CN112314376A - Dry sowing and wet sowing cultivation method for cotton picked by machine in southern Xinjiang - Google Patents
Dry sowing and wet sowing cultivation method for cotton picked by machine in southern Xinjiang Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a dry sowing and wet sowing cultivation method for cotton picked by a southern Xinjiang machine, which comprises the following steps: A. preparing land; B. a sowing technique; C. fertilizing; D. managing water; E. a scientific debugging mode; F. topping and pruning; G. defoliation ripening technology; H. comprehensive plant protection; I. mechanically harvesting; J. recovering the drip irrigation equipment; compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the dry-seeding wet-film-yielding and downward-drip-irrigation cotton planting procedure is a spring-turning, soil preparation, chemical removal, film-laying and tape-applying sowing and drip-irrigation water-dripping mode in the red land (or straw returning), meets the standardized requirement of popularization of the dry-seeding wet-yielding cultivation technology of cotton in southern Xinjiang, saves agricultural irrigation water resources, is subjected to fine management, and is beneficial to reduction of plant diseases and insect pests and improvement of yield.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a dry sowing and wet sowing cultivation method for cotton picked by a southern Xinjiang machine.
Background
With the rapid development of urbanization, industrialization and agricultural modernization in south China, the shortage of water resources becomes a bottleneck which troubles the agricultural development in the region. The cotton planting area year in recent years is 6 ten thousand hm2The above. In order to ensure scientific and reasonable use of water resources in the Heway of the leaf et rhizoma Notopterygii, the technology of engineering water conservation and agricultural cultivation water conservation is combined, which is the key for solving the problem of water resource shortage and realizing sustainable development of the cotton industry in the region.
The method is characterized in that a large amount of irrigation before spring sowing is used for salt washing and alkali pressing, the irrigation mode accounts for about 40% of the water consumption of agricultural irrigation all the year round, the contradiction between water supply and water demand is increasingly prominent along with comprehensive treatment targets and watershed water use indexes of the Bering river watershed of the leaf-root, the traditional under-film drip irrigation cotton planting procedures are red land (or stalk-left) irrigation (winter irrigation), spring irrigation ploughing (or straw returning), land preparation, chemical removal and film-laying and tape-laying sowing, and the dry-sowing wet-film-yielding under-film drip irrigation cotton planting procedure is a red land (or straw returning) spring turning, land preparation, chemical removal, film-laying and tape-laying and drip irrigation water-dropping mode. The key difference between the two modes is that the original modes of water storage and preservation in winter irrigation and spring irrigation are converted into modes of mulching film soil moisture preservation and drip irrigation soil moisture supplement during sowing.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides a dry sowing and wet sowing cultivation method for cotton picked by a southern Xinjiang machine.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a dry sowing and wet sowing cultivation method for cotton picked by a southern Xinjiang machine comprises the following steps:
A. land preparation:
before spring beginning sowing, ploughing or heavily harrowing, cutting land and heavily pressing, and then flattening the land in time to a state to be sowed; before ploughing, applying 80-100 kg of organic fertilizer bacteria, 15-20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10-15 kg of potassium sulfate to each mu of land, and applying the organic fertilizer bacteria, the diammonium phosphate and the potassium sulfate to the land before turning the land;
after the land is rough and flat, 150-200 mL of 33% pendimethalin or 100-150 mL of 48% trifluralin missible oil is used for each mu of harrowing land, and mechanical spraying is carried out, so that the effects of no weight and no leakage are achieved;
B. the sowing technology comprises the following steps:
and (3) sowing period: early sowing at an appropriate period, sowing can be carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm continuously passes 12 ℃ for 5 days, high-temperature sowing is preferably selected, and the optimum sowing period in southern Xinjiang is 4 months (5-15) days generally;
plant row configuration: adopting a super-wide film machine to pick cotton and carry out drip irrigation planting under a strip film, adjusting the row spacing configuration of a machine cotton picking cultivation mode, widening the row spacing of a narrow row from 10cm to 13cm, reducing the row spacing of a wide row from 66cm to 63cm, keeping the row spacing of a next row unchanged, and changing the row spacing configuration into (13+63+13+63+13) cm +66 cm; adjusting the laying position of capillary tubes, respectively laying 3 drip irrigation tapes in the middle of narrow rows, ensuring uniform and consistent soil moisture content through drip irrigation and infiltration, ensuring uniform seedling emergence by uniform soil moisture emergence, and effectively reducing the difference of the seedling content of the middle row and the side row;
sowing quantity and depth: selecting a mechanical type precision dibbler on a film, wherein 1 seed in one hole accounts for more than 95.5 percent, and the seed consumption per mu is 1.6-1.8 kg; the sowing depth is preferably 2.5-2.8 cm, the depth is consistent, the soil is not sealed in the holes when the sowing reaches the edge, and the soil is tightly sealed at the film edge;
C. fertilizing:
the formula fertilization technology is adopted, and the acidic water-soluble formula fertilizer is widely popularized;
recommending the fertilizing amount: 40kg of base fertilizer; and (3) dripping 40kg of urea in the growth period: wherein 1-2 kg of an aqueous saline-alkali soil conditioner rich in organic matters, humic acid and free amino acid is applied to the seedlings at 1 st to 2 nd, and 15kg (12-8-30+ TE) of high-nitrogen high-potassium fertilizer is applied to the seedlings at 3 rd to 8 th;
