CN1127474A - 由亲水性吸湿性聚合物制造的干燥水凝胶 - Google Patents
由亲水性吸湿性聚合物制造的干燥水凝胶 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
描述了一种治疗用医药物件,它包括一种以固体泡沫形状的亲水性吸湿性聚合物,例如一种不经修饰或修饰过的聚合碳水化合物的干燥水凝胶。此干燥水凝胶最好是将此聚合物的水凝胶在液体介质如水中冷冻干燥制成。此干燥水凝胶可用辐射或其它方法消毒,使消毒产物不需冷藏可有相对无限期的贮藏寿命。所得干燥水凝胶在吸收另外液体介质时能转变为水凝胶。此描述的治疗用物件可用作伤口或损伤的敷料,药物释放系统,止血剂及生物感应调节剂。此描述的治疗用物件能增进愈创速率。
Description
技术背景
如同由FDA的分类,本发明涉及一种治疗用的医药用物件,它是以固体泡沫状物的形式,包括一种亲水性吸湿性聚合物的干燥水凝胶,尤其是一种聚合的碳水化合物的冷冻干燥水凝胶,例如acemannan,用作为伤口或损伤敷料,药物释放系统,止血剂或生物感应调节剂。
I、伤口处理
伤口愈合是一系列复杂生物化学和细胞组成相互作用的一个综合的结果,该作用导致伤口的收缩,闭合和治愈,一个外伤的损伤到细胞组织的完整性。伤口处理必须防止伤口经受额外的外伤和/或环境的因素,这些会延迟治愈过程。
伤口处理通常包括一个全体及局部的处理,包括抗生素的使用及一合适的敷料应用。伤口敷料的主要功能是提供一个最佳医治环境。例如伤口在治愈能开始之前,必须与外部的环境隔离。伤口敷料覆盖伤口,是模拟上皮的天然屏障功能。提供了一个最佳医治环境,伤口敷料可以控制流血,保护伤口与外部环境隔离,防止进一步污染或感染,以及在伤口表面邻近处保持一个润湿的微环境。
伤口的污染可能起因于在损伤的时候或之后由病人自己的皮肤或胃肠系统接触了使感染的物体或受污物,灰尘或微生物的侵入。例如已被发现,除非采用有效的措施防止感染,实际上所有的烧伤在12到24小时内都成为细菌的繁殖地。一般说来,感染阻碍伤口医治是由于进一步损害细胞组织及促进发炎。其次由于发炎的发展使进一步伤口修复延迟,该发展包括血管的渗透,溶解酶的释放和活化作用,自由基生成,氧消耗和细胞组织神经末稍的敏化。因此只要不损害细胞组织的抵抗感染能力及基本的巨噬细胞功能,任何限止发炎的措施可以促进伤口治愈。
自至二十世纪50年代后期,为了防止细菌感染,伤口应该尽可能保持干燥这个看法还是广泛地被接受。然而,各种各样的研究已经对这个基本观点产生疑问,并发现伤口保持润湿居然比那些搁置暴露于空气中或用传统的干敷料覆盖的伤口治愈得较快。在一篇闭合敷料性质的评论文章中,题目是“闭合敷料对表皮上的伤口胶原合成及上皮新生的影响”,[An Environment for Healing:The Role ofOcclusion,Ryan,T.J.(ed.)International Congress andSymposium Series No.88,London Royal Society of Medicine,31-38页(1985)],W.H.Eaglestein断定,保持伤口润湿的闭合敷料能使表皮的重修表面的速率提高大约40%。
II、现有的产品
由于我们对伤口医治方法的较多理解已开发了许多新的处理伤口的产品。这些产品每个有每个的有利与不足之处。在大面积和/或不平整的伤口情况下,现有的固体覆盖物如凝胶,塑胶及胶粘的薄片一般不能按医治要求保持紧密的接触,尤其是对一个不平整表面的伤口。液态凝胶覆盖伤口表面,但是难于定位及保持一定位置。另外他们在体温情况下变得较不稳定,易从伤口处流出。
A、吸收敷料
半渗透及不透的伤口敷料在伤口处保持湿度,但不能主动地从伤口处吸收过剩的水分。伤口流体的积累到充溢的程度能形成严重的后果,包括浸软及细菌蔓延。敷料用于吸收渗出液,经常是由棉花或粘性的纤维包装在网纱的套筒中制造而成。这种敷料吸收很好,但是当流体形成减少时,会出现粘附在伤口表面的现象。而且,吸收性伤口敷料一般对由外界环境于伤口的影响不提供足够的保护。
B、非粘附的敷料
非粘附敷料是设计成不粘于伤口。网纱常常浸以石蜡油或凡士林提供作为非粘附敷料。然而,该浸入物会损耗,需要换敷料,并使新的细胞组织生长受到外伤。
除了饱含渗透物的网纱类型之外,非粘附敷料可以包含用一个预制的非粘附薄膜层衬面的吸收垫片。
C、水凝胶敷料
水凝胶是复合的网格结构,其中分散的介质被收集,相当水在分子海绵中。现有的水凝胶是典型地具有亲水部位的不溶聚合物,该亲水部位与水溶液相互作用,吸收和留住显著体积的流体。
水凝胶敷料是非粘附性和具有较高的水含量。水凝胶已被报道可增加表皮的治愈,水凝胶随着吸收流体而逐渐地减少他们的粘度。在液化时水凝胶与伤口的形状相一致,而且它们的除去是非外伤性的。然而目前现有的水凝胶不是生物能降解的,以及不能始终如一地增强全部医治过程。
D、可吸收的材料
可吸收材料在体内是降解的,因此不需要除去。特别有用的是在体内作为止血剂,这些材料包括骨胶原,明胶和氧化纤维素。
凝胶泡沫(Grlfoam)是一个可吸收的明胶海绵,自从20世纪四十年代中期以来已可得到,并用于许多种类的外科手术作业作为一个局部的止血剂。
凝胶泡沫是由Upjohn制造的具有商标的可吸收明胶无菌海绵,是一个医药用物件,有意作为止血剂应用于流血的表面。它是水不溶性,米色的,非弹性的,多孔的,可折曲的产物,从纯化的的猪表皮骨胶原制得。它能吸收是它重量的许多倍的血液和其它流体,并固定在它的间隙内。如果不是用过量的话,凝胶泡沫可完全被吸收,没有什么组织反应。吸收依附于几个因素,包括用的量,血和其它流体饱和的程度及使用的位置。如果放在软的组织上,凝胶泡沫常常在四至六个星期内吸收完全并不引起过分的结疤组织。
Physician′s Desk Reference一书(1993年版本)提出,一次使用仅需最小量凝胶泡沫无菌海绵去完成止血,固定在损伤的位置上直等到血流停止。一旦止血已达到,就应该小心地除去任何过量的凝胶泡沫,因为它可能妨碍表皮棱边的治愈。而且,凝胶泡沫不能放在血管内的部位,因为有血栓的危险。
此外,凝胶泡沫在感染情况下是不推荐用的。如果在已经放置凝胶泡沫处有感染病症或脓肿发展,可能必须重新手术,以除去感染的材料及允许引流。
另外的预防措施是,凝胶泡沫不应该连同用于自体的流血抢救范围,因为这微腓骨的骨胶原的片段能通过清除血液污物系统的40微米输血的过滤器这件事已经说明了。
E、多糖敷料
用于伤口处理其中一个最古老及最持久的材料是蜂蜜,它主要是包含葡萄糖和果糖的复什混合物。蜂蜜有一个约3.7的低pH值,该低的pH值为细菌生长建立了一个不适宜的环境。然而蜂蜜有一个高的渗透压,将有效地从细胞组织周围吸取出水分,因而可能使新生上皮细胞脱水。
近年来已经逐渐感兴趣的使用糖、蔗糖作为伤口敷料。然而,市场供应的糖不是常常消过毒的,并可能含有磷酸钙,硅酸铝钠或其它盐。虽然糖的局部使用相对地没有显示出不利的作用,糖用作为伤口的单独处理在控制临床试验中也没有显示出有效性,并可能趋向于使上皮细胞,巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞脱水。
现有的多糖敷料例如DebrisanTM是由制药业生产的一个葡萄糖线型聚合物,形成小球或颗粒状,灌注入伤口以及用一简单的敷料垫片或一半渗透的塑料薄膜覆盖。小球的易移动性使得DebrisanTM难以在一个浅薄伤口中使用,虽然该小球提供一个可生物降介的强烈吸收性材料。
III、多糖类的药理学性质
在文献中有许多例子指出多糖类在无助于其它组分情况下能呈现出药理学和生理学的活性。[Gialdroni-Grassi,InternationalArchives of Allergy and Applied Immunology,76(Suppl.1):119-127(1985);Ohno等,Chemical and pharmaceutical Bulletin 33(6):2564-2568(1985);Leibovici等,Chemico-Biological Interactions.60:191-200(1986);Ukai等,Chemical and PharmaceuticalBulletin,31:741-744(1983),Leibovici等,Antiancer Research,5:553-558(1985)]。一个这样的例子涉及动脉粥样硬化的发展。高血脂尤其是以家族性的高胆甾醇血在总的人口中与冠心病及死亡有关连。在那些食物纤维进给量高的国家,动脉粥样硬化显得是罕见的。[Trowell等,Editors,Refined Carbohydrate Foods and Disease,London,Academic Press,207(1975)]。果胶和瓜儿胶对正常和高血脂的病人报道说是可降低胆固醇。[Kay等,American Journal ofClinical Nutrition,30:171-175(1977)]对正常和家族性高胆甾醇血的国民可降低血浆脂蛋白胆固醇浓度的洋槐豆树胶,是一种由甘露糖和半乳糖组成的多糖[Zavoral等,American Journal of ClinicalNutrition,38:285-294(1983)]。在碳水化合物的膳食中加入瓜儿胶能降低正常的和患糖尿病国民的饭后葡萄糖的升高。[Jenkins等,Lancet,2:779-780(1977)]。Kuhl等,在Diabetes Care 6(2):152-154(1983)中论证了瓜耳胶对胰岛素依赖的糖尿病怀孕患者的血糖呈现出控制作用。
多糖类的抗肿瘤活性已广泛地被报道。从香菇(Lentinus cyathi-formis)制备的多糖类是已知可提高宿主对肿瘤的防御。[Rethy等,Annales Immunologia Hungaricae,21:285-290(1981)]。有几篇文章报道,从蘑菇,酵母或细菌的萃取物得到的多糖类能引起高度宿主防御病毒和肿瘤蔓延的活性[Chihara,Nature,222:687(1969);Shwartzman等,Proceedings of the Society for ExperimentalBiology and Medicine,29:737-741(1932):Suzuki等,Journalof Pharmacobio-Dynamics,7(7):492-500(1984)]。也报道了从真菌的培养果实体萃取得的一个多糖馏份的抗肿瘤活性灰树花(Grifolafrondosa)。这个馏份为果以腹腔内(IP),静脉内(IV)或肿瘤内(IT)给药,都显示出同效的高水平的抑制活性。然而,口服给药(PO)是无效的。GF-1馏份对在小鼠中的Meth A纤维肉瘤(Meth A fibrosarcoma)及MM 46癌的固态型也呈现出抗肿瘤作用。香菇多糖是一个类似于GF-1的6位有侧链的b-1-3-连接的葡聚糖,对Meth A纤维内瘤是无效的。参见Chihara题为“抗肿瘤多糖香菇多糖:一般观察”一文[Manipulation of Host Defense Mechanisms;由AoKi等出版,Excerpta Medica,North Holland,1-16(1981);Sasaki等,Carbohydrate Research 47(1):99-104(1976)]。
合成的具有侧链的多糖类也被报道去论证抗肿瘤活性。[Matsuzaki等,Makromol Chem.,186(3)449-456(1985)]。Matsuzaki等(Makromol.Chem.,187(2):325-331(1986)]合成的含侧链的多糖:b-(1-4)-D-吡喃甘露糖及b-(1-4)-连接的葡甘露聚糖两者都表示出显著的活性。从长裙竹荪(Dictyophoria indusiata Fisch)的果体中萃取得的部份乙酰化的直链b-(1-3)-D-甘露聚糖也呈现出抗肿瘤活性[Hara,carbohydrate Research,143:111(1982)]。这显示出抗肿瘤作用依附于聚合物主链的类型及它的聚合程度,因为b-(1-3)-葡聚糖聚合物比b-(1-4)-葡聚糖和半纤维素的聚合物显示出较高的抗肿瘤活性。[Matsuzaki等,Makromol.Chem.,187:325-331(1986)]。从细菌培养过滤液得到的一个b-(1-3)-葡聚糖的羧甲基化衍生物在注射后2小时内会引起建立起的肉瘤180肿瘤的严重细胞损失。[Baba,Journal of Immunopharmacology,8(6):569-572(1986)]。该同一的作者观察到,由于注射了该物质引起多晶核的白血球补偿地增加。附带地提一提,N-(3-胺基-2-羟基-1-羰基-4-苯丁基)亮氨酸(bestatin)是一个已知具有免疫调节和抗肿瘤活性的二肽[Ishizuka,Journal of Antibiotics,32:642-652(1980)],但对肿瘤产生量及多晶核的白血球数目两者都不影响(Baba等,见上)。
有许多关于硫酸化多糖抗肿瘤效应的报道,包括肝素[Jolles等,Ata Univ Int.Cancer,16:682-685(1960);Snemasu等,Gann 61(2):125-130(1970)],硫酸化海带多糖和葡聚糖[Jolles等,BritishJournal of Cancer,17:109-115(1963)]。Yamamoto等在[JapaneseJournal of Experimental Medicine,54:143-151(1984)]中报道了岩藻依聚糖馏份通过进一步硫酸化后抗肿瘤活性的提高。该硫酸化产物表明了抗L-1210白血病的活性。作者假定抗肿瘤作用机理可能是由于L-1210细胞的侵袭生长受到部分抑制,如同在肿瘤细胞和间皮的细胞之间静电排斥的结果。(Yamamoto等,见上)。带有硫酸盐基团的多糖也报道作为人的T细胞促细胞分裂剂以及鼠料多克隆B细胞活化剂。[Sugawara等,Microbiological Immunology,28(7):831-839(1984)]。一般来讲,具有硫酸盐基团的高分子量的均质多糖具有这些性质。[Dorries,European Journal of Immunology,4:230-233(1974);Sugawara等,Cell Immunology,74:162-171(1982)]。
从酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerivisiae萃取得的葡聚糖是细胞和体液的免疫力的调节剂,这件事已报道。[Wooles等,Science,142:1079-1080(1963)]。萃取的葡聚糖也激发鼠料动物多能的造血干细胞,粒细胞形成群落的巨噬细胞,形成群落的骨髓和红细胞的增殖。[Pospisil等,Experientia,38:1232-1234(1982);Burgaleta,cancer Research,37:1739-1742(1977)]。Maisin等[RadiationResearch,105:276-281(1986)]也报道,将多糖静脉内给药会导致鼠料动物血生成的母体细胞对X-射线暴露的保护,因而减低了这样暴露的老鼠的死亡率。
Lackovic等[Proceedings of the Society for ExperimentalBiology and Medicine 134:874-879(1970)]采取酵母细胞壁并萃取去仅留下“甘露聚糖”的全部组成物质,他发现该“甘露聚糖”是造成通过腹膜白血球对干扰素产生的诱导作用的原因。宣称造成生理感应的“纯化的甘露聚糖”有分子量5500-20000道尔顿。他推理甘露聚糖刺激老鼠腹膜巨噬细胞产生q-干扰素。他也说明他分离得的甘露聚糖显示无毒性及“它们是不良的抗原”。Lackovic等在过去未提到这些“纯化的甘露聚糖”关于抗病毒活性或IL-1刺激的应用。我们认为Lackovic等的“纯化的甘露聚糖”是包括了一套未知的和未鉴定的取代的和未取代的甘露聚糖。
Seljelid等[Experimental cell Research,131(1):121-129(1981)]已观察到不溶的或形成凝胶的聚糖在体外能活化巨噬细胞,而相应的溶介性的聚糖则不能。他们假定,存在于单核吞噬细胞中的聚糖的定位对活化是起决定性作用的。Bogwald[ScandinavianJournal of Immunology,20:355-360(1984)]报道固定化的葡聚糖对巨噬细胞在体外有激发效应。这个导致作者们相信,聚糖的空间排列对巨噬细胞的效应在体外是起决定性作用的。从白念珠菌(Candidaalbicans)分离得的纯化多糖通过人类外周的血液淋巴细胞在体外引起一个抗体感应。[Wirz等,Clinical Immunology and Immunmo-pathology,33:199-209(1984]。但是正常人和Candida感染者两者在血浆中的抗白念珠菌抗体之间有显著的区别。(Wirz等,见上)。
如上面所讨论的,从植物,酵母和细菌分离的多糖物质的生物活性,由于增强宿主防御系统而表现了其直接的生物活性。这个反应主要表现为对其它抗原的物质增殖宿主监视。多糖用作为辅药(DEAE,葡聚糖,等)及免疫调节剂。它们也具有不依赖于T-细胞的抗原的功能。细胞和体液免疫力两者可能受影响,感染有机体和肿瘤细胞的噬菌作用增强也已经观察到,因为免疫球蛋白产生有增加。
这些免疫活性多糖的结构和结构改变的类型看来好象是控制它们的效力和毒性的因素,它们的作用方式仍然是很少理解,然而,近来资料指出,几种多糖引起淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞产生一个宽范围的免疫活性物质。例如2-羰基-3-脱氧-D--甘露一辛酮糖酸(KDO)看来好象是脂多糖(LPS)的化学部分,它为噬菌细胞宿主防御活性提供最小讯号[Lebbar等,Eur.J.Immunol,16(1):87-91(1986)]。
多糖及连接于肽的多糖的抗病毒活性已经观察到,(Suzuki等,Journal of Antibiotics,32:1336-1345(1979)]。Suzuki等(见上)报道了从冬菇(Lentinus edode)的菌丝体培养物萃取得的肽甘露聚糖(K5-2)的抗病毒作用。口服和腹膜内注射两者给药都增加高峰的血浆干扰素滴定度,该干扰素能保护老鼠低抗病毒感染。这不同于葡聚糖磷酸盐(DP-40)[Suzuki等,Proceedings of the Society forExperimental Biology and Medicine,149(4):1069-1075(1975)]和9-甲基链霉亚胺酮(9-MS)(9-methylstreptimidone)[Saito等,Antimier,Agent & Chemotherapy,10(1):14-19(1976)],它们仅在如果是静脉内或腹膜内给药情况下,能在老鼠中诱导较高的干扰素滴定度。
其他的研究人员也已经报道了复合体多糖,[Saeki等,JapaneseJournal of Pharmacology,24(1):109-118(1974)],糖蛋白[Arita等,Journal of Biochemistry,76(4):861-869(1974)]及硫酸化多糖[Rocha等,Biochemical Pharmacology,18:1285-1295(1969)]。
Ukai等[Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics,6(12):983-990(1983)]特别提到从几种真菌的果体中萃取得的多糖的活性。这多糖表明了对由角义菜在老鼠中诱发的浮肿具有显著的抑制效应。聚合物之一,O-乙酰化-D-甘露聚糖(T-2-HN),比苯基丁氮酮对烫伤痛觉过敏又表明了较显著的抑制效应,此多糖是无蛋白质和脂肪的断定,强烈地建议该效应是仅由于乙酰化甘露聚糖。
甘露聚糖,包括葡甘露聚糖及半乳甘露聚糖,已久被人们使用。举例半乳甘露聚糖以植物树胶的形式,广泛用作为控制食物结构的结合剂。另外,一些甘露聚糖已呈现出显著的治疗性质[Davis andLewis eds.Jeanes,A.,Hodge,J.,In:American ChemicalSociety Symposium,Series15,Washington,DC,AmericanChemical Society,1975]。日本民间医药的医生久已相信,某些真菌的萃取物具有抗癌活性。通过研究,许多这些萃取物已被发现含有具有促进免疫活性的复合碳水化合物。这些碳水化合物通常是甘露糖(甘露聚糖),葡萄糖(葡聚糖),木糖(半纤维素),果糖(果聚糖)及这些的混合物的聚合物。各别的糖可以以不同的方式结合成链,可以是侧链或非侧链。葡聚糖是这些具有免疫刺激活性的碳水化合物中研究最广泛的。这已变得更明确,即使它们没有毒性,甘露聚糖至少与葡聚糖一样有效,如果不是更有效的话。
IV、acemannan的性质
A.从芦荟(Aloe vera)中提纯
芦荟是百合属中的一个成员。[Harding.Aloes of the World:A Checklist,Index and code,Excelsa 9:57-94(1979)]。巴巴多芦荟(Aloe barbadensis Miller)一般是公认为“真正的芦荟”,因为它的广泛应用以及据报道具有最有效的医治效果。尽管在日本巴巴多芦荟(Aloe arborescens Miller)在传统上已用作为一个民间药物,用于从胃肠失调到脚癣各种的小病范围。芦荟是多年生植物,它的肿胀绿色叶子,以莲座叶丛式样连接在茎上。成熟植物的叶子可以是大于25英吋长,并沿着它们的边缘具有锯齿状的尖刺。
芦荟包含两个主要的液体源,黄色乳胶(渗出液)及透明的凝胶(植物分泌的粘液)。巴巴多芦荟(Aloe barbadensis Miller)叶子的干燥渗出液是叫作芦荟。商业名是库拉索(Curacao)芦荟。它主要是由芦荟素,芦荟大黄素和酚类组成(Bruce,South African MedicalJournal,41:984(1967);Marrow等,Archives of Dermatology,116:1064-1065(1980);Mapp等,Planta Medica,18:361-365(1970);Rauwald,Archives Pharmazie,315:477-478(1982)]。许多苯酚类,包括蒽醌及它们的配糖体是已知有药物作用的。[Brucl,Excelsa,5:57-68(1975);Suga等,Cosmetics and Toiletries,98:105-108(1983)]。
从植物的薄壁细胞得来的粘胶状物是叫作芦荟凝胶。一般没有蒽醌分解和引起凝胶褪色,除非凝胶是受了不合适加工技术所污染。芦荟凝胶合约98.5%(重量)水。大于全部固体的60%是由碳水化合物起源的多糖所组成。有机酸和无机化合物,尤其是草酸钙说明是固体残渣的残余部分。
全部芦荟植物的叶子,渗出液和新鲜的凝胶已被用于各种各样的人类病痛。它们用作为一个医药药品的证实能够追溯到公元前400年的埃及人。芦荟也用于尸体的防腐,同样用于保护搞防腐尸体的人员免于受引起死亡制剂的影响。其它的早期文化是芦荟用于保护皮肤,减轻昆虫刺痛和叮刺,处理抓破和溃疡的皮肤,促进伤口痊愈,防止头发脱落以及用作为泻药。芦荟在传统医学中用作为驱肠虫剂,泻药和健胃剂以及首先用于麻风病,烧伤和过敏症病痛。[Cole等,Archives ofDermatology and Syphilology,47:250(1943);Chopra等,Glossaryof Indian Medicinal Plants,Conncil of Scientific andIndustrial Research,New Delhi(1956);Ship,Journal of theAmerican Medical Association,238(16):1770-1772(1977);Morton,Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle American Bahmas toYucatan,Charles C.Thomas Publisher,78-80(1981);Diez-Martinez,la Zabila,Communicado No.46 Sobre Recursos BioticosPotenciales del Pais,INIREB,Mexico(1981);Dastur,MedicinalPlants of India and Pakistan,D.B Taraporevala Sons&CO.,Private Ltd.,Bombay 16-17(1962)]。
随着叶子加工的方法不同,粘液和糖是脱水凝胶的主要组成。这些糖发现是半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖,鼠李糖、木糖以及糖醛酸。虽然报道有矛盾,但粘液主要是由甘露聚糖或葡甘露聚糖组成。[Eberendn等,The Chemical Characterization of Carrisyn(在准备中);Mandal等,Carbohydrate Research,86:247-257(1980);Roboz等,Journal of the American Chemical Society,70:3248-3249(1948);Gowda等,Carbohydrate Research,72:201-205(1979);Segal等,Lloydia,31:423(1968)]。
关于在芦荟中的活性物质的特征的争论长时间地未解决。因此,这是重要的去弄清楚存在于凝胶中的组份和在渗出液中发现的组份之间的区别。大多数凝胶是主要为混有少量各种其它化合物的多糖性质的粘液质。在一些活性方面已被观察到,于多糖基物和其它组成之间可能有一些协同作用[Leung,Excelsa,8:65-68(1978);Henry,Cosmetics and Toiletries,94:42-43,46,48,50(1979)]。举例,几个工作者报道,用于伤口医治有的有效组份可能是单宁酸[Freytag,Pharmazie,9:705(1954)]和一种多糖。由巴巴多芦荟萃取物得到的医治伤口的组份[Kameyama,日本专利JP 7856995,(1979)]。Mackee(见上)提出不是外皮或渗出液,而是凝胶在处理辐射烧伤中造成有效的原因,并且他强调为了能有效处理,使用新鲜叶子的重要性。多糖随时间而分解,一定的分子量范围可能是必要的,为了引出一个特殊的药理感应。[Goto等Gann,63:371-374(1972)]。
有关报告多糖具有药理和生理活性的文献继续不断地涌现在很受注意的科学杂志上。因此芦荟植物的粘凝胶是合乎逻辑的,该凝胶实质上是一个多糖,抓住了关于芦荟的医药性质的奥秘。争论关于是否多糖是葡甘露聚糖,甘露聚糖,果胶或由一些其它组份组成,是通过一系列化学纯化步聚解决了。Yagi等,[planta Medica,31(1):17-20(1977)]用一个稍微改进的萃取方法,从巴巴多芦荟varnatalensis分离得乙酰化甘露聚糖(芦荟甘露聚糖)。然而Ovodova[Khim,Prior.Soedin,11(1):325-331(1975)]报道,早期分离得的果胶作为同一芦荟种类的主要组份。
B、acemannan的化学性质
