and also has the advantage of convenience in installation, so that the manual workload can be effectively reduced, the large-scale popularization is facilitated, and meanwhile, a set of simple soilless culture equipment is provided, and the culture cost can be effectively reduced.

The invention plants tomato plants are planted in the matrix; in the invention, during the field planting, the tomato plants are preferably subjected to oblique field planting; the inclined direction of the oblique planting is preferably the direction that the top end of the tomato plant points away from the cultivation groove; the angle of the oblique planting is preferably 35-55 degrees between the main stem of the tomato plant and the matrix, and is further preferably 45 degrees; preferably, dividing a cultivation groove with the length of 2m into two parts of 1.5m and 0.5m by using a dividing line during field planting, and field planting tomato plants at the intersection points of the dividing line and the vertical projection of the vine hanging device, wherein the field planting time is preferably more than 50 days; lateral branches and flowers on the trunk are preferably removed during the planting period. The invention obliquely plants the tomato, so that the initial growth direction of the main stem of the tomato plant is close to the matrix, the main stem is conveniently and shallowly buried subsequently, and the condition that the main stem of the tomato is broken is avoided.

After planting is finished and the length of the trunk is more than or equal to 2m, part of the trunk is buried underground to form an underground trunk and an overground trunk; the depth of the shallow burying is preferably 4-6 cm, and further preferably 5 cm; the length of the underground trunk is preferably 70-90 cm, and more preferably 80 cm. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the tomato trunk is shallow-buried to grow adventitious roots, so that the rooting amount is increased, more nutrition can be provided for bearing branches, the defect that the main roots are easy to age in the long-term cultivation process and the cultivation time is shortened can be avoided.

According to the invention, when the height of the overground trunk is 2.0-2.2 m, the overground trunk is treated, wherein the treatment comprises the step of reserving a main branch and a lateral bud at the top of the overground trunk, so that the tomato plants form double branches. The tomato plant is set to be in a specific shape, so that the utilization of the space by the tomato plant is improved.

The double branches are horizontally fixed in opposite directions, and 12-20 axillary buds are reserved in each branch to form bearing branches; in the invention, when the double branches are horizontally fixed in opposite directions, the double branches are preferably fixed by using a vine hanging device; preferably, 5-7 spica flowers and fruits are reserved in the bearing branches. The soilless culture method provided by the invention is different from the traditional culture method and has the defects that the occupied area is large, the traditional culture method enables fruit branches on the upper part of a tomato tree to easily grow in vain, the branches are dense and blocked, the pruning operation is inconvenient, the pruning and the vine trimming need workers to stand at high positions, the workload is large, and the like.

The cultivation schematic diagram of the soilless culture method provided by the invention is shown in figure 1.

According to the invention, after the fruit is ripe, the aged fruiting branch is preferably removed, and axillary buds on double branches or lateral buds at the base part of the aged fruiting branch are cultured into a new fruiting branch. The invention repeatedly uses the operation in the cultivation process, and can realize the long-term cultivation of the tree-type tomatoes.

In order to further illustrate the present invention, the following detailed description of the method for soilless culture of tree-type tomatoes provided by the present invention is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

Examples

1. Selection of varieties

Selecting tomato varieties such as ansha oriental cherry, Jingdan No. 6, Jiahong No. 4, and the like.

2. Seedling raising

1) Preparing a matrix: grass carbon (particle size 0-10 mm), perlite (particle size 1-3 mm) and vermiculite (particle size 1-3 mm) are mixed according to the proportion of 6:3:1 to obtain a matrix.

2) Preparing a black nutrition pot of 9cm multiplied by 9cm for seedling culture;

3) soaking tomato seeds in hot water at 50-55 ℃, disinfecting the soaked tomato seeds in warm water for 10-15 min, and then sowing; covering the substrate with about 1cm after sowing; and when the seedlings are 45-50 days old, the field planting can be carried out.

