CN110786217B - Efficient cultivation technology for mechanically harvesting upland cotton in early and middle maturity of southern Xinjiang - Google Patents
Efficient cultivation technology for mechanically harvesting upland cotton in early and middle maturity of southern Xinjiang Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-efficiency cultivation technology for mechanically picking upland cotton in the early and middle maturing stage of southern Xinjiang, which is based on an optimization boll-forming theory, forms an ideal plant type with a tight lower part and a loose upper part by directionally shaping the plant type and scientifically operating water and fertilizer, increases the boll-forming rate of fruit branches at the middle and lower parts and second fruit nodes of the fruit branches, and realizes high-efficiency production beneficial to mechanical picking, wherein the proportion of bolls at the middle part is 44.2-48.3%. The yield of seed cotton is more than 480 kg/mu, the yield of ginned cotton is more than 190 kg/mu, and the pre-frost flowering rate is more than or equal to 95 percent. The technical ideas of 'three excellences, three subtractions, three increases and three sections' adopted by the invention specifically comprise: optimizing varieties and fertilizers, optimizing cotton rows, plant spacing and colony space structure, and optimizing time, types and quantity of fertilizer water and chemical control; reducing the density, the number of fruit branches and the length between the sections; increase effective ring number, increase ring weight, increase quality; water, fertilizer and medicine are saved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field, in particular to a high-efficiency cultivation technology for mechanically picking upland cotton in the early and middle maturing stage of southern Xinjiang.
Background
China not only establishes a cotton cultivation technical system which is suitable for national conditions, has distinct characteristics and is based on fine ploughing and fine cropping, but also forms a relatively complete Chinese cotton cultivation theoretical system, and makes an important contribution to the establishment of the position of the first major cotton-producing country in the world. The optimization boll-forming theory is the core of the high-yield and high-quality cultivation theoretical system of Chinese cotton. The cotton yield and the fiber quality are formed by cotton plant boll-forming, and are obviously influenced by the boll-forming time, the spatial position of the boll and the physiological age of the cotton plant, and the optimization of boll-forming is that according to the local ecological and production conditions, the boll-forming is performed in multiple boll-forming stages at the optimal boll-forming period, the optimal boll-forming position and the stable physiological state of the cotton plant. The cotton boll formation period is a high photosynthetic efficiency period in a lifetime, so that the high photosynthetic efficiency period, the boll formation peak period and the photo-thermal resource high-energy period of a cotton leaf system of a group are synchronous, and the boll formation can be optimized more effectively. In order to optimize boll formation, the relationship among varieties, environments and cultivation measures is coordinated according to the accumulation and distribution characteristics of high-yield cotton dry matter, and the economic coefficient is stabilized or improved on the basis of increasing the biological yield; on the basis of increasing the total ring count of the unit area, the ring weight is steadily increased. The photosynthetic product is a material basis formed by the economic yield of cotton, the accumulation amount of dry matter of the population in different growth stages directly influences boll formation, and in order to optimize boll formation, the accumulation amount of dry matter and the harvest index are kept higher in the boll forming and boll opening period. In order to optimize the boll formation, the individual development of cotton needs to be actively and predictably controlled, an ideal plant type is cultivated, and the group structure is optimized, so that the cotton group has multiple bolls and high-quality bolls.
In order to establish a high-efficiency cotton-picking demonstration point in a small sea reclamation area in southern Xinjiang, the invention builds a group structure with centralized boll-building, compact plant type, optimized growth and improved production efficiency by taking the technical ideas of three advantages, three reductions, three increases and three sections and taking excellent varieties, scientific water and fertilizer operation, simplified regulation and comprehensive plant protection as technical supports, thereby realizing high-yield, high-efficiency and high-quality cotton-picking production and demonstration and laying a foundation for further improving the production level in the area.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the technical problems in the background art, the invention provides a high-efficiency cultivation technique for mechanically picking upland cotton in early and middle maturing in south Xinjiang.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
an efficient cultivation technology for mechanically picking upland cotton in early and middle maturity in southern Xinjiang comprises the following steps:
preparing land A;
ploughing or raking again and cutting the land after beginning spring and 20 days after 3 months, and flattening the land in time to a state to be sowed; before ploughing, applying 1-1.5 t of organic fertilizer or 100-150 kg of oil residue per mu; 20 to 25 percent of total nitrogenous fertilizer, 25 to 35 percent of phosphate fertilizer and 20 to 30 percent of potash fertilizer are added into the fertilizer before turning over the land according to the plan; after the land is rough and flat, mixing 30 kg/mu of water with 33% of herbicide, 80-120 g/mu of 150 ml-200 g/mu or 48% trifluralin missible oil or 50-60 ml/mu of 90% rice naisi missible oil before sowing, sealing the soil, and cutting and harrowing diagonally for two times to a state to be sowed;
b, sowing technology;
and (3) sowing period: seeding can be carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film continuously passes through 12 ℃ for 3 days, the normal year is from the bottom of 3 months to the beginning of 4 months, and the seeding is finished in 10 days of 4 months;
