CN111096196B - Method for planting bamboo fungi in labor-saving bamboo forest - Google Patents
Method for planting bamboo fungi in labor-saving bamboo forest Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a labor-saving bamboo forest bamboo fungus planting method, belonging to the technical field of bamboo fungus cultivation and planting, and the cultivation method comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a site; (2) preparing a culture medium; (3) preparing a cultivation fungus bag; (4) culturing hyphae; (5) planting in a cultivation fungus bag forest: placing the cultivation fungus bag with the mycelium cultured on the upper slope of the vertical bamboo; (6) spawn running and fruiting; (7) harvesting: the first batch of buds can be harvested after the cultivation when the fungus balls are broken to the beginning of scattering, the bamboo fiber high polymer material is added into the cultivation substrate, and the preparation steps comprise: bamboo crude fiber extraction, bamboo crude fiber pretreatment, bamboo crude fiber secondary treatment and bamboo fiber high polymer material preparation. The cultivation method simplifies the planting steps, shortens the cultivation period and is suitable for various geographical environments.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of bamboo fungus cultivation, in particular to a labor-saving method for planting bamboo fungi in bamboo forests.
Background
Bamboo fungus is a rare edible fungus parasitizing at the root of dried bamboo, is known as 'fungus queen', has high edible value and medicinal value, contains various amino acids, vitamins and various mineral substances necessary for human bodies, and has the effects of tonifying kidney, clearing liver, improving eyesight, clearing heat, moistening lung, losing weight, lowering blood pressure, treating diabetes, inhibiting cancer cells and the like.
Although the dictyophora indusiata is high in nutritive value and unique in taste, the cultivation of the dictyophora indusiata in the field occupies cultivated land, is easily affected by residual pesticides, heavy metals and chemical fertilizers in the soil of the field, and greatly reduces the quality. The bamboo fungus is originally cultivated in the bamboo forest, wild-imitating cultivation is carried out by utilizing the underground space of the bamboo forest, the hot spot in recent years is formed, the enthusiasm of farmers for cultivating the bamboo forest is gradually reduced along with the aging of rural labor force and the great increase of labor cost in China, the waste of the bamboo forest is greatly increased, the development of the economy under the bamboo forest is an important way for improving the comprehensive economic benefit and the ecological benefit of the bamboo forest, the wild-imitating cultivation bamboo fungus is pollution-free green food, and the quality of the wild-imitating cultivation bamboo fungus is realized by cultivating the bamboo fungus in the field. At present, bamboo fungus cultivation under bamboo forest leads to the increase of labor input on one hand because of the need of ditching soil preparation and artificial irrigation, and bamboo fungus is planted in mountain forest abrupt slope ditching on the other hand, leads to the increase of soil disturbance because of topographic reasons, destroys bamboo forest underground vegetation to can aggravate soil erosion and water loss, cause ecological environment destruction. The invention patent with the application number of 'CN 201711092877.8' discloses a method for cultivating multi-generation dictyophora phalloidea bacteria on sympodial bamboo stumps in an imitated wild way, which comprises the steps of forest land selection, raw material preparation, stockpiling fermentation, clearing forest land preparation, paving and sowing, fungus bed management, pest control, first generation dictyophora phalloidea bacteria harvesting, second and third generation dictyophora phalloidea bacteria cultivation and the like, and the cultivated dictyophora phalloidea has good quality, is safe and pollution-free; meanwhile, the difficult problems that bamboo fungus can not be continuously cultivated, and the bamboo stump of sympodial bamboo is difficult to remove, so that the normal growth of the bamboo forest is influenced are solved. However, the cultivation method still needs to clean the forest, prepare land, spread materials and sow, ditch-opening cultivation in the bamboo forest and spread culture materials, so that the cultivation period of the dictyophora is prolonged, the labor consumption is increased, if the method is adopted to ditch and plant the dictyophora in the steep slope of the mountain forest, the water retention is poor due to the terrain, manual watering is needed, and water and soil loss is also aggravated, so that the ecological environment is damaged. The invention greatly optimizes the bamboo fungus cultivation technology under the bamboo forest, saves labor and time, has small artificial disturbance to the bamboo forest and is ecological and environment-friendly.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the labor-saving bamboo fungus planting method in the bamboo forest.
The invention solves the technical problems by the following technical means:
a labor-saving bamboo forest bamboo fungus planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) site selection: selecting a pest-free bamboo forest with forest stand canopy density of 0.6-0.8, standing bamboo density of 38-1200 clumps/mu, and no edible fungus cultivation within three years.
Preferably, the weeds in the bamboo forest are artificially split, the bamboo forest does not use herbicides and chemical pesticides, and the bamboo forest does not have severe drought in spring and summer (4-8 months) in the next year.
(2) Preparing a culture medium: selecting mildew-free, clean, insect-free, odor-free and pollution-free bamboo scraps of bamboo plants such as moso bamboos, dendrocalamus latiflorus, green bamboos, phyllostachys praecox and the like, watering the bamboo scraps thoroughly, adding urea, calcium superphosphate, light calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, uniformly mixing, preparing a stacking material, then covering a film for fermentation, adding a bamboo fiber high polymer material after fermentation, and uniformly mixing to obtain a culture substrate;
(3) preparing a cultivation fungus bag: spreading a culture medium in the non-woven fabric, dibbling dictyophora strain on the surface of the culture medium, then spreading the culture medium to cover the dictyophora strain, then covering the culture medium with soil, and moisturizing the surface by using bamboo leaves or straws;
(4) hypha culture: culturing the culture bags at 16-26 deg.C for 30 days with culture medium water content not less than 60%;
(5) planting in a cultivation fungus bag forest: placing the cultivation fungus bag with the mycelium cultured on the upper slope of the vertical bamboo;
(6) spawn running and fruiting: the first batch of buds grow out of the soil surface of the cultivation fungus bag after the cultivation fungus bag is placed for 75-90 days; after 25-40 days, second batch of buds grow out from the soil surface in the radius range of 0-50cm around the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag; then, 25-40 days later, third batch of buds grow out from the soil surface within the range of 50-100cm around the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag;
and (6) in the steps of spawn running and fruiting, natural rainfall of bamboo forests and flowing water of bamboo stems are adopted for watering after planting, no additional watering is needed, and the steps of deinsectization in the management period after fruiting and the like are realized by adopting a conventional mode of planting bamboo fungi in the bamboo forests.
