CN113141971A - Wild-simulated three-dimensional ecological planting method for Morchella-Gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation - Google Patents
Wild-simulated three-dimensional ecological planting method for Morchella-Gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation, which mainly comprises the following steps of: (1) in the first year: a. selecting land; b. preparing materials; c. preparing soil and culturing a fungus bed; d. managing a fungus bed; e. planting the gastrodia elata; f. sowing morchella; h. and (5) spawn running management. (2) In the second year: a. fruiting management; b. harvesting morchella; c. managing the gastrodia elata field; d. and (6) collecting the gastrodia elata. (3) In the third year: a. soil preparation; b. sowing morchella; c. and (5) spawn running management. (4) In the fourth year: a. fruiting management; b. harvesting morchella; c. and (5) processing the external aid nutrition bag. (5) In the fifth year and later: and (4) repeating the steps (1) to (4). The invention has low investment, low risk and high benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of planting of traditional Chinese medicinal materials and edible and medicinal strains, in particular to a wild-simulated three-dimensional ecological planting method for Morchella esculenta-Gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation.
Background
Rhizoma gastrodiae (Gastrodia elata Bl.) is a rare Chinese medicinal material commonly used in China, has the effects of calming wind and relieving spasm, calming liver-yang, dispelling wind and dredging collaterals, and is especially used for building trees in the aspects of treating senile coronary heart disease, senile dementia, stroke numbness, hemiplegia and the like. The gastrodia elata is suitable for growing in rainy, shady and humid climatic environments, mountain areas and humid forest lands of nearly 400 counties (cities) in China all have gastrodia elata distribution areas, the altitude of a gastrodia elata wild-imitating planting main production area in China is 1500-2300 m, the annual average temperature is 8-15 ℃, the maximum temperature is lower than 30 ℃, the annual precipitation total amount is larger than 1200mm, the air relative humidity is about 80%, and the soil relative humidity is more than 60%. Gastrodia elata is a higher plant with a special form, can not produce nutrition through photosynthesis, can not directly absorb nutrition from soil, lives underground from protocorm to gastrodia elata in the whole life history, which accounts for 95% of the whole growth period, and asexual propagation of the Gastrodia elata is completely completed underground.
Morchella esculenta (Morchella esculenta) also called Morchella esculenta belongs to Ascomycotina and Morchella, is a world-recognized famous rare edible and medicinal fungus, has unique fragrance and rich nutrition, is rich in various amino acids and organic germanium required by human bodies, and has the effects of tonifying kidney, strengthening yang, tonifying brain, refreshing, resisting cancer, building body, preventing cold, enhancing human immunity and the like. Morchella esculenta is widely distributed in China from plain areas with low altitude to high altitude areas of 3200 m. Morchella is a low-temperature high-humidity fungus which is fond of yin, and has various soil environments and vegetation types required by growth, so that mushrooms are usually bred in spring and summer and frequently occur in sandy soil brown soil or brown soil which is moist in soil and rich in humus.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention adopts a three-dimensional ecological wild-imitating planting mode of ground morchella and underground gastrodia elata, carries out artificial cultivation activities of morchella and gastrodia elata in a wild-imitating environment in a region where the morchella and the morchella are suitable to grow, and establishes a set of low-investment, low-risk, simple and convenient to operate and high-benefit morchella and gastrodia elata interplanting and rotation method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation comprises the following steps:
s1, sequentially carrying out land selection, material preparation, land preparation, fungus bed culture, fungus bed management, rhizoma gastrodiae planting, morchella planting and spawn running management in the first year;
wherein, the specific process of field planting the seedling is as follows: selecting fresh, full, yellow-white, free of plant diseases and insect pests, rot, freeze injury and wound in the middle and last ten days of 11-12 months in the first year, wherein the weight of the fresh, full, yellow-white, free of diseases and insect pests is more than 10g, and 0-1 generation of white-headed ramie which is propagated sexually is used as seedlings; when the seedlings are cultivated, firstly digging surface soil of a cultivated fungus bed, taking out half of soil between fungus materials, placing the seedlings on one side of the fungus material with good growth vigor of the halimasch, and placing 1-2 seedlings on each fungus material; when the seedlings are placed, the stem buds of the seedlings are upwards inclined, and new branches with the length of 2-3 roots and the thickness of 2-3 cm are placed on the umbilical eyes of the seedlings; after the seedlings are placed, filling gaps with new soil, restoring the surface soil to the original position, and conditioning the surface of the fungus bed into a turtle back shape with the height of 5-8 cm;
the specific process of sowing morchella comprises the following steps: after the gastrodia elata is planted for 15 days, the surface of a bacterial bed is sprayed with water on the morchella planting day, so that the relative water content of surface soil is about 70%; taking out the morchella cultivars, kneading, putting into a clean container, and soaking for 15-20 min by using monopotassium phosphate liquid with the mass concentration of 0.5%; uniformly spreading 150-200 kg of strains per mu on the surface of a fungus bed, covering raw soil with a granular structure, good air permeability and good moisture retention on the surfaces of the strains and the fungus bed, wherein the thickness of the raw soil is 2-3 cm, and uniformly spreading a layer of plant ash after covering soil, wherein the using amount per mu is 150-200 kg;
the specific process of spawn running management is as follows: after the morchella is sown for 4-10 days, when hypha grows out of the soil surface, placing 1-2 rows of external aid nutrition bags on the turtle back surface of the fungus bed, and punching a row of small holes on the external aid nutrition bags to enable the holes to be fully contacted with the soil on the surface layer of the fungus bed, wherein the interval of the nutrition bags is 0.5 m; after the external aid nutrition bag is placed, a black mulching film is used for covering, the width of the film is the same as that of the fungus bed, and the two sides of the film are fixed by pressing soil every 1 m; punching the mulching film covered with the mulching film, wherein the aperture is 2 cm-3 cm, the hole depth is 10 cm-15 cm, and the hole distance is 15-20 cm; sprinkling irrigation and watering are carried out according to weather conditions and soil humidity, and the relative water content of the soil is kept to be 60-70%; the mulching film is checked and pressed regularly to prevent freeze injury;
s2, sequentially performing fruiting management, morchella harvesting, gastrodia elata field management and gastrodia elata harvesting in the next year;
s3, soil preparation, morchella seeding and spawn running management are sequentially carried out in the third year;
wherein, the concrete process of sowing the morchella comprises the following steps: spraying water on a table top or a ridge surface on the day of sowing to ensure that the relative water content of surface soil is about 70 percent; taking out the morchella cultivars, kneading, putting into a clean container, and soaking for 15-20 min by using monopotassium phosphate liquid with the mass concentration of 0.5%; uniformly spreading 150-200 kg of strains per mu on the surface of a fungus bed, covering raw soil with a granular structure, good air permeability and good moisture retention on the surfaces of the strains and the fungus bed, wherein the thickness of the raw soil is 2-3 cm, and uniformly spreading a layer of plant ash after covering soil, wherein the using amount per mu is 150-200 kg;
the specific process of spawn running management is as follows: after the morchella is sown for 4-10 days, when hypha grows out of the soil surface, placing 1-2 rows of external aid nutrition bags on the table top or the ridge surface, punching a row of small holes on the external aid nutrition bags, and enabling the holes to be fully contacted with the surface soil of the table top or the ridge surface, wherein the interval of the nutrition bags is 0.5 m; after the external aid nutrition bag is placed, a black mulching film is used for covering, the width of the film is the same as that of the table top or the ridge surface, and the two sides of the film are fixed by pressing soil every 1 m; punching the mulching film covered with the mulching film, wherein the aperture is 2 cm-3 cm, the hole depth is 10 cm-15 cm, and the hole distance is 15-20 cm; sprinkling irrigation and watering are carried out according to weather conditions and soil humidity, and the relative water content of the soil is kept to be 60-70%; the mulching film is checked and pressed regularly to prevent freeze injury;
s4, mushroom fruiting management, morchella harvesting and external aid nutrition bag treatment are sequentially carried out in the fourth year; the process of fruiting management and morchella harvesting is the same as the step S2;
s5, in the fifth year and later, repeating the steps S1-S4.