plant row configuration: adopting a super-wide film machine to pick cotton strips, carrying out drip irrigation planting under films (the specific plant row spacing configuration is shown in table 1), and carrying out a 1-tube 2-3-row mode;
table 1: plant row spacing configuration table
Sowing quantity and depth: selecting a mechanical type precision dibbler on a film, wherein 1 seed in one hole accounts for more than 95.5 percent, and the seed consumption per mu is 1.5-1.75 kg; sowing depth under the film is 2.2-2.8 cm, covering soil on the film is 0.5-1 cm, and the width of the covering soil is 5-7 cm;
c fertilization
The formula fertilization technology is adopted, and the acidic water-soluble formula fertilizer is widely popularized; recommending the fertilizing amount: 40kg of base fertilizer: water-soluble balanced fertilizer, organic fertilizer, bacterial fertilizer (19-20-5+ TE), organic matter (15) and beneficial bacteria (2 hundred million/g); 40kg of urea and 40kg of urea are dripped in the growth period: wherein 25kg of high-phosphorus high-nitrogen fertilizer (10-30-10+ TE) is applied to the 1 st to 5 th water drops, and 15kg of high-nitrogen high-potassium fertilizer (12-8-30+ TE) is applied to the 5 th to 8 th water drops; the total cost of the fertilizer is controlled within 400 yuan/mu;
and (3) leaf fertilizer: spraying the foliage for 1-2 times in the seedling stage (15/4-30/4): 30g of potassium acid phosphate and 10g of halofop-R-methyl per mu per time; spraying on leaf surfaces in a bud period (25/5-10/6): 50g of potassium acid phosphate and 50g of boron feroxide per mu per time; spraying the foliage for 1-2 times in the bell period (10-25/8): 80 g/mu of potassium acid phosphate; when the acid potassium phosphate is sprayed on the leaf surfaces in each growth period, 1800-2000 times of clear water is used for dilution;
d, managing moisture;
the total amount of net irrigation per mu is 420-500 m3Wherein: 100-18 irrigation before sowing0m3300-350 m of drop irrigation in growth period3；
Watering in the growth period: carrying out drip irrigation for 8-12 times according to soil and climate conditions; emphasizes proper early head water filling;
the technical points are as follows: the head water needs to be thoroughly irrigated, and the later irrigation is ensured to be smooth; the dripping speed and the quantity are strictly controlled, and the purpose that the dripping ground surface does not catch water and the walking is realized in a wide way is achieved; in the seedling stage, the saline and alkaline are prevented by dripping water when meeting rain, 5-10 g of soil conditioner and 0.5kg of strong acid urea are used for drip irrigation; cultivating in time after rain;
tables 2 and 3 show the fertilizer preparation schemes (500 kg per mu yield) of the middle-early-maturing upland cotton (mechanical picking) water-soluble fertilizer cotton fields in the sticky land and the sandy land respectively.
Table 2: fertilizer preparation scheme (yield per mu 500kg) -viscosity land for middle-early-maturing upland cotton (mechanical picking) water-soluble fertilizer cotton field
Table 3 shows the water soluble fertilizer cotton field fertilizer preparation and control scheme (yield per mu 500kg) -sandy land for early-maturing upland cotton (mechanical picking)
E, scientifically adjusting the mode;
adopting a whole-course serial regulation technology to shape reasonable plant types and group structures; and (3) performing chemical control on the plant for 3-4 times in the whole period through DPC, and molding the plant type with the lower part being tight and the upper part being loose:
1-2 leaves with 1-1.5 g of true leaf period
1.5-2 g in 5-6 leaf stage (before first water)
1.9-2.1 g in 8-9 leaf stage (before second water)
No adjustment is performed for 15 days in 6 months to 5 days in 7 months (to ensure the rapid growth of the 3 rd to 7 th fruit branches)
Internode length requirement: hypocotyls are less than 8.5cm, 1-3 internodes are 3.5-4 cm, 4-6 internodes are 4-4.5 cm, 7-9 internodes are 4.5-5 cm, 10-12 internodes are 5-6 cm, 13-15 internodes are 6-7 cm, main stem internodes grow gradually from bottom to top, and finally the plant height is controlled to be 75-80 cm; the hybrid cotton is sensitive to DPC, and the dosage is properly reduced during chemical control;
f, topping and pruning;
manual topping: topping is carried out before 92-97 days of local perennial early frost, generally, 7 months 1 day-10 days, the principle of 'branches are unequal, and branches are unequal' is strictly followed, and proper early topping is advocated (a specific topping period table is shown in table 4); the cotton fields with higher density and more vigorous growth are beaten early; the topping is carried out thoroughly, topping is carried out again after one week, and the missing topping rate is required to be less than 2%;
table 4: timing watch
| Harvesting number of plants (ten thousand plants/mu) | Number of fruit stands per plant | Control plant height (cm) | Topping period (moon-sun) |
| ≥1.3 | 7～8 | 70～75 | 6-25～7-5 |
| 1.05～1.30 | 8～9 | 75～80 | 7-1～7-10 |
| ≤1.05 | 9～10 | 80～85 | 7-5～7-10 |
Chemical topping: the method is carried out in 5 days to 15 days in 7 months (later than the artificial topping time), and the soil optimizing tower (20 to 25 percent of flumetralin, 0.01 percent of naphthalene boric acid, 15 to 20 percent of emulsifier, 8 to 15 percent of dispersant, 5 to 10 percent of cosolvent and 2 to 5 percent of stabilizer) is 40 to 50g, the mepiquat chloride is 5g and the water is 20 to 25 kg; 50-60g of chemical top-dressing agent (mepiquat chloride, corrosion inhibitor and auxiliary agent) for golden cotton, 2g of mepiquat chloride, 3-5g of mepiquat chloride in a vigorous seedling field, and 10-15g of DPC (methyl diphenylsulfone) is sprayed 5-10 days after spraying; can not be mixed with other pesticides for spraying;
g, defoliation ripening technology;
(1) time: the upper boll period is 40-50 days, the boll opening rate is 50%, spraying is started 18-22 days before mechanical picking, and generally, the spraying is carried out 10-9-20 days in 9 months;
(2) medicament: 25-30 g of desonide, 70-80g of ethidium or 8-12-15 g of desolate (thidiazuron) and 70g of ethidium, wherein the gossypol field is defoliated for 2 times, 20g of desonide is used for the first time (9 months and 10 days) to open a skylight, and 25g of desonide or 12g of desolate and 70g of ethephon is used for the second time (9 months and 17 days) after one week;