(7) Harvesting: the first batch of buds after planting can be harvested when the fungus balls are broken to the beginning of scattering, and the buds (fungus eggs) with the formation period of 3-5 days can also be directly harvested.
Furthermore, in the culture medium, the addition amount of the bamboo fiber high polymer material is 0.5wt per mill.
Further, the mass ratio of the bamboo dust, the urea, the calcium superphosphate, the light calcium carbonate and the calcium sulfate is 1000: (5-7.5): (7.5-10): (7.5-10): (7.5-10).
Further, the preparation of the culture medium in the step (2) is specifically carried out as follows:
crushing bamboo scraps into particles with the particle size of 3-6mm, adding urea, calcium superphosphate, light calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate after watering, uniformly mixing to prepare a compost, piling the compost for 2-3m, covering the surface of the compost with a black plastic film, turning the compost once every 25 th day at an interval of 10 days, wherein the water content of the compost is not lower than 60% in the fermentation process, removing the black film after fermenting for 55 days, spreading the black film for natural standing for 3-5 days, adding a bamboo fiber high polymer material, and uniformly mixing to obtain the culture medium.
Further, the preparation of the cultivation fungus bag in the step (3) comprises the following specific operations:
selecting non-woven fabrics with the diameter of 30cm, the height of 30cm and the thickness of 60g/m2 as cultivation fungus bags, laying a cultivation substrate with the thickness of 18cm at the bottom, dibbling dictyophora fungi on the surface of the cultivation substrate according to the dibbling amount of 0.4kg of dictyophora fungi strains/cultivation fungus bags, laying the cultivation substrate with the thickness of 12cm again, completely covering the dictyophora fungi strains, compacting to the thickness of 23-26cm, then covering the cultivation substrate with 3cm of soil, and covering and moisturizing the surface soil of a planting field by using bamboo leaves or straws on the surface.
Further, in the planting of the cultivation fungus bag in the step (5), the planting time is 3 months, the cultivation fungus bag with the mycelium cultivation completed is placed on the upward slope position of the vertical bamboo, the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag is directly in close contact with the bamboo forest soil, after the cultivation fungus bag is placed, a circle of hemp rope or cloth strip is wound at the position of 70-100 centimeters of the vertical bamboo, and the tail end of the hemp rope or cloth strip is in contact with the surface of the fungus bag.
Further, the planting density of the cultivation fungus bags is 160-180 bags/mu.
Further, the bamboo forest selected in the field in the step (1) is one of moso bamboo forest, phyllostachys edulis forest and sympodial bamboo forest.
Further, the density of the vertical bamboo of the moso bamboo forest is 160-180 plants/mu, the density of the vertical bamboo of the phyllostachys edulis forest is 900-1200 plants/mu, and the density of the sympodial bamboo forest is 38-50 plexes/mu.
The invention also discloses a preparation method of the bamboo fiber high polymer material in the mixed matrix, which comprises the following steps:
A. bamboo crude fiber extraction: soaking bamboo in 10-15 wt% sodium hydroxide solution at 40-45 deg.C for 24-48 hr, cleaning, pulverizing to 3-5mm, and soaking in 5 wt% calcium sulfate solution for 12-24 hr to obtain bamboo crude fiber;
B. bamboo crude fiber pretreatment: soaking the obtained bamboo crude fiber in coconut oil for 2-3h, beating the bamboo crude fiber for 20-30min, soaking in coconut oil for 30-60min, steaming, taking out after 1-2h, and naturally air drying to obtain pretreated bamboo crude fiber;
C. secondary treatment of bamboo crude fiber: crushing fresh and alive bamboo maggots, adding deionized water to prepare a 15 wt% mixed solution, mixing the mixed solution with the pretreated bamboo crude fiber, fermenting for 24-36h under the conditions that the temperature is 28-32 ℃ and the humidity is 78-82%, taking out the mixture, cleaning the mixture by using hot water at the temperature of more than 70 ℃, air drying the mixture, and crushing the dried mixture to 100-200 mu m to obtain the secondary treated bamboo crude fiber;
D. preparing a bamboo fiber high polymer material: adding copper chloride powder, polyvinyl alcohol and vinyl triethoxysilane into bamboo crude fiber after secondary treatment, mixing uniformly, keeping the temperature and pressure for 10-20min under the conditions that the pressure is 1-1.5Mpa and the temperature is 70-80 ℃, then reducing the pressure to 0.5-0.7Mpa within 1min, adding deionized water after keeping the pressure for 10min, heating to 85-90 ℃, stirring and reacting for 2-3h, adding boric acid and 10 wt% of sodium alginate solution, stirring and reacting for 30-40min under the conditions of normal pressure and the temperature of 30-35 ℃, taking out, freezing and crushing to 20-50 mu m to obtain the bamboo fiber polymer material.