Further, in step S1, the specific process of selecting the location is as follows:
s1.1, selecting land: selecting the air, water source and soil without pollution, sufficient water source, irrigation condition, elevation of 1500-2200 m, annual precipitation of 1500-3500 mm, annual average temperature of 10-20 ℃, air relative humidity of 75-90%, soil pH of 6.0-7.0, relative water content of 60-85%, humus-rich, loose and well-drained loam or sandy loam, and gradient of less than 450Natural or artificial woodland with shading degree of 70-85%.
Further, in step S1, the concrete process of preparing materials, preparing land, and culturing the bacterial bed is as follows:
preparing materials: 3-5 days before the culture of the fungus bed, selecting trunks and branches of broad-leaved trees which are fresh, free of diseases and insect pests, 6-10 cm in diameter and suitable for growth of Armillaria mellea, removing twigs and leaves, sawing into wood sections of 15cm in length, and cutting the twigs and leaves into 3-5 cm sections for later use by a guillotine;
soil preparation and fungus bed culture: in 4-6 months of the first year, removing weeds, stones, dry branches and fallen leaves on the ground, turning the ground in a sunny day, and scattering a layer of quicklime with the dosage of 30-50 kg per mu; for slopes greater than or equal to 150And less than 450The forest land is turned and dug on the slope surface into an equidistant horizontal table top with an inner cutting outer cushion from top to bottom along the contour line at the position of the space under the forest, and the slope is less than 150The forest land is ditched and ridged according to the trend of the long shaft; setting the width of a fungus bed to be 0.5-1 m according to the terrain, deeply digging 10cm of soil on the fungus bed, digging 3-5 cm of bottom soil, and laying the wood sections prepared in the step S1.2 to tightly press the wood sections with the soil at the bottom of the fungus bed without leaving gaps; the wood sections are arranged in the direction parallel toThe distance between the sections of two adjacent wood sections in the same row of wood sections is 2-3 cm, and the distance between two rows of wood sections is 4-5 cm; uniformly inoculating high-quality Armillaria mellea cultivars on the cross section of the wood segment, and using 2 bottles of 500 mL/bottle Armillaria mellea cultivars per square meter; and uniformly spreading the prepared twigs and leaves on the surface of the wood section, wherein the thickness is preferably 0.5-1.5 cm, and covering the twigs and the leaves with dug new soil to form a tortoise back-shaped fungus bed surface with the height of 5-8 cm.
Further, in step S1, the specific process of fungus bed management is as follows: during the culture period of the fungus bed, moisture preservation and waterlogging drainage of the fungus bed are well carried out, drainage ditches are dug at the periphery of the fungus bed, the depth of each ditch is 10-15 cm, and the ditches can be used as walking paths to prevent people and livestock from trampling the fungus bed; regularly digging one corner of the bacterial bed to detect whether the mixed bacteria are infected, and timely removing the mixed bacteria if the mixed bacteria are infected.
Further, in step S2, the specific process of fruiting management is as follows:
in spring of the next year, when the air temperature is stable at 15 ℃, the ground temperature is stable at more than 5 ℃, the air humidity is 85% -95%, and the temperature difference between day and night is more than 10 ℃, micro-spraying or micro-irrigation is adopted for water supplement, so that the surface soil of the fungus bed is completely wetted, and accumulated water is drained in time; covering a mulching film for heating in the daytime, lifting the mulching film for cooling at night, keeping the temperature for 4-5 days, and enlarging the temperature difference to stimulate fruiting; uncovering the mulching film after the small primordium appears, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 70-85%; during fruiting, cleaning the environmental sanitation around the mushroom bed and cleaning morchella sporocarp infected with germs in time; if the damage of snails, slugs and mice is found, the control is carried out.
Further, in step S2, the specific process of harvesting morchella is as follows:
harvesting morchella: harvesting when the pileus folds are completely or are about to be completely opened; during picking, the stipe is pinched by hands and gently shaken, the stipe and the mycorrhiza are pulled out together, the mycorrhiza is cut off, the soil or sundries adhered to the stipe are removed, and the stipe and the mycorrhiza are placed into a basket in a grading way; harvesting every day in the fruiting period; the harvested morchella is dried or baked in time to avoid accumulation of brown stain and influence on appearance and sale price, and if the morchella cannot be processed or sold in time, the morchella is stored in a cold storage at 1-5 ℃ for 15 days.
Further, the specific process of the gastrodia elata field management is as follows: after the morchella is completely harvested, removing the exogenous nutrition bag in time, picking out all bag materials, crushing, stacking and fermenting for 60-90 days, and backfilling 2000kg of fungus materials per mu to the root of a forest or serving as an organic fertilizer of other crops; in the middle-upper ten days of 4 months in the next year, weeds on the fungus beds are timely cut off and covered on the fungus beds to reduce water evaporation and keep soil moist; before the rainy season comes, drainage ditches around the fungus bed are dug in time, redundant rainwater is removed, and the gastrodia tuber is prevented from being rotten due to accumulated water.