(3) the method comprises the following steps: 7, spraying when the balance average temperature is higher than 20 ℃ and the lowest temperature at night is higher than 12 ℃; re-spraying when meeting rain within 24 hours after spraying; the spraying time is good in the morning or evening, the liquid medicine amount is large (25-35 kg/mu), and the spraying is uniform and thorough;
h, comprehensive plant protection;
the three-insect two-disease prevention and treatment are mainly carried out, and the principle of early investigation, prevention as a main part and prevention as an auxiliary part is adopted;
diseases in seedling stage: the seedling-raising agent has damping off, anthracnose and the like, adopts seed coating, early intertillage and spraying alginic acid and amino acid foliar fertilizer in the seedling stage to promote the roots and strengthen the seedlings and enhance the disease resistance;
insect pest: according to early investigation, point-enclosing rounding is carried out on a central aphid plant and a central mite plant, chlordimeform or imidacloprid, efficient cyfluthrin and the like are selected when aphids spread, abamectin, dicofol and the like are selected when red spiders occur, and the pesticide is sprayed for preventing for 2-3 times in time in turn at intervals of 2 days, so that the purposes of preventing small, preventing small and preventing small are required, the working solution amount is increased, and the pesticide is prevented and treated by a high-pressure spray gun at the rate of 25-30 kg/mu; in areas with severe thrips in the bud stage, spraying nori or emamectin benzoate and foliar fertilizer (200 g of monopotassium phosphate, 250g of urea and 10g of zinc sulfate) in the middle ten days of 5 months;
i mechanical harvesting
Time: harvesting when the defoliation rate of the cotton field is 90% and the boll opening rate is more than 95%; 15-30 days in 10 months in south Xinjiang;
the method comprises the following steps: the speed of the cotton machine is 3.5-5 km/h during operation; the time of entering and leaving the ground: 11 am 20 days before 10 months: 30 days later, 10 days later: 00 coming out of the ground; 12 am after 10 months and 20 days: 00 am, 11 pm: 00, out of the ground;
quality: the net picking rate reaches more than 95 percent; the total loss rate is not more than 5% (wherein the hanging skill loss is less than 1.8%, the remaining cotton is less than 1.5%, and the hit cotton is less than 1.7%), the impurity content of the harvested seed cotton is not more than 12%, and the moisture regain (water content) of the seed cotton is not more than 12%;
j recycling drip irrigation equipment
Manually or mechanically recovering the capillary, and disassembling, cleaning, classifying and warehousing the main pipe and the branch pipe; after the cotton is completely harvested and before the cotton is ploughed, residual films are manually picked up.
Preferably, in the step B, for the soil with poor soil moisture content or the cotton field which is sowed in a dry mode and wet mode, when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film reaches more than 14 ℃, the seedling emergence water is subjected to drop irrigation, and the irrigation amount is 25-30 m3The fertilizer is prepared by applying 1.5-2 kg of urea, 1kg of monopotassium phosphate and 1.5kg of strong acid urea or a special drip irrigation fertilizer (containing more than N38 percent and P) per mu2O5More than 22%) 3-4 kg/mu.
Preferably, in the step C, 20-28 kg of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are applied to each mu of medium-fertility cotton field2O5) 12-16 kg of potassium (k)2O) 7-10 kg; meanwhile, the application of trace element fertilizers such as zinc, boron and the like is noticed; the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is generalIs N: P2O5︰K2O is 1-1.4: 0.5-0.75: 0.35-0.45; the ratio of base top dressing to N fertilizer is 0.2: 0.8, phosphate fertilizer is 0.3: 0.7, and potash fertilizer is 0.25: 0.75.
Preferably, in the step D, the water is irrigated in the growth period, taking loam as an example: dripping water 2-3 times from late 5 th to late 6 th of month, 25-30 m each time3The interval is 7-14 days; dripping water 3-4 times from last 7 to last 8 months, 30-35 m each time3The interval is 6-8 days; dripping water 2-3 times from last 8 to last 9 months, 30m each time3The interval is 8-12 days.
Preferably, in the step F, in the greedy late-maturing cotton field or the spindly cotton field, pruning and pinching by taking flowers as boundaries in the last 8 months; reduce nutrient waste and reduce the hidden space between rows.
Preferably, in the step G, 30-50G of ethephon is dripped along with water for 18-25 days in 8 months in the green late-maturing cotton field to promote early maturing; 10-15 m of water drops after spraying defoliant3It has the effect of increasing the weight of bell.
Preferably, in the step H, the methods for controlling fusarium wilt, red leaf stem blight and ring rot are respectively as follows:
blight and verticillium wilt: continuously applying 100g of hymexazol, 50g of zinc fertilizer, 15g of sodium naphthalene acetate, 15g of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 5kg of high-phosphorus high-potassium fertilizer and 2kg of urea for 2-3 times;
red leaf stem blight: due to the fact that the temperature is reduced after autumn (after autumn rain) and the root system of the cotton plant is aged, the fertilizer application amount is increased in the middle and last ten days of 8 months: 3-4 kg of urea in the form of end water and 3-4 kg of potassium sulfate, or 150-200 g of potassium sulfate (the content of potassium oxide is 52%) sprayed on leaf surfaces and 200g of urea are continuously sprayed for 2 times;
bell disease: damage to the boll shells caused by thrips or aphids, and infestation by germs (bacteria and fungi); in the middle of 8 months: agricultural streptomycin (or thiabendazole copper) + tebuconazole (or carbendazim) + compound sodium nitrophenolate 20ppm (or naphthylacetic acid 10ppm or 5% amino-oligosaccharin 400 times liquid) + calcium fertilizer 20g + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100 g; it is also possible to: 20% of thiodiazole copper 60g, 25% of azoxystrobin 20g and 10g of brassin.
