CN112533480B - 食用植物干燥粉末、饮食品及其制造方法 - Google Patents
食用植物干燥粉末、饮食品及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A23L25/00—Food consisting mainly of nutmeat or seeds; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L25/30—Mashed or comminuted products, e.g. pulp, pastes, meal, powders; Products made therefrom, e.g. blocks, flakes, snacks; Liquid or semi-liquid products
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
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Abstract
本发明提供无需借助于除用于对干燥粉末的风味或色调赋予特征的主食材、即干燥食用植物以外的作用物质,而简易地不易受潮的食用植物粉末及其制造方法。干燥粉末,所述干燥粉末含有干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部,并充分满足(1)~(4):(1)干燥食用植物的不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下;(2)休止角为0.7rad以上;(3)“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下;以及(4)水分含量为20质量%以下。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及食用植物干燥粉末、饮食品(food and beverage)及其制造方法。
背景技术
食品的干燥粉末因水分含量少、表面积大,而吸收环境中的水分,存在着容易受潮的课题。若干燥粉末受潮,则产生结块或者物品使用的难易程度变差,担心微生物繁殖而导致风味或色调劣化。
作为防止干燥粉末受潮的相关技术,专利文献1中公开了粉末食品的包装用膜的相关技术:在装入至袋中的情况下,具有足够的阻隔性,保护粉末食品免受湿气或空气(氧)的影响,以防止粉末食品的品质劣化。
然而,存在着必须使用特别的包装袋的课题。此外,还有同时封入已封入有硅胶等吸湿剂的干燥剂的方法,但会产生同样的课题或担心异物混入。
因此,仅使用食用原材料来防止因其受潮而导致的品质劣化的技术成为必需。作为其例子,专利文献2中公开了:用食用性膜材至少覆盖外表面并进行烤制的烧烤食品的相关技术。专利文献3中公开了:含有含粉末油脂的粘接性组合物的防吸湿剂或防固结化剂的相关技术。专利文献4中公开了:通过在粉末饮食品或其原料中掺混HLB为5以下的聚甘油脂肪酸酯来防止粉末饮食品的吸湿固结的技术。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开平10-16122号公报;
专利文献2:日本特开平2-255045号公报;
专利文献3:日本特开2018-148885号公报;
专利文献4:日本再公表2015/182424号公报。
发明内容
发明所要解决的课题
然而,根据专利文献2的方法,干燥粉末的表面积明显大,难以用食用性膜材等覆盖其整个表面。如果是专利文献3的方法,则也可适用于粉末,但存在着含粉末油脂的粘接性组合物自身的风味会影响到干燥食品的风味的课题。根据专利文献4的方法,有尽量不对粉末食品的感官品质造成影响的记载,尽管认为对干燥粉末的风味影响较小,但需要除粉末食品的主食材以外的添加剂则成为课题。即,在防止干燥粉末的受潮上存在上述课题,由于干燥粉末受潮,而产生了因粉末的固结或流动性的恶化导致的操作性下降、风味或色调的劣化等问题。
本发明提供无需借助于除用于对干燥粉末的风味或色调赋予特征的主食材、即干燥食用植物以外的作用物质,而简易地不易受潮的食用植物粉末及其制造方法。
用于解决课题的手段
鉴于上述情况,本发明人进行了深入研究,结果得出了现有技术所没有的新颖见解:着眼于食用植物的不可食部的效果,通过将以休止角和“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”规定的粉末的形状特性调整至一定范围,可同时简易地解决上述课题。具体而言,根据本领域技术人员的技术常识新发现了:通过将认为其值越小则交联等越少而在工业上呈有利特性的休止角特意调整至一定以上的值、以及将从粉末流动性的观点来看认为其值越大则在工业上越有利的“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”特意调整至一定以下的值,尽管失去粉体的流动性,但变得不易受潮。并且,本发明人根据上述见解进一步进行深入研究,从而完成了下述的发明。
即,本发明提供以下的[1]~[15]。
[1] 干燥粉末,该干燥粉末含有干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部,并充分满足(1)~(4):
(1) 干燥食用植物的不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下;
(2) 休止角为0.7rad以上;
(3) “松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下;
(4) 水分含量为20质量%以下。
