CN112973685B - 一种hfc-23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法 - Google Patents
一种hfc-23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 193
- XPDWGBQVDMORPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluoroform Chemical compound FC(F)F XPDWGBQVDMORPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 155
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- HXELGNKCCDGMMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [F].[Cl] Chemical group [F].[Cl] HXELGNKCCDGMMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000005826 halohydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical group [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- IUYLTEAJCNAMJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical group [O-2].[Co+2] IUYLTEAJCNAMJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)Cl VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)Cl UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical group O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 21
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 21
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminum fluoride Inorganic materials F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 16
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 5
- KYKAJFCTULSVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(fluoro)methane Chemical group F[C]Cl KYKAJFCTULSVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanal Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=O IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)F GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane Chemical compound FCF RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007323 disproportionation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LBFUKZWYPLNNJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii,iii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O.O=[Co]O[Co]=O LBFUKZWYPLNNJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RZSJYVBYLBNFGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane hydrochloride Chemical compound FCF.Cl RZSJYVBYLBNFGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- UKACHOXRXFQJFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F UKACHOXRXFQJFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011968 lewis acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C07C17/20—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种HFC‑23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法,所述资源化利用采用HFC‑23和卤代烃进行氟氯交换反应实现,所述氟氯交换反应的催化剂包括主体催化剂和贵金属,所述贵金属选自Pt、Pd、Ru、Au或Rh中至少一种,添加量为0.01~2wt%;在所述氟氯交换反应的过程中,通入氢气。本发明具有催化剂稳定性好、寿命长等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及HFC-23资源化利用,特别涉及在HFC-23资源化利用中降低催化剂表面积碳,提高催化剂稳定性的方法。
背景技术
HFC-23(CHF3,三氟甲烷,R23)是工业生产HFC-22(HCFC-22,二氟一氯甲烷,R22或CHClF2)不可避免的副产物,具有较强的温室效应,其全球变暖潜值(GWP,Global WarmingPotential)是CO2的14800倍。据统计,2013年我国HFC-23的排放量占全世界排放量的68%,产生量达2万吨以上,折合CO2年排放量达到2.96亿吨。因此,HFC-23资源化利用是实现节能减排中一个重要的课题。