Further, in step S2, the specific process of harvesting gastrodia elata is as follows:
collecting rhizoma Gastrodiae in sunny day from 11 to 12 months of the second year, removing surface soil on the bacterial bed, turning over the bacterial bed with hands, and collecting rhizoma Gastrodiae; the dug rhizoma gastrodiae is respectively placed according to the commodity sesame and the seed sesame, and the rhizoma gastrodiae is lightly taken and lightly placed to avoid mechanical damage; stacking commodity hemp in a grading way, cleaning soil in time, and processing and selling the commodity hemp; after digging, the dug fungus materials are taken out of the planting field and concentrated in the sun for use as the fuel for the primary processing of the gastrodia elata producing field.
Further, in step S3, the concrete process of land preparation is as follows:
in 11-12 months of the third year, removing weeds, stones, dry branches and fallen leaves on the ground, turning the soil in a sunny day, and scattering a layer of quicklime with the dosage of 30-50 kg per mu before turning the soil; for gradient greater than or equal to 150And less than 450The method comprises the following steps that (1) the forest land is turned and dug on a slope surface into equidistant horizontal table tops with inner-cut outer pads from top to bottom along contour lines at an empty position under the forest, the table tops are set to be 0.5-1 m wide and 30-50 cm high according to terrain, the table tops are kept at intervals of 20-30 cm when being turned and dug, and grass belts among the table tops are reserved; for slopes less than 150Ditching and making beds according to the trend of the long axis of the forest land, wherein the width of the bed is 0.5-1.0 m, the height of the bed is 10-15 cm, and the length of the bed is determined according to the terrain; drainage ditches are dug at the periphery of the ridge surface, the depth of each ditch is 20cm, and the ridge ditches can be used as walking paths.
Further, in step S4, the external nutrition bag processing specifically includes: and (3) after all the morchella is harvested, removing the exogenous nutrition bag in time, sorting out all bag materials, crushing, stacking and fermenting for 60-90 days, and backfilling 2000kg of fungus materials per mu to the root of the forest or using the fungus materials as organic fertilizers of other crops.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the growth of morchella and gastrodia elata has very similar requirements on the ecological environment, and the wild morchella distribution is common in a wild gastrodia elata distribution area and a gastrodia elata wild-like planting main production area; gastrodia elata is planted in a place where wild morchella is distributed, and the quality of the Gastrodia elata is good; the morchella mycelium can improve the enzyme activity of some enzymes in soil in a short period, and has important significance for improving the soil.
According to the method, the biological and ecological habits of morchella esculenta and gastrodia elata are utilized, on the basis of the traditional planting habits, aiming at the problems of low soil utilization rate, long crop rotation period (more than 5 years), serious successive cropping obstacles and the like in the traditional planting mode of gastrodia elata, the ecological niche space complementary principle of morchella esculenta and gastrodia elata is utilized, the biological diversity and the advantages of wild-simulated under-forest cultivation of edible fungi and traditional Chinese medicinal materials are fully exerted, the three-dimensional ecological planting mode of morchella esculenta and underground gastrodia elata is adopted, the land resources are fully utilized, the successive cropping obstacles of gastrodia elata are relieved, the land utilization rate is improved, and the economic income of rural areas in mountainous regions is increased.
The method comprises the steps of land selection, land preparation, a fungus bed culture technology, a gastrodia elata asexual propagation technology, a morchella cultivation technology, edible fungi and traditional Chinese medicinal materials field comprehensive management and scientific harvesting technology.
By utilizing the method, 0.3-0.5 kg of morchella esculenta (fresh product) and 5-8 kg of gastrodia elata (fresh product) can be harvested per square meter (dry gastrodin content is 0.3-0.4%), the available area per mu of forest land is 150 square meters, the price of the morchella esculenta (fresh product) is calculated according to 100 yuan/kg, the price of the gastrodia elata (fresh product) is calculated according to 50 yuan/kg, and the total income of the morchella esculenta and the gastrodia elata per mu is 42,500-67,500 yuan.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described below, and it should be noted that the following examples are provided to illustrate the detailed embodiments and specific procedures based on the technical solution, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the examples.
Example 1
The example is implemented in the small grass dam town of Yi-Liang county of Showtong province of Yunnan province, and the experimental land effectively utilizes the area of 80 square meters. The elevation is 1700-1780 m and the gradient is 100The artificial mountain ash forest with shade degree of 70% -80% is implemented in a barren slope, the annual precipitation of a test field is 1700-2200 mm, the relative air humidity is 75% -90%, the relative water content of soil is 60% -80%, the soil is rich in humus, loose and good in drainage, the pH value is about 6.5, and the soil is far away from urban and industrial pollution, and the atmosphere, water and soil all reach the national first-level standard.
(1) The first year
a. Spare material
And 5, 5 and 17 months in 2017, selecting fresh cyclobalanopsis glauca, malpighia glabra, mountain ash trunks and branches with the diameters of 6-10 cm, removing twigs and leaves, and sawing into wood sections with the lengths of about 15 cm. Meanwhile, cutting the twigs and leaves into 3-5 cm small sections for later use by a guillotine.
b. Soil preparation and culture fungus bed
19-20 days 5 months in 2017, removing weeds, stones, dry branches and fallen leaves and the like on the open land under the mountain ash forest, and scattering a layer of quicklime on the open land, wherein the dosage per mu is 35 kg. And (5) ditching and ridging according to the trend of the long shaft to culture the fungus bed. The width of the fungus bed is set to be 0.5-1 m according to the terrain, and the length of the fungus bed is determined according to the terrain. The soil on the fungus bed is dug deeply by about 10cm, the soil on the bottom layer is dug loose by 3-5 cm, and the prepared wood sections are laid to be tightly pressed with the soil on the bottom of the fungus bed without leaving gaps. The wood sections are placed in a direction parallel to the contour line, the distance between the sections of two adjacent wood sections in the same row of wood sections is 2-3 cm, and the distance between two rows of wood sections is 4-5 cm. The section of the wood section is evenly connected with high-quality Armillaria mellea cultivars, and 2 bottles of 500 mL/bottle Armillaria mellea cultivars are used per square meter. And uniformly spreading the prepared twigs and leaves on the surface of the wood section, wherein the thickness is preferably 0.5-1.5 cm, and covering the twigs and the leaves with dug new soil to form a tortoise back-shaped fungus bed surface with the height of 5-8 cm.
c. Fungal bed management
During the culture period of the fungus bed, moisture preservation and drainage of the fungus bed are well performed, drainage ditches are dug around the fungus bed, the depth of each ditch is 10-15 cm, and the ditches can be used as walking paths. Prevent people and animals from trampling the fungus bed. Regularly digging one corner of the bacterial bed to detect whether the mixed bacteria are infected, and timely removing the mixed bacteria if the mixed bacteria are infected.