3. Soilless culture device manufacturing and nutrient solution management

The cultivation tank is built by adopting brick or polystyrene board materials, and the length, the width and the height are respectively 2m, 0.5m and 0.5 m; the volume ratio of the filled turf (with the grain diameter of 10-30 mm) to the perlite to the filled vermiculite is 6:3: 1; preparing a nutrient solution pool, a liquid supply pump (maintaining the water pressure of the liquid supply pipe to be 0.05-0.10 MPa), a liquid supply pipeline and a dropping arrow to be inserted above the substrate (the distance is 20cm multiplied by 20 cm); and a timing power supply and liquid supply device is arranged, and liquid is supplied for 2 times every day for 4 min.

4. Vine hanging device installation

Suspending a rigid PVC pipe (the length direction of which is consistent with that of the cultivation groove) 2.2 meters above the cultivation groove

) For maintaining the horizontal shape of the trunk.

5. Facility environmental control and nutrient solution management

Greenhouse management: 25-32 ℃ in the daytime and 15-20 ℃ at night;

illumination management: the illumination intensity is 50-100 klx, and the illumination time is 10 hours per day;

air humidity: 70 to 80 percent

Nutrient solution: a formula special for nutrient solution of Kawasaki tomato (shown in table 1); the concentration of the early stage (planting period and seedling period) is 0.5 time, the concentration of the middle stage (flowering period) is 1.0 time, and the concentration of the later stage (fruiting period) is 1.5-2.0 times; the pH value is 5.8-6.5; the temperature of the nutrient solution is 10-15 ℃ in summer and 15-20 ℃ in winter (the cultivation method provided by the invention is carried out in the facility, so the cultivation can be carried out all the year round, and the specific time depends on the growth stage of the crops).

TABLE 1 Special formulation for nutrient solution of Kawasaki tomato tree

6. Management key points of field planting, pruning, vine trimming and fruiting period

Planting the tomato plants obtained through seedling culture at a position 50cm away from one end of the cultivation groove, wherein the included angle between the trunk and the matrix surface is 45 degrees and the trunk and the matrix on the far side are inclined;

after 50 days of field planting (removing lateral branches and flowers in the period), removing leaves of part of trunks when the trunks are over 200cm in length, forming the lower trunks and the upper trunks by shallow burying the part of trunks, wherein the shallow burying depth is 5cm, the length of the underground trunks is about 80cm, the trunks are buried shallowly to grow adventitious roots, and the upper trunks continue to grow;

when the overground trunk grows to the vine hanging device, a main branch and a lateral bud on the overground trunk are reserved, double branches are cultured, the branches are horizontally and reversely fixed (fixed by ropes) along the center of a hard PVC pipe of the vine hanging device, the horizontal shape of the branches is maintained, and the total length of the branches is 4-6 m; axillary buds under each blade of the vine hanging device on the two horizontal sides are reserved for 12-20 axillary buds to form fruit branches, and 5-7 ears, flowers and fruits are reserved for each fruit branch (the side branches are removed in time by hanging the fruit branches upside down to prevent nutrient consumption; topping treatment is carried out when the top ends of the fruit branches are close to the ground);

when the tomatoes bloom, in the morning of a fine day, the hard PVC pipe is knocked by a wood stick, so that the effect of shaking and pollinating the tomato flowers is achieved.

After the fruits are ripe and harvested, old fruiting branches are removed, axillary buds on branches or lateral buds at the base parts of the old fruiting branches are reserved, new fruiting branches are cultivated, and the operation is repeatedly applied in the cultivation process. The actual cultivation effect graph of the soilless cultivation method provided by the invention is shown in figures 2 and 3.

7. Pest management

(1) When tomato powdery mildew occurs: in the early stage of disease attack, the pesticide is used for preventing and treating the disease in time, 800 times of 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder or 1000 times of 70 percent thiophanate-methyl wettable powder is matched with 2500 times of 10 percent difenoconazole dispersion liquid, or 1500 times of 25 percent azoxystrobin suspending agent, or 3000 times of 40 percent flusilazole missible oil for spray treatment, and the spraying is performed for 1 time every 7 days or so, and is continuously performed for 3 to 4 times, so that the back of the leaf is required to be sprayed.