目前工业上对HCFC-22生产过程中产生的副产HFC-23一般采取直接排放或者通过1200℃高温焚烧的方法处理,但直接排放会带来环境污染,而1200℃高温焚烧处理运行和设备成本较高,增加HCFC-22的生产成本。鉴于此,现有技术中对HFC-23的资源化利用采用如下手段:
美国专利US3009966A公开了在700-1090℃下三氟甲烷热解制备TFE和六氟丙烯(HFP)的方法,然而此方法产生较多的全氟异丁烯(PFIB)副产,即使以降低产率为代价在较低温度下进行也会产生不可忽略的PFIB的量,而PFIB具有极高的毒性,处理过程也比较复杂。
WO96/29296A公开了HCFC-22与HFC-23共裂解形成大分子氟代烷的方法,虽然该方法HCFC-22的转化率可达100%,但产物五氟乙烷的收率仅为60%,且产生了额外需处理的低价值副产物。
美国专利US2003/0166981公开了以金作为催化剂,在690~775℃的温度下,HFC-23与HCFC-22热解生产五氟乙烷(HFC-125)、七氟丙烷(HFC-227ea)、TFE和HFP的混合物。但该方法热解温度高,反应条件严苛。
中国专利CN104628514A公开了甲烷和三氟甲烷以一定比例通入装有催化剂的反应器,同时添加O2,在较高温度的条件下反应生成偏氟乙烯(VDF)。但该路线同样属于裂解途径,热解温度高,反应条件严苛。
中国专利CN104628513A公开了三氟甲烷和氯仿为原料、在路易斯酸催化作用下转化成HCFC-22的方法。该方法通过分子间氟氯交换,在相对较低的温度(低于400℃)下实现了三氟甲烷的转化。但该方法采用较强的路易斯酸催化剂,催化剂稳定性差,非常容易因积碳和烧结而导致失活。
中国专利CN109748775A公开了在MgF2、Al2O3、部分氟化氧化铝或AlF3催化剂的存在下,三氟甲烷和二氯甲烷反应转化为价值更高的二氟甲烷,同时在反应阶段持续加入Cl2、CCl4、H2、O2、CO2、O3和氮氧化物促进气体。该方法虽然提高了催化剂的稳定性,但副产物CFC-12的选择性大大提高,达到2%~8%,产物选择性降低。
发明内容
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明提出了一种减少催化剂积碳,提高催化剂稳定性、寿命的方法。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种HFC-23资源化利用中提高催化剂稳定性的方法,所述资源化利用采用HFC-23和卤代烃进行氟氯交换反应实现:CHF3+CHCl3→CHClF2+CHClF2F
上述氟氯交换的产物包括二氟一氯甲烷(HCFC-22)和一氟二氯甲烷(HCFC-21),发明人发现两者在催化剂表面容易发生歧化反应,造成催化剂的积碳,反应式如下:
2CHClF2→CHF3+CHFCl2
2CHCl2F→CHCl3+CHClF2
为了去除催化剂表面产生的积碳,故:
所述氟氯交换反应的催化剂包括主体催化剂和贵金属,所述贵金属选自Pt、Pd、Ru、Au或Rh中至少一种,添加量为0.01~2wt%;作为优选,所述贵金属为Pt或Pd,添加量为0.1~0.5wt%。
在所述氟氯交换反应的过程中,通入氢气。通入方式为:将氢气与HFC-23、卤代烃形成混合气后连续通入催化剂床层,HFC-23、卤代烃和氢气摩尔比为1:1~3:0.01~0.5,作为优选,HFC-23、卤代烃和氢气摩尔比为1:1.5~2.5:0.05~0.2。
在主体催化剂上添加贵金属,可以更有效地吸附H2,实现原位将积碳加氢转化为CH4。
通过贵金属的引入,可以将积碳进行转化,但并不能抑制积碳的产生。为了实现产物HCFC-22和HCFC-21在催化剂表面快速脱附,从根本上降低催化剂表面积碳,提高催化剂稳定性及寿命,故:
所述催化剂还包括金属氧化物,所述金属氧化物选自K、Na、Fe、Co、Cu、Ni、Zn或Ti中的至少一种金属氧化物,添加量为0.1~5wt%,添加方法采用现有催化剂制备的常规方法即可,如:通过与主体催化剂物理研磨,或经金属盐溶液前驱体湿混法或浸渍法掺入再焙烧。作为优选,所述金属氧化物选自Fe、Co、Ni或Zn的金属氧化物,添加量为0.5~2wt%。
所述主体催化剂为铬、铝、镁基催化剂或铬、铝、镁负载在活性炭/石墨上的催化剂;作为优选,所述主体催化剂选自Cr2O3、Cr2O3/Al2O3、Cr2O3/AlF3、Cr2O3/C、MgO、MgO/Al2O3、MgO/AlF3、MgO/AlF3、Al2O3或AlF3中的至少一种。
本发明的催化剂需要进行预处理,当所述催化剂包括主体催化剂和贵金属时,完成对主体催化剂的预处理后进行贵金属的添加;当所述催化剂包括主体催化剂、贵金属和金属氧化物时,在主体催化剂上添加金属氧化物后进行预处理,预处理完成后进行贵金属的添加。具体预处理过程包括如下步骤:
(1)在1%~20%氟化氢和80%~99%氮气混合气氛下,250℃~450℃氟化处理1~6h;
(2)在氟化氢气氛下,300℃~500℃下处理2~8小时;
(3)通氮气吹扫降温。
上述氟氯交换反应中的卤代烃为氯仿或含有氯仿的混合物,氟氯交换反应条件为:HFC-23和卤代烃的摩尔配比为:1~1:3,反应温度为250~400℃,反应压力为:0.1~3bar,停留时间为4~50s。作为优选,HFC-23和卤代烃的摩尔配比为:1:1~2,反应温度为300~360℃,反应压力为:0.1~2bar,停留时间为4~12s。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有的有益效果为:
(1)日本发明通过在主体催化剂中添加贵金属,并在氟氯交换反应时,将氢气与原料气(HFC-23与卤代烃)混合后持续通入催化剂床层,促进氢气在催化剂表面的吸附,促进催化剂表面积碳原位加氢生成CH4,从而原位消除催化剂积碳,提高催化剂稳定性和寿命。且由于反应体系中HFC-23,卤代烃(氯仿),HCFC-22及HCFC-21本身可以作为灭火剂或制冷剂,燃烧性能差,因此利用高反应性的氢气抑制催化剂积碳对目标反应性能影响小,可以实现选择性消除积碳;
(2)本发明通过在催化剂中添加金属氧化物,加速产物HCFC-22和HCFC-21在催化剂表面的脱附,从而抑制其在催化剂表面发生歧化反应,减少了副反应产生的积碳,提高了催化剂的稳定性及寿命;
(3)本发明通过在主体催化剂中同时添加贵金属和金属氧化物,不仅可以抑制积碳的产生,还能对产生的积碳进行原位消除,发挥较好的协同作用,显著提高催化剂的稳定性,延长催化剂使用寿命.
