CN113100005B - Potted plant method of cocoa tree - Google Patents
Potted plant method of cocoa tree Download PDFInfo
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- CN113100005B CN113100005B CN202110442633.8A CN202110442633A CN113100005B CN 113100005 B CN113100005 B CN 113100005B CN 202110442633 A CN202110442633 A CN 202110442633A CN 113100005 B CN113100005 B CN 113100005B
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- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
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- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000004382 potting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000013138 pruning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 15
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- 238000009333 weeding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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- YAPQBXQYLJRXSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N theobromine Chemical compound CN1C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1N=CN2C YAPQBXQYLJRXSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/60—Flowers; Ornamental plants
- A01G22/67—Dwarf trees, e.g. bonsai
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of grafting, in particular to a pot culture method of cocoa trees. The potting method comprises stock cultivation, grafting and breeding, plant potting, management and shaping and pruning; the stock is cultivated: planting stock seedlings in the seedling raising bags; grafting and breeding: collecting annual semi-lignified fan-shaped branches to manufacture scions, and grafting the scions on the stock by adopting a top grafting method; the height of the stock is 30-40 cm; plant basin loading and management are as follows: planting the grafted cocoa plants in a pot filled with nutrient soil, and watering fixed root water; and (5) performing water and fertilizer management and pest control after field planting. According to the invention, the grafting height is increased from 10-20 cm to about 30-40 cm, the high proportion of grafted plants can also produce cocoa fruits on the original stock, the phenotype of the fruit shape, fruit color and the like is obviously different from that of the cocoa fruits produced on the scion, two fruits with different shapes or colors are produced on one trunk, and the ornamental value of the potted cocoa tree is greatly improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of grafting, in particular to a pot culture method of cocoa trees.
Background
Cocoa is a perennial arbor of the genus Theobroma (Malvaceae) of the family Malvaceae, known as the "chocolate master" with tea, coffee and so on as a world three-major beverage crop; the cocoa seeds are also called cocoa beans, are rich in flavonoids, theobromine and various amino acids and microelements required by human bodies, and have good health care effects on the aspects of preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, delaying aging, promoting intelligence development and the like.
In addition, the cocoa has the phenomenon of 'old stem and flower growing result', the ornamental value is extremely strong, the domestic and foreign chocolate and gardening industries are added with the favor of the cocoa, the development and the utilization of the cocoa in the aspects of customized chocolate products and health food are increasingly active, and the planting of cocoa facilities and the development of bonsai are also increasingly increased in recent years. However, as the plant of the cocoa tree is high, the growth speed of the seedlings is slow after the seedlings are directly potted, the time from flowering to fruiting is long, the cultivation and management cost is high, and the large-scale production and popularization and application of potted cocoa are not facilitated; and the solid cocoa is Miao Guo-type, the fruit color is unstable, the plant is not compact, and the ornamental value of the potted cocoa is affected. Therefore, a dwarf cultivation method capable of stabilizing ornamental value of cocoa fruits is urgently needed, quick cultivation of potted cocoa trees is achieved, and large-scale and industrialized development of the potted cocoa trees is promoted.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention provides a method for potting cocoa trees. The method can form fruits with two different shapes or colors on a trunk, greatly improves the ornamental value of the potted cocoa tree, realizes indoor potted ornamental of the cocoa, and greatly improves the economic value of the cocoa.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a pot culture method of cocoa, which comprises stock cultivation, grafting and breeding, plant pot filling, management and shaping and pruning;
the stock is cultivated: planting stock seedlings in the seedling raising bags;
grafting and breeding: collecting annual semi-lignified fan-shaped branches for 3-5 months or 9-11 months to manufacture scions, and grafting the scions on the stock by adopting a top grafting method; the height of the stock is 30-40 cm;
plant basin loading and management are as follows: planting the grafted cocoa plants in a pot filled with nutrient soil for 3-5 months or 9-11 months, and watering the root fixing water; performing water and fertilizer management and pest control after field planting;
shaping and trimming: 3-5 main branches are reserved on the scion, and pruning and shaping are performed by combining height control, bud picking, branch thinning and branch pulling.
Preferably, the nursery used for planting in the potting method is a gentle slope land or flat land with good drainage and irrigation in the leeward and sunny directions; building a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m on the nursery, wherein the shadow is 40-50%.
Preferably, the scion is collected from excellent cocoa parent trees which bloom for 5 years or more than 5 years, and the diameter of the scion is 0.5-0.8 cm.
Preferably, the water and fertilizer management and the pest control are as follows: covering coco coir after field planting; and (3) within three months after field planting, sterilizing, applying rooting agent, watering, weeding and fertilizing at regular intervals.
Preferably, the fertilizer used for fertilization is: 1.0-2.0 g of water-soluble fertilizer containing N, P and K with the proportion of 20-15-20 and 0.3-0.4 g of magnesium sulfate.