The bamboo is hard, becomes soft after being soaked in the sodium hydroxide solution and is easy to crush, and the bamboo fiber becomes loose under the soaking of calcium sulfate, so that the pretreatment is convenient. Coconut oil has high saponification value and contains a large amount of fatty acid, after the bamboo crude fiber is soaked by the coconut oil, the coconut oil permeates into the bamboo crude fiber, the bamboo crude fiber is softened and fluffy after being beaten, and pectin and hemicellulose are easily removed in the cooking process. Hemicellulose is generally combined on the surface of cellulose, and the bamboo maggots contain various enzymes in vivo, so that residual pectin and hemicellulose in bamboo crude fiber can be further decomposed, the decomposition reaction is mild, the bamboo cellulose is not easily affected, and after fermentation is carried out for 24-36h, the enzymes are killed by hot water, so that the damage to the bamboo fiber caused by overlong fermentation time is prevented.
The copper chloride powder, the polyvinyl alcohol and the vinyl triethoxysilane are added into the bamboo crude fiber and pressurized and heated, so that the reaction activity of copper oxide can be improved, the bamboo crude fiber can bear higher pressure at high temperature, covalent bonds in the bamboo crude fiber are broken after the pressure is greatly reduced, the bamboo crude fiber is easily combined and modified with the polyvinyl alcohol under the action of the vinyl triethoxysilane, and the water absorption and retention capacity of the bamboo fiber is improved. Boric acid and sodium alginate solution are added to react with the residual polyvinyl alcohol to form a gel substance on the surface of the bamboo fiber, so that the water absorption and retention capacity of the prepared bamboo fiber high polymer material is further improved, the artificial irrigation of the bamboo fungus is avoided, the cost is saved, and the cultivation steps are simplified.
Furthermore, the ratio of the bamboo crude fiber to the solution of copper chloride powder, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl triethoxysilane, boric acid and sodium alginate is 100g:10g:40g:0.1g:0.2g:20ml, and the mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol to the deionized water is 1 (20-25).
Further, in the step D, after deionized water is added, the reaction is stirred at the speed of 500rpm for 2.5 hours under the condition that the temperature is 87.5-88 ℃.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the cultivation fungus bags are directly placed on the soil surface of the uphill position of the vertical bamboo, so that the planting steps are simplified, the planting cost is saved, the cultivation period is shortened, and the condition that the bamboo forest is ditched or dug holes to cause damage to vegetation on the ground surface of the forest land, water and soil loss and ecological environment damage is avoided.
(2) The cultivation method is not limited to bamboo forests with small gradient, water loss in soil is not worried about, natural rainfall is adopted for irrigation, bamboo fiber polymer materials are filled in the cultivation substrate, water absorption and retention are enhanced, a circle of hemp ropes or cloth strips are wound around the position of the vertical bamboo with the height of 70-100 cm, bamboo stem running water can be effectively drained, sprinkling irrigation equipment is not needed, and cost is saved.
(3) The first group of dictyophora phalloidea grows out from the interior of the cultivation fungus bag, then hypha goes deep into the soil around the bamboo base, the second group of dictyophora phalloidea grows out from the periphery of the cultivation fungus bag by 0-50cm, and the third group of dictyophora phalloidea grows out from the periphery of the cultivation fungus bag by 50-100cm, so that the cost is low, the yield is high, and the popularization is convenient.
(4) The quality of the bamboo fungus planted by the invention is high, the protein content is 29.73%, the ash content is 6.24%, and the soluble sugar content is 9.11%.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples below:
example 1: planting bamboo fungus I under moso bamboo forest
The preparation method of the bamboo fiber polymer material used in this example is as follows:
A. bamboo crude fiber extraction: soaking 10kg of bamboo in 13 wt% sodium hydroxide solution at 43 deg.C for 30 hr, cleaning, pulverizing to about 4mm, and soaking in 5 wt% calcium sulfate solution for 20 hr to obtain bamboo crude fiber; the sodium hydroxide solution is only needed to submerge the bamboo, and the calcium sulfate solution is only needed to submerge the smashed bamboo;
B. bamboo crude fiber pretreatment: soaking the obtained bamboo crude fiber in coconut oil for 3h, beating the bamboo crude fiber for 25min, soaking the bamboo crude fiber in the coconut oil for 40min, steaming for 1.5h, taking out, and naturally air drying to obtain the pretreated bamboo crude fiber;
C. secondary treatment of bamboo crude fiber: crushing fresh and alive 500g of bamboo maggots, adding deionized water to prepare a 15 wt% mixed solution, mixing the mixed solution with the pretreated bamboo crude fiber, fermenting for 30 hours under the conditions that the temperature is 30 ℃ and the humidity is 80%, cleaning the mixture with hot water at the temperature of more than 70 ℃ after the fermentation is finished, then air-drying the mixture, and crushing the mixture to 100-; weighing, wherein the weight of the bamboo crude fiber after secondary treatment is 1 kg;
D. preparing a bamboo fiber high polymer material: adding 100g of copper chloride powder, 400g of polyvinyl alcohol and 1g of vinyl triethoxysilane into bamboo crude fiber subjected to secondary treatment, uniformly mixing, keeping the temperature and pressure of 1.3Mpa at 75 ℃ for 15min, then reducing the pressure to 0.6Mpa within 1min, adding 8kg of deionized water after keeping the pressure for 10min, heating to 88 ℃, stirring and reacting at 500rpm for 2.5h, adding 2g of boric acid and 200ml of 10 wt% sodium alginate solution, stirring and reacting at normal pressure and 32 ℃ for 40min, taking out, freezing, and crushing to about 40 mu m to obtain the bamboo fiber polymer material.