and (3) leaf fertilizer: spraying 1-2 times, 50 g/mu/time potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 10 g/mu/time haloxyfop on leaf surfaces in a seedling stage; and (3) spraying leaf surfaces in a bud period: 100 g/mu/time of urea, 80 g/mu/time of monopotassium phosphate and 30 g/mu/time of instant boron; spraying 1-2 times on the leaf surfaces in the bell period: 120 g/mu of urea and 100 g/mu of monopotassium phosphate; when urea and monopotassium phosphate are sprayed on leaf surfaces in each growth period, 1800-2000 times of clear water is used for dilution;
D. water content management:
the total amount of the mu net drop irrigation is 220-280 m3Wherein: after sowing, 8-10 m of seedling emergence water is dripped per mu for the first time3Three days later, 8-12 m of seedling emergence water is dripped into each mu3In the growth period, 10-12 times of drip irrigation is carried out according to soil and climate conditions;
the technical points are as follows: seedling emergence water is less, and the dripping speed and the dripping quantity are strictly controlled to realize uniform dripping; in the seedling stage, the saline and alkaline are prevented by dripping water when meeting rain, 5-10 g of soil conditioner and 1kg of strong acid urea are used for drip irrigation;
E. scientific debugging mode:
adopting a whole-course serial regulation technology to shape reasonable plant types and group structures; and (3) chemically controlling 3-4 times in the whole growth period DPC, and shaping plant types with tight bottom and loose top:
0.5-1 g of 1-2 leaves in true leaf period
1-1.5 g of 5-6 leaves in true leaf period
2-3 g of 8-9 leaves in true leaf period
No change is carried out for 15 days at 6 months to 7 months and 5 days at 7 months, so as to ensure the rapid growth of the 3 rd to 7 th fruit branches;
internode length requirement: hypocotyls are less than 8.5cm, 1-3 internodes are 3.5-4 cm, 4-6 internodes are 4-4.5 cm, 7-9 internodes are 4.5-5 cm, 10-12 internodes are 5-6 cm, 13-15 internodes are 6-7 cm, main stem internodes grow gradually from bottom to top, and finally the plant height is controlled to be 75-80 cm; the hybrid cotton is sensitive to DPC, and the dosage is properly reduced during chemical control;
F. topping and pruning:
manual topping: topping is carried out before 92-97 days of local perennial first frost, generally, 7 months and 1-10 days, the principle of 'when branches are unequal, when branches are unequal' is strictly followed, and proper early topping is advocated; the cotton fields with higher density and more vigorous growth are beaten early; the topping is carried out thoroughly, topping is carried out again after one week, and the missing topping rate is required to be less than 2%;
chemical topping: the method is carried out in 5-15 days in 7 months, and is slightly later than the manual topping time, and the soil optimization tower (20-25% of flumetralin, 0.01% of naphthalene boric acid, 15-20% of emulsifier, 8-15% of dispersant, 5-10% of cosolvent and 2-5% of stabilizer) is 40-50g, the mepiquat chloride is 5g and the water is 20-25 kg; 50-60g of chemical top-dressing agent (mepiquat chloride, corrosion inhibitor and auxiliary agent) for golden cotton, 2g of mepiquat chloride, 3-5g of mepiquat chloride in a vigorous seedling field, and 10-15g of DPC (methyl diphenylsulfone) is sprayed 5-10 days after spraying; can not be mixed with other pesticides for spraying;
G. defoliation ripening technology:
time: the upper boll period is 40-50 days, the boll opening rate is 50%, spraying is started 18-22 days before mechanical picking, and generally, the spraying is carried out 10-9-20 days in 9 months;
medicament: 25-30 g of ridulon, 70-80g of ethidium or 12-15 g of dediron (thidiazuron) and 70g of ethidium, defoliating the Qingqing cotton field for 2 times, opening a skylight by using 20g of ridulon for the first time (9 months and 10 days), and using 25g of ridulon or 12g of dediron and 70g of ethephon for the second time (9 months and 17 days) after one week;
the method comprises the following steps: 7, spraying when the balance average temperature is higher than 20 ℃ and the lowest temperature at night is higher than 12 ℃; re-spraying when meeting rain within 24 hours after spraying; the spraying time is better in the morning or evening, the liquid medicine amount is 25-35 kg/mu, and the uniform and thorough spraying is ensured;
H. comprehensive plant protection:
the three-insect two-disease prevention and treatment are mainly carried out, and the principle of early investigation, prevention as a main part and prevention as an auxiliary part is adopted;
diseases in seedling stage: the seedling-raising agent has damping off, anthracnose and the like, adopts seed coating, early intertillage and spraying alginic acid and amino acid foliar fertilizer in the seedling stage to promote the roots and strengthen the seedlings and enhance the disease resistance;
insect pest: according to early investigation, point-enclosing rounding is carried out on a central aphid plant and a central mite plant, chlordimeform or imidacloprid, efficient cyfluthrin and the like are selected when aphids spread, abamectin, dicofol and the like are selected when red spiders occur, and the pesticide is sprayed for preventing for 2-3 times in time in turn at intervals of 2 days, so that the purposes of preventing small, preventing small and preventing small are required, the working solution amount is increased, and the pesticide is prevented and treated by a high-pressure spray gun at the rate of 25-30 kg/mu; in areas with severe thrips in the bud stage, spraying nori or emamectin benzoate and foliar fertilizer (200 g of monopotassium phosphate, 250g of urea and 10g of zinc sulfate) in the middle ten days of 5 months;
I. mechanical harvesting:
time: harvesting when the defoliation rate of the cotton field is 90% and the boll opening rate is more than 95%; 15-30 days in 10 months in south Xinjiang;
the method comprises the following steps: the speed of the cotton machine is 3.5-5 km/h during operation; the time of entering and leaving the ground: 11 am 20 days before 10 months: 30 days later, 10 days later: 00 coming out of the ground; 12 am after 10 months and 20 days: 00 am, 11 pm: 00, out of the ground;
quality: the net picking rate reaches more than 95 percent; the total loss rate is not more than 5% (wherein the hanging skill loss is less than 1.8%, the remaining cotton is less than 1.5%, and the hit cotton is less than 1.7%), the impurity content of the harvested seed cotton is not more than 12%, and the moisture regain (water content) of the seed cotton is not more than 12%;
J. recovering drip irrigation equipment:
manually or mechanically recovering the capillary, and disassembling, cleaning, classifying and warehousing the main pipe and the branch pipe; after the cotton is completely harvested and before the cotton is ploughed, residual films are manually picked up.