Carrisyn是由关于巴巴多芦荟叶子内凝胶的纯化的乙醇萃取物当时发明的受让人给予的商标名。Carrisyn的活性组成已由美国采用名字委员会指定叫做acemannan。不少于73%的Carrisyn萃取物是acemannan。Carrisyn萃取物一般包含约73%到90%acemannan。Carrisyn萃取物通常是通过除去叶子的外皮,然后除去和加工内肉或粘液,再如下进行:pH调节,乙醇萃取冷冻干燥和磨碎来生产。参见美国申请号144872,1988年1月申请(现在美国专利是US 4,851,224),继续部份美国申请号869,261(现在美国专利号US 4,735,935),全部内容都公开于参考文献。以这样方式的加工过程预示,实质上没有共价键改变,因此没有毒性化合物或付产物产生。这些制造步骤是发展了,以克服传统的芦荟产物生产者的无能,并使生产标准化及使多糖稳定。
acemannan是个蓬松白色无定形稍微吸湿的粉末,它在水和二甲亚砜中溶解度差,并且不溶于大多数其它有机溶剂。该粉末包含线型b(1-4)-D-甘露糖基单元。这多糖是一个长链聚合物,相间无规地带有通过一个氧原子连接的乙酰基团。关于这聚合物的定属名是乙酰甘露聚糖(acemannan)。乙酰化度是按碱的异羟肟酸盐方法测定,是每单元分子大约有0.91乙酰基基团。(参见Hestrin,Journal ofBiological chemistry,180:240-261(1949)]。天然糖键合分析指出,连接在链上的是D-吡喃半乳糖,它是以大约每70个糖有1个的比例可能通过一个(1-6)键连接到链上。甘露糖和半乳糖的20∶1的比例表示出半乳糖单元也是连在一起,主要地通过一个b(1-4)配糖键。acemannan的化学结构可以表示如下:
P=吡喃糖
C.毒理学
在体内及体外二个系统中acemannan的毒理学效应已经研究过。acemannan在体外试验系统中不是致诱变及致胚变的。在体外,该化合物对H-9,MT-2及CEM-SS淋巴细胞显示出没有可检测的毒性。acemannan在体内的毒理学研究包括一个在狗体内91天的亚慢性口服毒性研究,一个在老鼠体内180天慢性口服毒性研究及一个在人体内180天临床试验。在这些研究中,在狗体内每天接受高达825mg/kgacemannan 91天表明没有毒性效应。在老鼠接受高达38.475ppmacemannan在它们的饲料中喂了180天表明无临床的,大的病理的或毒性的效应。在病人体内每天接受800mg acemannan 180天在临床试验中表明没有有害的临床或毒性效应。在中试研究中,acemannan给狗给药引起在血液样品中将纯粹的单核细胞增多误认为全部的白血球计数并形态不同。在口服给药大剂量的acemannan后2小时内,在循环中出现大的活性的单核细胞。一个类似的效应在人体内也已观察到。
进行了一个研究,用人的外周血液单核细胞的细胞培养的14C-示踪acemannan去追踪acemannan的结合或吸收入一个生物系统。在这个研究中,14C示踪acemannan的可检测量被吸收或被人的外周单核细胞/巨噬细胞摄入。结合高峰出现在48小时。在浓度为5mg/ml时,14C-示踪aeemannan对单核细胞/巨噬细胞不是细胞毒,消化细胞堆的重量/体积(w/v)是760倍大于消化的acemannan溶液的w/v。这些结论建议,巨噬细胞是能够保持acemannan的细胞内的浓度不出现细胞毒性的很高的水平。对兔子进行了热原化验,按照略述于美国药典XXI.生物测试[151]的热原测试草案,用1mg/ml acemannan的注射溶液。因为注射的acemannan的未知全体效应,采用了比在美国药典中说明的次数为多的温度测量。以测试动物的温度变化,不超过由美国药典草案允许的最小变化,因此这溶液满足了为热原不存在的美国药典要求。在兔子身上注射的acemannan引起一个最大体温增加0.3℃。这温度升高发生在注射90分钟后。acemannan是巨噬细胞和单核细胞在体外分泌IL-1的引诱剂。因为IL-1是个强有力的热原,这可能解释了在兔子身上的最小及延迟的温度升高。
24个病人登记入清单,并完成口服给药acemannan的安全性及耐药量的研究。临床实验室结论表明,变动超出正常范围出现情况如下:CO27个病人,胆固醇3个病人,甘油三酸酯2个病人,磷1个病人,血红蛋白4个,嗜碱性的2个,单核细胞3个,嗜曙红3个,淋巴细胞4个,嗜中性的2个及红血细胞和白血细胞各1个。少数红和白细胞也在尿中发现。这些变动中没有一个是临床实质性的。免疫简况结论表明下列各项有第1天到第7天数值之间的小组区别:CD-16,CD-4(T-4),CD-8--Leu7,CD-4--CD-25,CD-8--CD-16,Leu7及TQ-1。促细胞分裂剂感应是在低范围。
生命信号不出现超过正常范围。在小便排泄物中没有小组区别。在第IV组中的一个病人,在研究期间有腹泻和稀粪。在第I组的一个病人在研究的第二天到第四天期间有稀粪。总共5个病人报告了总共8个不利的事情。全部事情是在每天接受1600或3200毫克口服acemannan服6天的病人中出现的。
D、acemannan的药理学性质
芦荟作为具有“有疗效的”或“医治用的”特性已取得长期历史的承认接受。在最近几年中,满足科学标准的许多书和文章已被写上芦荟。例如国际芦荟科学委员会及公认的医药协会组织,通过医生,兽医和其他科学家的刊物及病史已相信“芦荟现象”。芦荟已被作为特色的广泛地在皮肤病学领域中应用,尤其是用于处理辐射引起的皮肤病痛。[Mackee,X-rays and Radium in the Treatment ofDiseases of the Skin,第三版本,Lea and Febiger,Philadelphia,319-320(1938);Rovatti等,Industrial Medicine and Surgery,28:364-368(1959);Zawahry等,Quotations From MedicalJournals and Aloe Research,Ed.Max B.Skousen,Aloe VeraResearch Institute,Cypress,Calif.,18-23(1977);Cera等,Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,18:633-638(1982)。科学文献记录医药应用于消化问题的主题如作为杀病毒剂,杀菌剂和杀真菌剂及妇科学的病痛是大批的,并已经由Grindley等合适地写过评论,[Journal of Ethnopharmacology,16:117-151(1986)]。
最近关于芦荟凝胶的许多药理学研究已经进行。结果包括辐射烧伤的较快痊愈[Rowe,J.Am Pharm.Assoc.,29:348-350(1940)]以及伤口的加速治愈[Lushbaugh等,Cancer,6:690-698(1953)]。用芦荟凝胶处理的热烧伤要比不处理的烧伤治愈快得多。[Ashley等,Plast.Reconstr.Surg.,20:383-396(1957);Rovatto(见上);Rodriguez Bigas等,J.Plast.Reconstr.Surg.,81:386-389(1988)]。凝胶用于处理腿溃疡[El Zawahry等,Int.J.Dermatol,12:68:73(1973)]以及加速手术后治愈[Payne,论文提交给Baylor大学的系里,Waco,TX,硕士学位]。实验证实建议芦荟的萃取物有抗感染性质[Solar,Arch.Inst.Pasteur Madagascar,47:9-39(1979)]及提高噬菌作用[Stepanova,Fiziol.Akt.Veshchestva,9:94-97(1977)]。
acemannan也显示出是免疫系统的一个强有力的激发剂。acemannan诱导在培养中的人的周围血液粘连中的白介素1(I1-1)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)的产生。acemannan已显示出是有效的作为辅佐药和免疫增强剂,并能有效地用于处理癌症,病毒疾病和感染。(参见美国专利US5,106,616和US 5,118,673及其中引证的文献,公开内容参见文献)。全部这些专利和专利申请也已转让给Carrington实验室,公司。
尽管许多多糖的已知治疗性质,尽管不同的凝胶用于处理伤口或损伤的有效性,以及尽管某些“水不溶性”泡沫物件的可取得性,仍有需要作为相对干燥和易折曲像泡沫似的治疗物件,该物件能促进伤口的治愈,该物件能作为药物释放系统,该物件能作为生物感应调节剂以及该物件当液体吸收时能转变成一个相对清洁的水凝胶,所述液体是一个治疗液/悬浮液或是体液。
发明概要
因此,生产一种相对地干燥和可折曲的固体泡沫似的治疗用医药物件是本发明的一个目的,该物件能用作为一个伤口/损伤敷料,并能容易地切割或使之具有伤口或损伤外形之形状。
本发明的另一目的是提供用于伤口/损伤敷料的一种治疗物件,该物件在无冷却情况下有一个相对地无限期的贮藏寿命。
制造一种用于伤口/损伤敷料的治疗物件是本发明的又另一目的,该物件能容易地藉紫外光,干燥加热,煤气或其它辐射来消毒,并不需要防腐剂的结合使用。防腐剂在伤口/损伤敷料中可能在伤口/损伤之间的界面上脱水,刺痛病人,和/或抑制细胞增殖以及新组织的最好生长。
提供一种治疗物件是本发明还有的另一发明目的,该物件能用作为一个伤口/损伤敷料,该敷料当潮湿时是透明的,因此在不除去敷料情况下允许任何人肉眼可见地跟踪医治过程。
提供一种治疗物件是本发明的又另一目的,该物件能用作为一个伤口/损伤复盖物,该复盖物当潮湿时会自动粘着,并在不需要一个潜在的毒性粘合剂情况下继续与目标对象位置接触。
提供一种治疗物件是本发明的还有的另一发明目的,该物件能用作为一个伤口/损伤敷料,该敷料或能以一个吸收形式使用或作为一个非吸收的水凝胶用来保护下层的再生组织。本发明能用作为一个干泡沫状物,它从伤口/损伤处吸收过剩液体并转化成一个水凝胶,该液体由于感染或污染可能含有有害的组份。本发明也可以作为水凝胶用于不需要除去渗出液的受外伤的部位,该水凝胶是通过将相对地干燥的泡沫状物浸泡于盐水或其它的治疗液体/悬浮液中而制成。
提供一种治疗物件是本发明一个进一步的目的,该物件能用作为伤口/损伤敷料,它促进治愈过程。
提供一种治疗物件是本发明再一个的目的,该物件能用作为伤口/损伤敷料,它有力地作为抗感染剂,以保护伤口/损伤免受污染。
提供一种治疗物件是本发明再一个的目的,该物件能用作为伤口/损伤敷料,它用作为一个有力的免疫增强剂。
提供一种治疗物件是本发明另一目的,该物件能用作为伤口/损伤敷料,它是生物可降解的,因此不需要从应用位置除去。
提供一种治疗物件是本发明又另一目的,该物件能提供作为药物抗生素,麻醉药和其它药用药剂的释放系统。
提供一种治疗物件是本发明再又另一目的,该物件能在受外伤的位置每单位重量释放高浓度的acemannan。
简言之,本发明的一个总的目的是提供一种治疗物件,该物件能用作为伤口/损伤敷料,该敷料能保证伤口/损伤保持润湿状态,和感染控制同时并不浸软皮肤,无毒性物质以及敷料更换也不受干扰。
概括地说,本发明的一方面是关于一种包括以固体泡沫形状的干燥水凝胶的治疗用物件,该干燥水凝胶是通过从水凝胶,从一种亲水性吸湿性聚合物的粒子在分散相中,除去在分散相中的液体介质例如水而制得。这干燥的水凝胶能够因另外的液体介质的吸收而转变成水凝胶。
在一个实施例中,以固体泡沫形状的干燥聚合碳水化合物水凝胶含有分散在从约5%到约15%(w/v)的水中的从约85%到约95%的w/v)的聚合碳水化合物。
前文已相当概括地略述了本发明的特色和技术优点,以便随后的发明的详细描述可以比较好地理解。发明的另外的特色和优点将在后面叙述,这些形成发明权利要求的主题。
图的简单描述
为了对本发明及它的优点较完全地理解,以下结合附图进行描述以作参考,其中:
图1水凝胶示意图。
图2表示具有衬垫材料及多糖分散的冷冻干燥盘的简图。
图3表示具有衬垫材料的多糖固体泡沫的冷冻干燥水凝胶的剖面图。
图4表示一卷多糖固体泡沫状物的冷冻干燥水凝胶。
图5表示具有胶粘“绷带”衬垫的多糖固体泡沫状物的冷冻干燥水凝胶。
图6表示在具有就诊号的三个处理小组中的损伤尺寸平均值。
图7表示在具有就诊号的三个处理小组中的损伤红斑平均值。
图8表示在具有就诊号的三个处理小组中不舒服程度平均值。
图9表示检视者的在具有就诊号的三个处理小组中临床改善的分级印象平均值。
图10表示在具有就诊号的三个处理小组中的损伤尺寸中间值。
图11表示在具有就诊号的三个处理小组中的损伤红斑中间值。
图12表示在具有就诊号的三个处理小组中不舒服程度中间值。
图13表示检视者的在具有就诊号的三个处理小组中的临床改善的分级印象中间值。
叙述部分
I、亲水性吸湿性聚合物的干燥水凝胶的特性。
如同由TDA的分类,本发明涉及一种治疗用的医药物件,包括一种亲水性吸湿性聚合物的干燥水凝胶。
聚合物,正如这里用的,意味着任何分子在分子中包含二个到更多的单体单元。
亲水性吸湿性聚合物的例子包括聚合的碳水化合物,聚丙烯酸酯,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮及精于这技术的人所知的其他聚合物的不经修饰的及修饰的两种衍生物。
合适的聚合碳水化合物包括多糖例如acemannan,蒟蒻甘露聚糖(一种葡甘露聚糖),瓜耳胶(一种半乳甘露聚糖),肝素(一种酸粘多糖),葡聚糖和它们的修饰类似物及衍生物。种种另外的多糖和/或它们的衍生物,修饰或不经修饰的,可能潜在地作为干燥的聚合糖固体泡沫状物的基本材料例如藻酸盐,角义菜胶,几丁质,β-D-果糖呋喃糖-α-葡萄吡喃糖均聚物(ficoll),果聚糖,半乳聚糖,亲水的纤维素衍生物,葡聚糖,糖原,麦芽聚糖,淀粉,葡氨基葡聚糖,阿位伯树胶,梧桐胶,香菇多糖(lentinan),甘露聚糖,果胶,脂多糖,蛋白聚糖,蛋白软骨素,硫酸盐,琼脂糖,木聚糖,胞壁酸,神经氨糖酸,唾液酸,糖醛酸等。
水凝胶,正如这里用的,是个胶体,其中颗粒是在外部或分散相中,而液体介质是在内部或分散相中。参见图1。该液体介质能够是一个极性溶剂,例如水。