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例来对本发明进行进一步说明,但并不将本发明局限于这些具体实施方式。本领域技术人员应该认识到,本发明涵盖了权利要求书范围内所可能包括的所有备选方案、改进方案和等效方案。
实施例1
催化剂的制备:对三氧化二铬催化剂(主体催化剂)进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。将氟化预处理后的催化剂倒入正己烷中搅拌分散均匀,逐滴滴加Ru纳米胶体分散液,控制Ru的负载量质量含量为0.1%,连续搅拌4h后静置,溶液上层变为透明澄清后转移入旋蒸仪中,80℃旋转蒸干,烘箱中110℃干燥过夜,马弗炉中400℃焙烧6h得到成型催化剂,记为催化剂1。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷、氯仿和氢气以1:1.5:0.2(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂1的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。三氟甲烷的转化率为27.1%,HCFC-22的选择性为45.7%,HCFC-21选择性为53.1%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体和痕量的甲烷等气体。催化剂经过905h后显著失活,说明负载具有加氢性能的贵金属Ru催化剂,同时通入氢气能消除积碳,实现催化剂的原位再生。
实施例2
催化剂的制备:对三氧化二铬催化剂(主体催化剂)进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。将氟化预处理后的催化剂倒入正己烷中搅拌分散均匀,逐滴滴加Pt纳米胶体分散液,控制Pt的负载量在0.1wt%,连续搅拌4h后静置,溶液上层变为透明澄清后转移入旋蒸仪中,80℃旋转蒸干,烘箱中110℃干燥过夜,马弗炉中400℃焙烧6h得到成型催化剂,记为催化剂2。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷、氯仿和氢气以1:1.5:0.2(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂2的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。三氟甲烷的转化率为27.9%,HCFC-22的选择性为45.9%,HCFC-21选择性为52.9%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体和痕量的甲烷等气体。催化剂经过989h后显著失活,说明负载具有加氢性能的贵金属Pt催化剂,同时通入氢气能消除积碳,实现催化剂的原位再生。
实施例3
催化剂的制备:对三氧化二铬催化剂(主体催化剂)进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。将氟化预处理后的催化剂倒入正己烷中搅拌分散均匀,逐滴滴加Pd纳米胶体分散液,控制Pd的质量负载量在0.1%,连续搅拌4h后静置,溶液上层变为透明澄清后转移入旋蒸仪中,80℃旋转蒸干,烘箱中110℃干燥过夜,马弗炉中400℃焙烧6h得到成型催化剂,记为催化剂3。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷、氯仿和氢气以1:1.5:0.2(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂3的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。三氟甲烷的转化率为26.9%,HCFC-22的选择性为43.9%,HCFC-21选择性为54.7%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体和痕量的甲烷等气体。催化剂经过956h后显著失活,说明负载具有加氢性能的贵金属Pd催化剂,同时通入氢气能消除积碳,实现催化剂的原位再生。
实施例4
本实施例的操作同实施例2,区别仅在于:将实施例2的主体催化剂三氧化二铬替换为AlF3,制备获得的催化剂记为催化剂4。
三氟甲烷的转化率为26.8%,HCFC-22的选择性为45.4%,HCFC-21选择性为53.9%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体和痕量的甲烷等气体。催化剂经过978h后显著失活,说明在AlF3主体催化剂上负载具有加氢性能的贵金属Pt催化剂,通入氢气后能原位消除积碳,实现催化剂的再生。
实施例5
本实施例的操作同实施例2,区别仅在于:将实施例2中Pt的负载量由0.1wt%降低为0.05wt%,制备获得的催化剂记为催化剂5。
三氟甲烷的转化率为27.0%,HCFC-22的选择性为45.5%,HCFC-21选择性为53.1%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体和痕量的甲烷等气体。催化剂经过817h后显著失活,较实施例2结果,说明加氢贵金属催化剂负载量降至0.05wt%,原位消除积碳的能力有所下降。
实施例6
本实施例的操作同实施例2,区别仅在于:将实施例2中Pt的负载量由0.1wt%升高为1.0wt%,制备获得的催化剂记为催化剂6。
三氟甲烷的转化率为26.8%,HCFC-22的选择性为45.6%,HCFC-21选择性为53.2%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体和痕量的甲烷等气体。催化剂经过854h后显著失活,较实施例2结果,说明加氢贵金属催化剂负载量升高至1.0%时,原位消除积碳的能力也有所下降。
实施例7
催化剂的制备:将三氧化二铬(主体催化剂)和三氧化二钴粉末通过研磨混合,控制Co质量含量为1.0%,获得1.0%Co/Cr2O3催化剂前驱体。对所述1.0%Co/Cr2O3催化剂前驱体进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。