(2) When aphids or trialeurodes vaporariorum insect pests appear, the aphids or the trialeurodes vaporariorum are sensitive to yellow and have strong tropism, and yellow boards are arranged in the greenhouse to trap and kill adults. 1500 times of liquid of 5 percent imidacloprid wettable powder, 3000 times of liquid of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cyfluthrin missible oil, 2000 times of liquid of 20 percent norflurazon missible oil or 3000 times of liquid of 40 percent acetamiprid wettable powder is sprayed at the initial stage of occurrence.

(3) When red spider insect attack occurs, 1.8% of abamectin missible oil 1000-1200 times liquid, or 73% of propargite missible oil 1000-1500 times liquid, or 20% of clofentezine suspension 1500-2000 times liquid, or 2.5% of bifenthrin missible oil 1500 times liquid and the like are sprayed for prevention and treatment.

(4) When liriomyza sativae insect pests appear, 1000-1200 times of 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable solution or 800 times of 50% cyromazine wettable powder is sprayed.

8. Yield situation

The tomato plants obtained by the soilless culture method can be hung with 60-140 clusters at one time, 6-10 crops can be continuously planted every year, and the annual output of a single plant reaches 300-700 kg.

In conclusion, the soilless culture method provided by the invention enables fruit branches to grow in a drooping manner, inhibits the condition of overgrowth of the branches, is convenient for workers to operate, does not need to waste time and labor as the traditional tomato tree culture method, consumes a large amount of manpower to maintain, and has simple structures of substrate culture equipment and culture frames and low construction cost; meanwhile, the advantage of high yield of the tomato plants is also considered; according to measurement and calculation, the average horizontal space (namely the area of the vertical projection of the tomato plant to the ground) utilized by each tomato plant obtained by the cultivation method provided by the invention is only 1-4 m²The area is one tenth of the traditional tomato tree cultivation area, and the tomato cultivation space utilization rate is greatly improved; and the cultivation method provided by the invention has the advantages that the cultivation period is up to 1-3 years through simple maintenance, and the economic benefit can be effectively improved.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes and modifications can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A tree-type tomato soilless culture method is characterized by comprising the following steps: planting tomato plants in a matrix; after the field planting is finished, after the length of the trunk is more than or equal to 2m, shallow burying part of the trunk underground to form an underground trunk and an overground trunk; when the height of the overground trunk is 2.0-2.2 m, processing the overground trunk, wherein the processing comprises the steps of reserving a main branch and a lateral bud at the top of the overground trunk to enable the tomato plant to form double branches; the double branches are horizontally fixed in opposite directions, and 12-20 axillary buds are reserved in each branch to form a bearing branch.

2. A soilless culture method according to claim 1 wherein the tomato varieties include high-yielding and/or unlimited growth type tomato varieties.

3. A method of soilless culture according to claim 2 wherein the tomato variety includes a small fruit type tomato variety.

4. A soilless culture method according to claim 1 wherein the tomato plants are subjected to a seedling treatment prior to planting, the seedling treatment comprising the steps of: placing tomato seeds in water at 50-55 ℃ for soaking for 10-15 min for disinfection treatment; sowing seeds after the disinfection; covering a substrate on the tomato seeds during sowing, wherein the covering thickness of the substrate is 0.8-1.2 cm.

5. A soilless culture method according to claim 1 or 4 wherein the components of the substrate include grass peat, perlite and vermiculite, the volume ratio of grass peat, perlite and vermiculite being 6:3: 1.

6. A soilless culture method according to claim 1 wherein during the planting, the tomato plants are planted obliquely.

7. The soilless culture method according to claim 1, wherein the depth of the shallow burial is 4-6 cm.

8. A soilless culture method according to claim 1 wherein the length of the underground trunk is 70-90 cm.

9. The soilless culture method for the soilless culture of the claim 1, wherein, when the double branches are horizontally fixed in the opposite directions, the fixing is carried out by using vine hanging devices, and the vine hanging devices comprise hard tubular or rod-shaped objects with supporting force; the material of the tubular or rod-shaped object comprises plastic, metal or wood.

10. A soilless culture method according to claim 1 wherein the operation of extending the culture period is carried out after the tomato fruit has ripened, said operation comprising removing the aged fruiting branches, culturing the axillary buds on the bifurcations or the lateral buds at the base of the aged fruiting branches into new fruiting branches.