(1) Site selection:
selecting a connected moso bamboo forest land which is fertile in soil, sufficient in spring and summer and free from water accumulation due to leeward moisture retention, has no termite damage and has a slope of less than 35 degrees, wherein the canopy density of the moso bamboo forest land is about 0.7, the total area is about 6 mu, the density of the vertical bamboo is about 160-year sand-adding 180 plants/mu, and the method has a planting space, wherein the specific address is selected as follows:
a forest base for moso bamboo shoots in a Temple mountain dock test forest farm (30 degrees 03 '-30 degrees 06' N, 119 degrees 56 '-120 degrees 02' E) in the Yang-rich region in Hangzhou city belongs to the afterpulse of Tianmu mountain in the low mountain hilly region in Zhejiang province, the elevation is 290-fold 530m, and the average gradient is 22 ℃. The climate is subtropical humid monsoon climate, the annual average temperature is 16.1 ℃, and the annual average precipitation is 1427.2 mm. The bamboo forest is a pure bamboo forest, is managed in flower years, grows at the age of 1-7 years, has the density of 2400 one bamboo plants/hectare, has the diameter at breast height of 7.0-14.1cm, has the average diameter at breast height of 9.8cm, has the average height of 12.2m and has the closing degree of 0.7-0.8. Soil of the moso bamboo forest land of the temple mountain dock is slightly acidic red loam, the thickness of the soil layer is more than 100cm, and the withered substance layer is 1-3 cm;
(2) preparing a culture medium:
each part of the culture medium comprises 1000kg of bamboo sawdust, 10kg of urea, 10kg of calcium superphosphate, 10kg of light calcium carbonate, 10kg of calcium sulfate and 0.52kg of bamboo fiber high polymer material;
selecting bamboo scraps (including stems, branches, leaves, penis, roots and the like) of bamboo plants such as moso bamboos, hemp bamboos, green bamboos, phyllostachys praecox and phyllostachys praecox which are not mildewed, clean, free of insects, free of peculiar smell and free of pollution, crushing the bamboo scraps into particles with the particle size of 3-6mm, watering thoroughly, stacking according to a mixture of a layer of bamboo scraps, a layer of urea, calcium superphosphate, light calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate to prepare a stacking material with the stacking height of 3m, covering the surface of the stacking material with a black plastic film, turning the stacking material once every 25 days after turning the stacking material once, replacing the positions of the upper stacking material and the lower stacking material and the inner stacking material with the outer stacking material at intervals of 10 days, keeping the water content of the stacking material not less than 60% in the fermentation process (the water seeps slightly when the stacking material is held tightly), enabling the stacking material to be soft after 55 days of fermentation, showing brown color and having fragrance, removing the black film, naturally standing for 3 days, fully releasing waste gas and the like in the stacking material, then adding bamboo fiber high polymer material, and uniformly mixing to obtain a culture medium;
(3) preparing a cultivation fungus bag:
selecting the material with the diameter of 30cm, the height of 30cm and the thickness of 60g/m2The degradable disposable non-woven fabric is a cultivation medium bag, after a cultivation medium with the thickness of 18cm is laid at the bottom of the degradable disposable non-woven fabric, bamboo fungus strains are dibbled on the surface of the cultivation medium, the dibbling amount of the bamboo fungus strains is 0.4kg per cultivation medium bag, the cultivation medium with the thickness of 12cm is laid again to completely cover the bamboo fungus strains, the thickness is compacted to about 24cm, finally, soil with the thickness of 3cm is covered again to cover the surface of the cultivation medium, and bamboo leaves or straws are selected to cover the surface soil of a planting field for moisture preservation;
the culture medium laid in the step should absorb enough water in advance, and the culture medium is gripped by hands until little water seeps out (the water content is 60-70%); the strain is xing nong D89Bamboo fungus dahliae;
(4) hypha culture: during the mycelium culture period, the water content of the culture medium in the culture fungus bag is about 65%, the culture environment temperature is 24-26 ℃, and the culture time is 30 days;
checking the hypha growth status 7-10 days after sowing, finding that the strain does not germinate and blacken, and timely reseeding the strain;
(5) planting in a cultivation fungus bag forest: the planting time is 3 months, the cultivation fungus bag with the mycelium cultivation completed is placed on the upward slope position of the mao bamboo forest vertical bamboo, the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag is directly in close contact with the bamboo forest soil, after the cultivation fungus bag is placed, a circle of hemp ropes or cloth strips are wound at the position of 70-100 cm high of the vertical bamboo, the rainfall-induced bamboo stem flowing water is drained, the tail end of each hemp rope or cloth strip is in contact with the surface of the fungus bag, and the planting density is 160-;
(6) spawn running and fruiting: after sowing, natural rainfall of bamboo forest is utilized, when insect damage occurs, biological control or artificial killing is mainly used, and first batch of buds grow out from the soil surface of the cultivation fungus bag after the cultivation fungus bag is placed for 75-90 days; after 25-40 days, second batch of buds grow out from the soil surface in the radius range of 0-50cm around the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag; then, 25-40 days later, third batch of buds grow out from the soil surface within the range of 50-100cm around the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag;
(7) harvesting: the first batch of buds can be harvested when the fungus balls are broken to the beginning of scattering skirts, the appearance form is complete when the buds are harvested, the buds are harvested at 8-9 am and 10-11 am, and the harvesting time in high-temperature seasons can be properly advanced. After harvesting, the mushroom caps are timely peeled off, the bamboo fungi are poured on a bamboo sieve, then the bamboo fungi are orderly placed according to the sizes of the mushrooms and baked, and the mushroom caps are additionally baked. Or directly collecting the buds (eggs) in the formation period of 3-5 days.
The method comprises the steps of picking the opened dictyophora phalloidea in time, slightly supporting the bottom of the dictyophora phalloidea by hands during picking, cutting off fungous cables, not extracting the fungous cables in a way of being connected with each other, so as to avoid influencing growth and reducing yield, paying attention to stripping the fungous trays and the fungous lids to avoid mucus from polluting stipes and funguses, not throwing the stripped fungous lids and fungous trays into soil of the dictyophora phalloidea ridge, and putting the collected dictyophora phalloidea orderly in a basket in sequence to keep clean and not break, break skirts and sludge.