d. Planting seedlings (white head hemp)
And 27-28 days 11 months in 2017, selecting fresh and full, yellow and white, free of diseases and insect pests, rot, freezing injury and wound, weighing more than 10g, and using 0-1 generation of white-headed ramie through sexual propagation as seedlings. When the seedlings are cultivated, firstly digging the surface soil of the cultivated fungus bed, and taking out half of the soil between the fungus materials. And (3) placing seedlings on one side of the fungus material with good growth vigor of the armillaria mellea, wherein 1-2 seedlings are placed in each fungus material. When the seedlings are placed, the stem buds of the seedlings are upwards inclined, and new branches with the length of 2-3 roots and the thickness of 2-3 cm are placed on the umbilical eyes of the seedlings. After the seedlings are placed, filling the gaps with new soil, and restoring the surface soil to the original position to make the surface of the fungus bed into a turtle back shape with the height of 5-8 cm.
e. Seeding morchella
And in 2017, 12 and 16 months, the surface of the bacterial bed is sprayed with water on the morchella seeding day, so that the relative water content of surface soil is about 70%. Taking out the morchella cultivars, kneading, putting into a clean container, and soaking for 15-20 min by using 0.5% monopotassium phosphate solution; uniformly spreading the strain on the surface of a fungus bed according to the strain amount of 180kg per mu, covering raw soil with a granular structure, good air permeability and good moisture retention on the surfaces of the strain and the fungus bed, wherein the thickness of the raw soil is 2-3 cm, and uniformly spreading a layer of plant ash with the use amount of 155kg per mu after covering soil.
h. Spawn running management
24 days 12 months in 2017, when hyphae grow out of the soil surface, 1-2 rows of external aid nutrition bags are placed on the back surface of the fungus bed turtle, a row of small holes are punched in the external aid nutrition bags, the holes are in full contact with the soil on the surface layer of the fungus bed, and the interval of the nutrition bags is 0.5 m. After the external aid nutrition bag is put, the bag is covered by a black mulching film, the width of the film is the same as that of the fungus bed, and the two sides of the film are fixed by pressing soil every 1 m. And punching the mulching film covered with the mulching film, wherein the aperture is 2 cm-3 cm, the hole depth is 10 cm-15 cm, and the hole distance is 15-20 cm. And (3) performing sprinkling irrigation and watering according to weather conditions and soil humidity, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 60-70%. The mulching film is checked and pressed regularly to prevent freeze injury.
(2) In the second year:
a. fruiting management
And in 2018, in 3 and 18 months, when the air temperature is stable at 15 ℃, the ground temperature is stable at more than 5 ℃, the air humidity is 85-95%, and the temperature difference between day and night is more than 10 ℃, micro-spraying or micro-irrigation is adopted for replenishing water, so that the surface soil of the fungus bed is completely wetted, and accumulated water is drained in time. Covering with a mulching film for heating in the daytime, lifting the mulching film for cooling at night, keeping for 4-5 days, enlarging the temperature difference, and stimulating fruiting. And uncovering the mulching film after the small primordium appears, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 70-85%.
During fruiting, people are working to clean the environmental sanitation around the mushroom bed and timely clean the morchella sporocarp infected with germs. If the hazards of snails, slugs, mice and the like are found, the damage is prevented and controlled by adopting a mode of combining physical and manual catching, such as insect-proof nets, insect-proof boards, rat traps and the like.
b. Harvesting Morchella
Harvesting is performed when the pileus folds are fully or about to be fully opened. During picking, the stipe is held by hand and gently shaken, the stipe and the mycorrhiza are pulled out together, the mycorrhiza is cut off, the mud or sundries adhered to the stipe are removed, and the stipe and the mycorrhiza are placed into a basket in a grading way. The harvest is carried out every day in the fruiting period. The harvested morchella is dried in the sun or in the oven in time, so that the accumulation and browning are avoided, and the appearance and the selling price are not influenced. If the food cannot be processed or sold in time, the food should be stored in a refrigerator at 1-5 ℃ for about 15 days.
c. Gastrodia elata field management
And (3) after all the morchella esculenta is harvested, removing the exogenous nutrition bag in time, sorting all bag materials, crushing, stacking and fermenting for 90 days, and backfilling to the root of the sorbus pohuashanensis or using as an organic fertilizer for a corn field according to 1500kg of the fungus materials per mu. The plastic bags are processed in a centralized way, and the processing method is processed according to relevant local regulations. In the middle-upper ten days of 2018 in 4 months, fern, shrub and other weeds on the fungus bed are timely cut off and covered on the fungus bed to reduce water evaporation and keep soil moist. Before the rainy season comes, drainage ditches around the fungus bed are dug in time, redundant rainwater is removed, and the gastrodia tuber is prevented from being rotten due to accumulated water.
d. Harvesting Gastrodia elata
And in 12 and 20 days in 2018, the gastrodia elata is harvested in sunny days, the surface soil on a bacterial bed is sterilized, then the bacterial bed is turned over by hand, and the gastrodia elata is collected. The dug-out gastrodia elata is placed according to the commodity gastrodia elata and the seed gastrodia elata respectively, and the gastrodia elata is taken lightly to avoid mechanical damage. The commodity ramie is stacked in a grading way, and soil is cleaned in time for processing and selling. After digging, the dug fungus materials are taken out of the planting field and concentrated in the sun for use as the fuel for the primary processing of the gastrodia elata producing field.
(3) The third year
a. Soil preparation
In 2019, 11 and 6 days, weeds, stones, dry branches and fallen leaves and the like on the ground are removed, and a layer of quicklime is spread in the front, wherein the dosage per mu is 50 kg. Ditching and ridging are carried out according to the land preparation method in the first year and the trend of the long shaft. The width of the ridge is 0.5-1.0 m, the height of the ridge is 10-15 cm, and the length of the ridge is determined according to the terrain. Drainage ditches are dug at the periphery of the ridge surface, and the depth of each ditch is 20 cm. The furrow can be used as a walking path.
b. Seeding morchella
And in 2019, 11, 7 days, the surface of the bacterial bed is sprayed with water, so that the relative water content of surface soil is about 70%. Taking out the morchella cultivars, kneading, putting into a clean container, and soaking for 15-20 min by using 0.5% monopotassium phosphate solution; uniformly spreading 150kg of strains per mu on the surface of a fungus bed, covering raw soil with a granular structure, good air permeability and good moisture retention on the surfaces of the strains and the fungus bed, wherein the thickness of the raw soil is 2-3 cm, and uniformly spreading a layer of plant ash with the dosage of 160kg per mu after covering soil.
c. Spawn running management
In 11/15/2019, when hyphae grow out of the soil surface, 1-2 rows of foreign nutrient bags are placed on the table top or the ridge surface, a row of small holes are punched in the foreign nutrient bags, the holes are in full contact with the surface soil of the table top or the ridge surface, and the interval between the nutrient bags is 0.5 m. After the external aid nutrition bag is placed, the bag is covered by a black mulching film, the width of the film is the same as that of the ridge surface, and the two sides of the film are fixed by pressing soil every 1 m. And punching the mulching film covered with the mulching film, wherein the aperture is 2 cm-3 cm, the hole depth is 10 cm-15 cm, and the hole distance is 15-20 cm. And (3) performing sprinkling irrigation and watering according to weather conditions and soil humidity, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 60-70%. The mulching film is checked and pressed regularly to prevent freeze injury.