Preferably, the diameter and height of the seedling bag are (12-20) cm× (20-30) cm.
Preferably, the stock cultivation is specifically: accelerating germination of the sterilized seeds, and sowing the seeds into seedling bags after cotyledons are opened and true leaves are exposed; after sowing, the seedling bed is kept moist until the first seedling is aged, and fertilization is started when 2-3 leaves grow out of the stock seedling, and the compound fertilizer mainly containing nitrogen is applied for 1 time per month.
Preferably, the topping method comprises:
(1) Cutting stock: cutting off the top end of the stock seedling, and then cleaving the top end of the stock with a cleavage length of 0.8-1.2 cm;
(2) Cutting scions: the scion strip is made into scions with the length of 5cm to 8cm, each segment of scion comprises 2 bud points to 3 bud points, and the bottom end of the scion is cut into a wedge shape;
(3) Fitting and binding: inserting the scion into a split opening of the stock, binding the joint of the scion and the stock, and binding the whole scion and the grafting part;
(4) And (3) post-grafting management: unbinding the scion after grafting for 15-20 days, and unbinding the junction of the scion and the stock after the scion sprout grows to 10-15 cm.
Preferably, the nutrient soil is prepared from humus, garden soil and decomposed cow dung according to a weight ratio of 3:6:1.
Preferably, the plant pot is plastic pot or ceramic pot with height of 30-60 cm and caliber of 30-50 cm.
Preferably, the planting of the grafted cocoa plants in the pot with nutrient soil comprises the following steps: filling 1/2 of the height of the nutrient soil into the pot, removing the bottom of the seedling raising bag, putting the plant into the pot, pulling out the seedling raising bag upwards, and filling the pot with the nutrient soil.
Preferably, the plant height after the shaping and trimming is 1.2-1.5 m, the main branch height is 0.4-0.6 m, and the crown width is 1-1.5 m.
The invention provides a pot culture method of cocoa trees. The potting method comprises stock cultivation, grafting and breeding, plant potting, management and shaping and pruning; the stock is cultivated: planting stock seedlings in the seedling raising bags; grafting and breeding: collecting annual semi-lignified fan-shaped branches for 3-5 months or 9-11 months to manufacture scions, and grafting the scions on the stock by adopting a top grafting method; the height of the stock is 30-40 cm; plant basin loading and management are as follows: planting the grafted cocoa plants in a pot filled with nutrient soil for 3-5 months or 9-11 months, and watering the root fixing water; performing water and fertilizer management and pest control after field planting; shaping and trimming: 3-5 main branches are reserved on the scion, and pruning and shaping are performed by combining height control, bud picking, branch thinning and branch pulling. The invention has the following technical effects:
1) According to the dwarfing pot culture method of the cocoa tree, a top grafting method is adopted, the grafted pot culture cocoa tree scion and the stock heal to form an upright plant, the growth of the extracted young shoots is rapid, the branching position is low, and the tree is easy to control.
2) According to the dwarfing potting method of the cocoa tree, fertilization and pruning management are carried out before the germination of the parent branch for 1-3 months and 8-9 months, sufficient nutrients are provided for the parent tree, the top advantages are broken, the germinated scions are robust and have long internodes, the scions grow vigorously, the scions heal quickly after grafting, and the grafting survival rate is high.
3) The dwarfing pot culture method of the cocoa tree is suitable in temperature at the time of 3-5 months or 9-11 months, the survival rate is high after the pot culture, the young shoots germinate rapidly, and the plant is quickly restored to be molded.
4) According to the invention, the grafting height is increased from 10-20 cm to about 30-40 cm, the high proportion of grafted plants can also produce cocoa fruits on the original stock, the phenotype of the fruit shape, fruit color and the like is obviously different from that of the cocoa fruits produced on the scion, two fruits with different shapes or colors are produced on one trunk, and the ornamental value of the potted cocoa tree is greatly improved.
5) The dwarfing pot culture method of the cocoa tree adopts the plastic pot or the ceramic pot to cultivate the cocoa tree, the pot height is suitable for the root system growth of the cocoa, the plant is attractive in appearance, the tree crown is full, and the flowering and fruiting can be realized after 2.5-3 years.
6) Years of experiments prove that aiming at a plurality of excellent characteristics of the cocoa grafted plants, under the current situation that the cocoa tree body grows tall and big naturally, a cultivation method for grafting excellent resources of the cocoa and the stock is developed by cultivating the dwarf stock of the cocoa, a large number of dwarf potted cocoa trees can be obtained rapidly, and a foundation is laid for pushing industrialization of the potted cocoa.