[2] [1]所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末进一步充分满足(5):
(5) 食物纤维含量为18质量%以上。
[3] [1]或[2]所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末进一步充分满足(6):
(6) 超声波处理后的d90为2000μm以下。
[4] [1]~[3]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末进一步充分满足(7):
(7) “振实堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.85以下。
[5] [1]~[4]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末相对于干燥粉末整体以1质量%以上且90质量%以下含有食用植物的不可食部。
[6] [1]~[5]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,其中,食用植物的可食部与不可食部来自同一种的食用植物。
[7] [1]~[6]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,其中,食用植物的可食部与不可食部来自同一个体的食用植物。
[8] [1]~[7]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,其中,食用植物为选自谷类、薯类、豆类、坚果类、蔬菜类、水果类和蘑菇类的1种以上。
[9] [1]~[8]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,其中,食用植物为选自甜辣椒、甜菜、大豆、玉米、胡萝卜、南瓜、豌豆、蚕豆、甘薯、西兰花、菠菜和羽衣甘蓝的1种以上。
[10] [1]~[9]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末被封入密闭容器中,且未同时封入干燥剂。
[11] [1]~[10]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,其中,干燥食用植物的含量为干燥粉末整体的10质量%以上。
[12] [1]~[11]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,其中,硅含量为1000ppm以下。
[13] [1]~[12]中任一项所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末为人的摄食用途。
[14] 饮食品,该饮食品含有[1]~[13]中任一项所述的干燥植物粉末。
[15] 制造[1]~[13]中任一项所述的干燥粉末的方法,该方法包括:对水分含量为20质量%以下的干燥食用植物进行粉碎处理。
[16] 干燥粉末的制造方法,该制造方法是对不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下、并且水分含量为20质量%以下的干燥食用植物进行粉碎处理,直至休止角为0.7rad以上且“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下。
[17] 使干燥粉末不易受潮的方法,该方法是对不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下、并且水分含量为20质量%以下的干燥食用植物进行粉碎处理,直至休止角为0.7rad以上且“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下。
发明效果
根据本发明,可提供无需借助于除用于对干燥粉末的风味或色调赋予特征的主食材、即干燥食用植物以外的作用物质,而简易地不易受潮的食用植物干燥粉末及其制造方法。
具体实施方式
以下,记载本发明的实施方案的例子,但本发明并不限于这些方案,只要不脱离其要旨,则可施加任意的改变进行实施。
本发明涉及干燥粉末,其含有干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部,并充分满足(1)~(4)。
(1) 干燥食用植物的不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下;
(2) 休止角为0.7rad以上;
(3) “松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下;
(4) 水分含量为20质量%以下。
作为本发明中的食用植物,只要是可食部供食用的植物,则没有任何限制,可列举:谷类、薯类、豆类、坚果类、蔬菜类、水果类、蘑菇类、藻类、香辛料类等。其中,优选谷类、薯类、豆类、坚果类、蔬菜类、水果类、蘑菇类。这些食材可使用1种,也可将2种以上以任意的组合并用。另外,这些食材可直接使用,也可施加各种处理(例如干燥、加热、去涩味、剥皮、去籽、催熟、盐腌保存、果皮加工等)后进行使用。另外,食材可根据其与不可食部合在一起的植物整体的状态来判断其分类。
作为谷类的例子,可列举:玉米(特别优选甜玉米)、大米、小麦、大麦、高粱、燕麦、小黑麦、黑麦、荞麦、直长马唐(Digitaria exilis)、藜麦、稗子、小米(谷子)、黍子、巨型玉米、甘蔗、苋菜等,但并不限于这些。其中,优选玉米(特别优选甜玉米)、巨型玉米等。
作为薯类的例子,可列举:甘薯、木薯、雪莲果、野芋、芋头、魔芋薯、箭根薯(波利尼西亚竹芋(polynesian arrowroot))、马铃薯、紫薯、菊芋、猪牙花、山药、日本薯蓣、薯蓣、野葛等,但并不限于这些。其中,特别优选紫薯、甘薯等。