(4) In the fourth year
a. Fruiting management
And 3, 5 days in 3 months in 2020, when the air temperature is stable at 15 ℃, the ground temperature is stable at more than 5 ℃, the air humidity is 85-95%, and the temperature difference between day and night is more than 10 ℃, micro-spraying or micro-irrigation is adopted for water supplement, so that the surface soil of the fungus bed is completely wet, and accumulated water is drained in time. Covering with a mulching film for heating in the daytime, lifting the mulching film for cooling at night, keeping for 4-5 days, enlarging the temperature difference, and stimulating fruiting. And uncovering the mulching film after the small primordium appears, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 70-85%.
During fruiting, people are working to clean the environmental sanitation around the mushroom bed and timely clean the morchella sporocarp infected with germs. If the hazards of snails, slugs, mice and the like are found, the damage is prevented and controlled by adopting a mode of combining physical and manual catching, such as insect-proof nets, insect-proof boards, rat traps and the like.
b. Harvesting Morchella
Harvesting is performed when the pileus folds are fully or about to be fully opened. During picking, the stipe is held by hand and gently shaken, the stipe and the mycorrhiza are pulled out together, the mycorrhiza is cut off, the mud or sundries adhered to the stipe are removed, and the stipe and the mycorrhiza are placed into a basket in a grading way. The harvest is carried out every day in the fruiting period. The harvested morchella is dried in the sun or in the oven in time, so that the accumulation and browning are avoided, and the appearance and the selling price are not influenced. If the food cannot be processed or sold in time, the food should be stored in a refrigerator at 1-5 ℃ for about 15 days.
c. Treatment of external aid nutrition bag
And (3) after all the morchella esculenta is harvested, removing the exogenous nutrition bag in time, sorting all bag materials, crushing, stacking and fermenting for 90 days, and backfilling to the root of the sorbus pohuashanensis or using as an organic fertilizer for a corn field according to 1500kg of the fungus materials per mu. The plastic bags are processed in a centralized way, and the processing method is processed according to relevant local regulations.
(5) In the fifth year and later
And (4) repeating the steps (1) to (4).
Example 2
This example is implemented in Jinyazhen town of Kunming, Yunnan province. The test effectively utilized an area of 60 square meters. The elevation is about 1800 m and the gradient is 250The method is implemented on natural forest-bottom wasteland with shading degree of 80-85%, the annual precipitation of test land is 1700mm, the relative humidity of air is 75-80%, the relative water content of soil is about 70%, the soil is rich in humus, loose and has good drainage, the pH value is about 6.0, and the method is far away from urban and industrial pollution, and the atmosphere, water and soil all reach the national first-level standard.
(1) The first year
a. Spare material
And 3, 31 months in 2017, selecting fresh cyclobalanopsis glauca, oak trunks and branches with the diameters of 6-10 cm and without plant diseases and insect pests, removing twigs and leaves, and sawing into wood sections with the lengths of about 15 cm. Meanwhile, cutting the twigs and leaves into 3-5 cm small sections for later use by a guillotine.
b. Soil preparation and culture fungus bed
And 3-4 days in 2017, 4 months, removing weeds, stones, dry branches and fallen leaves and the like on the open land under the forest, and spreading a layer of quicklime on the open land, wherein the dosage per mu is 30 kg. The slope is turned and dug into an equidistant horizontal table top with an inner cutting outer cushion from top to bottom along the contour line at the space under the forest.
Setting the width of the fungus bed to be 0.5-1 m according to the terrain, deeply digging soil on the fungus bed for about 10cm, digging soil at the bottom layer for 3-5 cm, and laying prepared wood sections to enable the wood sections to be tightly pressed with the soil at the bottom of the fungus bed without gaps. The wood sections are placed in a direction parallel to the contour line, the distance between the sections of two adjacent wood sections in the same row of wood sections is 2-3 cm, and the distance between two rows of wood sections is 4-5 cm. The section of the wood section is evenly connected with high-quality Armillaria mellea cultivars, and 2 bottles of 500 mL/bottle Armillaria mellea cultivars are used per square meter. And uniformly spreading the prepared twigs and leaves on the surface of the wood section, wherein the thickness is preferably 0.5-1.5 cm, and covering the twigs and the leaves with dug new soil to form a tortoise back-shaped fungus bed surface with the height of 5-8 cm.
c. Fungal bed management
During the culture period of the fungus bed, moisture preservation and drainage of the fungus bed are well performed, drainage ditches are dug around the fungus bed, the depth of each ditch is 10-15 cm, and the ditches can be used as walking paths. Prevent people and animals from trampling the fungus bed. Regularly digging one corner of the bacterial bed to detect whether the mixed bacteria are infected, and timely removing the mixed bacteria if the mixed bacteria are infected.
d. Planting seedlings (white head hemp)
And in 2017, 20-21 days in 11 months, selecting fresh and full, yellow and white, free of diseases and insect pests, rot, freezing injury and wound, weighing more than 10g, and using 0-1 generation of white-headed ramie through sexual propagation to prepare seedlings. When the seedlings are cultivated, firstly digging the surface soil of the cultivated fungus bed, and taking out half of the soil between the fungus materials. And (3) placing seedlings on one side of the fungus material with good growth vigor of the armillaria mellea, wherein 1-2 seedlings are placed in each fungus material. When the seedlings are placed, the stem buds of the seedlings are upwards inclined, and new branches with the length of 2-3 roots and the thickness of 2-3 cm are placed on the umbilical eyes of the seedlings. After the seedlings are placed, filling the gaps with new soil, and restoring the surface soil to the original position to make the surface of the fungus bed into a turtle back shape with the height of 5-8 cm.
e. Seeding morchella
And in 2017, 12 and 6 days, the surface of the bacterial bed is sprayed with water on the morchella seeding day to ensure that the relative water content of surface soil is about 70 percent. Taking out the morchella cultivars, kneading, putting into a clean container, and soaking for 15-20 min by using 0.5% monopotassium phosphate solution; uniformly spreading 160kg of strains per mu on the surface of a fungus bed, covering raw soil with a granular structure, good air permeability and good moisture retention on the surfaces of the strains and the fungus bed, wherein the thickness of the raw soil is 2-3 cm, and uniformly spreading a layer of plant ash with the dosage of 160kg per mu after covering soil.
h. Spawn running management
And in 12 and 14 months in 2017, when hyphae grow out of the soil surface, placing 1-2 rows of external aid nutrition bags on the back surface of the fungus bed turtle, and punching a row of small holes on the external aid nutrition bags to ensure that the holes are fully contacted with the soil on the surface layer of the fungus bed, wherein the interval of the nutrition bags is 0.5 m. After the external aid nutrition bag is put, the bag is covered by a black mulching film, the width of the film is the same as that of the fungus bed, and the two sides of the film are fixed by pressing soil every 1 m. And punching the mulching film covered with the mulching film, wherein the aperture is 2 cm-3 cm, the hole depth is 10 cm-15 cm, and the hole distance is 15-20 cm. And (3) performing sprinkling irrigation and watering according to weather conditions and soil humidity, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 60-70%. The mulching film is checked and pressed regularly to prevent freeze injury.