7) The dwarfing pot plant of the cocoa tree is not only suitable for the cocoa planting in the tropical environment, but also can utilize the pot plant to move the planting north of the cocoa tree to subtropical and temperate regions, and the pot planting can convert the growth environment of the cocoa tree outdoors and indoors, thereby greatly reducing the influence of the outdoor low-temperature environment on the growth of the cocoa tree, combining with higher ornamental value of the cocoa tree, and having good economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit.
Detailed Description
The invention discloses a method for potting cocoa trees, which can be realized by appropriately improving process parameters by a person skilled in the art based on the content of the description. It is expressly noted that all such similar substitutions and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and are deemed to be included in the present invention. While the methods and applications of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that variations and modifications can be made in the methods and applications described herein, and in the practice and application of the techniques of this invention, without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
The invention provides a dwarfing potting method of cocoa, which comprises the working procedures of stock cultivation, grafting propagation, potting, management and pruning, and is characterized in that: the method comprises the following specific operation steps of:
culturing a stock:
(1) Preparing a nursery: selecting a land block with flat land form, sufficient illumination, convenient drainage and irrigation and leeward as a stock cultivation nursery land, and constructing a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m on the nursery land, wherein the shadow mask has the shadow degree of 40-50%;
(2) Accelerating germination of stock: spreading the treated stock seeds on a sand bed, covering a layer of thin sand, spraying water every day, and ejecting cotyledons out of the sand bed for 4-6 cm after 1-2 weeks to obtain the stock seeds for accelerating germination;
(3) Transplanting the stock: digging a planting hole in the center of the prepared seedling bag, sowing the radicle of the stock seed, compacting the planting hole, strengthening water and fertilizer management and pest control after transplanting, and pruning lateral branches below 40cm in height of the stock seedling.
Grafting propagation:
(1) Grafting time: grafting is carried out in 3-5 months or 9-11 months, at the moment, the scion vigour is strong, the grafting survival rate is high, and the growth of the young shoots is fast;
(2) Collecting spike: performing management cultivation on the excellent cocoa parent tree with normal flowering and fruiting for more than 5 years in the multiplication nursery, and collecting annual semi-lignified fan-shaped branches from the managed cocoa parent tree as scions;
(3) The grafting method comprises the following steps: cutting off a grafting scion at the top end of a stock by adopting a top grafting method, binding and fixing a scion and stock interface, and binding the whole scion and grafting part from bottom to top by using a binding belt;
(4) And (3) post-grafting management: the germination erasing, water and fertilizer management and pest control of the stock are well done; and after grafting for 15-20 days, unbinding the binding belt on the scion, and releasing the binding belt at the joint of the scion and the stock after the scion sprout grows to 10-15 cm.
(III) plant pot filling and management:
(1) Preparing a nursery: selecting a land block with flat land form, leeward sun facing and good irrigation and drainage as a plant basin-filling and garden-placing land; the width of the furrow is 1.5m, and the furrow length is used for ditching and draining according to the topography; building a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m on the nursery land, wherein the shadow is 40-50%;
(2) Plant pot loading: taking out the grafted and bred cocoa plants with soil balls from the seedling bags in 3-5 months or 9-11 months, planting the cocoa plants with soil balls in a plastic basin or a ceramic basin with proper size filled with nutrient soil, compacting the nutrient soil after planting, putting the cocoa plants on the prepared furrow surface in order, and spraying root-fixing water;
(3) And (3) plant management: covering coco coir after field planting for moisturizing, and spraying carbendazim with volume concentration of 0.2-0.5% and rooting powder with volume concentration of 0.1-0.2% for 1 time every 15-20 days within three months after field planting, so as to strengthen the work of water spraying for moisturizing and weeding; when the plant starts to draw new buds and spread leaves, fertilizer is irrigated once per month, 1.5g of water-soluble fertilizer containing 20-15-20 of N: P and K is added into each liter of fertilizer, and 0.35g of magnesium sulfate is added.
(IV) trimming: 3-5 main branches are reserved on the scion, and the procedures of height control, bud picking, branch thinning, branch pulling and the like are combined to trim and shape the cocoa plants according to the ideal shape of the bonsai.
The cultivation method of the cocoa bagged stock seedlings in the step (one) comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparing a nursery: selecting a gentle slope land or a flat land which is close to a water source, calm, moist and well drained as a cocoa stock nursery land;
(2) Preparing a seedbed and placing a seedling bag: spreading grass-preventing net on the nursery land, and arranging seedling bags with loam on the seedling bed, wherein the caliber and height of the seedling bags are 12-20 cm multiplied by 20-30 cm;
(3) Seed treatment: cutting cocoa fruits used for stock raising before germination, washing off pulp attached to the outside of the seeds, selecting full, full and oval seeds, soaking and sterilizing the seeds for 10-20 min by using a carbendazim solution with the volume concentration of 0.3-0.5%, and flushing the seeds with clear water for germination;
(4) Transplanting seedlings and raising stocks: after the cocoa seeds are germinated, the cotyledons are opened, and after true leaves are exposed, the cocoa seeds are inserted into prepared seedling bags;
(5) Stock management: after seedling transplanting and before the first seedling is aged, the seedling bed is sprayed with water periodically to keep moist, and fertilization is started when 2-3 leaves grow out from the stock seedling, and compound fertilizer water mainly containing nitrogen is applied for 1 time per month; the shading degree of the nursery is controlled to be about 50 percent.