作为豆类的例子,可列举:扁豆(四季豆)、菜豆、红云豆、白云豆、黑豆、斑豆、虎豆、利马豆、荷包豆、豌豆(尤其是在未成熟的状态下每个豆荚都收获到种子、且以豆呈绿色的外观为特征的未成熟的种子即青豌豆)、木豆、绿豆、豇豆、红豆、蚕豆、大豆(尤其是在未成熟的状态下每个豆荚都收获到大豆、且以豆呈绿色的外观为特征的大豆的未成熟种子即毛豆)、鹰嘴豆、兵豆、平豆、小扁豆、花生、羽扇豆、草香豌豆、长角豆(Carob)、美丽球花豆(臭豆)、非洲刺槐豆、咖啡豆、可可豆、墨西哥跳豆等,但并不限于这些。需要说明的是,关于一部分的可食部(毛豆、青豌豆等)被视为蔬菜的食材,也可以以与不可食部(豆荚等)合在一起的植物整体的状态(大豆、豌豆等)来判断是否是豆类。其中,优选豌豆(尤其是未成熟的种子即青豌豆)、大豆(尤其是未成熟的种子即毛豆)、蚕豆等。
作为坚果类的例子,可列举:杏仁、腰果、美洲山核桃(pecan)、澳洲坚果、开心果、榛子、椰子、松子、葵花籽、南瓜子、西瓜子、栲、核桃、板栗、银杏、芝麻、巴西坚果等,但并不限于这些。其中,优选杏仁、腰果、澳洲坚果、开心果、榛子、椰子等。
作为蔬菜类的例子,可列举:白萝卜、胡萝卜、芜菁甘蓝、欧防风、芜菁、黑婆罗门参、莲藕、甜菜(适合的是甜菜(beets) (甜菜根(beetroot)):为了使甜菜的根食用而改良过的品种)、慈姑、火葱、大蒜、藠头、百合根、羽衣甘蓝、洋葱、芦笋、独活、卷心菜、莴苣、菠菜、大白菜、油菜、小松菜、青梗菜 、韭菜、葱 、野泽菜、蜂斗菜、莙荙菜(不断草、Swisschard)、水菜、番茄、茄子、南瓜、甜椒、黄瓜、茗荷、花椰菜、西兰花、食用菊、苦瓜、秋葵、菜蓟(洋蓟)、西葫芦、甜菜、油莎草、生姜、紫苏、山葵、甜辣椒、香草类(西洋菜、芫荽、空心菜、芹菜、龙蒿、细香葱、有喙欧芹(细叶芹)、鼠尾草、百里香、月桂、香芹、芥菜(mustard greens)、魁蒿、罗勒、牛至、迷迭香、辣薄荷、欧洲薄荷(savory,香薄荷)、柠檬草、莳萝、山葵叶、山椒叶、甜菊)、蕨菜、紫萁、葛、笋等,但并不限于这些。其中,优选胡萝卜、南瓜、番茄、甜辣椒、卷心菜、甜菜(适合的是甜菜(beets) (甜菜根(beetroot)))、洋葱、西兰花、芦笋、菠菜、羽衣甘蓝等,特别优选胡萝卜、南瓜、甜辣椒、甜菜(适合的是甜菜(beets) (甜菜根(beetroot)))、西兰花、菠菜、羽衣甘蓝等。
作为水果类的例子,可列举:花梨、中国梨(白梨、花盖梨)、梨子、榅桲、欧楂、加拿大唐棣、Shipova、苹果、美国樱桃(黑樱桃(black cherry,车厘子)、深樱桃(darkcherry))、杏(杏、杏子、apricot)、梅(prunus mum)、樱桃(樱桃(cherry)、甜樱桃)、酸樱桃、黑刺李、李子(李(plum)、酸桃)、桃子、银杏、板栗、通草(木通)、无花果(ficus carica)、柿、黑醋栗(黑加仑)、覆盆子(木莓)、猕猴桃(奇异果)、茱萸(颓子、胡颓子、茱萸)、桑的果实(桑葚(mulberry)、桑果)、蔓越莓(大果越橘(Vaccinium macrocarpon))、越橘(苔桃、岩桃、浜梨、小苹果(okamaringo))、石榴(安石榴、Pomegranate)、软枣猕猴桃(猕猴梨、奇异莓、库库瓦(kokuwa))、海鼠李(沙棘、hippophae、Seaberry)、穗醋栗(醋栗、鹅莓(gooseberry))、枣子(枣,jujube)、车下李(庭梅、小梅、郁李)、蓝靛果(lonicera caerulea)、欧洲越橘、红加仑(茶藨子(currant)、红醋栗(red currant))、葡萄(grape)、黑莓、蓝莓、泡泡果(巴婆果、pawpaw、万寿果(papaw))、二色五味子、树莓、毛樱桃、蜜桔、金桔、枸橘、橄榄、枇杷(Loquat)、山桃(david peach、杨梅)、罗汉果、热带水果类(芒果、山竹、番木瓜、毛叶番荔枝、菠萝释迦、香蕉、榴莲、杨桃、番石榴、菠萝、针叶樱桃、百香果、火龙果、荔枝、蛋黄果等热带水果)、草莓、西瓜、甜瓜、鳄梨、神秘果、柳橙、柠檬、洋李、柚子、醋橘、葡萄柚、苦橙、中国台湾香檬等,但并不限于这些。
作为蘑菇类的例子,可列举:香菇、松茸、木耳、舞菇、多孔覃、平菇、杏鲍菇、金针菇、姬菇、蜜环菌、双孢蘑菇、滑菇、粘盖牛肝菌、红汁乳菇、多汁乳菇 等,但并不限于这些。
作为藻类的例子,可列举:海带类、裙带菜类、海苔类、青海苔类、石花菜类等大型藻类;或绿藻类、红藻类、蓝藻类、涡鞭毛藻类、裸藻类等微细藻类,但并不限于这些。作为具体例子,可列举:石莼、青紫菜(青海苔)、孔石莼(青石莼)、海葡萄(长茎葡萄蕨藻)、刚毛藻、长茎葡萄蕨藻、叉开松藻、默氏松藻、海百合(日本刺盾藻)、礁膜、扁浒苔、厚叶蕨藻、肠浒苔、铜藻、网地藻、荒布、拟昆布、铁钉菜、褐松藻、叶状铁钉菜、岩须、鼠尾藻、团扇藻、任氏马尾藻、枝管藻、贝壳甘海苔(Porphyra tenuipedalis Miura)、网胰藻、腔昆布 (荒布)、萱藻、秋田铜藻(铜藻、银叶草、神马草、Sargassum horneri)、厚网藻、石棉藻、波状网翼藻、幅叶藻、匍匐昆布、菜海苔(萱藻)、粘膜藻、大托马尾藻、鹅肠菜、羊栖菜、阔叶裙带菜、囊藻、面条藻、马尾藻、真海带、金鱼藻、茅藻海苔(萱藻(scytosiphon lomentaria))、马鞭藻、海蕴(nemacystus decipiens)、粗枝软骨藻、裙带菜、浅草海苔、异色角叉菜、红毛菜、叉节藻、楔形角叉菜(黑叶银杏藻)、大石花菜、真江蓠、叉枝藻、鸡毛菜、叉枝蜈蚣藻、扁江蓠、垫形皮丝藻、日本丛果藻、黑叶银杏藻(楔形角叉菜)、覆瓦蜈蚣藻、脆江蓠、椭圆蜈蚣藻、角叉菜、绳江蓠、带形蜈蚣藻、鸡冠菜、绉盾果藻、海萝(gloiopeltis furcata)、海苔(紫菜、条斑紫菜)、小海萝、近荣拟伊藻、镰状二叉藻、日本石花菜、舌状蜈蚣藻、小珊瑚藻、海萝藻、节荚藻、石花菜、圆紫菜、冈村凹顶藻、眼虫藻(裸藻)、小球藻、红翎菜、亚洲蜈蚣藻、鸡脚菜、海头红、天草(石花菜)等。尚需说明的是,这些藻类中,小球藻类等的一部分微细藻类具有非常结实的细胞壁,因此对于微细藻类,优选进行破坏细胞壁的预处理后再加以利用,或者使用微细藻类以外的藻类。