这些亲水性吸湿性聚合物例如聚合的碳水化合物,当作为一个胶体分散在液体介质如水中,能够形成水凝胶。水凝胶是复合的网格结构,其中分散的介质被收集,相当象水在分子海绵中,依赖着液体介质存在的量,水凝胶的粘度能改变。通常,液体介质愈多,水凝胶粘度愈小。不经修饰或修饰的聚合碳水化合物水凝胶是胶体,其中聚合碳水化合物粒子是全部分布于足够量的分散液体介质例如水中,而形成胶体。在某一定条件下,聚合碳水化合物的水凝胶在不全部破坏分散的聚合碳氢化合物粒子的排列或网状结构情况下可能干燥。例如冷冻干燥或冻干,这包括水凝胶在很低温度下快速冷冻,接着在高真空中藉升华“干燥”而给出固体,它是可折曲的,这个聚合碳氢化合物泡沫状物在和另外液体吸收的同时能够转变成水凝胶。
以一个固体泡沫状物的亲水性吸湿性聚合物的干燥水凝胶的本发明是治疗物件,物理状态包含固体的特征,还是可折曲的,该物件能切割或构成伤口或损伤的形状。固体泡沫状物材料是以有如空气的气泡遍布于全体的轻质多孔状存在。在这种物理固体泡沫状物形式中,一种具有非共价键合物质被“收集”在它的间隙内部的干燥水凝胶可制得,这样致使固体泡沫状物能用作为药物释放系统,止血剂和生物感应调节剂。
如果以固体泡沫状的干燥水凝胶用于伤口或损伤,来自于伤口或损伤,过量的液体被固体泡沫状物吸收,潜在有害的伤口渗出液被捕集,并将固体泡沫状物在覆盖物和伤口/损伤的表面界面转变成水凝胶。水凝胶提供一个润湿易折曲的伤口/损伤覆盖物,该覆盖物保持不变地与伤口或损伤接触着,并不损伤底层的再生组织。这些物理现象允许伤口或损伤以最佳速率治愈。
acemannan是碳水化合物聚合物的一个例子,该聚合物能形成这个干燥水凝胶的固体泡沫状物,称做“acemannan以固体泡沫形状的冷冻干燥或干燥水凝胶”“冷冻干燥或干燥acemannan固体泡沫状物”或“以固体泡沫形状的冷冻干燥或干燥acemannan水凝胶”。芦荟植物的活性物质是acemannan。这物质已显示出能减轻痛苦和使治愈最佳化。例如水藉冷冻干燥从acemannan胶体悬浮液和其它赋形剂在水中形成的水凝胶中除去,结果得到的acemannan固体泡沫似的基体保持不变,仍具有同样的减轻痛苦和治愈的性质。以这个固体泡沫形状的acemannan能切割,成形及形成大量用的物件,例如敷料和绷带,止血用具,植入物等。
以固体泡沫形状的冷冻干燥acemamman水凝胶的另外的性质是它从伤口或损伤处吸收液体。当它吸收这液体时,它从固体状态改变回到凝胶状态。这个吸收/凝胶形成过程是个很有利的医学作用,因为来自于伤口或损伤的有害的渗出液潜在地被泡沫状物所吸收,并一个最佳润湿微环境保持在损伤位置。
在润湿的大环境中,例如口腔的粘膜,呼吸和再生的系统,acemannan的固体泡沫状物粘在损伤或伤口上,能在这位置上保持的时间达约1小时。同样在一个止血应用中,acemannan干燥水凝胶垫片部分放在出血的伤口上吸收血并促使凝聚,在这同时周围的凝胶垫片粘附在周围组织表面并吸收来自于伤口的另外液体。
当弄湿和提供疼痛介除时acemannan固体泡沫垫片会自动粘着。以局部形式使用的acemannan没有可证明的毒性,并在体内完全可生物降解。冷冻干燥acemannan固体泡沫状物垫片的主要的物理好处是当绷带换去时,医治和再生伤口不受干扰。在检验后任何人能直接应用另一个冷冻干燥固体泡沫垫片放在老的一个上面去控制医治过程。事实上这以固体泡沫形状的白色acemannan冷冻干燥水凝胶在液体吸收时转变成凝胶或水凝胶。结果得的凝胶是透明的,因此允许伤口或损伤表面的显现,允许医生看到在凝胶覆盖底下的医治过程。
以固体泡沫垫片形状的冷冻干燥acemannan也能用作为释放剂或止血剂。它能制造出来,在不加防腐剂情况下具有持久的贮藏寿命,如果它用煤气或辐射消毒及保护不受污染及受潮。acemannan的干燥泡沫垫片能容易地成形以适合各个伤口,并且在接触液体或体液时形成凝胶,该凝胶用于保护伤口或损伤免受它的环境的污染。随着这个保护,伤口或损伤以最佳速率治愈,这在动物和人体内显示出比不处理的或实验用对照物要有较快的治愈速率。
II.亲水性吸湿性高聚物的干燥水凝胶制造
A.制造过程
就一种观点而言,其制造过程包括将一亲水性吸湿性高聚物例如碳水化合物聚合物分散于一液体介质中,如水或其他极性溶剂成水凝胶,然后从此水凝胶除去液体介质成为固体泡沫状的亲水性吸湿性高聚物的干燥水凝胶,它可以切割,包装,消毒,保藏以供测试或临床应用。在与一液体例如水接触时,此干燥水凝胶泡沫可转还成水凝胶。
一种制造过程的第一步包括将所需的原始碳水化合物聚合物,例如粉末状的acemannan,与一介质例如水结合,形成碳水化合物分散体(水凝胶)的胶体。
一种适当的碳水化合物高聚物与水的混合物可以形成一种水凝胶,其一个实施例的比例见表1。
表1.水凝胶的配方
成分 配比(重量/重量%)
纯化水 99.40
Acemannan* 0.60
可用一葡甘露聚糖,一半乳甘露聚糖或一葡聚糖代替。
然后一将此碳水化合物高聚物的水凝胶脱水,形成固体泡沫状的此碳水化合物高聚物水凝胶的干燥水凝胶。脱水较好是用冷冻干燥法,常规的固体干燥装置及传热装置如Perry编的Chemicnl Engineer′sHandbook(化学工程手册第6版)所载的可供使用。
亲水性吸湿性高聚物干燥固体泡沫的最后质地和密度视原料水凝胶中的含水量而定。在水凝胶的间隙中包入的水越多,所生成的干燥固体泡沫越多孔和密度越低。一般而言,干燥固体中的含水量为约5%到约15%(重量),较好为约8%到约12%(重量),更好为约10%(重量)。
多糖分散混合液,其组成物及比例的较好实施例见表2。此分散混合液的制备先是将氯化苯齐松与聚乙烯四氢吡咯酮(国际特制品产物,Wayne,N.J.出品)与水混合,直到所有组分达到完全分散。然后将过氧化氢加入,再将acemannan粉末在溶液搅拌下筛入。在acemannan分散好后再将羟乙基纤维素(Aqualon,Hopewell,Va.)徐徐在溶液搅拌下筛入,搅拌直到所有组份被良好分散。
表2.较好的Acemannan水凝胶组份
成份1 重量/重量%
纯化水 98.88
聚乙烯四氢吡咯酮2 0.5
氯化苯齐松(benzethonium chloride)3 0.002
acemannan 0.05
Natrasol 250H,美国药典4 0.445
PH值用氢氧化钠调节至6至6.5之间
1 组分此外还可包含抗生素例如四环素,羟基四环素,庆大霉素;金属离子例如锌、钴、铁及锰;生物药剂如BMP激素,生长因子;药物如化疗剂包括抗癌剂,抗病毒剂,抗真菌剂,核苷,核苷酸,甾体,表面麻醉剂;疫苗例如杀灭的病毒,修饰过的活病毒,及病毒组分;血液学试剂。
2 Povidone,International Specialty Products,Wayne,NewJersey.(国际特制品产物,Wayne,New Jersey出品)
3 用作无防腐剂产品时氯化苯齐松可不加,必要时可加其他防腐剂例如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯。
4 羟乙基纤维素,Aqualon,Hopewell,Virginia。
祗有符合适当质量控制规格的acemannan可用于此分散混合液中,acemannan粉的规格见表3,并用作确证所加acemannan的纯度用。
表3.原料acemannan粉末的规格外观 无定形粉末鉴定 红外光谱与标准谱相符,热称重分折
与标准谱相符含水量 不超过10%灼烧残渣 不超过6%微生物 平均好气性平板计数不超过200cfu/ml
(在一0.1%溶液中),无格兰氏阴性菌,
无专性嫌氧性菌,无金黄色葡萄球菌acemannan含量 不少于73%acemannan的分子量分布 acemannan材料的73%在10000至
1,000,000道尔顿之间。
从其化学性质,acemannan(或其他多糖)能与许多其他组分或赋形剂包括药物形成非共价健。在碳水化合物高聚物水凝胶的存在下,这些混合物的冷冻干燥可生成一种药物释放基,用以释放组分到所愿望的部位。在制备时可加于此混合物中的组分包括抗生素(如四环素、羟基四环素、或庆大霉素),金属离子(如锌、钴、铁和锰),生物制剂(如激素,生长因子),或药物(如化学治疗剂,包括抗癌剂,抗病毒剂,抗真菌剂,核苷,核苷酸,甾体,局部麻醉剂,止血剂)。在制备亲水性吸湿性高聚物的干燥水凝胶例如冷冻干燥的acemannan固体泡沫时,也可加入微生物。微生物例如包括疫苗,如细菌,真菌,原生动物,酵母,微原生质及病毒,所有以上各种可以是杀灭的,减弱的(生命修饰过的),或其组分或质粒。
此外,此混合物中可不用氯化苯齐松以制造无防腐剂的产品,防腐剂的添加是不必要的,因为所形成的多糖固体泡沫干燥水凝胶可很容易用紫外光辐射或煤气加热消毒,在较好的实施例中,防腐剂是排除不用的,因防腐剂可能使伤口脱水,刺痛病人,及/或抑制新组织的适当细胞增殖。
在质量控制测试后,将此混合物加热到约45℃。然后将温度调至35℃。混合物的PH用0.1N氢氧化钠调至6.5,然后转移到冷冻干燥盘中,液层高度约1/8英寸,如图2所示。
此多糖分散混合液可倾于冷冻干燥盘中,进行冷冻干燥成白色棉花状固体泡沫,可直接敷用于损伤位置。或者此混合液亦可倾于在冷冻干燥盘1中的衬垫材料上如图2所示。如水凝胶3在衬垫材料2上部冷冻干燥,冷冻干燥产物为一acemannan固体泡沫状敷料4。衬垫材料可以变化以调节多孔性,密度,透气性,透液性以生成适当敷料供不同类型的伤口用,此二层的伤口敷料如图3的部件分解图所示,其中A为冷冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶,B为衬垫材料,可制成张或卷如图4所示。冷冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶粘附于卷起的衬垫材料的多孔一面,多孔面的背面是非多孔的,故卷起时不会粘住冷冻干燥的水凝胶。acemannan水凝胶9可这样冻干使其粘附在胶粘绷带8的中央部分,如图5所示。
在冷冻时必须保持严格环境控制以防止组分的分层析出,冷冻干燥室的温度降低是渐进的。在冷冻干燥器的4.8平方英尺的架上,经3~4小时从室温降至冰点。从约3.5立升acemannan的水凝胶液得约25~30克冷冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶,如表2所示,最终产物可从所得样品切成适当形状大小供过程中测试用。
在质量控制测试后,冷冻干燥的acemannan产物固体泡沫(如在后面B节所示)通过单元部件包装。最后消毒可用煤气、辐射如干热,紫外线进行。较好的方法是辐射。一旦最终产物的包装及测试完成后,样品保留供长期稳定性研究用。
B.acemannan固体泡沫状冷冻干燥水凝胶的质量控制。
每一批最终产物用下述专一方法测试,合格产物应符合表4所述的规格,如表5所示的第1批及第2批样品。
1.外观产物应成白色多孔性可折曲中等柔软薄层。它应为白色至米色,组成均匀一致,不符标准的各批弃去,所加的组分可能使外观稍微改变,并在目测时考虑在内。
2. PH在水存在下,冰冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶的合格PH值范围为6.0至7.5。在PH测定之前PH计应用标准PH缓冲液校正。
3.热称重分析含水量及灰分残留物(从草酸钙及乳酸镁得氧化钙及氧化镁,其他盐类,Natrasol残渣等)用热秤重分析一次测定。此法极为准确,仪器变化在0.5%以内。用于本质量控制的仪器是MettlerTA 3500热秤重分析仪,附有TG50热天平,TC10A控制器,和IBM PC数据系统,将一10毫克的样品放入系统中,进行如下的温度程序:样品于惰性气体氮气下从2℃至600℃以20℃/分钟的速率加热,然后在氧化条件下加热至780℃。样品停留在此温度2分钟,所有气体维持在流速200ml/分,分析完毕时,数据系统打出实际时间和失重对温度的微分,以及每个峰的相应百分比,此法已证实并标准化。
4.微生物检定此产物的微生物规格要求微生物污染应少于100个群落单元/毫升。产物必须不含大肠杆菌,绿脓杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,或沙门氏菌(导致发烧的细菌)。
测试可在层流通风柜中取样,将样品加于专一的培养基上,以鉴定长出的微生物。常用于涂样碟的介质包括胰蛋白酶大豆汤,液体巯基乙酸介质,液体乳糖介质,胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂(TSA),Sabouraud葡萄糖琼脂加有绿霉素。ISA碟亦作无氧培养。
5.抑菌试验抑菌试验用临床批号#2(记于表5),以唾液链球菌及血链球菌在胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂碟及血琼脂碟上进行。在35℃培养72小时后,测量并记录产品周围不长菌的带,并非每一批产物都用此法测定。
6.大小排除层析每一批所用的冷冻干燥的acemannan固体泡沫的分子量分布是用排除高效液相层析法用Waters高效液相层析系统带有一590泵组件,WISP712自动进样器,410差示折光检测器,Spectra-Physics 4290积分器及一Chromstation AT数据系统来测定的。已知分子量及其滞留时间的牙霉多糖(Pullulan)标准用以测定各样品峰的相对分子量,对在计算值10000道尔顿滞留时间之前的acemannan所有样品峰面积总和进行记录,大于10000道尔顿的物质百分比的结果亦进行记录,用于干燥泡沫制造的acemannan应最好含至少73%大于10000道尔顿的材料。
表4.不同批冰冻干燥acemannan水凝胶固体泡沫的规格
测试项目 规格 参考资料
外观 白色棉花状 SCP#2001
PH 6.0—7.5 SCP#2014
含水量 不大于10% SCP#2003
灼烧残渣 不大于3% SCP#2003
微生物 小于100cfu/ml,(不含大肠杆菌, Scp#13,675
绿脓杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,沙