The invention has the advantages that: the invention is based on the optimization boll-forming theory, forms an ideal plant type with tight lower part and loose upper part by directionally shaping the plant type and scientifically operating water and fertilizer, increases the boll-forming rate of the fruit branches at the middle and lower parts and the second fruit nodes of the fruit branches, and realizes the high-efficiency production beneficial to mechanical picking, wherein the boll-forming rate of the cotton boll at the middle part is 44.2-48.3%. The yield of seed cotton is more than 480 kg/mu, the yield of ginned cotton is more than 190 kg/mu, and the pre-frost flowering rate is more than or equal to 95 percent.
In order to establish a high-efficiency cotton picking demonstration point in a small sea reclamation area in southern Xinjiang, the invention adopts the technical ideas of 'three excellences, three reductions, three increases and three sections', and specifically comprises the following steps:
"Sanyou": (1) "preferred varieties and fertilizers"; (2) "optimizing cotton row, plant spacing and colony space structure"; (3) "time, type and quantity of optimizing fertilizer and water and chemical control";
"three minus": (1) "Density reduction"; (2) "number of fruit branches and fruit nodes is reduced"; (3) "reducing internode length";
"three increase": (1) "increase effective ring count"; (2) "increase ring weight"; (3) "upgrading";
the three segments mean: (1) "water conservation"; (2) "save fertilizer"; (3) "Ji Yao".
Detailed Description
The variety selected by the invention is as follows: the early-medium-maturing variety with the growth period of 126-132 days requires the first fruit branch with the bearing height of 15-18cm, compact plant type (II type fruit branch), lodging resistance, strong boll forming property (the double-boll rate is up to more than 40%), high quality, high floss length of more than or equal to 29mm, specific strength of more than or equal to cN/tex, and strong disease resistance and stress resistance. Including neoland 46, neoland 62, neoland 67, etc.
Example 1:
an efficient cultivation technology for mechanically picking upland cotton in early and middle maturity in southern Xinjiang comprises the following steps:
preparing land A;
ploughing or raking again and cutting the land after beginning spring and 20 days after 3 months, and flattening the land in time to a state to be sowed; before ploughing, applying 1-1.5 t of organic fertilizer or 100-150 kg of oil residue per mu; 20 to 25 percent of total nitrogenous fertilizer, 25 to 35 percent of phosphate fertilizer and 20 to 30 percent of potash fertilizer are added into the fertilizer before turning over the land according to the plan; after the land is rough and flat, mixing 30 kg/mu of water with 33% of herbicide, 80-120 g/mu of 150 ml-200 g/mu or 48% trifluralin missible oil or 50-60 ml/mu of 90% rice naisi missible oil before sowing, sealing the soil, and cutting and harrowing diagonally for two times to a state to be sowed;
b, sowing technology;
and (3) sowing period: seeding can be carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film continuously passes through 12 ℃ for 3 days, the normal year is from the bottom of 3 months to the beginning of 4 months, and the seeding is finished in 10 days of 4 months;
plant row configuration: adopting a super-wide film machine to pick cotton and drip irrigation under a film in a strip shape, and adopting a 1-pipe 2-3-line mode;
sowing quantity and depth: selecting a mechanical type precision dibbler on a film, wherein 1 seed in one hole accounts for more than 95.5 percent, and the seed consumption per mu is 1.5-1.75 kg; sowing depth under the film is 2.2-2.8 cm, covering soil on the film is 0.5-1 cm, and the width of the covering soil is 5-7 cm;
in the step B, for soil with poor soil moisture content or cotton fields which are sowed in a dry mode and wet mode, when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film reaches over 14 ℃, seedling emergence water is subjected to drop irrigation, and the irrigation quantity is 25-30 m3The fertilizer is prepared by applying 1.5-2 kg of urea, 1kg of monopotassium phosphate and 1.5kg of strong acid urea or a special drip irrigation fertilizer (containing more than N38 percent and P) per mu2O5More than 22%) 3-4 kg/mu.
C fertilization
The formula fertilization technology is adopted, and the acidic water-soluble formula fertilizer is widely popularized; applying 20-28 kg of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to each mu of cotton field with medium fertility2O5) 12-16 kg of potassium (k)2O) 7-10 kg; meanwhile, the application of trace element fertilizers such as zinc, boron and the like is noticed; the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to potassium is generally N: P2O5︰K2O is 1-1.4: 0.5-0.75: 0.35-0.45; the ratio of base top dressing to N fertilizer is 0.2: 0.8, phosphate fertilizer is 0.3: 0.7, and potash fertilizer is 0.25: 0.75.
Recommending the fertilizing amount: 40kg of base fertilizer: water-soluble balanced fertilizer, organic fertilizer, bacterial fertilizer (19-20-5+ TE), organic matter (15) and beneficial bacteria (2 hundred million/g); 40kg of urea and 40kg of urea are dripped in the growth period: wherein 25kg of high-phosphorus high-nitrogen fertilizer (10-30-10+ TE) is applied to the 1 st to 5 th water drops, and 15kg of high-nitrogen high-potassium fertilizer (12-8-30+ TE) is applied to the 5 th to 8 th water drops; the total cost of the fertilizer is controlled within 400 yuan/mu;
and (3) leaf fertilizer: spraying the foliage for 1-2 times in the seedling stage (15/4-30/4): 30g of potassium acid phosphate and 10g of halofop-R-methyl per mu per time; spraying on leaf surfaces in a bud period (25/5-10/6): 50g of potassium acid phosphate and 50g of boron feroxide per mu per time; spraying the foliage for 1-2 times in the bell period (10-25/8): 80 g/mu of potassium acid phosphate; when the acid potassium phosphate is sprayed on the leaf surfaces in each growth period, 1800-2000 times of clear water is used for dilution;
d, managing moisture;
the total amount of net irrigation per mu is 420-500 m3Wherein: irrigating before sowing for 100-180 m3300-350 m of drop irrigation in growth period3；
Watering in the growth period: carrying out drip irrigation for 8-12 times according to soil and climate conditions; emphasizes proper early head water filling;
the technical points are as follows: the head water needs to be thoroughly irrigated, and the later irrigation is ensured to be smooth; the dripping speed and the quantity are strictly controlled, and the purpose that the dripping ground surface does not catch water and the walking is realized in a wide way is achieved; in the seedling stage, the saline and alkaline are prevented by dripping water when meeting rain, 5-10 g of soil conditioner and 0.5kg of strong acid urea are used for drip irrigation; cultivating in time after rain;
irrigation in the growth period takes loam as an example: dripping water 2-3 times from late 5 th to late 6 th of month, 25-30 m each time3The interval is 7-14 days; dripping water 3-4 times from last 7 to last 8 months, 30-35 m each time3The interval is 6-8 days; dripping water 2-3 times from last 8 to last 9 months, 30m each time3The interval is 8-12 days.