作为香辛料类的例子,可列举:白胡椒、红胡椒、辣椒、辣根(西洋山葵)、芥末、罂粟果、肉豆蔻、桂皮、小豆蔻、孜然、番红花、众香子、丁香、山椒、橘皮、茴香、甘草、胡芦巴、莳萝籽、花椒、长胡椒、橄榄果等,但并不限于这些。
本发明中,食用植物的“不可食部”表示食用植物的通常不适合饮食的部分、或者按照通常的饮食习惯而废弃的部分,“可食部”表示从食用植物整体去除废弃部位(不可食部)后剩下的部分。特别是在含有厚的食物纤维层或毛茸等的食用植物的情况下,这些部分的摄食性或与其他食品的相容性差,以往往往是不用于食用而废弃,但在本发明中可适合使用这样的含有厚的食物纤维层或毛茸等的不可食部。
另外,在用于本发明的食用植物中,这些可食部和不可食部可分别来自不同种类的食用植物,但从风味的统一性的观点来看,优选包含来自同一种食用植物的可食部和不可食部。而且,优选包含来自同一个体的食用植物的可食部和不可食部。即,通过使用来自同一个体的食用植物的可食部的一部分或全部、和不可食部的一部分或全部,可不浪费地利用这样的食用植物。
作为食用植物的不可食部的例子,可列举上述各种食用植物的皮、籽、芯、榨渣等。其中,玉米(例如甜玉米等)、甜辣椒、南瓜、甜菜、西兰花、菠菜、胡萝卜、羽衣甘蓝、毛豆(green soybaens)、豌豆、蚕豆、甘薯、番茄、米、洋葱、卷心菜、苹果、葡萄、甘蔗、柑橘类(例如温州蜜柑、柚子等)等的皮、籽、芯、榨渣等由于残留有丰富的营养,所以可适合用于本发明,但并不限于这些。作为食用植物的不可食部的具体例子,可列举:玉米(例如甜玉米等)的包叶或雌蕊或穗轴、甜辣椒的蒂或芯或籽、南瓜的瓜瓤或籽或两端、甜菜的根端或皮或叶柄、西兰花的茎叶、菠菜的植株根部、胡萝卜的根端或叶柄基部、羽衣甘蓝的叶柄基部、毛豆(green soybeans)的荚、豌豆的荚、蚕豆的种皮或荚、甘薯的表皮或两端、番茄的蒂、米(稻壳)的稻壳、洋葱的皮(保护叶)、出根部和头部、卷心菜的芯、苹果的芯、葡萄的果皮和籽、甘蔗的榨渣、柑橘类(例如温州蜜柑、柚子等)的皮、籽和瓜瓤等,但并不限于这些。尚需说明的是,优选不含对人体有害的成分以免对人体造成影响。
尚需说明的是,关于本发明所使用的食用植物中的不可食部的部位或比率,如果是处理其食品或食品的加工品的本领域技术人员,则当然可理解。作为例子,参照日本食品标准成分表2015年版(第七修订版)所记载的“废弃部位”和“废弃率”,可将它们分别视为不可食部的部位和比率。在以下的表1中列举食用植物的例子和关于它们的日本食品标准成分表2015年版(第七修订版)所记载的“废弃部位”和“废弃率”(即不可食部的部位和比率)。
[表1]
本发明的干燥食用植物可通过对上述的各种食用植物进行干燥处理来调制。作为干燥方法,可采用通常用于食品干燥的任意方法。例如可列举:晒干、阴干、冷冻干燥、风干(例如热风干燥、流化床干燥法、喷雾干燥、转筒干燥、低温干燥等)、加压干燥、减压干燥、微波干燥、热油干燥等。其中,从食材本来所具有的色调或风味的变化程度小、可控制除食品以外的香味(焦臭等)的方面考虑,优选风干(例如热风干燥、流化床干燥法、喷雾干燥、转筒干燥、低温干燥等)或冷冻干燥的方法。
尚需说明的是,本发明中的“干燥”状态是指水分为大约20质量%以下、且水分活性值为0.85以下的状态。另外,水分优选为15质量%以下、更优选为10质量%以下。而且,优选水分活性值为0.80以下、更优选为0.75以下。作为水分的定量法,按照将干燥粉末供于减压加热干燥法的方法进行测定,作为水分活性值的测定法,按照通常的使用水分活性测定装置的常规方法进行测定。
本发明中的干燥粉末含有干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部,关于干燥食用植物的不可食部与可食部的比例,作为其下限值,从发挥本发明效果的观点来看,可以是1质量%以上,其中优选3质量%以上、进一步优选10质量%以上、最优选20质量%以上。另一方面,作为其上限值,从来自不可食部的涩味等不优选的风味的观点来看,优选200质量%以下,其中优选150质量%以下、进一步优选100质量%以下。
另外,本发明的干燥粉末通过如上所述将干燥食用植物的不可食部与可食部以规定量进行混合,而具有由不可食部的纤维特性、粒子的休止角和“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”规定的独特的粒子结构、形状,由此成为干燥性良好、不易受潮的粉末。通过如上所述将干燥食用植物的不可食部与可食部以规定量进行混合,干燥粉末的流动性丧失,其结果,发挥粉末的再干燥性提高的效果,成为干燥性良好、不易受潮的粉末。
另外,在使用与土壌接触的机会多的部位(食品的皮或荚等不可食部或暴露于外部的可食部)的情况下,土壌中所含的硅的化合物会提高干燥粉末的流动性,这作为技术常识为人所知,因此通过尽量不含来自土壌的硅而不使流动性提高,从而发挥本发明的效果,同时从安全安心的观点来看,成为适合人摄食的品质,因此优选。具体而言,干燥粉末中的硅含量优选为1000ppm以下、进一步优选为800ppm以下、进一步优选为600ppm以下、进一步优选为400ppm以下、进一步优选为200ppm以下、最优选为100ppm以下。而且,通过将干燥后的普通活菌数调整成106个/g以下,成为进一步适合人摄食的品质而优选,最优选调整成105个/g以下。