Example 2: planting bamboo fungus II under moso bamboo forest
The preparation method of the bamboo fiber polymer material used in this example is as follows:
A. bamboo crude fiber extraction: soaking 10kg of bamboo in 15 wt% sodium hydroxide solution at 45 deg.C for 24 hr, cleaning, pulverizing to about 4mm, and soaking in 5 wt% calcium sulfate solution for 24 hr to obtain bamboo crude fiber; the sodium hydroxide solution is only needed to submerge the bamboo, and the calcium sulfate solution is only needed to submerge the smashed bamboo;
B. bamboo crude fiber pretreatment: soaking the obtained bamboo crude fiber in coconut oil for 2h, beating the bamboo crude fiber for 30min, soaking the bamboo crude fiber in the coconut oil for 60min, steaming for 2h, taking out, and naturally drying to obtain the pretreated bamboo crude fiber;
C. secondary treatment of bamboo crude fiber: crushing fresh and alive 500g of bamboo maggots, adding deionized water to prepare a 15 wt% mixed solution, mixing the mixed solution with the pretreated bamboo crude fiber, fermenting for 36 hours under the conditions that the temperature is 32 ℃ and the humidity is 78%, cleaning the mixture with hot water at the temperature of more than 70 ℃ after the fermentation is finished, then air-drying the mixture, and crushing the mixture to 100-; weighing, wherein the weight of the bamboo crude fiber after secondary treatment is 1 kg;
D. preparing a bamboo fiber high polymer material: adding 100g of copper chloride powder, 400g of polyvinyl alcohol and 1g of vinyl triethoxysilane into bamboo crude fiber subjected to secondary treatment, uniformly mixing, keeping the temperature and pressure for 20min under the condition that the pressure is 1.5Mpa and the temperature is 70 ℃, then reducing the pressure to 0.5Mpa within 1min, adding 8kg of deionized water after keeping the pressure for 10min, heating to 90 ℃, stirring and reacting for 3h at the speed of 500rpm, adding 2g of boric acid and 200ml of 10 wt% sodium alginate solution, stirring and reacting for 30min under the condition of normal pressure and the temperature of 32 ℃, taking out, freezing and then crushing to about 20 mu m to obtain the bamboo fiber polymer material.
(1) Site selection:
the contrast test is located in the temple mountain dock test forest land used for bamboo shoots in Hangzhou city sunny area, and the site conditions are basically the same as those selected in the example 1;
(2) preparing a culture medium:
each part of the culture medium comprises 1000kg of bamboo sawdust, 10kg of urea, 10kg of calcium superphosphate, 10kg of light calcium carbonate, 10kg of calcium sulfate and 0.52kg of bamboo fiber high polymer material;
selecting bamboo scraps (including stems, branches, leaves, penis, roots and the like) of bamboo plants such as moso bamboos, hemp bamboos, green bamboos, phyllostachys praecox and phyllostachys praecox which are not mildewed, clean, free of insects, free of peculiar smell and free of pollution, crushing the bamboo scraps into particles with the particle size of 3-6mm, watering thoroughly, stacking according to a mixture of a layer of bamboo scraps, a layer of urea, calcium superphosphate, light calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate to prepare a stacking material with the stacking height of 3m, covering the surface of the stacking material with a black plastic film, turning the stacking material once every 25 days after turning the stacking material once, replacing the positions of the upper stacking material and the lower stacking material and the inner stacking material with the outer stacking material at intervals of 10 days, keeping the water content of the stacking material not less than 60% in the fermentation process (the water seeps slightly when the stacking material is held tightly), enabling the stacking material to be soft after 55 days of fermentation, showing brown color and having fragrance, then adding bamboo fiber high polymer material, and uniformly mixing to obtain a culture medium;
(3) preparing a cultivation fungus bag:
selecting the material with the diameter of 30cm, the height of 30cm and the thickness of 60g/m2The degradable disposable non-woven fabric is a cultivation medium bag, after a cultivation medium with the thickness of 18cm is laid at the bottom of the degradable disposable non-woven fabric, bamboo fungus strains are dibbled on the surface of the cultivation medium, the dibbling amount of the bamboo fungus strains is 0.4kg per cultivation medium bag, the cultivation medium with the thickness of 12cm is laid again to completely cover the bamboo fungus strains, the thickness is compacted to about 24cm, finally, soil with the thickness of 3cm is covered again to cover the surface of the cultivation medium, and bamboo leaves or straws are selected to cover the surface soil of a planting field for moisture preservation;
the culture medium laid in the step should absorb enough water in advance, and the culture medium is gripped by hands until little water seeps out (the water content is 60-70%); the strain is xing nong D89Bamboo fungus dahliae;
(4) hypha culture: during the mycelium culture period, the water content of the culture medium in the culture fungus bag is about 65%, the culture environment temperature is 24-26 ℃, and the culture time is 30 days;
checking the hypha growth status 7-10 days after sowing, finding that the strain does not germinate and blacken, and timely reseeding the strain;
(5) planting in a cultivation fungus bag forest: the planting time is 3 months, the cultivation fungus bag with the mycelium cultivation completed is placed on the upward slope position of the mao bamboo forest vertical bamboo, the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag is directly in close contact with the bamboo forest soil, after the cultivation fungus bag is placed, a circle of hemp ropes or cloth strips are wound at the position of 70-100 cm high of the vertical bamboo, the rainfall-induced bamboo stem flowing water is drained, the tail end of each hemp rope or cloth strip is in contact with the surface of the fungus bag, and the planting density is 160-;
(6) spawn running and fruiting: after sowing, natural rainfall of bamboo forest is utilized, when insect damage occurs, biological control or artificial killing is mainly used, and first batch of buds grow out from the soil surface of the cultivation fungus bag after the cultivation fungus bag is placed for 75-90 days; after 25-40 days, second batch of buds grow out from the soil surface in the radius range of 0-50cm around the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag; then, 25-40 days later, third batch of buds grow out from the soil surface within the range of 50-100cm around the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag;
(7) harvesting: the first batch of buds can be harvested when the fungus balls are broken to the beginning of scattering skirts, the appearance form is complete when the buds are harvested, the buds are harvested at 8-9 am and 10-11 am, and the harvesting time in high-temperature seasons can be properly advanced. After harvesting, the mushroom caps are timely peeled off, the bamboo fungi are poured on a bamboo sieve, then the bamboo fungi are orderly placed according to the sizes of the mushrooms and baked, and the mushroom caps are additionally baked. Or directly collecting the buds (eggs) in the formation period of 3-5 days.