门氏菌)
7.密度的测定将固体acemannan泡沫小心切成长方方块,其长度,宽度和厚度用测微计(Mitutoyo Corporation,港区,东京,日本,刻度至0.01mm单位)测定得此方块的体积(以毫升为单位)。此方块的重量以分析天平测定的密度从此方块的重量和体积计算得到(以克/立方厘米为单位)。
表5.质量控制结果
测试项目 参考资料 结果
临床批号 批#1 批#2
外观 SCP#2001 通过 通过
PH SCP#2014 6.14 6.47
含水量 SCP#2003 7.33% 10.78%
灼烧残渣 SCP#2003 1.23% 0.66%
微生物 SCP#13,675 通过 通过
一个实施例的泡沫其可信度限界为95%的平均密度计算得为0.024%0.007克/毫升(n=18),密度上限0.033%0.007克/毫升(n=12)是用acemannan水凝胶在不到最适条件下制得来测定的。
另一实施例的acemannan固体泡沫状冷冻干燥水凝胶的密度算出为0.0032%0.0007克/毫升(n=3)。此密度是用测量仍在瓶中的泡沫圆碟的直径和厚度来确定的,这是需要的,因为此圆碟在暴露于空气中即崩解。
从所测得的直径和厚度得出此圆碟的体积(1/2r2h),然后用分析天平秤出其重量,密度用圆碟的重量用体积除算得。
这样,acemannan固体泡沫的冷冻干燥水凝胶的密度在约0.003克/毫升至约0.033克/毫升之间,较好范围为从0.02g/毫升至0.03/毫升。
III.亲水性吸湿性高聚物干燥水凝胶的用途
多糖固体泡沫是一种冷冻干燥的多糖水凝胶,它可用于伤口和损伤的保护处理,包括溃疡,此固体泡沫分类作为一种医用物件,含有一种无毒、生物可降解的多糖。本发明的物件能自行粘附并保持与目标位置接触相对长的时间。
acemannan固体泡沫主要由acemannan和5~15%水组成,较好的实施例含8~12%水,最好的实施例含水约10%。
acemannan是由长链的散置有O-乙酰基的分散的β-(1,4)连接的甘露聚糖组成,从动物和人体上的研究证明acemannan为一强力的免疫调节剂和抗感染剂,将acemannan固体泡沫的冷冻干燥水凝胶敷用于伤口或损伤处,可释放浓度增高的acemannan至伤处,加速痊愈。
在急性和亚急性动物研究中用非肠道给药将acemannan给予动物,在剂量高至80毫克/公斤亦基本上显示无内吸毒性。在对健康人和动物的研究中acemannan口服或外敷亦示基本上无毒。
此冷冻干燥的多糖固体泡沫物件可以对许多伤口或损伤有用,它能保证保持湿润,无感染,换敷料时无扰动。用于动物,冷冻干燥的多糖固体泡沫可在治疗脓疮,瘘管,湿性皮肤炎,湿疹时有用,作吸收伤口渗出液用。本发明亦可对治疗需要无菌材料覆盖,大面积的干性创伤有用,所述的多糖固体泡沫可用盐水或其他适当治疗用液体或悬浮剂重行形成一润湿的凝胶,可敷用于烫伤,擦伤和切伤。
例如豚鼠的全深度烫伤用含芦荟胶的Carrington皮肤创伤胶(CDWG)处理,平均30天痊愈,用银磺胺嘧啶(Silvadene)要47天痊愈,而单用纱布敷治平均要50天痊愈(Rodriguez-Bigas等,芦荟在处理豚鼠烫伤中的比较评介,载于“Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery81卷第3期第386-89页(1988)。
用于人身,本发明可对治下列各疾有用:刀伤,擦伤,术后创伤,烫伤,溃疡,皮肤炎,尿布疹,皮肤刺激,以及其他类型的组织创伤。含有acemannan的Carrington皮肤创伤胶(CDWG)能对男性志愿者的部分深度皮肤创伤比与单用纱布提高痊愈速率45%。冷冻干燥的acemannan固体泡沫预料对伤口治疗会至少与CDWG同样有效,而尚有一些优点,本发明可对一些牙科方面应用特别有用。
例如acemannan固体泡沫的干燥水凝胶的促进免疫活性应有助于对抗口腔真菌、细菌和病毒感染。已经表明acemannan冷冻干燥凝胶的固体泡沫对由于单纯性疱疹病毒引起的唇疱疹(热病性疱疹)的治疗是有效的。
唇疱疹发生于总人口的约20-30%中,其特征是在颊或唇粘膜受损害。
考虑到acemannan的文献报导的增强免疫和抗癌功能,冷冻干燥的acemannan固体泡沫亦可用于治疗口腔烫伤及生瘤。此外,干燥的acemannan固体泡沫也可用于牙周手术、拔牙、植牙、或牙垢检后作填塞料或敷料。
最近完成的研究表明冷冻干燥的acemannan固体泡沫用于治疗再发性口疮性溃疡(RAUs)有效,如例1所示。
再发性口疮性溃疡又称溃疡,发生于约总人口15-20%之中,并为许多不舒服的根源。许多病人祗是经受偶然发生孤立的溃疡,而另一些病人则遭受连续的损害,严重影响其生活的质量。再发性小口疮性溃疡只生在粘膜上,不影响及口腔组织的深层,它由粘膜的再生而痊愈,通常约7至14天,不留疤痕。
许多产品已在治疗再发性小口疮溃疡的治疗有效性作了评价,但适当记录的可重覆的研究说明任一产品效力的则极少。产品中含有局部麻醉剂或提供保护免受口腔环境的影响是最普通的。但这些产品中的一些有讨厌的味道或性质,另一些在用时会刺痛病人。此外,有些产品是设计来粘附于和保护受损的组织不受口腔环境影响的,它包含大于80%的酒精,这样就更会脱水并进一步损害组织,而不是保证一个湿润的环境以适于正常痊愈。
水凝胶是提供最适宜于治愈创伤所为需的潮湿环境的理想药剂。一种能保护溃疡组织免受口腔环境影响同时可容许水合的水凝胶可用于加速口腔粘膜溃疡的痊愈。
干燥的acemannan水凝胶绒毛状固体泡沫在接触时粘着于口腔粘膜,徐徐水合成凝胶并保留在原位可长达约1小时。已设计了中试研究以测定此产物是否影响再发性口疮性溃疡的痊愈过程。
实施例1.
一头有血管坏死的猫用有绷带衬背的acemannan冷冻干燥水凝胶固体泡沫治疗物件处理。此治疗物件用于跗骨/跖和严重损坏区,在第一次敷用过夜后,肿胀大大缩小而腐肉极微,伤口在每隔约24小时换一次连续用3次后,伤口明显痊愈,此猫解除了临床任务。
实施例2.
设计了临床研究以测定OrabaseTM,acemannan水凝胶,以及冷冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶的固体泡沫治疗再发性口疮性溃疡的效力,方法用监视完全痊愈所需的时间。
先是用双盲法随意地研究了60个有再发性口疮性溃疡史的志愿病人,他们在48小时内至少有一个损伤,病员按随意号码表随意排入二组中的一组。第I组30个病员,用Orabase(Colgate-Hoyt实验室制造的一种塑化胶和瓜儿胶)处理。第II组30个病员,用acemannan水凝胶处理,acemannan浓度为0.1%在一胶赋形剂中,其中并加有对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和氯化苯齐松作为防腐剂。
然后开始用明标研究了25个志愿病人,这些病人(第III组)用acemannan固体泡沫冷冻干燥水凝胶用第I,II组同样的方案处理。
每个志愿病员以适当的处理用于他/她的损伤一天四次直到痊愈为止。这些病人在整个治过程中每三天临床评价一次。临床评价包括测定损伤的大小,红斑的程度,疼痛的严重性,以及检视者对临床上的改善的印象。
测试条目
A.第I组:Orabase以一适当标记的0.17英两的管提供。Orabase是由塑化胶和瓜儿胶组成。
B.第II组:acemannan水凝胶的一0.5英两管提供,会约0.1%acemannan。
c.第III组:冷冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶固体泡沫是在一适当标记的玻璃缸中放有60个试样小拭子的方式提供给病员的。每个小拭子约1cm2。冷冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶固体泡沫是用表2所示的组份的混合物制得的。
志愿病人的挑选
挑选的病人至少有18岁,有再发生性小口疮病史,志愿者不论男女都是一般健康良好,但在48小时以内至少有一个口疮溃疡在颊部或唇粘膜,软颚或口腔底板上。
志愿病人如有对芦荟或试样中任一成分有敏感者排除不用。志愿者有下列性况者亦排除不用:在前二个星期局部涂过任一药物于患处的,用矫正牙齿的装置和牙夹套,牙托或固位体者;在上一个月内做过牙外科手术者;在上一个月用过内吸甾体者;在上二个星期用过抗生素者;有系统病史呈现再发性口腔溃疡症状的例如Behcet氏病,Crohn氏病,溃疡性结肠炎,贫血等者;在48小时内用过非甾体药者;或正滥用药物或酒者,怀孕志愿病人亦不用。
方案
A.处理前手续:
1.检验者在准许他/她进入研究计划前,应得到一份病人签字的同意通知书。
2.筛选志愿者证实在48小时以内有至少一个小口疮性溃疡、溃疡的定义是应位在颊部,唇粘膜,软颚或口腔底板上。并得有人口统计资料及完整医史,并记录正在用的药物,包括在最近30天内服用的药物。
3.病员的再发性口疮史以记录该病员的口腔溃疡体验的详尽细节的评价进行查对,所得的资料包括:
a.激发剂;
b.每年平均口疮数;
c.每次发病的口疮平均数;
d.痊愈的平均时间;和
e.病人所用的治疗方式。
4.开始时的溃疡大小用一消过毒的1毫米刻度的尺测定。记下溃疡的纵向、横向的最大宽度。溃疡的红斑程度用0到3级记录,0=无,1=轻度红斑,2=中度红斑,3=严重红斑。
5.病人不舒服程度由病人分为0到3级:0=无疼痛,1=轻度疼痛,2=中度疼痛,3=严重疼痛。
6.一旦病人被允许进入研究,即将测试条目及正确用法告知。告病人局部敷药于鉴定的损伤上,每日4次饭后用药及口腔卫生手续。病人他/她给以一本日记,教其记入每次用测试药的时间,此外他/她分类并在日记上记入在用药后用上述分级法即时感到的不舒服程度,以及这一天整天不舒服程度,病人随时带日记每3天回来一次,直到鉴定的损伤完全痊愈为止。
B.就诊评价:
在每次就诊评价时要做下列诸事:
1.检视者与病人检阅病员的日记。
2.用处理前同样评价的方法测定损伤大小。
3.用上述的分级法确定红斑程度。
4.检视者的评估损伤的全面改善按下列分级进行记录:
4 溃疡完全痊愈
3 显著改善
2 中度改善
1 稍有改善
0 溃疡无变化
-1 溃疡变坏
5.在就诊时如确定已完全痊愈,检视者收取所有的测试条目及病员日记。询问病员关于给药以及测试手续的总的意见。
统计分析
数据包括到1993年5月17日收集到的信息,从用Orabase处理的30个病人病例报告,30个病人用acemannan水凝胶处理的病例报告,以及25个病人用冷冻干燥的acemannan固体泡沫处理的病理报告。在分析中所用的数据包括病员日记中的全面的病员不舒服,每一次用acemannan的用前和用后的不舒服,以及冷冻干燥acemannan固体泡沫在口中何留时间。此外,数据还包括临床评价的结果(即不舒服,红斑程度,研究者的评估,和临床分级得分单上的溃疡大小)。
痊愈时间是把最后一次就诊的日期减去第一次就诊日期计算得出的。为了将数据“平衡”,每个病人的最后数值继续到5次就诊的临床分级数据及15天的日记数据。
从平均标准偏差及范围算出经治疗的治愈时间。如果治愈时间明显与这三种处理组的不同,用差异分析(ANOVA)法来确定。如果这些处理组间有明显差异,用Fisher氏的LSD来确定差异发生处。所列余下的变数的平均标准偏差,范围,和样品大小用就诊数和处理算出并列表。用ANOVA以研究处理组间在每一时间点的差异,同时也进行了相应的非参数的试验,明显的差异用Fisher氏的LSD来研究。
病员用冷冻干燥的acemannan固体泡沫治疗(治疗组3)的平均痊愈时间为5.8天,作比较的第1组平均为7.96天,第2组为5.89天,此差异是统计上有意义的(p=0.0028),成对比较表明组组1与组2间及组1与组3间的差异有意义的。
列出每次就诊的溃疡大小,红斑,不舒服,和检视者评估的平均值和中间值的图表见图6至13。在第1次就诊发现的统计上有意义的差异是:红斑(p=0.0526 ANOVA,p=0.0519 Kruskal-Wallis),检视者评估(p=0.0021 ANOVA,p=0.0027KW),不舒服(p=0.0508 ANOVA,p=0.0516KW),溃疡大小(p=0.0494KW),除了不舒服项差异仅在第1及第3组外,在组1和组2间及在组1和组3间的差异都是有意义的,对临床分级数据未找到其他有意义的差异。
在病员日记中,病员报导冷冻干燥的acemannan固体泡沫在口中平均保持48.24分钟(SD 17.22),在刚敷用acemannan泡沫之前和用后2分钟的不舒服变化的平均得分为0.9762。这差异是统计上有意义的(p=0.0001),并表明经受了不舒服的改善。除了记录在刚处理之前和处理后的不舒服外,病员记录了逐日的全面不舒服情况。如日记所报导,全面不舒服方面无差异。
这一研究说明冷冻干燥的acemannan固体泡沫用于处理口疮性溃疡是有效的。与用Orabase一组相比较,痊愈时间缩短了27%。此外病人报告用冷冻干燥的acemannan因体泡沫处理后,不舒服有明显减少。
虽然本发明及其优点已具体描述,熟于此道者应明确所宣述的观念及具体的实施例可容易用于进行与本发明同一目的其他组成及结构的修饰或设计的基础。这些熟于此道者亦应理解这些相当的结构不远离本发明的精神和范围,如所附权利要求所宣布的。
权利要求书
按照条约第19条的修改
1.一种治疗用物件,包括一种以可折曲的固体泡沫形状的干燥的水凝胶,它可以切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗物件具有气泡遍布全体,是由水凝胶除去液体介质而制得,所述的水凝胶包括亲水性吸湿性治疗用多糖的粒子分散在所述的液体介质中,在此处所述的治疗用多糖从芦荟中取得,所述的治疗用物件在吸收另外的液体介质时能转变成所述的水凝胶。
2.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质包括一种极性溶剂。