Preferably, in the step B, the cotton field is sowed in a dry mode and wet mode, seedling emergence water is subjected to drop irrigation when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film reaches over 14 ℃, and the irrigation amount is 10-15 m3The fertilizer is applied by 1.5-2 kg of urea and 1.5kg of strong acid urea or 2-4 kg of humic acid-containing organic fertilizer per mu.
Preferably, in the step C, 20-28 kg of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are applied to each mu of medium-fertility cotton field2O5) 12-16 kg of potassium (K)2O) 7-10 kg; meanwhile, the application of trace element fertilizers such as zinc, boron and the like is noticed; the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to potassium is generally N: P2O5︰K2O is 1-1.4: 0.5-0.75: 0.35-0.45; the ratio of base top dressing to N fertilizer is 0.2: 0.8, phosphate fertilizer is 0.3: 0.7, and potash fertilizer is 0.25: 0.75.
Preferably, in the step D, irrigation is carried out in the growth period, and the emergence water is the key: dropping seedling emergence water for 2-3 times from the beginning of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months, and each time is 8-10 m3The interval is 3-5 days; dripping water 3-4 times from last 6-7 days, 25-30 m each time3Dripping water 3-4 times from the last 7-8 months to the last 8 months at intervals of 6-8 days,30 to 35m each time3The interval is 6-8 days; dripping water 2-3 times from last 8 to last 9 months, 30m each time3The interval is 8-12 days.
Preferably, in the step G, the green late-maturing cotton field is applied with 70 ml/mu of flower maker along with water drops in 7 months, 18 days to 25 days, and has the effects of inhibiting plant height, shortening internodes, promoting flower bud differentiation and fruit growth, and promoting multi-bud boll formation.
Preferably, in the step H, the methods for controlling fusarium wilt, red leaf stem blight and ring rot are respectively as follows:
blight and verticillium wilt: continuously applying 100g of hymexazol, 50g of zinc fertilizer, 15g of sodium naphthalene acetate, 15g of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 5kg of high-phosphorus high-potassium fertilizer and 2kg of urea for 2-3 times;
red leaf stem blight: due to the fact that the temperature is reduced after autumn (after autumn rain) and the root system of the cotton plant is aged, the fertilizer application amount is increased in the middle and last ten days of 8 months: 3-4 kg of urea in the form of end water and 3-4 kg of potassium sulfate, or 150-200 g of potassium sulfate (the content of potassium oxide is 52%) sprayed on leaf surfaces and 200g of urea are continuously sprayed for 2 times;
bell disease: damage to the boll shells caused by thrips or aphids, and infestation by germs (bacteria and fungi); in the middle of 8 months: agricultural streptomycin (or thiabendazole copper) + tebuconazole (or carbendazim) + compound sodium nitrophenolate 20ppm (or naphthylacetic acid 10ppm or 5% amino-oligosaccharin 400 times liquid) + calcium fertilizer 20g + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100 g; it is also possible to: 20% of thiodiazole copper 60g, 25% of azoxystrobin 20g and 10g of brassin.