The cocoa master tree management method in the step (II) is as follows:
(1) Parent tree tending: removing weeds with the radius of tree roots being 1m, and regularly spraying liquid medicine to prevent and control common plant diseases and insect pests according to the conventional method;
(2) Truncated sprouting promotion: the top of the cocoa parent tree is sawed by a sharp saw to be controlled to be high, the height is kept within 4m, and simultaneously, the pruning is combined, the diseased branches and the aged branches are pruned, and the top advantages of each main branch are removed so as to facilitate germination promotion;
(3) Parent tree management: and ditching and fertilizing for 1 time in 1-3 months and 8-9 months respectively, wherein the fertilization is to ditche under the drip line of the crown of the parent tree, each plant is applied with 0.5-1 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, and after the compound fertilizer is uniformly applied into the ditches, the surface soil is backfilled and water is sprayed.
The semi-lignified spike in the step (II) is a tender branch which is extracted from the tail end of a fan-shaped branch in the current year, the hardened surface of the branch becomes brown, and the diameter of the spike is 0.5-0.8 cm.
The top connection method in the step (II) comprises the following steps:
(1) Cutting stock: cutting off the top end of the stock by using a branch shear, and splitting the top end of the stock by using a sharp edge, wherein the splitting opening length is about 1 cm;
(2) Cutting scions: cutting the scions into 5-8 cm long scions by using a branch shear, wherein each segment of scion comprises 2-3 bud points, and cutting the bottom end of the scion into a wedge shape by using a sharp edge;
(3) Fitting and binding: inserting the scion into the split opening of the stock, binding the joint part with a binding belt for firmness, and binding the whole scion and the grafting part from bottom to top with the binding belt;
(4) And (3) post-grafting management: and after grafting for 15-20 days, unbinding the binding belt on the scion, and releasing the binding belt at the joint of the scion and the stock after the scion sprout grows to 10-15 cm.
The nutrient soil in the step (III) is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: the weight ratio of humus to garden soil to decomposed cow dung is humus to garden soil to decomposed cow dung=3:6:1.
The height of the plastic basin or the ceramic basin in the step (III) is 30-60 cm, and the caliber is 30-50 cm.
The method for planting plants from the seedling bags to the plastic pot or the ceramic pot in the step (III) is as follows: filling 1/2 height nutrient soil into the plastic basin or the ceramic basin, cutting the bottom of the seedling raising bag of the plant to be potted by a knife, putting the plant into the plastic basin or the ceramic basin, pulling out the seedling raising bag upwards, and filling the plastic basin or the ceramic basin with the nutrient soil.
And (d) the shaping and pruning in the step (IV) is to control the plant height to be 1.2-1.5 m, prune straight branches, drooping branches and excessively dense branches, and form a compact tree with main branches 0.5m high and crown width 1-1.5 m.
The invention adopts a top grafting method to graft the scions of the excellent cocoa parent tree onto the dwarf stock to form the upright plant, the young shoots grow rapidly, the plant type is beautiful, the tree crowns are full, a large number of dwarf potted cocoa trees can be obtained rapidly, and a foundation is laid for promoting industrialization of the potted cocoa. The dwarf potted cocoa tree is convenient to move, the growing environment of the cocoa tree can be converted from outdoor to indoor by potted planting, the influence of the outdoor low-temperature environment on the growth of the cocoa tree is reduced, and the dwarf potted cocoa tree has good economic, social and ecological benefits in combination with higher ornamental value of the cocoa tree.