(2) In the second year:
a. fruiting management
And in 2018, in 2 months and 25 days, when the air temperature is stable at 15 ℃, the ground temperature is stable at more than 5 ℃, the air humidity is 85-95%, and the temperature difference between day and night is more than 10 ℃, micro-spraying or micro-irrigation is adopted for water supplement, so that the surface soil of the fungus bed is completely wetted, and accumulated water is drained in time. The ground is well covered for heating in the daytime, the mulching film is lifted for cooling at night, the temperature difference is kept for 4-5 days, and fruiting is stimulated. And uncovering the mulching film after the small primordium appears, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 70-85%.
During fruiting, people are working to clean the environmental sanitation around the mushroom bed and timely clean the morchella sporocarp infected with germs. If the hazards of snails, slugs, mice and the like are found, the damage is prevented and controlled by adopting a mode of combining physical and manual catching, such as insect-proof nets, insect-proof boards, rat traps and the like.
b. Harvesting Morchella
Harvesting is performed when the pileus folds are fully or about to be fully opened. During picking, the stipe is held by hand and gently shaken, the stipe and the mycorrhiza are pulled out together, the mycorrhiza is cut off, the mud or sundries adhered to the stipe are removed, and the stipe and the mycorrhiza are placed into a basket in a grading way. The harvest is carried out every day in the fruiting period. The harvested morchella is dried in the sun or in the oven in time, so that the accumulation and browning are avoided, and the appearance and the selling price are not influenced. If the food cannot be processed or sold in time, the food should be stored in a refrigerator at 1-5 ℃ for about 15 days.
c. Gastrodia elata field management
And (3) after all the morchella is harvested, removing the exogenous nutrition bag in time, sorting all bag materials, crushing, stacking and fermenting for 90 days, and backfilling 1800kg of fungus materials per mu to tree roots. The plastic bags are processed in a centralized way, and the processing method is processed according to relevant local regulations. In the middle-upper ten days of 2018 in 4 months, fern, shrub and other weeds on the fungus bed are timely cut off and covered on the fungus bed to reduce water evaporation and keep soil moist. Before the rainy season comes, drainage ditches around the fungus bed are dug in time, redundant rainwater is removed, and the gastrodia tuber is prevented from being rotten due to accumulated water.
d. Harvesting Gastrodia elata
And in 28 days 12 and 28 months in 2018, the gastrodia elata is harvested on sunny days, the surface soil on a bacterial bed is sterilized, then the bacterial bed is turned over by hands, and the gastrodia elata is collected. The dug-out gastrodia elata is placed according to the commodity gastrodia elata and the seed gastrodia elata respectively, and the gastrodia elata is taken lightly to avoid mechanical damage. The commodity ramie is stacked in a grading way, and soil is cleaned in time for processing and selling. After digging, the dug fungus materials are taken out of the planting field and concentrated in the sun for use as the fuel for the primary processing of the gastrodia elata producing field.
(3) The third year
a. Soil preparation
In 2019, 11 and 12 months, weeds, stones, dry branches and fallen leaves and the like on the ground are removed, and a layer of quicklime is spread in the ground, wherein the dosage per mu is 50 kg. According to the method for preparing the soil in the first year, a slope is turned and dug into an equidistant horizontal table top with inner-cut outer pads from top to bottom along contour lines at an air place under a forest, the width of the table top is set to be 0.5-1 m according to the terrain, the height of the table top is set to be 30-50 cm, the distance between the tables is kept to be 20-30 cm when the table top is dug, and grass belts among the table tops are reserved. A drainage ditch is dug at the periphery of the table board, and the depth of the ditch is 20 cm. The furrow can be used as a walking path.
b. Seeding morchella
And in 2019, 11 and 13 days, wetting the surface of the bacterial bed with water to enable the relative water content of surface soil to be about 70%. Taking out the morchella cultivars, kneading, putting into a clean container, and soaking for 15-20 min by using 0.5% monopotassium phosphate solution; uniformly spreading 150kg of strains per mu on the surface of a fungus bed, covering raw soil with a granular structure, good air permeability and good moisture retention on the surfaces of the strains and the fungus bed, wherein the thickness of the raw soil is 2-3 cm, and uniformly spreading a layer of plant ash with the dosage of 160kg per mu after covering soil.
c. Spawn running management
In 11/15/2019, when hyphae grow out of the soil surface, 1-2 rows of foreign nutrient bags are placed on the table board, a row of small holes are punched in the foreign nutrient bags, the holes are in full contact with the soil on the surface layer of the table board, and the interval between the nutrient bags is 0.5 m. After the external aid nutrition bag is put, the bag is covered by a black mulching film, the width of the film is the same as that of the table top, and the two sides of the film are fixed by pressing soil every 1 m. And punching the mulching film covered with the mulching film, wherein the aperture is 2 cm-3 cm, the hole depth is 10 cm-15 cm, and the hole distance is 15-20 cm. And (3) performing sprinkling irrigation and watering according to weather conditions and soil humidity, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 60-70%. The mulching film is checked and pressed regularly to prevent freeze injury.
(4) In the fourth year
a. Fruiting management
And in 27 days 2 months in 2020, when the air temperature is stable at 15 ℃, the ground temperature is stable at more than 5 ℃, the air humidity is 85-95%, and the temperature difference between day and night is more than 10 ℃, micro-spraying or micro-irrigation is adopted for water supplement, so that the surface soil of the bacterial bed is completely wet, and accumulated water is drained in time. The ground is well covered for heating in the daytime, the mulching film is lifted for cooling at night, the temperature difference is kept for 4-5 days, and fruiting is stimulated. And uncovering the mulching film after the small primordium appears, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 70-85%.