3.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质包括水。
4.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质是由水凝胶用冷冻干燥除去。
5.删去。
6.删去。
7.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用多糖得之于含有acemannan的芦荟。
8.删去。
9.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质为所述的治疗物件重量的约5%到约15%。
10.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用多糖为所述的治疗用物件重量的约85%到约95%。
11.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件的密度为约0.002克/毫升到约0.04克/毫升。
12.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件的密度为约0.02克/毫升到约0.03克/毫升。
13.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种抗生素。
14.如权利要求13所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的抗生素选自于含有四环素,土霉素和庆大霉素的一组。
15.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种药物。
16.如权利要求15所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的药物包含一种抗组织胺药。
17.如权利要求15中所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的药物选自于含有一种抗癌剂,一种抗病毒剂以及一种抗真菌剂的一组。
18.如权利要求1中所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种生物制品。
19.如权利要求18中所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的生物制品选自于含有一种激素和一种生长因子的一组。
20.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种止血剂。
21.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种微生物。
22.如权利要求21所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的微生物包含一种疫苗。
23.如权利要求22所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包含一种修饰过的活病毒。
24.如权利要求22所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包含一种杀灭的病毒。
25.如权利要求22所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包含病毒组份。
26.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种防腐剂。
27.如权利要求26所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的防腐剂选自于含有对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及氯化苯齐松的一组。
28.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种局部麻醉剂。
29.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种金属离子。
30.如权利要求29所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的金属离子选自于含有锌、钴、铁及镁的一组。
31.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的水凝胶包含:
约99%重量水及
约0.6%重量的acemannan。
32.删去
33.删去
34.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件用辐射消毒。
35.一种治疗用物件,包括一种以可折曲的固体泡沫形状的干燥的水凝胶,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件具有气泡遍布全体,并用冷冻干燥的水凝胶制成,所述的治疗用物件包含:
约98.88%重量的纯化水
约0.5%重量的聚乙烯四氢吡咯酮
约0.002%重量的氯化苯齐松
约0.05%重量的acemannan以及
约0.445%重量的羟乙基纤维素,
所述的治疗用物件,在吸收另外的水时能转变为所述的水凝胶。
36.如权利要求35所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件用辐射消毒。
37.一种治疗用物件,包含约85%到约95%重量的亲水性吸湿性治疗用多糖,该多糖得自于芦荟,分散于约5%到约15%重量的液体介质中。所述的治疗用物件是可折曲固体泡沫,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件具有气泡遍布于全体,在吸收另外的液体介质时能够转变成水凝胶。
38.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质为所述的治疗用物件的约8%到约12%重量。
39.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质为所述的治疗用物件的约10%重量。
40.删去。
41.删去。
42.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用多糖从芦荟中取得,包括acemannan。
43.删去。
44.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件包括冷冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶。
45.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件粘附于一粘结的衬垫上。
46.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种抗生素。
47.如权利要求46所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的抗生素选自于含有四环素、土霉素和庆大霉素的一组。
48.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种药物。
49.如权利要求48所述的治疗用物件,其中所述药物包括一种抗组织胺药。
50.如权利要求48所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的药物选自于包含一种抗癌剂,一种抗病毒剂以及一种抗真菌剂的一组。
51.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种生物制品。
52.如权利要求51所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的生物制品选自于含有一种激素和一种生长因子的一组。
53.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种止血剂。
54.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种微生物。
55.如权利要求54所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的微生物包括一种疫苗。
56.如权利要求55所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包括一种修饰过的活病毒。
57.如权利要求55所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包括一种杀灭的病毒。
58.如权利要求55所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包含病毒组分。
59.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种防腐剂。
60.如权利要求59所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的防腐剂选自于含有对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及氯化苯齐松的一组。
61.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种局部麻醉剂。
62.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种金属离子。
63.如权利要求62所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的金属离子选自于含有锌、钴、铁及镁的一组。
64.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件用辐射消毒。
65.删去。
66.删去。
67.一种治疗用物件。包括约85%到约95%重量的acemannam分散于约5%到约15%重量的水中,其中所述的治疗用物件为可折曲的固体泡沫,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件具有气泡遍布全体,在吸收另外的水时能转变成水凝胶。
68.如权利要求67所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件用辐射消毒。
69.一种制备治疗用物件的方法包括:
将从芦荟中取得的亲水性吸湿性治疗用多糖的粒子分散于液体介质中得到水凝胶;再除去所述的液体介质生成所述的以可折曲的固体泡沫形状的治疗用物件,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件具有气泡遍布全体,在吸收另外的水时能够转变成所述的水凝胶。
70.如权利要求69所述的治疗用物件,还包括所述的治疗用物件的辐射。
71.一种制备治疗用物件的方法包括:
将一种得自于芦荟的治疗用多糖的粒子分散于水中生成一种不凝胶,再将所述的水凝胶冷冻干燥成为所述的以可折曲固体泡沫形状的治疗用物件,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件具有气泡遍布全体,在吸收另外的水时能转变为所述的水凝胶。
72.如权利要求71所述的方法还包括所述的治疗用物件的辐射。
73.删去。
74.删去。
75.一种治疗动物伤口或损伤的方法包括:
对所述的伤口或损伤敷贴有效量的治疗用物件,该物件包括一个以折曲固体泡沫形状的干燥的水凝胶,所述的水凝胶是可折曲的固体泡沫,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件具有气泡遍布于全体,从水凝胶除去液体介质制得,所述的水凝胶包括一种亲水性吸湿性治疗用多糖的粒子分散在所述的液体介质中,其中所述的治疗用多糖是从芦荟中得到的,所述的治疗用物件在吸收另外的液体介质时能转变成所述的水凝胶。
76.删去。
77.一种治疗动物伤口或损伤的方法包括:
对所述的伤口或损伤敷贴上有效量的治疗用物件,该物件包括以可折曲固体泡沫形状的冷冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件具有气泡遍布全体,在吸收另外的水时能转变成水凝胶。
78.如权利要求75所述的方法,其中所述的伤口或损伤是在所述的动物的口腔中。
79.如权利要求76所述的方法,其中所述的伤口或损伤是在所述的动物的口腔中。
80.如权利要求77所述的方法,其中所述的伤口或损伤在所述的动物的口腔中。
81.如权利要求80所述的方法,其中所述的动物是人,且所述的伤口或损伤是口疮性溃疡。
82.如权利要求80所述的方法,其中所述的动物是人,且所述的伤口或损伤是唇疱疹。
根据条约第19(1)条的声明
申请人的发明是关于一种治疗用物件,包括一种以可折曲的固体泡沫形状的干燥水凝胶,它可以切成伤口或损伤的形状。这治疗用物件具有气泡遍布全体,是由水凝胶除去液体介质而制得,该水凝胶包括亲水性吸湿性治疗用多糖的粒子分散在液体介质中,在此处治疗用多糖是从芦荟中取得的。该治疗用物件在吸收另外的液体介质时能转变成水凝胶。
呈上的修改过的申请人的权利要求书是具有专利性的,它不同于下面讨论的引用文献的揭示内容。
(1).GB,A,2067214揭示了干燥的硼砂交链瓜儿胶加入到作为尿布的吸收体里以及像这样的产品。参见第1页,110-128行;及第2页,3-14行。