The materials, fertilizers and the like used in the pot culture method of the cocoa tree provided by the invention can be purchased from the market.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples:
example 1
The embodiment provides a dwarfing potting method of cocoa trees, which comprises the following steps:
a gentle slope land or a flat land which is close to a water source, calm, moist and well drained is selected as a cocoa stock nursery land, a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m is built on the nursery land, and the shading degree is 40-50%. The nursery is paved with grass preventing net, and then seedling bags filled with loam are placed on the seedling bed in order, wherein the caliber and the height of the seedling bags are 14cm multiplied by 30cm. At the end of 9 months in 2016, mature cocoa fruits on the dwarf stock TAS-DR15 are picked, pulp attached to the outer sides of the seeds are washed off after the dwarf stock TAS-DR15 is split, full and oval seeds are selected, the seeds are soaked and disinfected for 10-20 min by a carbendazim solution with the volume concentration of 0.3-0.5%, the stock seeds are spread on a sand bed and covered with a layer of thin sand after being washed by clear water, and water is sprayed every day. In the month of 2016, the cotyledons of the stock seeds are ejected out of the sand bed for 4-6 cm, the stock seeds after germination accelerating are pulled out of the sand bed, a planting hole is excavated in the center of a prepared seedling raising bag, and the radicle of the stock seeds is planted and pressed to the planting hole. After seedling transplanting and before the first seedling is aged, the seedling bed is sprayed with water periodically to keep moist, fertilization is started when the stock seedlings grow out 2-3 leaves, and compound fertilizer water liquid mainly containing nitrogen is applied for 1 time per month to obtain the stock seedlings of the cocoa seedling bag.
In 2017, 2 months, weeds within the range of 1m of the root radius of TAS-S16 of the scion mother tree are removed, and the chemical liquid is regularly sprayed to prevent and treat insect pests such as cocoa bugs, inchworms, aphids and the like. The top of the cocoa parent tree is sawed by a sharp saw to be controlled to be high, the height is kept within 4m, and simultaneously, the pruning is combined, the diseased branches and the aged branches are pruned, and the top advantages of all main branches are removed. Ditching under the drip line of the crown of the parent tree, applying 0.5-1 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant, uniformly applying the compound fertilizer into the ditches, backfilling surface soil and leaching water.
In middle 4 th 2017, semi-lignified scions with the diameter of 0.5-0.8 cm are cut from the scion mother tree TAS-S16, leaves are cut to reserve leaf handles, scions with the length of 5-8 cm are cut by using the pruning shears, each segment of scion contains 2-3 bud points, and the bottom ends of the scions are cut into wedges by using sharp edges. Setting different stock grafting heights, respectively cutting off the parts above the stock with the grafting heights by using a branch shear during grafting, and splitting the top end of the stock by using a sharp edge, wherein the splitting opening length is about 1 cm. Inserting the scion into the split opening of the stock, binding the joint part with a binding belt for firmness, and binding the whole scion and the grafting part from bottom to top with the binding belt. Unbinding the binding tape on the scion after grafting for 15-20 days, and counting the grafting survival rate of each treatment, wherein the grafting survival rate is shown in Table 1; and after the scion sprout grows to 10-15 cm, removing the binding band at the joint of the scion and the stock, and making stock sprout erasing, water fertilizer management and pest control.
TABLE 1 influence of different grafting heights on survival rate
| Grafting height (cm) | Number of grafted plants | Number of surviving plants | Grafting survival rate (%) |
| 5 | 45 | 26 | 57.8a |
| 10 | 78 | 64 | 82.1b |
| 20 | 183 | 165 | 90.2c |
| 30 | 98 | 90 | 91.8c |
| 40 | 65 | 53 | 81.5b |
Note that: a. b, c represent the level of difference significance.
As is clear from the results in Table 1, the grafting height has a remarkable influence on the survival rate, and the survival rate is highest at the grafting height of 20-30 cm.
In 11 months 2017, selecting land parcels with flat land features, lees facing the sun and good irrigation and drainage as plant basin-filling placement lands; the width of the furrow is 1.5m, and the furrow length is used for ditching and draining according to the topography; building a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m on the nursery, wherein the shadow is 40-50%. Filling 1/2 high humus, garden soil and decomposed cow dung nutritive soil with a mass ratio of 3:6:1 into a ceramic basin, cutting the bottom of a seedling raising bag of a plant to be potted by a knife, putting the plant into the ceramic basin with the height of 30cm and the caliber of 40cm, pulling out the seedling raising bag upwards, filling the ceramic basin with nutritive soil, compacting the nutritive soil after planting, and neatly placing the nutritive soil on a prepared furrow surface and pouring root-fixing water. Covering coco coir after field planting for moisturizing, and spraying carbendazim with volume concentration of 0.2-0.5% and rooting powder with volume concentration of 0.1-0.2% for 1 time every 15-20 days within three months after field planting, so as to strengthen the work of water spraying for moisturizing and weeding; when the plant starts to draw new buds and spread leaves, fertilizer is irrigated once per month, 1.5g of water-soluble fertilizer containing 20-15-20 of N: P and K is added into each liter of fertilizer, and 0.35g of magnesium sulfate is added. After the plant is stable, 3-5 main branches are reserved on the scion, and the procedures of height control, bud picking, branch thinning, branch pulling and the like are combined to trim and shape the cocoa plant according to the ideal shape of the bonsai. In 10 months of investigation in 2019, the height of the potted cocoa plants can reach 1.2-1.5 m, the crown width can reach 1.0-1.2 m, and 3-5 fruits can be obtained.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a dwarfing potting method of cocoa trees, which comprises the following steps:
a gentle slope land or a flat land which is close to a water source, calm, moist and well drained is selected as a cocoa stock nursery land, a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m is built on the nursery land, and the shading degree is 40-50%. The nursery is paved with grass preventing net, and then seedling bags filled with loam are placed on the seedling bed in order, wherein the caliber and the height of the seedling bags are 20cm multiplied by 30cm. Harvesting mature cocoa fruits on a dwarf stock TAS-DR15 in the 3 rd month of 2017, cutting, washing off pulp attached to the outside of the seeds, selecting full, full and oval seeds, soaking and sterilizing the seeds for 10-20 min by using a carbendazim solution with the volume concentration of 0.3-0.5%, flushing the seeds by using clear water, spreading the stock seeds on a sand bed, covering a layer of thin sand, and showering each day. In 2017, 4 months, the cotyledons of the stock seeds are ejected out of the sand bed for 4-6 cm, the stock seeds after germination accelerating are pulled out of the sand bed, a planting hole is excavated in the center of a prepared seedling raising bag, and the radicle of the stock seeds is planted and pressed against the planting hole. After seedling transplanting and before the first seedling is aged, the seedling bed is sprayed with water periodically to keep moist, fertilization is started when the stock seedlings grow out 2-3 leaves, and compound fertilizer water liquid mainly containing nitrogen is applied for 1 time per month to obtain the stock seedlings of the cocoa seedling bag.
In 8 months 2017, weeds within the range of 1m of the root radius of TAS-S39 of the scion mother tree are removed, and the chemical liquid is regularly sprayed to prevent and treat insect pests such as cocoa bugs, inchworms, aphids and the like. The top of the cocoa parent tree is sawed by a sharp saw to be controlled to be high, the height is kept within 4m, and simultaneously, the pruning is combined, the diseased branches and the aged branches are pruned, and the top advantages of all main branches are removed. Ditching under the drip line of the crown of the parent tree, applying 0.5-1 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant, uniformly applying the compound fertilizer into the ditches, backfilling surface soil and leaching water.
In the late 9 th 2017, semi-lignified scions with the diameter of 0.5-0.8 cm are cut from the TAS-S39 of the scion mother tree, leaves are cut to reserve leaf handles, scions with the length of 5-8 cm are cut by using the pruning shears, each segment of scion contains 2-3 bud points, and the bottom ends of the scions are cut into a wedge shape by using a sharp edge. Cutting off the part above the grafting position of the stock by using a branch shear, and then splitting the top end of the stock by using a sharp edge, wherein the splitting opening length is about 1 cm. Inserting the scion into the split opening of the stock, binding the joint part with a binding belt for firmness, and binding the whole scion and the grafting part from bottom to top with the binding belt. And after grafting for 10-20 days, unbinding the binding bands on the scions, and after the scion sprout grows to 10-15 cm, releasing the binding bands at the junction of the scions and the stock, so as to prepare the stock sprout erasing, water fertilizer management and pest control.
In 2018, 9 months, selecting land parcels with flat land features, lees facing the sun and good irrigation and drainage as plant basin-filling placement lands; the width of the furrow is 1.5m, and the furrow length is used for ditching and draining according to the topography; building a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m on the nursery, wherein the shadow is 40-50%. Filling 1/2 high humus, garden soil and decomposed cow dung nutritive soil with a mass ratio of 3:6:1 into a plastic basin, cutting the bottom of a seedling raising bag of a plant to be potted by a knife, putting the plant into the plastic basin with a height of 54cm and a caliber of 37cm, pulling out the seedling raising bag upwards, filling the plastic basin with nutritive soil, compacting the nutritive soil after planting, and neatly placing the nutritive soil on a prepared furrow surface and pouring root-fixing water. And (5) respectively loading the survival plants with different grafting heights into pots, and marking and observing. Covering coco coir after field planting for moisturizing, and spraying carbendazim with volume concentration of 0.2-0.5% and rooting powder with volume concentration of 0.1-0.2% for 1 time every 15-20 days within three months after field planting, so as to strengthen the work of water spraying for moisturizing and weeding; when the plant starts to draw new buds and spread leaves, fertilizer is irrigated once per month, 1.5g of water-soluble fertilizer containing 20-15-20 of N: P and K is added into each liter of fertilizer, and 0.35g of magnesium sulfate is added. After the plant is stable, 3-5 main branches are reserved on the scion, and the procedures of height control, bud picking, branch thinning, branch pulling and the like are combined to trim and shape the cocoa plant according to the ideal shape of the bonsai. The plant growth vigor and the result characteristics of 4 months in 2020 are shown in Table 2, the height of the potted cocoa plant can reach 1.2-1.5 m, the crown width can reach 1.2-1.5 m, and 5-8 fruits can be obtained.