The method comprises the steps of picking the opened dictyophora phalloidea in time, slightly supporting the bottom of the dictyophora phalloidea by hands during picking, cutting off fungous cables, not extracting the fungous cables in a way of being connected with each other, so as to avoid influencing growth and reducing yield, paying attention to stripping the fungous trays and the fungous lids to avoid mucus from polluting stipes and funguses, not throwing the stripped fungous lids and fungous trays into soil of the dictyophora phalloidea ridge, and putting the collected dictyophora phalloidea orderly in a basket in sequence to keep clean and not break, break skirts and sludge.
Comparative example:
selecting a site:
the contrast test is located in the temple mountain dock test forest land used for bamboo shoots in Hangzhou city sunny area, and the site conditions are basically the same as those selected in the example 1;
preparing a culture medium in the step (2):
each part of culture medium comprises 1250kg of moso bamboo branches and leaves, 1250kg of moso bamboo sawdust, 25kg of urea, 50kg of calcium superphosphate and 50kg of light calcium carbonate, wherein the moso bamboo branches and leaves and the moso bamboo sawdust are stacked separately.
During preparation of the compost, a layer of moso bamboo branches and leaves, a layer of a mixture of urea, light calcium carbonate and calcium superphosphate and a layer of moso bamboo scraps are stacked to prepare the compost, the pile height is 1.5m, a layer of black plastic film is covered on the surface of the compost after stacking, the black plastic film is used for warming and moisturizing, the pile is turned over once every 15 days by an excavator, and the pile is turned over for 3 times in total to prepare the culture medium. When turning over the pile, the positions of the upper, lower, inner and outer substrate materials are required to be exchanged, so that the substrate materials are uniformly fermented up and down and inside and outside, and the water content of the pile is not lower than 60% in the fermentation process.
Step (3) soil preparation and sowing
3 months ago, the field is turned over and aired in advance, the field is disinfected, the land is leveled and ridged, hollow beds are built according to the space distribution of the moso bamboo forest, the depth of each hollow bed is 25cm, the width of each hollow bed is 50cm, the length of each hollow bed is flexibly arranged according to the space distribution of the moso bamboo, when furrowing is carried out, the bamboo rhizome of the moso bamboo is cut off and dug out, drainage ditches are formed in the periphery in the direction along the slope, and drainage is facilitated.
The bamboo fungus land used in the woodland is 200-300m2The strain is xing nong D89Dictyophora Indusiata (Vent. Ex pers) Fisch, with the use amount of 0.5kg/m2Laying a layer of cultivation substrate of 8-10cm on the hollow bed, laying a layer of dictyophora indusiata cultivar, continuously laying a layer of cultivation substrate of 8-10cm, laying a layer of dictyophora indusiata cultivar, laying a layer of cultivation substrate of 8-10cm, slightly compacting, covering the total thickness of about 30cm, piling to be turtle-back shape, covering the surface with crushed soil of 3-5cm thickness, and covering a layer of thin film on the crushed soil to keep the temperature and the moisture;
the cultivation substrate in the step is required to absorb enough water before being laid, and the water adding amount is based on that the substrate material is tightly held by hands and slightly water seeps out (the water content is 60-70%).
Step (4) installation of automatic sprinkling irrigation facility
Adopting a towerless water supply device, arranging a reservoir in the bamboo forest every 400m21 water storage tanks are arranged in the planting field, and the water storage capacity of each water storage tank is 1-2m3And 1 2200W high-pressure water pump is arranged on each reservoir, 1 high-pressure PE pipe main pipe is arranged according to a planting place, 3-4 thin pipes with the diameter of 20mm are arranged on the main pipe, the distance from the main pipe to the ground is about 1.7 m, capillary pipes are arranged on each section of high-pressure PE thin pipe at intervals of 100cm, and then the high-pressure PE thin pipes are respectively connected with an atomizing nozzle, and the water pumps are connected with a time sequence automatic controller so as to automatically control spraying. The time control switch of the controller can set a multi-section circulation mode, and automatically circulate the spray according to a set program.
Step (5) spawn running and fruiting
Spraying water at normal temperature after sowing for moisture preservation, culturing for 25-35 days, allowing mycelia to climb onto the compost, wherein the water content of the compost in the fruiting period is preferably 60%, the water content of covering soil is more than 40%, and the relative humidity of air is more than 85%; spraying for 1 time in the morning and at night in a sunny day in the fruiting period, manually controlling the humidity to be constant, and draining water in time in a rainy day;
step (6) harvesting
When the buds of the dictyophora phalloidea are broken and the skirts are scattered at 7-10 am, the dictyophora phalloidea which is opened is picked in time, the bottom of the dictyophora phalloidea is lightly held by hands during picking, the stropharia capillaris is cut off, the stropharia capillaris cannot be taken out along with the stropharia capillaris, so that the growth is not influenced, the yield is reduced, the stropharia mycorrhiza and the pileus are required to be stripped, so that the stipes and the stropharia fungosa are prevented from being polluted by mucus, the stripped pileus and the stropharia mycorrhiza cannot be thrown into soil of a bamboo fungus ridge, and the picked dictyophora phalloidea is required to be orderly placed in a basket in sequence and kept clean without breaking, breaking skirts and sludge.