将氟化预处理后的催化剂倒入正己烷中搅拌分散均匀,逐滴滴加Pt纳米胶体分散液,控制Pt的质量负载量在0.1%,连续搅拌4h后静置,溶液上层变为透明澄清后转移入旋蒸仪中,80℃旋转蒸干,烘箱中110℃干燥过夜,马弗炉中400℃焙烧6h得到成型催化剂,记为催化剂7。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷、氯仿和氢气以1:1.5:0.1(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂7的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。三氟甲烷的转化率为26.7%,HCFC-22的选择性为48.6%,HCFC-21选择性为50.3%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体和痕量的甲烷等气体。催化剂经过2063h后显著失活,说明三氧化二铬主体催化剂负载具有加氢性能的贵金属Pt和避免积碳反应的Co时存在协同作用,催化剂寿命高于单一添加贵金属或单一添加金属氧化物的情形。
实施例8
催化剂的制备:将氟化铝(主体催化剂)和三氧化二钴粉末通过研磨混合,控制Co质量含量为1.0%,获得1.0%Co/AlF3催化剂前驱体。对所述1.0%Co/AlF3催化剂前驱体进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。
将氟化预处理后的催化剂倒入正己烷中搅拌分散均匀,逐滴滴加Pt纳米胶体分散液,控制Pt的质量负载量在0.1%,连续搅拌4h后静置,溶液上层变为透明澄清后转移入旋蒸仪中,80℃旋转蒸干,烘箱中110℃干燥过夜,马弗炉中400℃焙烧6h得到成型催化剂,记为催化剂8。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷、氯仿和氢气以1:1.5:0.2(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂8的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。三氟甲烷的转化率为26.7%,HCFC-22的选择性为44.6%,HCFC-21选择性为54.3%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体和痕量的甲烷等气体。催化剂经过2145h后显著失活,说明氟化铝主体催化剂负载具有加氢性能的贵金属Pt和避免积碳反应的Co时存在协同作用,催化剂寿命高于单一添加贵金属或单一添加金属氧化物的情形。
对比例1
对三氧化二铬催化剂进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。预处理后催化剂记为B1。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷和氯仿以1:1.5(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂B1的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。三氟甲烷的转化率为25.6%,HCFC-22的选择性为44.4%,HCFC-21选择性为55.2%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体。催化剂经过340h后显著失活,取出催化剂发现明显变黑,积碳严重。
对比例2
本对比例的操作同对比例1,区别仅在于:将催化剂三氧化二铬替换为AlF3,预处理后的催化剂记为B2。
三氟甲烷的转化率为25.8%,HCFC-22的选择性为44.2%,HCFC-21选择性为54.9%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体。催化剂经过395h后显著失活,取出催化剂发现明显变黑,积碳严重。
对比例3
催化剂的制备:对三氧化二铬催化剂(主体催化剂)进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。将氟化预处理后的催化剂倒入正己烷中搅拌分散均匀,逐滴滴加Ag纳米胶体分散液,控制Ag的负载量在0.1wt%,连续搅拌4h后静置,溶液上层变为透明澄清后转移入旋蒸仪中,80℃旋转蒸干,烘箱中110℃干燥过夜,马弗炉中400℃焙烧6h得到成型催化剂,记为催化剂B3。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷、氯仿和氢气以1:1.5:0.2(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂2的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。
三氟甲烷的转化率为26.3%,HCFC-22的选择性为45.6%,HCFC-21选择性为53.2%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体和痕量的甲烷等气体。催化剂经过321h后显著失活,说明主体催化剂上负载贵金属Ag,通入氢气并未能实现催化剂的原位再生。
对比例4
催化剂制备:将三氧化二铬和三氧化二钴粉末通过研磨混合,控制Co质量含量为1.0%,获得1.0%Co/Cr2O3催化剂前驱体,对所述1.0%Co/Cr2O3催化剂前驱体进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。预处理后的催化剂记为B4。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷和氯仿以1:1.5(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂B4的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。
三氟甲烷的转化率为26.6%,HCFC-22的选择性为44.3%,HCFC-21选择性为54.7%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体。催化剂经过973h后显著失活。实验结果说明添加Co2O3后能有效的提高催化剂的稳定性和寿命。