TABLE 2 influence of different grafting heights on stock results
Note that: a. b, c represent the level of difference significance.
As can be seen from the results in Table 2, the method according to the invention improves the grafting height of the stock, the proportion of the results on the stock is obviously improved, the results are obviously different from the characteristics of fruits on the scion, and the potted cocoa ornamental effect is obviously improved.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a dwarfing potting method of cocoa trees, which comprises the following steps:
a gentle slope land or a flat land which is close to a water source, calm, moist and well drained is selected as a cocoa stock nursery land, a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m is built on the nursery land, and the shading degree is 40-50%. The nursery is paved with grass preventing net, and then seedling bags filled with loam are placed on the seedling bed in order, wherein the caliber and the height of the seedling bags are 20cm multiplied by 30cm. Harvesting mature cocoa fruits on a dwarf stock TAS-DR15 in 2017 and 9 months, cutting, washing off pulp attached to the outside of the seeds, selecting full, full and oval seeds, soaking and sterilizing the seeds for 10-20 min by using a carbendazim solution with the volume concentration of 0.3-0.5%, flushing the seeds by using clear water, spreading the stock seeds on a sand bed, covering a layer of thin sand, and showering each day. In 10 months in 2017, the cotyledons of the stock seeds are ejected out of the sand bed for 4-6 cm, the stock seeds after germination accelerating are pulled out of the sand bed, a planting hole is excavated in the center of a prepared seedling raising bag, and the radicle of the stock seeds is planted and pressed against the planting hole. After seedling transplanting and before the first seedling is aged, the seedling bed is sprayed with water periodically to keep moist, fertilization is started when the stock seedlings grow out 2-3 leaves, and compound fertilizer water liquid mainly containing nitrogen is applied for 1 time per month to obtain the stock seedlings of the cocoa seedling bag.
And 2 months in 2018, removing weeds within the range of 1m of the root radius of the tree TAS-G5 and TAS-G11 of the scion mother tree, and regularly spraying liquid medicine to prevent and treat insect pests such as cocoa bugs, inchworm, aphids and the like. The top of the cocoa parent tree is sawed by a sharp saw to be controlled to be high, the height is kept within 4m, and simultaneously, the pruning is combined, the diseased branches and the aged branches are pruned, and the top advantages of all main branches are removed. Ditching under the drip line of the crown of the parent tree, applying 0.5-1 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant, uniformly applying the compound fertilizer into the ditches, backfilling surface soil and leaching water.
In the last ten days of 4 months in 2018, semi-lignified scions with the diameter of 0.5-0.8 cm are cut from the scion mother tree TAS-G5, leaves are cut to reserve leaf handles, scions with the length of 5-8 cm are cut from the scions by using a pair of pruning shears, each segment of scions contains 2-3 bud points, and the bottom ends of the scions are cut into a wedge shape by using a sharp edge. Cutting off the part of the stock above 40cm by using a branch shear, and then splitting the top end of the stock by using a sharp edge, wherein the splitting opening length is about 1 cm. Inserting the scion into the split opening of the stock, binding the joint part with a binding belt for firmness, and binding the whole scion and the grafting part from bottom to top with the binding belt. After grafting for 15-20 days, unbinding binding bands on the scions, releasing the binding bands at the joint of the scions and the stocks when the scions sprout to 10-15 cm, and keeping 1 robust stock sprout while erasing the stocks to prepare for water and fertilizer management and pest control. In middle 5 th 2018, semi-lignified scions with the diameter of 0.5-0.6 cm are cut from the scion mother tree TAS-G11, scions are cut, the scions are grafted on reserved stock sprout strips by a top grafting method, buds are timely wiped after grafting survival, and field management is enhanced.