During fruiting, people are working to clean the environmental sanitation around the mushroom bed and timely clean the morchella sporocarp infected with germs. If the hazards of snails, slugs, mice and the like are found, the damage is prevented and controlled by adopting a mode of combining physical and manual catching, such as insect-proof nets, insect-proof boards, rat traps and the like.
b. Harvesting Morchella
Harvesting is performed when the pileus folds are fully or about to be fully opened. During picking, the stipe is held by hand and gently shaken, the stipe and the mycorrhiza are pulled out together, the mycorrhiza is cut off, the mud or sundries adhered to the stipe are removed, and the stipe and the mycorrhiza are placed into a basket in a grading way. The harvest is carried out every day in the fruiting period. The harvested morchella is dried in the sun or in the oven in time, so that the accumulation and browning are avoided, and the appearance and the selling price are not influenced. If the food cannot be processed or sold in time, the food should be stored in a refrigerator at 1-5 ℃ for about 15 days.
c. Treatment of external aid nutrition bag
And (3) after all the morchella esculenta is harvested, removing the exogenous nutrition bag in time, sorting all bag materials, crushing, stacking and fermenting for 90 days, and backfilling to the root of the sorbus pohuashanensis or using as an organic fertilizer for a corn field according to 1500kg of the fungus materials per mu. The plastic bags are processed in a centralized way, and the processing method is processed according to relevant local regulations.
(5) In the fifth year and later
And (4) repeating the steps (1) to (4).
Various corresponding changes and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art based on the above technical solutions and concepts, and all such changes and modifications should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, sequentially carrying out land selection, material preparation, land preparation, fungus bed culture, fungus bed management, rhizoma gastrodiae planting, morchella planting and spawn running management in the first year;
wherein, the specific process of field planting the seedling is as follows: selecting fresh, full, yellow-white, free of plant diseases and insect pests, rot, freeze injury and wound in the middle and last ten days of 11-12 months in the first year, wherein the weight of the fresh, full, yellow-white, free of diseases and insect pests is more than 10g, and 0-1 generation of white-headed ramie which is propagated sexually is used as seedlings; when the seedlings are cultivated, firstly digging surface soil of a cultivated fungus bed, taking out half of soil between fungus materials, placing the seedlings on one side of the fungus material with good growth vigor of the halimasch, and placing 1-2 seedlings on each fungus material; when the seedlings are placed, the stem buds of the seedlings are upwards inclined, and new branches with the length of 2-3 roots and the thickness of 2-3 cm are placed on the umbilical eyes of the seedlings; after the seedlings are placed, filling gaps with new soil, restoring the surface soil to the original position, and conditioning the surface of the fungus bed into a turtle back shape with the height of 5-8 cm;
the specific process of sowing morchella comprises the following steps: after planting the gastrodia elata, spraying water on the surface of a bacterial bed on the morchella planting day to enable the relative water content of surface soil to be about 70%; taking out the morchella cultivars, kneading, putting into a clean container, and soaking for 15-20 min by using monopotassium phosphate liquid with the mass concentration of 0.5%; uniformly spreading 150-200 kg of strains per mu on the surface of a fungus bed, covering raw soil with a granular structure, good air permeability and good moisture retention on the surfaces of the strains and the fungus bed, wherein the thickness of the raw soil is 2-3 cm, and uniformly spreading a layer of plant ash after covering soil, wherein the using amount per mu is 150-200 kg;
the specific process of spawn running management is as follows: after the morchella is sown, when hypha grows out of the soil surface, 1-2 rows of external aid nutrition bags are placed on the surface of the tortoise back of the fungus bed, a row of small holes are punched in the external aid nutrition bags, the holes are in full contact with the soil on the surface layer of the fungus bed, and the interval of the nutrition bags is 0.5 m; after the external aid nutrition bag is placed, a black mulching film is used for covering, the width of the film is the same as that of the fungus bed, and the two sides of the film are fixed by pressing soil every 1 m; punching the mulching film covered with the mulching film, wherein the aperture is 2 cm-3 cm, the hole depth is 10 cm-15 cm, and the hole distance is 15-20 cm; sprinkling irrigation and watering are carried out according to weather conditions and soil humidity, and the relative water content of the soil is kept to be 60-70%; the mulching film is checked and pressed regularly to prevent freeze injury;
s2, sequentially performing fruiting management, morchella harvesting, gastrodia elata field management and gastrodia elata harvesting in the next year;
s3, soil preparation, morchella seeding and spawn running management are sequentially carried out in the third year;
wherein, the concrete process of sowing the morchella comprises the following steps: spraying water on a table top or a ridge surface on the day of sowing to ensure that the relative water content of surface soil is about 70 percent; taking out the morchella cultivars, kneading, putting into a clean container, and soaking for 15-20 min by using monopotassium phosphate liquid with the mass concentration of 0.5%; uniformly spreading 150-200 kg of strains per mu on the surface of a fungus bed, covering raw soil with a granular structure, good air permeability and good moisture retention on the surfaces of the strains and the fungus bed, wherein the thickness of the raw soil is 2-3 cm, and uniformly spreading a layer of plant ash after covering soil, wherein the using amount per mu is 150-200 kg;
the specific process of spawn running management is as follows: after the morchella is sown, when hypha grows out of the soil surface, placing 1-2 rows of external aid nutrition bags on the table top or the ridge surface, and punching a row of small holes on the external aid nutrition bags to ensure that the holes are fully contacted with the surface soil of the table top or the ridge surface, wherein the interval of the nutrition bags is 0.5 m; after the external aid nutrition bag is placed, a black mulching film is used for covering, the width of the film is the same as that of the table top or the ridge surface, and the two sides of the film are fixed by pressing soil every 1 m; punching the mulching film covered with the mulching film, wherein the aperture is 2 cm-3 cm, the hole depth is 10 cm-15 cm, and the hole distance is 15-20 cm; sprinkling irrigation and watering are carried out according to weather conditions and soil humidity, and the relative water content of the soil is kept to be 60-70%; the mulching film is checked and pressed regularly to prevent freeze injury;
s4, mushroom fruiting management, morchella harvesting and external aid nutrition bag treatment are sequentially carried out in the fourth year; the process of fruiting management and morchella harvesting is the same as the step S2;
s5, in the fifth year and later, repeating the steps S1-S4.
2. The wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S1, the concrete process of land selection is as follows:
s1.1, selecting land: selecting natural forest lands or artificial forest lands which are free of pollution, sufficient in water source, irrigation conditions, 1500-2200 m in altitude, 1500-3500 mm in annual precipitation, 10-20 ℃ in annual average temperature, 75-90% in air relative humidity, 6.0-7.0 in soil pH, 60-85% in soil relative water content, rich in humus, loose loam or sandy loam with good drainage, less than 45 degrees in gradient and 70-85% in shading degree.