E, scientifically adjusting the mode;
adopting a whole-course serial regulation technology to shape reasonable plant types and group structures; and (3) performing chemical control on the plant for 3-4 times in the whole period through DPC, and molding the plant type with the lower part being tight and the upper part being loose:
1-2 leaves with 1-1.5 g of true leaf period
1.5-2 g in 5-6 leaf stage (before first water)
1.9-2.1 g in 8-9 leaf stage (before second water)
No adjustment is performed for 15 days in 6 months to 5 days in 7 months (to ensure the rapid growth of the 3 rd to 7 th fruit branches)
Internode length requirement: hypocotyls are less than 8.5cm, 1-3 internodes are 3.5-4 cm, 4-6 internodes are 4-4.5 cm, 7-9 internodes are 4.5-5 cm, 10-12 internodes are 5-6 cm, 13-15 internodes are 6-7 cm, main stem internodes grow gradually from bottom to top, and finally the plant height is controlled to be 75-80 cm; the hybrid cotton is sensitive to DPC, and the dosage is properly reduced during chemical control;
f, topping and pruning;
manual topping: topping is carried out before 92-97 days of local perennial first frost, generally, 7 months and 1-10 days, the principle of 'when branches are unequal, when branches are unequal' is strictly followed, and proper early topping is advocated; the cotton fields with higher density and more vigorous growth are beaten early; the topping is carried out thoroughly, topping is carried out again after one week, and the missing topping rate is required to be less than 2%;
chemical topping: the method is carried out in 5 days to 15 days in 7 months (later than the artificial topping time), and the soil optimizing tower (20 to 25 percent of flumetralin, 0.01 percent of naphthalene boric acid, 15 to 20 percent of emulsifier, 8 to 15 percent of dispersant, 5 to 10 percent of cosolvent and 2 to 5 percent of stabilizer) is 40 to 50g, the mepiquat chloride is 5g and the water is 20 to 25 kg; 50-60g of chemical top-dressing agent (mepiquat chloride, corrosion inhibitor and auxiliary agent) for golden cotton, 2g of mepiquat chloride, 3-5g of mepiquat chloride in a vigorous seedling field, and 10-15g of DPC (methyl diphenylsulfone) is sprayed 5-10 days after spraying; can not be mixed with other pesticides for spraying;
pruning and pinching flowers in the late maturing greedy cotton field or the spindly cotton field in the last 8 months; reduce nutrient waste and reduce the hidden space between rows.
G, defoliation ripening technology;
(1) time: the upper boll period is 40-50 days, the boll opening rate is 50%, spraying is started 18-22 days before mechanical picking, and generally, the spraying is carried out 10-9-20 days in 9 months;
(2) medicament: 25-30 g of desonide, 70-80g of ethidium or 8-12-15 g of desolate (thidiazuron) and 70g of ethidium, wherein the gossypol field is defoliated for 2 times, 20g of desonide is used for the first time (9 months and 10 days) to open a skylight, and 25g of desonide or 12g of desolate and 70g of ethephon is used for the second time (9 months and 17 days) after one week;
(3) the method comprises the following steps: 7, spraying when the balance average temperature is higher than 20 ℃ and the lowest temperature at night is higher than 12 ℃; re-spraying when meeting rain within 24 hours after spraying; the spraying time is good in the morning or evening, the liquid medicine amount is large (25-35 kg/mu), and the spraying is uniform and thorough;
for the green late-maturing cotton field, 30-50 g of ethephon is applied along with water drops in 18-25 days after 8 months, so that the premature maturing effect is promoted; 10-15 m of water drops after spraying defoliant3It has the effect of increasing the weight of bell.