Preferably, the selected varieties are: the early-medium-maturing variety with the growth period of 126-132 days requires the first fruit branch with the bearing height of 15-18cm, the plant type is compact (II type fruit branches), the lodging resistance is high, the boll forming performance is high, the quality is high, the velvet length is larger than or equal to 29mm, the specific strength is larger than or equal to 29cN/tex, and the disease resistance and the stress resistance are high.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: compared with the prior art, the method for dry-seeding and wet-discharging cotton picked by the machine in southern Xinjiang has the advantages that the dry-seeding and wet-discharging film-mulching drip irrigation cotton planting procedure adopts a mode of spring turning, soil preparation, chemical removal, film laying, tape applying and seeding, drip irrigation and water dripping in the red land (or straw returning), meets the standardized requirement of popularization of the dry-seeding and wet-discharging cultivation technology of cotton in southern Xinjiang, saves agricultural irrigation water resources, is subjected to fine management, is favorable for reducing plant diseases and insect pests, and improves yield.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
A dry sowing and wet sowing cultivation method for cotton picked by a southern Xinjiang machine comprises the following steps:
A. land preparation:
before spring beginning sowing, ploughing or heavily harrowing, cutting land and heavily pressing, and then flattening the land in time to a state to be sowed; before ploughing, applying 80-100 kg of organic fertilizer bacteria, 15-20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10-15 kg of potassium sulfate to each mu of land, and applying the organic fertilizer bacteria, the diammonium phosphate and the potassium sulfate to the land before turning the land;
after the land is rough and flat, 150-200 mL of 33% pendimethalin or 100-150 mL of 48% trifluralin missible oil is used for each mu of harrowing land, and mechanical spraying is carried out, so that the effects of no weight and no leakage are achieved;
B. the sowing technology comprises the following steps:
and (3) sowing period: early sowing at an appropriate period, sowing can be carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm continuously passes 12 ℃ for 5 days, high-temperature sowing is preferably selected, and the optimum sowing period in southern Xinjiang is 4 months (5-15) days generally;
plant row configuration: adopting a super-wide film machine to pick cotton and carry out drip irrigation planting under a strip film, adjusting the row spacing configuration of a machine cotton picking cultivation mode, widening the row spacing of a narrow row from 10cm to 13cm, reducing the row spacing of a wide row from 66cm to 63cm, keeping the row spacing of a next row unchanged, and changing the row spacing configuration into (13+63+13+63+13) cm +66 cm; adjusting the laying position of capillary tubes, respectively laying 3 drip irrigation tapes in the middle of narrow rows, ensuring uniform and consistent soil moisture content through drip irrigation and infiltration, ensuring uniform seedling emergence by uniform soil moisture emergence, and effectively reducing the difference of the seedling content of the middle row and the side row;
sowing quantity and depth: selecting a mechanical type precision dibbler on a film, wherein 1 seed in one hole accounts for more than 95.5 percent, and the seed consumption per mu is 1.6-1.8 kg; the sowing depth is preferably 2.5-2.8 cm, the depth is consistent, the soil is not sealed in the holes when the sowing reaches the edge, and the soil is tightly sealed at the film edge;
C. fertilizing:
the formula fertilization technology is adopted, and the acidic water-soluble formula fertilizer is widely popularized;
recommending the fertilizing amount: 40kg of base fertilizer; and (3) dripping 40kg of urea in the growth period: wherein 1-2 kg of an aqueous saline-alkali soil conditioner rich in organic matters, humic acid and free amino acid is applied to the seedlings at 1 st to 2 nd, and 15kg (12-8-30+ TE) of high-nitrogen high-potassium fertilizer is applied to the seedlings at 3 rd to 8 th;
and (3) leaf fertilizer: spraying 1-2 times, 50 g/mu/time potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 10 g/mu/time haloxyfop on leaf surfaces in a seedling stage; and (3) spraying leaf surfaces in a bud period: 100 g/mu/time of urea, 80 g/mu/time of monopotassium phosphate and 30 g/mu/time of instant boron; spraying 1-2 times on the leaf surfaces in the bell period: 120 g/mu of urea and 100 g/mu of monopotassium phosphate; when urea and monopotassium phosphate are sprayed on leaf surfaces in each growth period, 1800-2000 times of clear water is used for dilution;
D. water content management:
the total amount of the mu net drop irrigation is 220-280 m3Wherein: after sowing, 8-10 m of seedling emergence water is dripped per mu for the first time3Three days later, 8-12 m of seedling emergence water is dripped into each mu3In the growth period, 10-12 times of drip irrigation is carried out according to soil and climate conditions;
the technical points are as follows: seedling emergence water is less, and the dripping speed and the dripping quantity are strictly controlled to realize uniform dripping; in the seedling stage, the saline and alkaline are prevented by dripping water when meeting rain, 5-10 g of soil conditioner and 1kg of strong acid urea are used for drip irrigation;
E. scientific debugging mode:
adopting a whole-course serial regulation technology to shape reasonable plant types and group structures; and (3) chemically controlling 3-4 times in the whole growth period DPC, and shaping plant types with tight bottom and loose top:
0.5-1 g of 1-2 leaves in true leaf period
1-1.5 g of 5-6 leaves in true leaf period
2-3 g of 8-9 leaves in true leaf period
No change is carried out for 15 days at 6 months to 7 months and 5 days at 7 months, so as to ensure the rapid growth of the 3 rd to 7 th fruit branches;
internode length requirement: hypocotyls are less than 8.5cm, 1-3 internodes are 3.5-4 cm, 4-6 internodes are 4-4.5 cm, 7-9 internodes are 4.5-5 cm, 10-12 internodes are 5-6 cm, 13-15 internodes are 6-7 cm, main stem internodes grow gradually from bottom to top, and finally the plant height is controlled to be 75-80 cm; the hybrid cotton is sensitive to DPC, and the dosage is properly reduced during chemical control;