3. The wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for Morchella-Gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the step S1, the concrete processes of material preparation, soil preparation and fungus bed cultivation are as follows:
preparing materials: before culturing a fungus bed, selecting trunks and branches of fresh broad-leaved trees which are free of diseases and insect pests and have diameters of 6-10 cm and are suitable for growth of armillaria mellea, removing twigs and leaves, sawing into wood sections with the length of 15cm, and cutting the twigs and the leaves into 3-5 cm sections for later use by a guillotine;
soil preparation and fungus bed culture: in 4-6 months of the first year, removing weeds, stones, dry branches and fallen leaves on the ground, turning the ground in a sunny day, and scattering a layer of quicklime with the dosage of 30-50 kg per mu; for the forest lands with the gradient of more than or equal to 15 degrees and less than 45 degrees, turning and digging the slope surface into equidistant horizontal table surfaces with inner-cut outer pads from top to bottom along contour lines at the positions below the forest lands, and for the forest lands with the gradient of less than 15 degrees, ditching and ridging according to the trend of a long shaft; setting the width of a fungus bed to be 0.5-1 m according to the terrain, deeply digging 10cm of soil on the fungus bed, digging 3-5 cm of bottom soil, and laying the wood sections prepared in the step S1.2 to tightly press the wood sections with the soil at the bottom of the fungus bed without leaving gaps; the wood sections are placed in a direction parallel to the contour line, the distance between the sections of two adjacent wood sections in the same row of wood sections is 2-3 cm, and the distance between two rows of wood sections is 4-5 cm; uniformly inoculating high-quality Armillaria mellea cultivars on the cross section of the wood segment, and using 2 bottles of 500 mL/bottle Armillaria mellea cultivars per square meter; and uniformly spreading the prepared twigs and leaves on the surface of the wood section, wherein the thickness is preferably 0.5-1.5 cm, and covering the twigs and the leaves with dug new soil to form a tortoise back-shaped fungus bed surface with the height of 5-8 cm.
4. The wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S1, the specific process of fungus bed management is as follows: during the culture period of the fungus bed, moisture preservation and waterlogging drainage of the fungus bed are well carried out, drainage ditches are dug at the periphery of the fungus bed, the depth of each ditch is 10-15 cm, and the ditches can be used as walking paths to prevent people and livestock from trampling the fungus bed; regularly digging one corner of the bacterial bed to detect whether the mixed bacteria are infected, and timely removing the mixed bacteria if the mixed bacteria are infected.
5. The wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, the specific process of fruiting management is as follows:
in spring of the next year, when the air temperature is stable at 15 ℃, the ground temperature is stable at more than 5 ℃, the air humidity is 85% -95%, and the temperature difference between day and night is more than 10 ℃, micro-spraying or micro-irrigation is adopted for water supplement, so that the surface soil of the fungus bed is completely wetted, and accumulated water is drained in time; covering a mulching film for heating in the daytime, lifting the mulching film for cooling at night, keeping the temperature for 4-5 days, and enlarging the temperature difference to stimulate fruiting; uncovering the mulching film after the small primordium appears, and keeping the relative water content of the soil at 70-85%; during fruiting, cleaning the environmental sanitation around the mushroom bed and cleaning morchella sporocarp infected with germs in time; if the damage of snails, slugs and mice is found, the control is carried out.
6. The wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, the specific process for harvesting morchella is as follows:
harvesting morchella: harvesting when the pileus folds are completely or are about to be completely opened; during picking, the stipe is pinched by hands and gently shaken, the stipe and the mycorrhiza are pulled out together, the mycorrhiza is cut off, the soil or sundries adhered to the stipe are removed, and the stipe and the mycorrhiza are placed into a basket in a grading way; harvesting every day in the fruiting period; the harvested morchella is dried or baked in time to avoid accumulation of brown stain and influence on appearance and sale price, and if the morchella cannot be processed or sold in time, the morchella is stored in a cold storage at 1-5 ℃ for 15 days.
7. The simulated wild three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation according to claim 1, wherein the specific process of gastrodia elata field management is as follows: after the morchella is completely harvested, removing the exogenous nutrition bag in time, picking out all bag materials, crushing, stacking and fermenting for 60-90 days, and backfilling 2000kg of fungus materials per mu to the root of a forest or serving as an organic fertilizer of other crops; in the middle-upper ten days of 4 months in the next year, weeds on the fungus beds are timely cut off and covered on the fungus beds to reduce water evaporation and keep soil moist; before the rainy season comes, drainage ditches around the fungus bed are dug in time, redundant rainwater is removed, and the gastrodia tuber is prevented from being rotten due to accumulated water.
8. The wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, the specific process for harvesting gastrodia elata is as follows:
collecting rhizoma Gastrodiae in sunny day from 11 to 12 months of the second year, removing surface soil on the bacterial bed, turning over the bacterial bed with hands, and collecting rhizoma Gastrodiae; the dug rhizoma gastrodiae is respectively placed according to the commodity sesame and the seed sesame, and the rhizoma gastrodiae is lightly taken and lightly placed to avoid mechanical damage; stacking commodity hemp in a grading way, cleaning soil in time, and processing and selling the commodity hemp; after digging, the dug fungus materials are taken out of the planting field and concentrated in the sun for use as the fuel for the primary processing of the gastrodia elata producing field.
9. The wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S3, the concrete process of land preparation is as follows:
in 11-12 months of the third year, removing weeds, stones, dry branches and fallen leaves on the ground, turning the soil in a sunny day, and scattering a layer of quicklime with the dosage of 30-50 kg per mu before turning the soil; for forest lands with the gradient of more than or equal to 15 degrees and less than 45 degrees, turning and digging a slope surface into equidistant horizontal table tops with inner-cut outer pads from top to bottom along contour lines at the positions below the forest lands, setting the table tops to be 0.5-1 m wide and 30-50 cm high according to terrain, keeping the table intervals of 20-30 cm when the table tops are turned and dug, and keeping grass belts among the table tops; for forest lands with the gradient less than 15 degrees, ditching and making beds according to the trend of a long shaft, wherein the width of the bed is 0.5-1.0 m, the height of the bed is 10-15 cm, and the length of the bed is determined according to the terrain; drainage ditches are dug at the periphery of the ridge surface, the depth of each ditch is 20cm, and the ridge ditches can be used as walking paths.
10. The wild-imitating three-dimensional ecological planting method for morchella-gastrodia elata interplanting and crop rotation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S4, the specific process of the external aid nutrition bag treatment is as follows: and (3) after all the morchella is harvested, removing the exogenous nutrition bag in time, sorting out all bag materials, crushing, stacking and fermenting for 60-90 days, and backfilling 2000kg of fungus materials per mu to the root of the forest or using the fungus materials as organic fertilizers of other crops.
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