休止角是指在堆积粒体时不自发地崩塌而保持稳定的斜面的最大角度,由粒子尺寸和粒子的角的圆润度或形状决定。已知其测定方法有排出法、落下锤积法、注入法或倾斜法,通过向具有用于保持干燥粉末的保持缘的被固定的圆板的注入法来测定。
更具体而言,在利用注入法使干燥粉末在具有用于保持干燥粉末的保持缘的被固定的半径r(cm)的圆板上形成具对称性的近似圆锥状的层积体时,测定保持缘的最高部与近似圆锥状的层积体的最高部的差值即高度H(cm),从而由“tanα=H/r”求出“休止角α(˚)”,以“休止角(rad)”=“α×π/180”来计算。具体而言,可采用在r=1.75cm的条件下测定的值。本发明的干燥粉末通过将休止角调整至0.7rad以上,粒子的流动性丧失,其结果,发挥再干燥性提高的效果,其中,休止角优选为0.8rad以上、进一步优选为0.9rad以上、最优选为1.0rad以上。另外,从干燥粉末的流动性的观点来看,休止角的上限优选为1.3rad以下、进一步优选为1.2rad以下。尚需说明的是,休止角通过含有植物的不可食部而提高。
粉末的“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”是粉体的压缩性的指标,由粒子尺寸或形状决定。关于松散堆密度,是指不压实粉体而松散地填充在容器中时的表观密度,是不敲打(松散)的状态下的粉体样品的质量与包括粒子间空隙容积的因素的粉体的体积之比。因此,堆密度取决于粉体的粒子密度和粉体层内的粒子的空间排列(例如形状)。
另外,紧密堆密度也称为压实密度,是指在容器中按压(本发明中在0.6MPa的压力下)粉末使其压缩直至粉末的体积不再发生变化后的表观密度,例如通过使用以确保筒尖的通气性的同时粉末不会脱落的程度封闭的塑料注射器(LS一次性注射器2mL:最大刻度3mL、装满量4.0mL、内径1cm),按压(例如以5kgf的力)柱塞直至粉末的体积不再发生变化来进行测定。本发明的干燥粉末通过将“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”调整至0.88以下,粒子的流动性丧失,其结果,容易由粒子释放出游离水,发挥再干燥性提高的效果,其中,“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”优选为0.85以下、进一步优选为0.80以下、进一步优选为0.75以下。“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”的下限优选为0.15以上、更优选为0.25以上。尚需说明的是,“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”通过含有植物的不可食部而下降。
而且,在本发明的干燥粉末中,为了形成容易干燥的品质,“粉末的振实堆密度/紧密堆密度”优选为0.85以下、进一步优选为0.80以下、最优选为0.75以下。尚需说明的是,“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”的下限优选为0.15以上,更优选为0.25以上。振实堆密度是指敲打填充时的表观密度,通过边敲打粉末边注入装满量来测定。
另外,本发明的干燥粉末优选含有18质量%以上的食物纤维。其中,从发挥本发明效果的观点来看,作为食物纤维含量,优选为20质量%以上、进一步优选为22质量%以上、特别优选为25质量%以上。食物纤维含量的上限优选为60质量%以下、更优选为50质量%以下、进一步优选为40质量%以下。尚需说明的是,这里所说的食物纤维是指水溶性食物纤维以及不溶性食物纤维的总量,作为所含的食物纤维,优选为不溶性食物纤维。作为不溶性食物纤维的含量,相对于水溶性食物纤维以及不溶性食物纤维的总量优选为70质量%以上。
尚需说明的是,食物纤维总量和不溶性食物纤维的测定可采用通常用于测定食品成分的方法,例如可依据日本食品标准成分表所记载的方法采用测定方法。具体而言,作为食品食物纤维和不溶性食物纤维的定量法,采用将干燥粉末供于改良Prosky法的方法。
另外,本发明的干燥粉末优选超声波处理后的d90(粒径的90%累积直径)的上限为2000μm以下。但是,从干燥性提高的观点来看,其中优选为1800μm以下、其中优选为1600μm以下、其中优选为1400μm以下、其中优选为1200μm以下、其中优选为1000μm以下、其中优选为900μm以下、进一步优选为800μm以下、优选为700μm以下、优选为600μm以下。对下限没有特别限定,从操作性的观点来看,优选为30μm以上、更优选为100μm以上。需要说明的是,本发明中对“超声波处理”没有特别限定,表示以功率40W对测定样品施加3分钟的频率为40kHz的超声波的处理。
尚需说明的是,干燥粉末的粒径的d90是以将干燥粉末的粒径分布自某一粒径一分为二时较大侧的粒子频率%的累积值的比例与较小侧的粒子频率%的累积值的比例之比达到10:90的粒径来定义。干燥粉末的粒径的d90例如可使用后述的激光衍射式粒度分布测定装置进行测定。这里所说的“粒径”只要没有特别指定,则均表示以体积基准测定的粒径。
另外,本发明中的干燥粉末的超声波处理后的d50(以将干燥粉末的粒径分布自某一粒径一分为二时较大侧的粒子频率%的累积值的比例与较小侧的粒子频率%的累积值的比例之比达到50:50的粒径来定义)优选为800μm以下、更优选为700μm以下、进一步优选为600μm以下。另一方面,对下限没有特别限定,从操作性的观点来看,优选为10μm以上、更优选为50μm以上。尚需说明的是,作为测定方法,与上述超声波处理后的d90同样地进行测定。