H, comprehensive plant protection;
the three-insect two-disease prevention and treatment are mainly carried out, and the principle of early investigation, prevention as a main part and prevention as an auxiliary part is adopted;
diseases in seedling stage: the seedling-raising agent has damping off, anthracnose and the like, adopts seed coating, early intertillage and spraying alginic acid and amino acid foliar fertilizer in the seedling stage to promote the roots and strengthen the seedlings and enhance the disease resistance;
insect pest: according to early investigation, point-enclosing rounding is carried out on a central aphid plant and a central mite plant, chlordimeform or imidacloprid, efficient cyfluthrin and the like are selected when aphids spread, abamectin, dicofol and the like are selected when red spiders occur, and the pesticide is sprayed for preventing for 2-3 times in time in turn at intervals of 2 days, so that the purposes of preventing small, preventing small and preventing small are required, the working solution amount is increased, and the pesticide is prevented and treated by a high-pressure spray gun at the rate of 25-30 kg/mu; in areas with severe thrips in the bud stage, spraying nori or emamectin benzoate and foliar fertilizer (200 g of monopotassium phosphate, 250g of urea and 10g of zinc sulfate) in the middle ten days of 5 months;
the prevention and treatment methods of fusarium wilt, red leaf stem blight and boll rot are respectively as follows:
blight and verticillium wilt: continuously applying 100g of hymexazol, 50g of zinc fertilizer, 15g of sodium naphthalene acetate, 15g of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 5kg of high-phosphorus high-potassium fertilizer and 2kg of urea for 2-3 times;
red leaf stem blight: due to the fact that the temperature is reduced after autumn (after autumn rain) and the root system of the cotton plant is aged, the fertilizer application amount is increased in the middle and last ten days of 8 months: 3-4 kg of urea in the form of end water and 3-4 kg of potassium sulfate, or 150-200 g of potassium sulfate (the content of potassium oxide is 52%) sprayed on leaf surfaces and 200g of urea are continuously sprayed for 2 times;
bell disease: damage to the boll shells caused by thrips or aphids, and infestation by germs (bacteria and fungi); in the middle of 8 months: agricultural streptomycin (or thiabendazole copper) + tebuconazole (or carbendazim) + compound sodium nitrophenolate 20ppm (or naphthylacetic acid 10ppm or 5% amino-oligosaccharin 400 times liquid) + calcium fertilizer 20g + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100 g; it is also possible to: 20% of thiodiazole copper 60g, 25% of azoxystrobin 20g and 10g of brassin.
I mechanical harvesting
Time: harvesting when the defoliation rate of the cotton field is 90% and the boll opening rate is more than 95%; 15-30 days in 10 months in south Xinjiang;
the method comprises the following steps: the speed of the cotton machine is 3.5-5 km/h during operation; the time of entering and leaving the ground: 11 am 20 days before 10 months: 30 days later, 10 days later: 00 coming out of the ground; 12 am after 10 months and 20 days: 00 am, 11 pm: 00, out of the ground;
quality: the net picking rate reaches more than 95 percent; the total loss rate is not more than 5% (wherein the hanging skill loss is less than 1.8%, the remaining cotton is less than 1.5%, and the hit cotton is less than 1.7%), the impurity content of the harvested seed cotton is not more than 12%, and the moisture regain (water content) of the seed cotton is not more than 12%;
j recycling drip irrigation equipment
Manually or mechanically recovering the capillary, and disassembling, cleaning, classifying and warehousing the main pipe and the branch pipe; after the cotton is completely harvested and before the cotton is ploughed, residual films are manually picked up.
The yield and the yield composition of the representative variety of the invention are shown in table 5.
Table 5: yield and yield composition of representative varieties
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. An efficient cultivation technology for mechanically picking upland cotton in early and middle maturity in southern Xinjiang is characterized by comprising the following steps:
preparing land A;
ploughing or raking again and cutting the land after beginning spring and 20 days after 3 months, and flattening the land in time to a state to be sowed; before ploughing, applying 1-1.5 t of organic fertilizer or 100-150 kg of oil residue per mu; 20 to 25 percent of total nitrogenous fertilizer, 25 to 35 percent of phosphate fertilizer and 20 to 30 percent of potash fertilizer are added into the fertilizer before turning over the land according to the plan; after the land is rough and flat, mixing 30 kg/mu of water with 33% of herbicide, 80-120 g/mu of 150 ml-200 g/mu or 48% trifluralin missible oil or 50-60 ml/mu of 90% rice naisi missible oil before sowing, sealing the soil, and cutting and harrowing diagonally for two times to a state to be sowed;
b, sowing technology;
and (3) sowing period: seeding can be carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film continuously passes through 12 ℃ for 3 days, the normal year is from the bottom of 3 months to the beginning of 4 months, and the seeding is finished in 10 days of 4 months;
plant row configuration: adopting a super-wide film machine to pick cotton and drip irrigation under a film in a strip shape, and adopting a 1-pipe 2-3-line mode;
sowing quantity and depth: selecting a mechanical type precision dibbler on a film, wherein 1 seed in one hole accounts for more than 95.5 percent, and the seed consumption per mu is 1.5-1.75 kg; sowing depth under the film is 2.2-2.8 cm, covering soil on the film is 0.5-1 cm, and the width of the covering soil is 5-7 cm;
c fertilization
The formula fertilization technology is adopted, and the acidic water-soluble formula fertilizer is widely popularized; recommending the fertilizing amount: 40kg of base fertilizer: water-soluble balanced fertilizer, organic fertilizer, bacterial fertilizer 19-20-5, TE, organic matter 15 and beneficial bacteria 2 hundred million/g; 40kg of urea and 40kg of urea are dripped in the growth period: wherein, 10-30-10+ TE 25kg of high-phosphorus and high-nitrogen fertilizer is dripped in the 1 st to 5 th water, and 15kg of high-nitrogen and high-potassium fertilizer is dripped in the 5 th to 8 th water, and the TE is dripped in the 5 th to 8 th water; the total cost of the fertilizer is controlled within 400 yuan/mu;