F. topping and pruning:
manual topping: topping is carried out before 92-97 days of local perennial first frost, generally, 7 months and 1-10 days, the principle of 'when branches are unequal, when branches are unequal' is strictly followed, and proper early topping is advocated; the cotton fields with higher density and more vigorous growth are beaten early; the topping is carried out thoroughly, topping is carried out again after one week, and the missing topping rate is required to be less than 2%;
chemical topping: the method is carried out in 5-15 days in 7 months, and is slightly later than the manual topping time, and the soil optimization tower (20-25% of flumetralin, 0.01% of naphthalene boric acid, 15-20% of emulsifier, 8-15% of dispersant, 5-10% of cosolvent and 2-5% of stabilizer) is 40-50g, the mepiquat chloride is 5g and the water is 20-25 kg; 50-60g of chemical top-dressing agent (mepiquat chloride, corrosion inhibitor and auxiliary agent) for golden cotton, 2g of mepiquat chloride, 3-5g of mepiquat chloride in a vigorous seedling field, and 10-15g of DPC (methyl diphenylsulfone) is sprayed 5-10 days after spraying; can not be mixed with other pesticides for spraying;
G. defoliation ripening technology:
time: the upper boll period is 40-50 days, the boll opening rate is 50%, spraying is started 18-22 days before mechanical picking, and generally, the spraying is carried out 10-9-20 days in 9 months;
medicament: 25-30 g of ridulon, 70-80g of ethidium or 12-15 g of dediron (thidiazuron) and 70g of ethidium, defoliating the Qingqing cotton field for 2 times, opening a skylight by using 20g of ridulon for the first time (9 months and 10 days), and using 25g of ridulon or 12g of dediron and 70g of ethephon for the second time (9 months and 17 days) after one week;
the method comprises the following steps: 7, spraying when the balance average temperature is higher than 20 ℃ and the lowest temperature at night is higher than 12 ℃; re-spraying when meeting rain within 24 hours after spraying; the spraying time is better in the morning or evening, the liquid medicine amount is 25-35 kg/mu, and the uniform and thorough spraying is ensured;
H. comprehensive plant protection:
the three-insect two-disease prevention and treatment are mainly carried out, and the principle of early investigation, prevention as a main part and prevention as an auxiliary part is adopted;
diseases in seedling stage: the seedling-raising agent has damping off, anthracnose and the like, adopts seed coating, early intertillage and spraying alginic acid and amino acid foliar fertilizer in the seedling stage to promote the roots and strengthen the seedlings and enhance the disease resistance;
insect pest: according to early investigation, point-enclosing rounding is carried out on a central aphid plant and a central mite plant, chlordimeform or imidacloprid, efficient cyfluthrin and the like are selected when aphids spread, abamectin, dicofol and the like are selected when red spiders occur, and the pesticide is sprayed for preventing for 2-3 times in time in turn at intervals of 2 days, so that the purposes of preventing small, preventing small and preventing small are required, the working solution amount is increased, and the pesticide is prevented and treated by a high-pressure spray gun at the rate of 25-30 kg/mu; in areas with severe thrips in the bud stage, spraying nori or emamectin benzoate and foliar fertilizer (200 g of monopotassium phosphate, 250g of urea and 10g of zinc sulfate) in the middle ten days of 5 months;
I. mechanical harvesting:
time: harvesting when the defoliation rate of the cotton field is 90% and the boll opening rate is more than 95%; 15-30 days in 10 months in south Xinjiang;
the method comprises the following steps: the speed of the cotton machine is 3.5-5 km/h during operation; the time of entering and leaving the ground: 11 am 20 days before 10 months: 30 days later, 10 days later: 00 coming out of the ground; 12 am after 10 months and 20 days: 00 am, 11 pm: 00, out of the ground;
quality: the net picking rate reaches more than 95 percent; the total loss rate is not more than 5% (wherein the hanging skill loss is less than 1.8%, the remaining cotton is less than 1.5%, and the hit cotton is less than 1.7%), the impurity content of the harvested seed cotton is not more than 12%, and the moisture regain (water content) of the seed cotton is not more than 12%;
J. recovering drip irrigation equipment:
manually or mechanically recovering the capillary, and disassembling, cleaning, classifying and warehousing the main pipe and the branch pipe; after the cotton is completely harvested and before the cotton is ploughed, residual films are manually picked up.
Specifically, in the step B, the cotton field is sowed in a dry mode and is wetted out, seedling emergence water is subjected to drop irrigation when the temperature of 5cm below the film reaches over 14 ℃, and the irrigation amount is 10-15 m3The fertilizer is applied by 1.5-2 kg of urea and 1.5kg of strong acid urea or 2-4 kg of humic acid-containing organic fertilizer per mu.
Specifically, in the step C, 20-28 kg of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are applied to each mu of cotton field with medium fertility2O5) 12-16 kg of potassium (K)2O) 7-10 kg; meanwhile, the application of trace element fertilizers such as zinc, boron and the like is noticed; the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to potassium is generally N: P2O5︰K2O is 1-1.4: 0.5-0.75: 0.35-0.45; the ratio of base top dressing to N fertilizer is 0.2: 0.8, phosphate fertilizer is 0.3: 0.7, and potash fertilizer is 0.25: 0.75.
Specifically, in the step D, irrigation is carried out in the growth period, and the seedling emergence water is the key: dropping seedling emergence water for 2-3 times from the beginning of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months, and each time is 8-10 m3The interval is 3-5 days; dripping water 3-4 times from last 6-7 days, 25-30 m each time3Dripping water 3-4 times from the last 7-8 days at intervals of 6-8 days, and 30-35 m each time3The interval is 6-8 days; dripping water 2-3 times from last 8 to last 9 months, 30m each time3The interval is 8-12 days.
In the step G, the florist is applied with water drops for 70 ml/mu in the green late-maturing cotton field for 18-25 days in 7 months, so that the effects of inhibiting plant height, shortening internodes, promoting flower bud differentiation and fruit growth and promoting multi-bud bolls are achieved.