The yield and quality obtained by the cultivation method of the invention example 1 and the cultivation method of the comparison example are compared as follows:
the annual Dictyophora Indusiata yield of example 1 of the present invention was 84.24 kg/mu (dry mass), and the annual Dictyophora Indusiata yield of comparative example was 82.07 kg/mu (dry mass). The cultivation method disclosed by the invention not only improves the yield, but also removes the links of ditching, irrigation and the like, greatly reduces the production cost of the dictyophora phalloidea, and improves the economic and ecological benefits of the dictyophora phalloidea.
Detecting conventional nutrient components of Dictyophora Indusiata with FOSS azotometer, etc., and obtaining data shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1 comparison of Dictyophora Indusiata quality in different planting modes
| Nutrient composition | Reference standard | Example 1 (%) | Comparative example (%) |
| Protein (g/100g) | GB5009.5-2010 | 29.73 | 20.03 |
| Ash content (g/100g) | GB5009.4-2010 | 6.24 | 4.55 |
| Soluble sugar (%) | NY/T1278-2007 | 9.11 | 11.48 |
Analyzing the data in table 1 shows that:
(1) the protein content of the dictyophora indusiata planted in example 1 is 29.73%, and the protein content of the dictyophora indusiata planted in the comparative example is 20.03%, so that the protein content of the dictyophora indusiata planted in example 1 is obviously higher than that of the dictyophora indusiata planted in the comparative example;
(2) the ash content is an index for indicating the total amount of inorganic components in the food, and the content of inorganic nutrient elements in the fruit body can be known by analyzing the ash content. The ash content of the dictyophora indusiata planted in example 1 is 6.24%, and the ash content of the dictyophora indusiata planted in the comparative example is 4.55%, so that the inorganic nutrient elements in the dictyophora indusiata planted in example 1 are obviously higher than those in the dictyophora indusiata planted in the comparative example;
(3) the fungal polysaccharide is an active polysaccharide with multiple physiological functions and development values, and has a remarkable health care effect on human bodies, the soluble sugar content of the dictyophora indusiata planted in the example 1 is 11.48%, and the soluble sugar content of the dictyophora indusiata planted in the comparative example is 9.11%, so that the soluble sugar content in the dictyophora indusiata planted in the example 1 is obviously higher than that in the dictyophora indusiata planted in the comparative example;
therefore, the nutritional quality of the bamboo fungus planted in the embodiment 1 is obviously better than that of the bamboo fungus planted in the comparative example.
Economic benefits of planting according to the cultivation method of the comparative example: the actual planting area of the moso bamboo forest per mu is 200m2The actual production of dry dictyophora 80.07 jin/mu, the production value is 16414 yuan/mu (according to the dry quality of dictyophoraPrice 200 yuan/jin calculation); the planting cost is 11650 yuan/mu, including 1150 yuan/mu of strains, 1000 yuan/mu of cultivation matrix materials and the like, 2000 yuan/mu of irrigation facilities, and 7500 yuan/mu of labor input (50 yuan/mu, 150 yuan/mu); the net income is 4764 yuan/mu.
The economic benefits of planting according to the cultivation method of the embodiment 1 of the invention are as follows: actually planting 180 cultivation fungus bags in the bamboo forest per mu, wherein the yield of the first batch of fresh bamboo fungus is 0.5kg per cultivation fungus bag; the yield of the second batch of fresh bamboo fungus is 0.8 kg/cultivation fungus bag, the yield of the second batch of fresh bamboo fungus is 1.3 kg/cultivation fungus bag, 84.24 jin/mu of dry bamboo fungus is actually produced, and the yield value is 16848 yuan/mu (calculated according to the dry quality price of 200 yuan/jin of bamboo fungus); the planting cost is 6200 yuan/mu, including 800 yuan/mu of strains, 1200 yuan/mu of culture medium, fungus bag material and the like, and the labor force is 4200 yuan/mu (28 workers/mu, 150 yuan/mu); net income is 10648 yuan/mu.
The cultivation method of this example is described in terms of the cultivation method of the comparative example, regardless of the quality or economic benefit.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The techniques, shapes, and configurations not described in detail in the present invention are all known techniques.