对照来看,修改过的申请人的权利要求不是指硼砂交链瓜儿胶加入到作为尿布的吸收体里。相反,它们是指含有从芦荟中取得的治疗用多糖的治疗用物件。
(2).WO,A,9306802A揭示了一种以水为主剂的天然或合成的水介胶体聚合凝胶用于敷裹伤口。一种以干燥粒子形状的形成凝胶的水介胶体聚合物和一个水源在伤口敷料中是需要的。该液体和干燥的固体组份起初是分离的,但是在使用之前在包装袋内混和一起。参见摘要;和第3页12-24行。该文献公布了天然树胶例如瓜儿胶和洋槐豆树胶作为水介胶体聚合物使用,在瓜儿胶使用的场合,要加入痕量交链剂。参见第12页,20-28行及第13页,15-27行。
对照来看,修改过的申请人的权利要求不是指以粒子形状的聚合物,而且该要利要求的物件不需要在使用之前用水预先混和。此外,该权利要求不是指硼砂交链瓜儿胶。相反,它们是指含有从芦荟中取得的治疗用多糖的治疗用物件。
(3).WO,A,9001253公布了CARRISYNTM是给予巴巴多芦荟(Aloebarbadensis Miller)叶子内凝胶的纯化的乙醇萃取物的商标名。CARRISYNTM萃取物是一个蓬松白色无定形粉末。参见第16页11-35行。
对照来看,修改过的权利要求在本申请中是指一种治疗用物件,包括一种以可折曲的固体泡沫形状的干燥水凝胶,它可以切成伤口或损伤的形状。
(4).EP,A,0568368揭示了一种吸收体,是不粘着的,冷冻干燥的,无纤维的衬垫,它含有水溶性的生物相容的聚合物和一种以一定比例的液体湿润剂。该液体湿润剂包括甘油,丙二醇,低分子量聚乙二醇,以及它们的混合物。参见纵列2,24-37行。
对照来看,修改过的权利要求在本申请中是指含有从芦荟中取得的治疗用多糖的治疗用物件。该物件是以一可折曲的固体泡沫的形状它可以切成伤口或损伤的形状。此外,该治疗用物件在吸收另外的液体介质时能转变成水凝胶。
因此,所引用的文献,或是单独地或是结合起来看,不能教导也不能启发申请人的发明。
Claims (82)
1.一种治疗用物件,包括一种以可折曲的固体泡沫形状的干燥水凝胶,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,该治疗物件有气泡遍布全体,并由从水凝胶,从一种亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物粒子在分散相中,除去在分散相中的液体介质制成,该治疗用物件在吸收另外的液体介质时能转变成所述的水凝胶。
2.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质包括一种极性溶剂。
3.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质包括水。
4.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的在分散相中的液体介质是用冷冻干燥从所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用高聚物的粒子在分散相中除去。
5.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用高聚物包括不经修饰或修饰过的治疗用聚合碳水化合物。
6.如权利要求5所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物包括不经修饰或修饰过的治疗用多糖。
7.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物包括acemannan。
8.如权利要求6所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的不经修饰或修饰过的治疗用多糖选自含有蒟蒻甘露聚糖,瓜儿胶,肝素及葡聚糖一组。
9.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质为所述的治疗用物件重量的约5%至约15%。
10.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物为所述的治疗用物件重量的约85%至95%。
11.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件的密度为从约0.002克/毫升至约0.04克/毫升。
12.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件的密度为从约0.02克/毫升至0.03克/毫升。
13.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种抗生素。
14.如权利要求13所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的抗生素选自含有四环素,羟基四环素,和庆大霉素的一组。
15.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种药物。
16.如权利要求15所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的药物为一种抗组织胺药。
17.如权利要求15所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的药物选自含有一种抗癌剂,一种抗病毒剂,及一种抗真菌剂的一组。
18.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种生物制品。
19.如权利要求18所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的生物制品选自于含有一种激素及一种生长因子的一组。
20.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种止血剂。
21.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种微生物。
22.如权利要求21所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的微生物包含一种疫苗。
23.如权利要求22所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包含一种修饰过的活病毒。
24.如权利要求22所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包含一种杀灭的病毒。
25.如权利要求22所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包含病毒组分。
26.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种防腐剂。
27.如权利要求26所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的防腐剂选自含有对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及氯化苯齐松的一组。
28.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种局部麻醉剂。
29.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种金属离子。
30.如权利要求29所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的金属离子选自含有锌、钴、铁和锰的一组。
31.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的水凝胶包含:
约99%重量水及
约0.6%重量acemannan。
32.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的水凝胶包含:
约99%重量水及
约0.6%重量的一个不经修饰或修饰过的治疗用多糖。
33.如权利要求32所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用多糖选自含有蒟蒻甘露聚糖,瓜儿胶,肝素和葡聚糖的一组。
34.如权利要求1所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件用辐射消毒。
35.一种治疗用物件,包括一种以可折曲的固体泡沫形状的干燥的水凝胶,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,并用一水凝胶冷冻干燥制成,所述的治疗用物件包含:
约98.88%重量纯化的水,
约0.5%重量聚乙烯四氢吡咯酮,
约0.002%重量氯化苯齐松,
约0.05%重量acemannan,及
约0.445%重量羟乙基纤维素,
所述的治疗用物件,能在吸收另外的水时转变为所述的水凝胶。
36.如权利要求35所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件用辐射消毒。
37.一种治疗用物件,包含约85%至约95%重量的一亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物分散于从约5%至约15%重量的液体介质中,所述的治疗用物件为一可折曲的固体泡沫,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,在吸收另外的液体介质时能转变为一水凝胶。
38.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质为所述的治疗用物件的约8%至约12%重量。
39.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的液体介质为所述的治疗用物件的约10%重量。
40.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物包括不经修饰或修饰过的治疗用聚合碳水化合物。
41.如权利要求40所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物包括不经修饰或修饰过的多糖。
42.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物包括acemannan。
43.如权利要求41所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的不经修饰或修饰过的治疗用多糖选自含有甘露聚糖,瓜儿胶,肝素和葡聚糖的一组。
44.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件包括冷冻干燥的acemannan水凝胶。
45.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件粘附于一粘结的衬垫上。
46.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种抗生素。
47.如权利要求46所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的抗生素选自含有四环素、羟基四环素和庆大霉素的一组。
48.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种药物。
49.如权利要求48所述的治疗用物件,其中所述药物为一种抗组织胺药。
50.如权利要求48所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的药物选自含有一种抗癌剂,一种抗病毒剂及一种抗真菌剂的一组。
51.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种生物制品。
52.如权利要求51所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的生物制品选自含有一种激素和一种生长因子的一组。
53.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种止血剂。
54.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种微生物。
55.如权利要求54所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的微生物包括一种疫苗。
56.如权利要求55所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包括一种修饰过的活病毒。
57.如权利要求55所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包括一种杀灭的病毒。
58.如权利要求55所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的疫苗包含病毒组分。
59.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种防腐剂。
60.如权利要求59所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的防腐剂选自含有对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及氯化苯齐松的一组。