Specifically, in the step H, the methods for controlling fusarium wilt, red leaf stem blight and ring rot are respectively as follows:
blight and verticillium wilt: continuously applying 100g of hymexazol, 50g of zinc fertilizer, 15g of sodium naphthalene acetate, 15g of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 5kg of high-phosphorus high-potassium fertilizer and 2kg of urea for 2-3 times;
red leaf stem blight: due to the fact that the temperature is reduced after autumn (after autumn rain) and the root system of the cotton plant is aged, the fertilizer application amount is increased in the middle and last ten days of 8 months: 3-4 kg of urea in the form of end water and 3-4 kg of potassium sulfate, or 150-200 g of potassium sulfate (the content of potassium oxide is 52%) sprayed on leaf surfaces and 200g of urea are continuously sprayed for 2 times;
bell disease: damage to the boll shells caused by thrips or aphids, and infestation by germs (bacteria and fungi); in the middle of 8 months: agricultural streptomycin (or thiabendazole copper) + tebuconazole (or carbendazim) + compound sodium nitrophenolate 20ppm (or naphthylacetic acid 10ppm or 5% amino-oligosaccharin 400 times liquid) + calcium fertilizer 20g + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100 g; it is also possible to: 20% of thiodiazole copper 60g, 25% of azoxystrobin 20g and 10g of brassin.
Specifically, the selected varieties are as follows: the early-medium-maturing variety with the growth period of 126-132 days requires the first fruit branch with the bearing height of 15-18cm, the plant type is compact (II type fruit branches), the lodging resistance is high, the boll forming performance is high, the quality is high, the velvet length is larger than or equal to 29mm, the specific strength is larger than or equal to 29cN/tex, and the disease resistance and the stress resistance are high.
In summary, the following steps: compared with the prior art, the method for dry-seeding and wet-discharging cotton picked by the machine in southern Xinjiang has the advantages that the dry-seeding and wet-discharging film-mulching drip irrigation cotton planting procedure adopts a mode of spring turning, soil preparation, chemical removal, film laying, tape applying and seeding, drip irrigation and water dripping in the red land (or straw returning), meets the standardized requirement of popularization of the dry-seeding and wet-discharging cultivation technology of cotton in southern Xinjiang, saves agricultural irrigation water resources, is subjected to fine management, is favorable for reducing plant diseases and insect pests, and improves yield.
Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the embodiments or portions thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A dry sowing and wet sowing cultivation method for cotton picked by a southern Xinjiang machine is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
A. land preparation:
before spring beginning sowing, ploughing or heavily harrowing, cutting land and heavily pressing, and then flattening the land in time to a state to be sowed; before ploughing, applying 80-100 kg of organic fertilizer bacteria, 15-20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10-15 kg of potassium sulfate to each mu of land, and applying the organic fertilizer bacteria, the diammonium phosphate and the potassium sulfate to the land before turning the land;
after the land is rough and flat, 150-200 mL of 33% pendimethalin or 100-150 mL of 48% trifluralin missible oil is used for each mu of harrowing land, and mechanical spraying is carried out, so that the effects of no weight and no leakage are achieved;
B. the sowing technology comprises the following steps:
and (3) sowing period: early sowing at an appropriate period, sowing can be carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm continuously passes 12 ℃ for 5 days, high-temperature sowing is preferably selected, and the optimum sowing period in southern Xinjiang is 4 months (5-15) days generally;
plant row configuration: adopting a super-wide film machine to pick cotton and carry out drip irrigation planting under a strip film, adjusting the row spacing configuration of a machine cotton picking cultivation mode, widening the row spacing of a narrow row from 10cm to 13cm, reducing the row spacing of a wide row from 66cm to 63cm, keeping the row spacing of a next row unchanged, and changing the row spacing configuration into (13+63+13+63+13) cm +66 cm; adjusting the laying position of capillary tubes, respectively laying 3 drip irrigation tapes in the middle of narrow rows, ensuring uniform and consistent soil moisture content through drip irrigation and infiltration, ensuring uniform seedling emergence by uniform soil moisture emergence, and effectively reducing the difference of the seedling content of the middle row and the side row;
sowing quantity and depth: selecting a mechanical type precision dibbler on a film, wherein 1 seed in one hole accounts for more than 95.5 percent, and the seed consumption per mu is 1.6-1.8 kg; the sowing depth is preferably 2.5-2.8 cm, the depth is consistent, the soil is not sealed in the holes when the sowing reaches the edge, and the soil is tightly sealed at the film edge;
C. fertilizing:
the formula fertilization technology is adopted, and the acidic water-soluble formula fertilizer is widely popularized;
recommending the fertilizing amount: 40kg of base fertilizer; and (3) dripping 40kg of urea in the growth period: wherein 1-2 kg of an aqueous saline-alkali soil conditioner rich in organic matters, humic acid and free amino acid is applied to the seedlings at 1 st to 2 nd, and 15kg (12-8-30+ TE) of high-nitrogen high-potassium fertilizer is applied to the seedlings at 3 rd to 8 th;
and (3) leaf fertilizer: spraying 1-2 times, 50 g/mu/time potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 10 g/mu/time haloxyfop on leaf surfaces in a seedling stage; and (3) spraying leaf surfaces in a bud period: 100 g/mu/time of urea, 80 g/mu/time of monopotassium phosphate and 30 g/mu/time of instant boron; spraying 1-2 times on the leaf surfaces in the bell period: 120 g/mu of urea and 100 g/mu of monopotassium phosphate; when urea and monopotassium phosphate are sprayed on leaf surfaces in each growth period, 1800-2000 times of clear water is used for dilution;
D. water content management:
the total amount of the mu net drop irrigation is 220-280 m3Wherein: after sowing, 8-10 m of seedling emergence water is dripped per mu for the first time3Three days later, 8-12 m of seedling emergence water is dripped into each mu3In the growth period, 10-12 times of drip irrigation is carried out according to soil and climate conditions;
the technical points are as follows: seedling emergence water is less, and the dripping speed and the dripping quantity are strictly controlled to realize uniform dripping; in the seedling stage, the saline and alkaline are prevented by dripping water when meeting rain, 5-10 g of soil conditioner and 1kg of strong acid urea are used for drip irrigation;
E. scientific debugging mode:
adopting a whole-course serial regulation technology to shape reasonable plant types and group structures; and (3) chemically controlling 3-4 times in the whole growth period DPC, and shaping plant types with tight bottom and loose top:
0.5-1 g of 1-2 leaves in true leaf period
1-1.5 g of 5-6 leaves in true leaf period
2-3 g of 8-9 leaves in true leaf period
No change is carried out for 15 days at 6 months to 7 months and 5 days at 7 months, so as to ensure the rapid growth of the 3 rd to 7 th fruit branches;
internode length requirement: hypocotyls are less than 8.5cm, 1-3 internodes are 3.5-4 cm, 4-6 internodes are 4-4.5 cm, 7-9 internodes are 4.5-5 cm, 10-12 internodes are 5-6 cm, 13-15 internodes are 6-7 cm, main stem internodes grow gradually from bottom to top, and finally the plant height is controlled to be 75-80 cm; the hybrid cotton is sensitive to DPC, and the dosage is properly reduced during chemical control;
F. topping and pruning:
manual topping: topping is carried out before 92-97 days of local perennial first frost, generally, 7 months and 1-10 days, the principle of 'when branches are unequal, when branches are unequal' is strictly followed, and proper early topping is advocated; the cotton fields with higher density and more vigorous growth are beaten early; the topping is carried out thoroughly, topping is carried out again after one week, and the missing topping rate is required to be less than 2%;
chemical topping: the method is carried out in 5-15 days in 7 months, and is slightly later than the manual topping time, and the soil optimization tower (20-25% of flumetralin, 0.01% of naphthalene boric acid, 15-20% of emulsifier, 8-15% of dispersant, 5-10% of cosolvent and 2-5% of stabilizer) is 40-50g, the mepiquat chloride is 5g and the water is 20-25 kg; 50-60g of chemical top-dressing agent (mepiquat chloride, corrosion inhibitor and auxiliary agent) for golden cotton, 2g of mepiquat chloride, 3-5g of mepiquat chloride in a vigorous seedling field, and 10-15g of DPC (methyl diphenylsulfone) is sprayed 5-10 days after spraying; can not be mixed with other pesticides for spraying;
G. defoliation ripening technology:
time: the upper boll period is 40-50 days, the boll opening rate is 50%, spraying is started 18-22 days before mechanical picking, and generally, the spraying is carried out 10-9-20 days in 9 months;
medicament: 25-30 g of ridulon, 70-80g of ethidium or 12-15 g of dediron (thidiazuron) and 70g of ethidium, defoliating the Qingqing cotton field for 2 times, opening a skylight by using 20g of ridulon for the first time (9 months and 10 days), and using 25g of ridulon or 12g of dediron and 70g of ethephon for the second time (9 months and 17 days) after one week;
the method comprises the following steps: 7, spraying when the balance average temperature is higher than 20 ℃ and the lowest temperature at night is higher than 12 ℃; re-spraying when meeting rain within 24 hours after spraying; the spraying time is better in the morning or evening, the liquid medicine amount is 25-35 kg/mu, and the uniform and thorough spraying is ensured;
H. comprehensive plant protection:
the three-insect two-disease prevention and treatment are mainly carried out, and the principle of early investigation, prevention as a main part and prevention as an auxiliary part is adopted;
diseases in seedling stage: the seedling-raising agent has damping off, anthracnose and the like, adopts seed coating, early intertillage and spraying alginic acid and amino acid foliar fertilizer in the seedling stage to promote the roots and strengthen the seedlings and enhance the disease resistance;
insect pest: according to early investigation, point-enclosing rounding is carried out on a central aphid plant and a central mite plant, chlordimeform or imidacloprid, efficient cyfluthrin and the like are selected when aphids spread, abamectin, dicofol and the like are selected when red spiders occur, and the pesticide is sprayed for preventing for 2-3 times in time in turn at intervals of 2 days, so that the purposes of preventing small, preventing small and preventing small are required, the working solution amount is increased, and the pesticide is prevented and treated by a high-pressure spray gun at the rate of 25-30 kg/mu; in areas with severe thrips in the bud stage, spraying nori or emamectin benzoate and foliar fertilizer (200 g of monopotassium phosphate, 250g of urea and 10g of zinc sulfate) in the middle ten days of 5 months;
I. mechanical harvesting:
time: harvesting when the defoliation rate of the cotton field is 90% and the boll opening rate is more than 95%; 15-30 days in 10 months in south Xinjiang;
the method comprises the following steps: the speed of the cotton machine is 3.5-5 km/h during operation; the time of entering and leaving the ground: 11 am 20 days before 10 months: 30 days later, 10 days later: 00 coming out of the ground; 12 am after 10 months and 20 days: 00 am, 11 pm: 00, out of the ground;
quality: the net picking rate reaches more than 95 percent; the total loss rate is not more than 5% (wherein the hanging skill loss is less than 1.8%, the remaining cotton is less than 1.5%, and the hit cotton is less than 1.7%), the impurity content of the harvested seed cotton is not more than 12%, and the moisture regain (water content) of the seed cotton is not more than 12%;
J. recovering drip irrigation equipment:
manually or mechanically recovering the capillary, and disassembling, cleaning, classifying and warehousing the main pipe and the branch pipe; after the cotton is completely harvested and before the cotton is ploughed, residual films are manually picked up.