and (3) leaf fertilizer: and (3) carrying out leaf surface spraying for 1-2 times at the seedling stage of 15/4-30/4: 30g of potassium acid phosphate and 10g of halofop-R-methyl per mu per time; 25/5-10/6 foliage spraying in the bud period: 50g of potassium acid phosphate and 50g of boron feroxide per mu per time; spraying on leaf surfaces for 1-2 times in a bell period of 10-25/8: 80 g/mu of potassium acid phosphate; when the acid potassium phosphate is sprayed on the leaf surfaces in each growth period, 1800-2000 times of clear water is used for dilution;
d, managing moisture;
the total amount of net irrigation per mu is 420-500 m3Wherein: irrigating before sowing for 100-180 m3300-350 m of drop irrigation in growth period3；
Watering in the growth period: carrying out drip irrigation for 8-12 times according to soil and climate conditions; emphasizes proper early head water filling;
the technical points are as follows: the head water needs to be thoroughly irrigated, and the later irrigation is ensured to be smooth; the dripping speed and the quantity are strictly controlled, and the purpose that the dripping ground surface does not catch water and the walking is realized in a wide way is achieved; in the seedling stage, the saline and alkaline are prevented by dripping water when meeting rain, 5-10 g of soil conditioner and 0.5kg of strong acid urea are used for drip irrigation; cultivating in time after rain;
e, scientifically adjusting the mode;
adopting a whole-course serial regulation technology to shape reasonable plant types and group structures; and (3) performing chemical control on the plant for 3-4 times in the whole period through DPC, and molding the plant type with the lower part being tight and the upper part being loose:
1-1.5 g of 1-2 leaves in the true leaf period;
1.5-2 g before first water in 5-6 leaf stage;
1.9-2.1 g before 8-9 leaves of second water;
no change is carried out for 15 days at 6 months to 7 months and 5 days at 7 months, so as to ensure the rapid growth of the 3 rd to 7 th fruit branches;
internode length requirement: hypocotyls are less than 8.5cm, 1-3 internodes are 3.5-4 cm, 4-6 internodes are 4-4.5 cm, 7-9 internodes are 4.5-5 cm, 10-12 internodes are 5-6 cm, 13-15 internodes are 6-7 cm, main stem internodes grow gradually from bottom to top, and finally the plant height is controlled to be 75-80 cm; the hybrid cotton is sensitive to DPC, and the dosage is properly reduced during chemical control;
f, topping and pruning;
manual topping: topping is carried out before 92-97 days of local perennial first frost, generally, 7 months and 1-10 days, the principle of 'when branches are unequal, when branches are unequal' is strictly followed, and proper early topping is advocated; the cotton fields with higher density and more vigorous growth are beaten early; the topping is carried out thoroughly, topping is carried out again after one week, and the missing topping rate is required to be less than 2%;
chemical topping: the method is carried out in 5-15 days in 7 months, slightly later than the manual topping time, and comprises a soil optimization tower, 20-25% of flumetralin, 0.01% of naphthalene boric acid, 15-20% of emulsifier, 8-15% of dispersant, 5-10% of cosolvent, 2-5% of stabilizer, 40-50g of mepiquat chloride, 5g of mepiquat chloride and 20-25kg of water; chemical top-cutting agent for golden cotton, mepiquat chloride, corrosion inhibitor and auxiliary agent, 50-60g of mepiquat chloride and 2g of mepiquat chloride, 3-5g of mepiquat chloride is added in a vigorous seedling field, and 5-10 days after spraying of the chemical top-cutting agent, 10-15g of DPC is sprayed; can not be mixed with other pesticides for spraying;
g, defoliation ripening technology;
(1) time: the upper boll period is 40-50 days, the boll opening rate is 50%, spraying is started 18-22 days before mechanical picking, and generally, the spraying is carried out 10-9-20 days in 9 months;
(2) medicament: 25-30 g of desonide and 70-80g of ethidium or 8-12-15 g of desolate and 70g of ethidium, defoliating the cotton field for 2 times, opening a skylight by using 20g of desonide for 9, 10 days after the first time, and using 25g of desonide or 12g of desolate and 70g of ethephon for 17 days after 9, 17 days after one week;
(3) the method comprises the following steps: 7, spraying when the balance average temperature is higher than 20 ℃ and the lowest temperature at night is higher than 12 ℃; re-spraying when meeting rain within 24 hours after spraying; the spraying time is good in the morning or evening, the liquid medicine amount is large, 25-35 kg/mu, and even and thorough spraying is ensured;
h, comprehensive plant protection;
the three-insect two-disease prevention and treatment are mainly carried out, and the principle of early investigation, prevention as a main part and prevention as an auxiliary part is adopted;
diseases in seedling stage: due to damping off and anthracnose, alginic acid and amino acid foliar fertilizer are sprayed in seed coating, early intertillage and seedling stage, so that the root and the seedling are promoted and strengthened, and the disease resistance is enhanced;
insect pest: according to early investigation, point-enclosing rounding is carried out on a central aphid plant and a central mite plant, chlordimeform or imidacloprid and efficient cyfluthrin are selected when aphids spread, abamectin and dicofol are selected when red spiders occur, and the abamectin and the dicofol are sprayed for preventing the aphides and the cyfluthrin in time and alternately for 2 to 3 times at intervals of 2 days, so that the purposes of preventing small, preventing less and preventing the red spiders and increasing the working solution amount are required to be achieved, and the high-pressure spray gun is adopted for preventing the central aphid plant and the central mite plant, wherein the working solution amount is 25 to 30 kg/mu; in areas with severe thrips in the bud stage, spraying nori or emamectin benzoate and foliar fertilizer in the middle ten days of 5 months, wherein the foliar fertilizer is potassium dihydrogen phosphate 200g, urea 250g and zinc sulfate 10 g;
i mechanical harvesting
Time: harvesting when the defoliation rate of the cotton field is 90% and the boll opening rate is more than 95%; 15-30 days in 10 months in south Xinjiang;
the method comprises the following steps: the speed of the cotton machine is 3.5-5 km/h during operation; the time of entering and leaving the ground: 11 am 20 days before 10 months: 30 days later, 10 days later: 00 coming out of the ground; 12 am after 10 months and 20 days: 00 am, 11 pm: 00, out of the ground;