对本发明的干燥粉末的粒径的测定条件没有限定,可设为以下的条件。首先,关于测定时的溶剂,使用乙醇作为不易给干燥食用植物的干燥粉末的结构带来影响的溶剂。对用于测定的激光衍射式粒度分布测定装置没有限定,例如可使用Microtrac BEL株式会社的Microtrac MT3300 EXII系统。对测定应用软件没有限定,例如可使用DMS2(数据管理系统第2版、Microtrac BEL株式会社)。在使用上述的测定装置和软件的情况下,只要在测定时按下该软件的洗涤按钮实施洗涤后,按下该软件的Setzero按钮实施归零,通过样品加载直接投入样品直至样品的浓度处于适当范围内即可。在对扰乱后的样品、即进行了超声波处理的样品进行测定的情况下,可投入预先进行了超声波处理的样品,也可在投入样品后使用上述的测定装置进行超声波处理,然后进行测定。这种情况下,投入未进行超声波处理的样品,通过样品加载将浓度调整至适当范围内,之后按下该软件的超声波处理按钮进行超声波处理。之后,进行3次的脱泡处理后,再次进行样品加载处理,确认浓度依然为适当范围后,迅速以流速60%、10秒的测定时间进行激光衍射,可将所得的结果作为测定值。作为测定时的参数,例如可设定如下。分布表示:体积、粒子折射率:1.60、溶剂折射率:1.36、测定上限(μm)=2000.00μm、测定下限(μm)=0.021μm。
另外,在求出本发明中的干燥粉末的粒径时,优选在测定每个通道(CH)的粒径分布后,采用后述的表2所记载的每个测定通道的粒径作为标准而求出。具体而言,对后述表2的每个通道逐一测定为后述表2的各通道所规定的粒径以下、且比大一个数字的通道所规定的粒径(在测定范围的最大通道中为测定下限粒径)大的粒子的频率,以测定范围内的所有通道的总计频率作为分母,可求出各通道的粒子频率%(也将其称为“○○通道的粒子频率%”)。例如,1通道的粒子频率%表示2000.00μm以下且大于1826.00μm的粒子的频率%。
[表2]
尚需说明的是,关于本发明的干燥粉末,为了将干燥食用植物调制成超声波处理后的d90(粒径的90%累积径)为2000μm以下,以下的任一种方法均可:将食用植物的可食部和/或不可食部干燥后进行微细化处理、或者将已进行了微细化处理的可食部和/或不可食部干燥、或者将它们组合。尚需说明的是,关于超声波处理后的d50也同样。
对用于本发明的微细化处理的方法没有特别限定。对微细化时的温度也没有限定,可以是高温粉碎、常温粉碎、低温粉碎的任一种。对微细化时的压力也没有限定,可以是高压粉碎、常压粉碎、低压粉碎的任一种。但是,从有效地得到干燥食用植物粉末的观点来看,优选以高剪切力在加压条件且升温条件下在短时间内可对作为组合物的材料的食材和其他成分进行处理的方法。作为用于这样的微细化处理的装置的例子,可列举:搅拌机、混合器、研磨机、混炼机、粉碎机、压碎机、磨碎机等设备类,可以是任一种。作为其装置,例如可使用干式珠磨机、球磨机(转动式、振动式等)等介质搅拌磨、喷射磨、高速旋转型碰撞式磨机(销棒粉碎机等)、辊磨机、锤磨机等。
本发明的干燥粉末优选在作为产品流通时封入密封容器内,如上所述,由于具有吸湿抑制效果(不易受潮),所以优选不同时封入可成为异物混入的原因的干燥剂。尚需说明的是,对密封容器的材质或形状没有任何限定。
在本发明中,关于相对于干燥粉末整体的食用植物的不可食部的含量,作为其下限,可以是1质量%以上。从再干燥特性提高的观点来看,其中优选为2.5质量%以上、进一步优选为3质量%以上、进一步优选为5质量%以上、进一步优选为7质量%以上、最优选为9质量%以上。另一方面,作为其上限,可以是90质量%以下,从呈味的观点来看,其中优选为80质量%以下、进一步优选为70质量%以下、最优选为60质量%以下。认为其原因大多在于含有更多的不溶性食物纤维的食用植物的不可食部的效果,但关于详细的理由并不明确。
而且,在本发明中,相对于干燥粉末整体的干燥食用植物的可食部与不可食部的总计含量如果为规定的范围,则干燥粉末整体支配性地发挥其特性(使干燥粉末不易受潮的效果)。例如,相对于粉末整体的干燥食用植物的可食部与不可食部的总计含量可以是10质量%以上,从效果的效力的观点来看,其中优选为30质量%以上、进一步优选为50质量%以上、其中优选为70质量%以上、特别是优选为90质量%以上、其中优选为100质量%。尚需说明的是,作为相对于粉末整体的干燥食用植物的含量为100质量%的情况以外的干燥粉末中的其他干燥粉末的种类,只要不妨碍本发明的效果,则没有任何限定。如果是干燥粉末状的食品原材料,则可视最终的干燥粉末所期望的风味、品质,不受种类或其组合、用途限制地适当选择食材等。
本发明还包括制造干燥粉末的方法,该方法是对不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下、并且水分含量为20质量%以下的干燥食用植物进行粉碎处理,直至休止角为0.7rad以上且“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下,来制造干燥粉末。详情如上所述。
本发明还包括使干燥粉末不易受潮的方法,该方法是通过对不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下、并且水分含量为20质量%以下的干燥食用植物进行微细化处理,直至休止角为0.7rad以上且“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下,而使干燥粉末不易受潮。详情如上所述。
本发明还包括饮食品,该饮食品含有本发明的干燥植物粉末。尚需说明的是,对本发明的干燥植物粉末在被添加饮食品中的掺混量没有特别限定,可适当调整使可对饮食品赋予作为干燥植物粉末原料的食用植物的风味,作为食用植物粉末与饮食品总量的比例,以干燥重量比例计优选为10质量%以上、更优选为20质量%以上、更优选为30质量%以上、特别优选为40质量%以上。另外,上限优选为100质量%以下。