2. The southern Xinjiang machine cotton picking dry sowing wet-emergence cultivation method disclosed by claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: and B, dry sowing and wet sowing to obtain a cotton field, and carrying out drip irrigation on seedling emergence water when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film reaches over 14 ℃, wherein the irrigation quantity is 10-15 m3The fertilizer is applied by 1.5-2 kg of urea and 1.5kg of strong acid urea or 2-4 kg of humic acid-containing organic fertilizer per mu.
3. The southern Xinjiang machine cotton picking dry sowing wet-emergence cultivation method disclosed by claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: in the step C, 20-28 kg of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are applied to the cotton field with medium fertility per mu2O5) 12-16 kg of potassium (K)2O) 7-10 kg; meanwhile, the application of trace element fertilizers such as zinc, boron and the like is noticed; the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to potassium is generally N: P2O5︰K2O is 1-1.4: 0.5-0.75: 0.35-0.45; the ratio of base top dressing to N fertilizer is 0.2: 0.8, phosphate fertilizer is 0.3: 0.7, and potash fertilizer is 0.25: 0.75.
4. The southern Xinjiang machine cotton picking dry sowing wet-emergence cultivation method disclosed by claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: in the step D, irrigation is carried out in the growth period, and the seedling emergence water is the key: dropping seedling emergence water for 2-3 times from the beginning of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months, and each time is 8-10 m3The interval is 3-5 days; dripping water 3-4 times from last 6-7 days, 25-30 m each time3Dripping water 3-4 times from the last 7-8 days at intervals of 6-8 days, and 30-35 m each time3The interval is 6-8 days; dripping water 2-3 times from last 8 to last 9 months, 30m each time3The interval is 8-12 days.
5. The southern Xinjiang machine cotton picking dry sowing wet-emergence cultivation method disclosed by claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: in the step G, 70 ml/mu of the florist is applied with water drops for the green late-maturing cotton field for 18-25 days in 7 months, so that the effects of inhibiting the plant height, shortening internodes, promoting flower bud differentiation and fruit growth and promoting multi-bud bolls are achieved.
6. The southern Xinjiang machine cotton picking dry sowing wet-emergence cultivation method disclosed by claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: in the step H, the prevention and treatment methods of the fusarium wilt, the red leaf stem blight and the ring rot are respectively as follows:
blight and verticillium wilt: continuously applying 100g of hymexazol, 50g of zinc fertilizer, 15g of sodium naphthalene acetate, 15g of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 5kg of high-phosphorus high-potassium fertilizer and 2kg of urea for 2-3 times;
red leaf stem blight: due to the fact that the temperature is reduced after autumn (after autumn rain) and the root system of the cotton plant is aged, the fertilizer application amount is increased in the middle and last ten days of 8 months: 3-4 kg of urea in the form of end water and 3-4 kg of potassium sulfate, or 150-200 g of potassium sulfate (the content of potassium oxide is 52%) sprayed on leaf surfaces and 200g of urea are continuously sprayed for 2 times;
bell disease: damage to the boll shells caused by thrips or aphids, and infestation by germs (bacteria and fungi); in the middle of 8 months: agricultural streptomycin (or thiabendazole copper) + tebuconazole (or carbendazim) + compound sodium nitrophenolate 20ppm (or naphthylacetic acid 10ppm or 5% amino-oligosaccharin 400 times liquid) + calcium fertilizer 20g + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100 g; it is also possible to: 20% of thiodiazole copper 60g, 25% of azoxystrobin 20g and 10g of brassin.
7. The southern Xinjiang machine cotton picking dry sowing wet-emergence cultivation method disclosed by claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the selected varieties are as follows: the early-medium-maturing variety with the growth period of 126-132 days requires the first fruit branch with the bearing height of 15-18cm, the plant type is compact (II type fruit branches), the lodging resistance is high, the boll forming performance is high, the quality is high, the velvet length is larger than or equal to 29mm, the specific strength is larger than or equal to 29cN/tex, and the disease resistance and the stress resistance are high.
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| CN114667898A (en) * | 2022-03-18 | 2022-06-28 | 新疆农垦科学院 | High-efficiency cultivation method for high-frequency drip irrigation water-saving seedling protection, strong seedling and yield increase in saline-alkali soil cotton field |
| CN114667898B (en) * | 2022-03-18 | 2024-03-22 | 新疆农垦科学院 | High-frequency drip irrigation water-saving seedling-protecting seedling-strengthening yield-increasing cultivation method for cotton fields in saline-alkali soil |
| CN114747448A (en) * | 2022-04-03 | 2022-07-15 | 操苏立 | Environment-friendly control method for weeds in cotton field |
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| CN114747449A (en) * | 2022-04-27 | 2022-07-15 | 新疆穗峰绿色农业科技有限公司 | Ultra-wide film dry-sowing and wet-out cultivation method for 4.3 m cotton in loam soil |
| CN115005041A (en) * | 2022-04-27 | 2022-09-06 | 新疆穗峰绿色农业科技有限公司 | Dry-sowing and wet-out cultivation method for cotton in heavy soil by using 4.3-meter ultra-wide film |
| CN115005040A (en) * | 2022-04-27 | 2022-09-06 | 新疆穗峰绿色农业科技有限公司 | Dry sowing and wet-out cultivation method for cotton in sandy soil by using ultra-wide film with length of 4.3 m |
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