对比例5
催化剂制备:将三氧化二铬和三氧化二铁粉末通过研磨混合,控制Fe质量含量为1.0%,获得1.0%Fe/Cr2O3催化剂的前驱体。对所述1.0%Fe/Cr2O3催化剂前驱体进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。预处理后的催化剂记为B5。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷和氯仿以1:1.5(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂B5的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。
三氟甲烷的转化率为26.3%,HCFC-22的选择性为44.7%,HCFC-21选择性为54.4%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体,催化剂经过861h后显著失活。实验结果说明添加Fe2O3后能有效的提高催化剂的稳定性和寿命。
对比例6
催化剂制备:将三氧化二铬和三氧化二镍粉末通过研磨混合,控制Ni质量含量为1.0%,获得1.0%Ni/Cr2O3催化剂前驱体。对所述1.0%Ni/Cr2O3催化剂前驱体进行预处理,预处理过程包括:1)10%氟化氢和90%氮气混合气氛下,250℃氟化处理2小时;2)氟化氢气氛下,300℃处理5小时;3)通氮气吹扫降温。预处理后的催化剂记为B6。
HFC-23资源化:将三氟甲烷和氯仿以1:1.5(摩尔比)通入装有50ml催化剂B6的反应器,反应温度310℃,反应压力1bar,停留时间5s,进行氟氯交换反应。
三氟甲烷的转化率为25.3%,HCFC-22的选择性为43.7%,HCFC-21选择性为55.4%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体,催化剂经过758h后显著失活。实验结果说明添加Ni2O3后能有效的提高催化剂的稳定性和寿命。
对比例7
本对比例的操作同对比例4,区别仅在于:将催化剂三氧化二铬替换为氟化铝,预处理后的催化剂记为B7。
三氟甲烷的转化率为26.3%,HCFC-22的选择性为44.1%,HCFC-21选择性为54.9%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体,催化剂经过965h后显著失活。实验结果说明在主体催化剂AlF3上添加Co2O3后能有效的提高催化剂的稳定性和寿命。
对比例8
本对比例的操作同对比例4,区别仅在于:将对比例4中Co的质量含量由1.0%降至0.1%,制备获得的催化剂记为催化剂B8。
三氟甲烷的转化率为26.4%,HCFC-22的选择性为44.1%,HCFC-21选择性为54.9%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体,催化剂经过654h后显著失活。实验结果较对比例4,说明添加Co2O3质量含量为0.1%时提高催化剂的稳定性和寿命的能力减弱。
对比例9
本对比例的操作同对比例4,区别仅在于:将对比例4中Co的质量含量由0.1%升高至5.0%,制备获得的催化剂记为催化剂B9。
三氟甲烷的转化率为26.3%,HCFC-22的选择性为44.4%,HCFC-21选择性为54.3%,尾气中还包含少量的副产CFC-12等气体,催化剂经过804h后显著失活。实验结果较对比例4,说明添加Co2O3质量含量为5.0%时提高催化剂的稳定性和寿命的能力减弱。
表1不同催化剂体系的催化效果
Claims (7)
1.一种HFC-23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法,所述资源化利用采用HFC-23和卤代烃进行氟氯交换反应实现,其特征在于:所述氟氯交换反应的催化剂包括主体催化剂和贵金属,所述贵金属选自Pt、Pd、Ru中至少一种,添加量为0.1~0.5wt%;
所述主体催化剂为铬基和/或铝基催化剂;
所述催化剂还包括金属氧化物,所述金属氧化物选自三氧化二钴、三氧化二铁或三氧化二镍,添加量为0.5~1.0wt%;
所述HFC-23为三氟甲烷;
在所述氟氯交换反应的过程中,通入氢气:将氢气与HFC-23、卤代烃形成混合气后通入,HFC-23、卤代烃和氢气摩尔比为1:1~3:0.01~0.5。
2.根据权利要求1所述的HFC-23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法,其特征在于:所述贵金属为Pt或Pd。
3.根据权利要求1所述的HFC-23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法,其特征在于:所述铬基和/或铝基催化剂为铬和/或铝负载在活性炭和/或石墨上的催化剂。
4.根据权利要求1所述的HFC-23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法,其特征在于:氢气连续通入催化剂床层。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的HFC-23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法,其特征在于:对所述催化剂进行预处理,预处理过程包括如下步骤:
(1)在1%~20%氟化氢和80%~99%氮气混合气氛下,250℃~450℃氟化处理1~6h;
(2)在氟化氢气氛下,300℃~500℃下处理2~8小时;
(3)通氮气吹扫降温。
6.根据权利要求1所述的HFC-23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法,其特征在于:所述卤代烃为氯仿。
7.根据权利要求1所述的HFC-23资源化利用中减少催化剂积碳的方法,其特征在于:所述氟氯交换反应条件为:反应温度为250~400℃,反应压力为:0.1~3bar,停留时间为4~50 s。
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