需要说明的是,对本发明的饮食品没有任何限定,作为其形态,可以是液态、半固态和固态的任一种。另外,作为饮食品的种类,可列举:饮料类等液态食品(例如汤、沙冰)、调味料类等液态或半固态或固态的饮食品(例如蛋黄酱、调味汁、黄油、人造黄油)、点心类等半固态或固态食品(例如格兰诺拉麦片、棒糖、梳打饼干、焦糖、软糖、薯条)、干燥调味料类等粉末状食品,其中,从更显著地发挥本发明效果的观点来看,优选为粉末状食品。
实施例
以下,根据实施例来进一步详细地说明本发明,但这些实施例终归不过是为了便于说明而给出的例子而已,本发明无论在何种意义上均不限于这些实施例。
[干燥食用植物样品的调制]
如下调制了比较例1~10和试验例1~16的干燥食用植物。
将甜玉米、甜菜根、胡萝卜、南瓜、甜辣椒、甘薯分别区分为可食部和不可食部并切碎。另外,将豌豆(可食部:青豌豆、不可食部:荚)、大豆(可食部:毛豆、不可食部:荚)水煮后从荚中取出并进行干燥,以所得物作为可食部,将除此以外的部分(荚)作为不可食部,以此区分并切碎。接下来,使用通风干燥机(静冈制机制造、Droopy DSK-10)将它们分别在环境温度70℃下干燥。各干燥物均进行干燥处理直至水分达到20质量%。使用研磨机(大阪化学售、Wonder crusher WC-3)对它们进行微粉碎处理。然后,以表3和表4所示的比例混合食用植物的可食部和不可食部,进行均质化。
测定这些干燥食用植物的食物纤维、休止角、“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”、超声波处理后的d90、d50。作为具体的测定方法,如上所述,食物纤维利用改良Prosky法进行测定,休止角则利用向具有保持缘的被固定的圆板(r=1.75cm)注入的注入法进行测定,关于“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”,松散堆密度是通过向以确保筒尖的通气性的同时粉末不会脱落的程度封闭的塑料注射器(LS一次性注射器2mL:最大刻度3mL、刮平满量4.0mL、内径1cm)中直接注入刮平满量(盛满量)的粉末来进行测定,振实堆密度是通过边敲打边注入刮平满量直至注射器内的粉末体积不再发生变化来进行测定,紧密堆密度是通过以5kgf的力按压柱塞使其在0.6MPa的压力下压缩直至注射器内的粉末体积不再发生变化后进行测定。另外,超声波处理后的d90是使用Microtrac BEL株式会社的Microtrac MT3300 EXII系统作为激光衍射式粒度分布测定装置,使用DMS2(数据管理系统第2版、Microtrac BEL株式会社)作为测定应用软件,并使用乙醇作为溶剂进行测定。
接下来,在上述调整的各粉末中添加50质量%的水,之后在70℃环境下静置进行干燥,测定用于干燥至水分含量为10质量%所需的时间,从而评价粉末的易干燥性(再干燥性)。作为评价基准,按照以下的5个等级进行。5:容易进行再干燥,优选;4:稍微容易进行再干燥,稍优选;3:均可;2:稍微不易进行再干燥,稍不优选;1:不易进行再干燥,不优选。例如相对于10g粉末(水分含量为10质量%)加入5g水,之后在70℃环境下进行静置干燥,结果直至干燥后的重量达到10g需要花60分钟的情况下,干燥至水分含量为10%所需的时间为60分钟。尚需说明的是,进行静置干燥时,只要是普通的通风干燥装置,则可使用任意的装置。
进一步对这些各粉末的不易受潮性进行评价。使用普通的恒温恒湿机(东京理化器械株式会社制造、KCL-2000A),将装置内的空气的相对湿度调整至75Rh%左右,将1g左右的粉末在容器内于20℃环境下静置30天左右,之后观察作为粉末的品质的风味、外观、物性。作为评价基准,按照以下的5个等级进行评价。5:保管前后品质变化小,优选;4:保管前后品质变化稍微小,稍优选;3:虽然与保管前相比品质发生变化,但在允许的范围内;2:保管前后品质变化稍微显著,稍不优选;1:保管前后品质变化显著,不优选。
作为感官检查员,在实施下述A)~C)的识别训练后,选拔成绩特别优秀、有商品开发经验、关于食品的味道或口感等品质的知识丰富、且对于各感官检查项目可进行绝对评价的检查员。
A) 味质识别试验:对于五味(甜味:砂糖的味道、酸味:酒石酸的味道、鲜味:谷氨酸钠的味道、咸味:氯化钠的味道、苦味:咖啡因的味道),分别制作各成分的接近阈值的浓度的水溶液各1份,再加上2份蒸馏水共计7份样品,从中正确地识别各种味道的样品。
B) 浓度差识别试验:正确地识别浓度略有不同的5种食盐水溶液、乙酸水溶液的浓度差。
C) 3点识别试验:从厂商A公司的酱油2个、厂商B公司的酱油1个共计3个样品中,正确地识别B公司的酱油。
另外,在上述的所有评价项目中,事先由全体检查员进行标准样品的评价,对评价基准的各分数进行标准化后,由10名进行具客观性的感官检查。各评价项目的评价以如下方式进行:各检查员从各项目的5个等级的评分中选择任意一个与自己的评价最接近的数字。评价结果的总计由10名的分数的算术平均值算出。
结果见表3和表4。
[表3]
[表4]
结果可知:即使在使用任一种食用植物的情况下,与仅为可食部的情况相比,在可食部中混合有不可食部的情况下,加水后在70℃环境中水分含量达到10质量%的时间缩短,再干燥性变得良好,不易受潮。
接下来,使用试验例12中调制的大豆粉末(含有可食部和不可食部),研究本发明的干燥食用植物粉末对干燥粉末整体的不易受潮性所造成的影响。作为除干燥食用植物粉末以外的干燥粉末的一例,使用d90为500μm的砂糖粉末,如表5所示,变更相对于干燥粉末整体的干燥食用植物的含量,与上述试验同样地对干燥粉末整体的不易受潮性进行感官评价。
结果见表5。
[表5]
结果可知:在相对于干燥粉末整体混合有含有其可食部和不可食部的干燥食用植物的情况下,变得不易受潮。因此,可知相对于干燥粉末整体的干燥食用植物的含量,对干燥粉末整体支配性地发挥其特性(使干燥粉末不易受潮的效果)。
产业实用性