quality: the net picking rate reaches more than 95 percent; the total loss rate is not more than 5 percent, wherein the hanging loss is less than 1.8 percent, the remaining cotton is less than 1.5 percent, the hit cotton is less than 1.7 percent, the impurity content of the harvested seed cotton is not more than 12 percent, and the moisture regain of the seed cotton is not more than 12 percent;
j recycling drip irrigation equipment
Manually or mechanically recovering the capillary, and disassembling, cleaning, classifying and warehousing the main pipe and the branch pipe; after the cotton is completely harvested and before plowing, residual films are manually picked up;
in the step B, for soil with poor soil moisture content or cotton fields which are sowed in a dry mode and wet mode, when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film reaches over 14 ℃, seedling emergence water is subjected to drop irrigation, and the irrigation quantity is 25-30 m3The fertilizer is characterized in that 1.5-2 kg of urea, 1kg of monopotassium phosphate and 1.5kg of strong acid urea are applied per mu, or 3-4 kg of special drip irrigation fertilizer is applied per mu, wherein the special drip irrigation fertilizer contains more than 38% of N and P2O5More than 22 percent;
in the step C, 20-28 kg of nitrogen, 12-16 kg of phosphorus and 7-10 kg of potassium are applied to each mu of the cotton field with medium fertility; meanwhile, the application of zinc and boron micro-fertilizers is noticed; the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to potassium is generally N: P2O5︰K2O is 1-1.4: 0.5-0.75: 0.35-0.45; the ratio of base top dressing to N fertilizer is 0.2: 0.8, phosphate fertilizer is 0.3: 0.7 and potash fertilizer is 0.25: 0.75;
in the step D, irrigation is carried out in the growth period, taking loam as an example: dripping water 2-3 times from late 5 th to late 6 th of month, 25-30 m each time3The interval is 7-14 days; dripping water 3-4 times from last 7 to last 8 months, 30-35 m each time3The interval is 6-8 days; dripping water 2-3 times from last 8 to last 9 months, 30m each time3The interval is 8-12 days;
in the step H, the prevention and treatment methods of the fusarium wilt, the red leaf stem blight and the ring rot are respectively as follows:
blight and verticillium wilt: continuously applying 100g of hymexazol, 50g of zinc fertilizer, 15g of sodium naphthalene acetate, 15g of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 5kg of high-phosphorus high-potassium fertilizer and 2kg of urea for 2-3 times;
red leaf stem blight: the fertilizer application amount is increased in the middle and last ten days of 8 months due to the fact that the air temperature is reduced after the beginning of autumn, namely the root system of a cotton plant is aged after autumn rain: 3-4 kg of urea in the form of end water and 3-4 kg of potassium sulfate, or 150-200 g of potassium sulfate sprayed on leaf surfaces and 200g of urea continuously for 2 times, wherein the potassium oxide content in the potassium sulfate is 52%;
bell disease: damage to the boll shells caused by harm of thrips or aphids and pathogen infection; in the middle of 8 months: agricultural streptomycin or thiabendazole copper + tebuconazole or carbendazim + compound sodium nitrophenolate 20ppm or naphthylacetic acid 10ppm or 5% amino-oligosaccharin 400 times liquid + calcium fertilizer 20g + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100 g; or 20% of Thiodiazole 60g, 25% of azoxystrobin 20g and 10g of brassin.
2. The efficient mechanical-harvesting upland cotton cultivation technique of southern Xinjiang early-middle maturing as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step F, the green late maturing cotton field or the spindly cotton field is pruned and sharpened in the last/8 months with flowers as a boundary; reduce nutrient waste and reduce the hidden space between rows.
3. The efficient mechanical-harvesting upland cotton cultivation technique for early and middle maturing cotton in south Xinjiang according to claim 1, wherein in the step G, 30-50G of ethephon is dripped along with water for 8-25 days in 18 months in 8 months for accelerating the maturing of the late maturing cotton field; 10-15 m of water drops after spraying defoliant3It has the effect of increasing the weight of bell.
4. The efficient cultivation technique for mechanical-harvested upland cotton in southern Xinjiang early-middle-maturing as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the selected varieties are: the early-medium-maturing variety with the growth period of 126-132 days requires the first fruit branch with the bearing height of 15-18cm, the II type fruit branch plant type is compact and lodging resistant, the bolling performance is strong, namely the double-boll rate is up to more than 40%, the quality is excellent, the floss length is more than or equal to 29mm, and the disease resistance and stress resistance are strong.
5. The efficient mechanical upland cotton cultivation technique for early and middle maturing in south China as claimed in claim 4, wherein the selected variety is any one of Xin Lu 46, Xin Lu 62 and Xin Lu 67.
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| CN112273038B (en) * | 2020-10-21 | 2022-10-11 | 塔里木大学 | Cotton planting method for promoting seedling and strengthening seedling |
| CN112314376A (en) * | 2020-11-05 | 2021-02-05 | 新疆生产建设兵团第三师农业科学研究所 | Dry sowing and wet sowing cultivation method for cotton picked by machine in southern Xinjiang |
| CN112608191A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-04-06 | 新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州农业科学研究院 | Green high-yield package fertilizer suitable for cotton drip irrigation in southern Xinjiang area and fertilizing method |
| CN114503893A (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2022-05-17 | 新疆农垦科学院 | Xinjiang early-middle-maturing upland cotton chemical topping and later-period management method |
| CN114557251A (en) * | 2022-03-10 | 2022-05-31 | 新疆生产建设兵团第三师农业科学研究所 | Cotton film-free drip irrigation cultivation method |
| CN115005040A (en) * | 2022-04-27 | 2022-09-06 | 新疆穗峰绿色农业科技有限公司 | Dry sowing and wet-out cultivation method for cotton in sandy soil by using ultra-wide film with length of 4.3 m |
| CN114747449A (en) * | 2022-04-27 | 2022-07-15 | 新疆穗峰绿色农业科技有限公司 | Ultra-wide film dry-sowing and wet-out cultivation method for 4.3 m cotton in loam soil |
| CN115500231A (en) * | 2022-10-19 | 2022-12-23 | 新疆生产建设兵团第三师农业科学研究所 | High-efficiency seedling cultivation technology for cotton seedling emergence through dripping water |
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