In 2019, 4 months, selecting land parcels with flat topography, leeward facing sun and good irrigation and drainage as plant basin-filling placement nursery lands; the width of the furrow is 1.5m, and the furrow length is used for ditching and draining according to the topography; building a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m on the nursery, wherein the shadow is 40-50%. Filling 1/2 high humus, garden soil and decomposed cow dung nutritive soil with a mass ratio of 3:6:1 into a plastic basin, cutting the bottom of a seedling raising bag of a plant to be potted by a knife, putting the plant into the plastic basin with a height of 60cm and a caliber of 40cm, pulling out the seedling raising bag upwards, filling the plastic basin with nutritive soil, compacting the nutritive soil after planting, and neatly placing the nutritive soil on a prepared furrow surface and pouring root-fixing water. Covering coco coir after field planting for moisturizing, and spraying carbendazim with volume concentration of 0.2-0.5% and rooting powder with volume concentration of 0.1-0.2% for 1 time every 15-20 days within three months after field planting, so as to strengthen the work of water spraying for moisturizing and weeding; when the plant starts to draw new buds and spread leaves, fertilizer is irrigated once per month, 1.5g of water-soluble fertilizer containing 20-15-20 of N: P and K is added into each liter of fertilizer, and 0.35g of magnesium sulfate is added. After the plant is stable, 3-5 main branches are reserved on the scion, and the procedures of height control, bud picking, branch thinning, branch pulling and the like are combined to trim and shape the cocoa plant according to the ideal shape of the bonsai. 20 potted cocoa trees are investigated in 10 months in 2020, fruits are grown on 14 original stocks of the potted cocoa, the plant height can reach 1.2-1.5 m, the crown width can reach 1.2-1.5 m, and 6-10 fruits are grown.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and it should be noted that modifications and adaptations to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the principles of the present invention, which are intended to be comprehended within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A pot culture method of cocoa tree is characterized by comprising stock cultivation, grafting and breeding, plant pot filling, management and shaping and pruning;
the stock is cultivated as follows: planting stock seedlings in the seedling raising bags;
the grafting breeding is as follows: collecting annual semi-lignified fan-shaped branches for 3-5 months or 9-11 months to manufacture scions, and grafting the scions on the stock by adopting a top grafting method; the height of the stock is 30 cm-40 cm;
the plant basin loading and management are as follows: planting the grafted cocoa plants in a pot filled with nutrient soil for 3-5 months or 9-11 months, and watering the root fixing water; performing water and fertilizer management and pest control after field planting;
the shaping and trimming are as follows: 3-5 main branches are reserved on the scion, and pruning and shaping are carried out by combining height control, bud picking, branch thinning and branch pulling;
the nursery used for planting in the potting method is a gentle slope land or a flat land with good drainage and irrigation in leeward and sunny directions; building a shadow mask with the height of 2.0-2.5 m on the nursery, wherein the shading degree is 40-50%;
the scion is collected from excellent cocoa parent trees which bloom for 5 years or more than 5 years, and the diameter of the scion is 0.5 cm-0.8 cm.
2. The potting method of claim 1, wherein the water and fertilizer management and pest control are: covering coco coir after field planting; and (3) within three months after field planting, sterilizing, applying rooting agent, watering, weeding and fertilizing at regular intervals.
3. The potting method of claim 2, wherein the fertilizer used for the fertilization is: 1.0 g-2.0 g of water-soluble fertilizer containing N, P and K with the proportion of 20-15-20 and 0.3 g-0.4 g of magnesium sulfate.
4. The potting method of claim 1, wherein the caliber and height of the seedling bag is (12-20) cm× (20-30) cm.
5. Potting method according to claim 1, wherein the stock cultivation is in particular: accelerating germination of the sterilized seeds, and sowing the seeds into seedling bags after cotyledons are opened and true leaves are exposed; after sowing, the seedling bed is kept moist until the first seedling is aged, and fertilization is started when 2-3 leaves grow out of the stock seedling, and the compound fertilizer mainly containing nitrogen is applied for 1 time per month.
6. The potting method of claim 1, wherein the topping method comprises:
(1) Cutting stock: cutting off the top end of the stock seedling, and then cleaving the top end of the stock with a cleavage length of 0.8 cm-1.2 cm;
(2) Cutting scions: the scion strip is made into scions with the length of 5 cm-8 cm, each segment of scion comprises 2-3 bud points, and the bottom ends of the scions are cut into wedges;
(3) Fitting and binding: inserting the scion into a split opening of the stock, binding the joint of the scion and the stock, and binding the whole scion and the grafting part;
(4) And (3) post-grafting management: unbinding the scion after grafting for 15-20 days, and unbinding the junction of the scion and the stock after the scion sprout grows to 10 cm-15 cm.
7. The potting method of claim 1, wherein the nutrient soil is formulated from humus, garden soil, and decomposed cow dung in a weight ratio of 3:6:1.
8. The potting method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the plant height after pruning is 1.2m to 1.5m, the main branch height is 0.4m to 0.6m, and the crown size is 1.0m to 1.5m.
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| CN105875208A (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2016-08-24 | 中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所 | Grafting method of mature theobroma cacao |
| CN107173074A (en) * | 2017-06-16 | 2017-09-19 | 国家林业局桉树研究开发中心 | A kind of engrafting method of many strain windbell wood of homophyletic |
| CN110115192A (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2019-08-13 | 中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所 | A kind of quick grafting seedlings-growing method of cocoa spray |
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| CN105875208A (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2016-08-24 | 中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所 | Grafting method of mature theobroma cacao |
| CN107173074A (en) * | 2017-06-16 | 2017-09-19 | 国家林业局桉树研究开发中心 | A kind of engrafting method of many strain windbell wood of homophyletic |
| CN110115192A (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2019-08-13 | 中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所 | A kind of quick grafting seedlings-growing method of cocoa spray |
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