本发明的含有其可食部和不可食部的干燥食用植物,由于对干燥粉末赋予了伴随再干燥性提高的不易受潮性的效果,所以主要期待在食品领域中的应用。
Claims (13)
1.干燥粉末,该干燥粉末含有同一种类的干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部,并充分满足(1)~(6):
(1) 干燥食用植物的不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下;
(2) 休止角为0.7rad以上;
(3) “松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下;
(4) 水分含量为20质量%以下;
(5) 食物纤维含量为18质量%以上;
(6) 超声波处理后的d90为2000μm以下,
其中,干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部为选自下述的组合:毛豆和毛豆荚、玉米和玉米包叶、雌蕊或穗轴、南瓜和南瓜瓜瓤、籽或两端、甜辣椒和甜辣椒蒂、芯或籽、甜菜和甜菜根端、皮或叶柄、西兰花和西兰花茎叶、番茄和番茄蒂、卷心菜和卷心菜芯、菠菜和菠菜植株根部、羽衣甘蓝和羽衣甘蓝叶柄基部、豌豆和豌豆荚、蚕豆和蚕豆种皮或荚、和胡萝卜和胡萝卜根端或叶柄基部。
2.权利要求1所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末进一步充分满足(7):
(7) “振实堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.85以下。
3.权利要求1或2所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末相对于干燥粉末整体以9质量%以上且90质量%以下含有食用植物的不可食部。
4.权利要求1或2所述的干燥粉末,其中,食用植物的可食部与不可食部来自同一个体的食用植物。
5.权利要求1或2所述的干燥粉末,其中,干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部为选自下述的组合:毛豆和毛豆荚、玉米和玉米包叶、雌蕊或穗轴、南瓜和南瓜瓜瓤、籽或两端、甜辣椒和甜辣椒蒂、芯或籽、甜菜和甜菜根端、皮或叶柄、豌豆和豌豆荚、蚕豆和蚕豆种皮或荚、以及胡萝卜和胡萝卜根端或叶柄基部。
6.权利要求1或2所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末被封入密闭容器中,但未同时封入干燥剂。
7.权利要求1或2所述的干燥粉末,其中,干燥食用植物的含量为干燥粉末整体的10质量%以上。
8.权利要求1或2所述的干燥粉末,其中,硅含量为1000ppm以下。
9.权利要求1或2所述的干燥粉末,该干燥粉末为人的摄食用途。
10.饮食品,该饮食品含有权利要求1~9中任一项所述的干燥粉末。
11.制造权利要求1~9中任一项所述的干燥粉末的方法,该方法包括:对水分含量为20质量%以下的干燥食用植物进行粉碎处理。
12.干燥粉末的制造方法,该制造方法是对食物纤维含量为18质量%以上、不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下、并且水分含量为20质量%以下的干燥食用植物进行粉碎处理,直至休止角为0.7rad以上且“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下、超声波处理后的d90为2000μm以下的、含有同一种类的干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部的干燥粉末的制造方法,其中,干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部为选自下述的组合:毛豆和毛豆荚、玉米和玉米包叶、雌蕊或穗轴、南瓜和南瓜瓜瓤、籽或两端、甜辣椒和甜辣椒蒂、芯或籽、甜菜和甜菜根端、皮或叶柄、西兰花和西兰花茎叶、番茄和番茄蒂、卷心菜和卷心菜芯、菠菜和菠菜植株根部、羽衣甘蓝和羽衣甘蓝叶柄基部、豌豆和豌豆荚、蚕豆和蚕豆种皮或荚、以及胡萝卜和胡萝卜根端或叶柄基部。
13.使干燥粉末不易受潮的方法,该方法是对食物纤维含量为18质量%以上、不可食部与可食部的比例为1质量%以上且200质量%以下、并且水分含量为20质量%以下的干燥食用植物进行粉碎处理,直至休止角为0.7rad以上且“松散堆密度/紧密堆密度”为0.88以下、超声波处理后的d90为2000μm以下的、使干燥粉末不易受潮的方法,其中,干燥食用植物的可食部和不可食部为选自下述的组合:毛豆和毛豆荚、玉米和玉米包叶、雌蕊或穗轴、南瓜和南瓜瓜瓤、籽或两端、甜辣椒和甜辣椒蒂、芯或籽、甜菜和甜菜根端、皮或叶柄、西兰花和西兰花茎叶、番茄和番茄蒂、卷心菜和卷心菜芯、菠菜和菠菜植株根部、羽衣甘蓝和羽衣甘蓝叶柄基部、豌豆和豌豆荚、蚕豆和蚕豆种皮或荚、以及胡萝卜和胡萝卜根端或叶柄基部。
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US20210153531A1 (en) | 2021-05-27 |
WO2020152895A1 (ja) | 2020-07-30 |
KR102338156B1 (ko) | 2021-12-09 |
PH12021550078A1 (en) | 2021-09-20 |
TWI720781B (zh) | 2021-03-01 |
KR20210019106A (ko) | 2021-02-19 |
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