61.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种局部麻醉剂。
62.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,还包含一种金属离子。
63.如权利要求62所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的金属离子选自含有锌、钴、铁和锰的一组。
64.如权利要求37所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件用辐射消毒。
65.一种治疗用物件包括约85%至约95%重量的一种不经修饰或修饰过的治疗用多糖分散于从约5%至约15%重量的水中,所述的治疗用物件为一可折曲的固体泡沫,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,在吸收另外的水时可立即转变为一种水凝胶。
66.如权利要求65所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件用辐射消毒。
67.一种治疗用物件包括约85%至95%重量的acemannam分散于约5%至15%重量的水中,其中所述的治疗用物件为一可折曲的固体泡沫,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,在吸收另外的水时能转变为一水凝胶。
68.如权利要求67所述的治疗用物件,其中所述的治疗用物件用辐射消毒。
69.一种制备治疗用物件的方法包括:
将亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物的粒子分散于一液体介质中成一水凝胶;及
除去所述的液体介质生成所述的以可折曲的固体泡沫形状的治疗用物件,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,在吸收另外的水时能转变为所述的水凝胶。
70.如权利要求69所述的方法,还包括所述的治疗用物件的辐射。
71.一种制备治疗用物件的方法包括:
将一种不经修饰或修饰过的治疗用聚合碳水化合物的粒子分散于水中生成一种水凝胶,及
将所述的水凝胶冷冻干燥成为所述的以可折曲固体泡沫形状的治疗用物件,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,在吸收另外的水时能转变为所述的水凝胶。
72.如权利要求71所述的方法还包括所述的治疗用物件的辐射。
73.一种制备治疗用物件的方法包括:
将一种不经修饰或修饰过的治疗用多糖的粒子分散于水中生成水凝胶,及
将所述的水凝胶冷冻干燥成所述的以可折曲固体泡沫形状的治疗用物件,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,并在吸收另外的水时能转变为所述的水凝胶。
74.如权利要求73的方法还包括所述的治疗用物件的辐射。
75.一种治疗动物伤口或损伤的方法包括:
对所述的伤口或损伤敷用有效量的治疗用物件,该物件包括以可折曲固体泡沫形状的干燥的水凝胶,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,并是由从水凝胶,从一种亲水性吸湿性治疗用聚合物的粒子在分散相中,除去在分散相中的液体介质制成,所述的治疗用物件在吸收另外的液体介质时能转变为所述的水凝胶。
76.一种治疗动物伤口或损伤的方法包括:
对所述的伤口或损伤敷用有效量的治疗用物件,该物件包括以可折曲固体泡沫形状的干燥的水凝胶,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,并是由从水凝胶,从一种治疗用聚合碳水化合物的粒子在分散相中,除去在分散相中的水制成,所述的治疗用物件在吸收另外的水时能转变为所述的水凝胶。
77.一种治疗动物伤口或损伤的方法包括:
对所述的伤口或损伤敷用有效量的治疗用物件,该物件包括以可折曲固体泡沫形状的冷冻干燥的水凝胶,可切成伤口或损伤的形状,所述的治疗用物件有气泡遍布全体,并是由从水凝胶,从acemannan的粒子在分散相中,用冷冻干燥除去在分散相中的水制成,所述的治疗用物件在吸收另外的水时能转变为所述的水凝胶。
78.如权利要求75所述的方法,其中所述伤口或损伤在所述的动物的口腔中。
79.如权利要求76所述的方法,其中所述伤口或损伤是在所述的动物的口腔中。
80.如权利要求77所述的方法,其中所述伤口或损伤在所述的动物的口腔中。
81.如权利要求80所述的方法,其中所述的动物是人,且所述的伤口或损伤是口疮性溃疡。
82.如权利要求80所述的方法,其中所述的动物是人,且所述的伤口或损伤是唇疱疹。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/082,028 | 1993-06-24 | ||
US08/082,028 US5409703A (en) | 1993-06-24 | 1993-06-24 | Dried hydrogel from hydrophilic-hygroscopic polymer |
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CN94192541A Pending CN1127474A (zh) | 1993-06-24 | 1994-06-22 | 由亲水性吸湿性聚合物制造的干燥水凝胶 |
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US (1) | US5409703A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0705113B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2992835B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100343293B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1127474A (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE218376T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU7115394A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2164624A1 (zh) |
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US4002173A (en) * | 1974-07-23 | 1977-01-11 | International Paper Company | Diester crosslinked polyglucan hydrogels and reticulated sponges thereof |
US4333461A (en) * | 1979-12-17 | 1982-06-08 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Borated polysaccharide absorbents and absorbent products |
US5106616A (en) * | 1988-01-14 | 1992-04-21 | Carrington Laboratories, Inc. | Administration of acemannan |
US5118673A (en) * | 1982-05-07 | 1992-06-02 | Carrington Laboratories, Inc. | Uses of aloe products |
US4851224A (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1989-07-25 | Carrington Laboratories, Inc. | Process for preparation of aloe products |
SE8501022L (sv) * | 1985-03-01 | 1986-09-02 | Pharmacia Ab | Format alster och forfarande for dess framstellning |
EP0328775B1 (en) * | 1985-06-28 | 1993-10-20 | Carrington Laboratories, Inc. | Processes for preparation of aloe products, products produced thereby and compositions thereof |
US5079018A (en) * | 1989-08-14 | 1992-01-07 | Neophore Technologies, Inc. | Freeze dry composition and method for oral administration of drugs, biologicals, nutrients and foodstuffs |
JPH07500035A (ja) * | 1991-10-09 | 1995-01-05 | レクテック コーポレイション | 水性ゲル傷用包帯剤およびパッケージ |
GB9209327D0 (en) * | 1992-04-30 | 1992-06-17 | Johnson & Johnson Medical | Freeze-dried pad |
-
1993
- 1993-06-24 US US08/082,028 patent/US5409703A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-06-22 DE DE69430746T patent/DE69430746T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-22 EP EP94920306A patent/EP0705113B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-22 JP JP50307795A patent/JP2992835B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-22 CA CA002164624A patent/CA2164624A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-06-22 CN CN94192541A patent/CN1127474A/zh active Pending
- 1994-06-22 KR KR1019950705867A patent/KR100343293B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-22 AT AT94920306T patent/ATE218376T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-22 WO PCT/US1994/007066 patent/WO1995000184A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-06-22 AU AU71153/94A patent/AU7115394A/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1993411B (zh) * | 2004-07-30 | 2010-11-24 | 不列颠哥伦比亚大学 | 水状胶体泡沫的制备方法 |
CN101636439B (zh) * | 2007-02-01 | 2012-04-25 | 能波公司 | 干燥生物材料的方法 |
CN102006852B (zh) * | 2008-04-16 | 2013-07-17 | 宝洁公司 | 制品形式的不起泡个人护理组合物 |
CN109497634A (zh) * | 2018-11-21 | 2019-03-22 | 长沙浩然医疗科技有限公司 | 一种环保呵护胸部透气性强稳定性高的运动内衣 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69430746T2 (de) | 2002-12-19 |
EP0705113A1 (en) | 1996-04-10 |
US5409703A (en) | 1995-04-25 |
WO1995000184A1 (en) | 1995-01-05 |
EP0705113B1 (en) | 2002-06-05 |
AU7115394A (en) | 1995-01-17 |
JPH08511964A (ja) | 1996-12-17 |
JP2992835B2 (ja) | 1999-12-20 |
KR100343293B1 (ko) | 2002-12-05 |
KR960703019A (ko) | 1996-06-19 |
CA2164624A1 (en) | 1995-01-05 |
ATE218376T1 (de) | 2002-06-15 |
DE69430746D1 (de) | 2002-07-11 |
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