Claims (9)
1. A labor-saving bamboo forest bamboo fungus planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) site selection: selecting bamboo forest with forest stand canopy density of 0.6-0.8, standing bamboo density of 38-1200 clumps/mu, and no bamboo fungus cultivation within three years;
(2) preparing a culture medium: watering bamboo sawdust thoroughly, adding urea, calcium superphosphate, light calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, mixing uniformly, making into compost, then performing film-covering fermentation, adding bamboo fiber high polymer material after fermentation, and mixing uniformly to obtain a culture medium;
(3) preparing a cultivation fungus bag: spreading a culture medium in the non-woven fabric, dibbling dictyophora strain on the surface of the culture medium, then spreading the culture medium to cover the dictyophora strain, then covering the culture medium with soil, and moisturizing the surface by using bamboo leaves or straws;
(4) hypha culture: culturing the culture bags at 16-26 deg.C for 30 days with culture medium water content not less than 60%;
(5) planting in a cultivation fungus bag forest: placing the cultivation fungus bag with the mycelium cultured on the upper slope of the vertical bamboo;
(6) spawn running and fruiting: the first batch of buds grow out of the soil surface of the cultivation fungus bag after the cultivation fungus bag is placed for 75-90 days; after 25-40 days, second batch of buds grow out from the soil surface in the radius range of 0-50cm around the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag; then, 25-40 days later, third batch of buds grow out from the soil surface within the range of 50-100cm around the bottom of the cultivation fungus bag;
(7) harvesting: the first batch of buds can be harvested when the fungus balls are broken to the beginning of scattering;
the preparation method of the bamboo fiber high polymer material comprises the following steps:
A. bamboo crude fiber extraction: soaking bamboo in 10-15 wt% sodium hydroxide solution at 40-45 deg.C for 24-48 hr, cleaning, pulverizing to 3-5mm, and soaking in 5 wt% calcium sulfate solution for 12-24 hr to obtain bamboo crude fiber;
B. bamboo crude fiber pretreatment: soaking the obtained bamboo crude fiber in coconut oil for 2-3h, beating the bamboo crude fiber for 20-30min, soaking in coconut oil for 30-60min, steaming, taking out after 1-2h, and naturally air drying to obtain pretreated bamboo crude fiber;
C. secondary treatment of bamboo crude fiber: crushing fresh and alive bamboo maggots, adding deionized water to prepare a 15 wt% mixed solution, mixing the mixed solution with the pretreated bamboo crude fiber, fermenting for 24-36h under the conditions that the temperature is 28-32 ℃ and the humidity is 78-82%, taking out the mixture, cleaning the mixture by using hot water at the temperature of more than 70 ℃, air drying the mixture, and crushing the dried mixture to 100-200 mu m to obtain the secondary treated bamboo crude fiber;
D. preparing a bamboo fiber high polymer material: adding copper chloride powder, polyvinyl alcohol and vinyl triethoxysilane into bamboo crude fiber after secondary treatment, mixing uniformly, keeping the temperature and pressure for 10-20min under the conditions that the pressure is 1-1.5Mpa and the temperature is 70-80 ℃, then reducing the pressure to 0.5-0.7Mpa within 1min, adding deionized water after keeping the pressure for 10min, heating to 85-90 ℃, stirring and reacting for 2-3h, adding boric acid and 10 wt% of sodium alginate solution, stirring and reacting for 30-40min under the conditions of normal pressure and the temperature of 30-35 ℃, taking out, freezing and crushing to 20-50 mu m to obtain the bamboo fiber polymer material.
2. The method for labor-saving bamboo forest bamboo fungus plantation according to claim 1, wherein the addition amount of the bamboo fiber polymer material in the culture medium is 0.5 wt% o.
3. The labor-saving bamboo forest bamboo fungus planting method according to claim 2, wherein the mass ratio of the bamboo dust, the urea, the calcium superphosphate, the light calcium carbonate and the calcium sulfate is 1000: (5-7.5): (7.5-10): (7.5-10): (7.5-10).
4. The labor-saving bamboo forest bamboo fungus planting method according to claim 3, wherein the specific operation of preparing the culture medium in the step (2) is as follows:
crushing bamboo scraps into particles with the particle size of 3-6mm, adding urea, calcium superphosphate, light calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate after watering, uniformly mixing to prepare a compost, piling the compost for 2-3m, covering the surface of the compost with a black plastic film, turning the compost once every 25 th day at an interval of 10 days, wherein the water content of the compost is not lower than 60% in the fermentation process, removing the black film after fermenting for 55 days, spreading the black film for natural standing for 3-5 days, adding a bamboo fiber high polymer material, and uniformly mixing to obtain the culture medium.
5. The labor-saving bamboo forest bamboo fungus planting method according to claim 4, wherein the specific operation of preparing the cultivation fungus bags in the step (3) is as follows:
selecting the material with the diameter of 30cm, the height of 30cm and the thickness of 60g/m2The non-woven fabric is a cultivation medium bag, a cultivation medium with the thickness of 18cm is laid at the bottom of the non-woven fabric, the dictyophora strain is dibbled on the surface of the cultivation medium according to the dibbling amount of 0.4kg of dictyophora strain/cultivation medium bag, the cultivation medium with the thickness of 12cm is laid again, the dictyophora strain is completely covered, the thickness is compacted to 23-26cm, then the cultivation medium is covered by covering soil with the thickness of 3cm, and the surface soil of a planting ground is covered and moisturized by selecting bamboo leaves or straws.
6. The labor-saving bamboo forest bamboo fungus planting method according to claim 5, wherein in the planting of the cultivation fungus bags in the step (5), the planting time is 3 months, the cultivation fungus bags with the mycelium cultivation completed are placed on the slope of the vertical bamboo, the bottoms of the cultivation fungus bags are directly in close contact with the bamboo forest soil, after the cultivation fungus bags are placed, a circle of hemp rope or cloth is wound at the height of 70-100 centimeters of the vertical bamboo, and the tail ends of the hemp rope or cloth are in contact with the surfaces of the cultivation fungus bags.
7. The method for labor-saving bamboo plantation of dictyophora indusiata as claimed in claim 6, wherein the planting density of the cultivation fungus bags is 160-180 bags/mu.
8. The labor-saving bamboo forest bamboo fungus planting method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the bamboo forest selected in the field selection in the step (1) is one of moso bamboo forest, phyllostachys praecox forest and sympodial bamboo forest.
9. The method for labor-saving bamboo plantation with dictyophora phalloidea as claimed in claim 8, wherein the density of the phyllostachys pubescens is 160-180 per mu, the density of the phyllostachys pubescens is 900-1200 per mu, and the density of the jungle bamboo forest is 38-50 plexus per mu.
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