CN112021122A - Method suitable for long-season cultivation of cowpeas - Google Patents
Method suitable for long-season cultivation of cowpeas Download PDFInfo
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- CN112021122A CN112021122A CN202010493337.6A CN202010493337A CN112021122A CN 112021122 A CN112021122 A CN 112021122A CN 202010493337 A CN202010493337 A CN 202010493337A CN 112021122 A CN112021122 A CN 112021122A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C3/00—Fertilisers containing other salts of ammonia or ammonia itself, e.g. gas liquor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
- C05F11/08—Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
Abstract
The invention provides a method suitable for long-season cowpea cultivation, which comprises the following steps: selecting seeds in a high-yield shelf period, growing seedlings by using a matrix, transplanting and field planting after soil preparation, and building a herringbone shelf; topdressing strong rootstocks after transplanting seedlings and before the initial flowering period in the first podding peak period, transplanting and spraying a flower retention agent, applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent every 5 days from the initial flowering period to the podding initial period, and picking for the first time when bean pods reach commodity maturity; in the plant repairing period, fertilizer supplementing and furrow irrigation are carried out, new lateral vines are led to a frame, a mixture of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent is buried and applied in the second podding peak period, diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent is applied every 3 days, 1000 times of solution of urea doped with a flower retention agent is sprayed, drought furrow irrigation is carried out, and when the pods reach commodity maturity, the pods are picked for the second time, and diseases and insects are controlled in the period. The method breaks through the traditional planting mode that the cowpeas can only be planted in spring or autumn and are planted in summer, and the garden is cleaned after the pods are planted and the tops of the cowpeas are topped, adopts long-season cultivation, realizes one-time planting and two-time harvesting, and has obvious yield increase.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of cowpea cultivation, and particularly relates to a method suitable for long-season cowpea cultivation.
Background
Cowpea is one of the main cultivated vegetables in China, is crisp and tender to eat and is also a main processing raw material, and sour kidney bean is a common processing product; the cultivation is carried out from south to north, and the production area is large; the cultivation seasons are divided into spring and autumn, the picking time of cowpea cultivation in the two seasons is only about 30 days, the yield is low, and the yield per mu is 2000-3000 kg, generally only 2000kg, seen by combining national cowpea planting conditions. Many cowpea breeding units breed various varieties with good market, but the research on the cultivation method is relatively weak, systematic research is lacked, generally, the cowpea is cultivated in spring or autumn, the picking time is short in the two cultivation seasons of spring and autumn, the yield is low, and related data do not relate to the aspect of cowpea long-season cultivation.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method suitable for long-season cowpea cultivation, which breaks through the traditional planting mode that the cowpea can only be planted in spring or autumn, and the garden is cleaned after the cowpea is grown on the pod, and the long-season cultivation is adopted, so that one-time planting and two-time harvesting are realized, and the yield is increased remarkably.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a method suitable for season-long cowpea cultivation, comprising the steps of:
s1, seed selection of cowpeas is carried out in a high-yield shelf period from the beginning of 4 months to the end of 5 months, then matrix seedling culture is carried out, planting land is arranged, the cowpea seedlings obtained after seedling culture are transplanted and planted, and a herringbone frame for leading the cowpeas to the vine is built, and the specific process is as follows:
s101, selecting seeds: selecting cowpea seeds with plump seeds, no broken skin and germination rate of more than or equal to 95 percent, and performing sun planting before sowing;
s102, substrate seedling culture: performing plug seedling in a greenhouse in the beginning of 4 months, sowing 3 cowpea seeds obtained in S101 in each hole, covering a seedling substrate with the thickness of 0.5-2 cm after sowing, covering a mulching film on the plug after watering, removing the mulching film after seedling emergence, hanging yellow plates to trap and kill aphids, and covering an arch film on the outer cover of the plug at night to obtain cowpea seedlings;
s103, planting: selecting loose soil which is high in terrain, convenient to drain and irrigate and has no cowpea planted for three years, re-applying base fertilizer, ditching and burying a ternary compound fertilizer, then applying an organic fertilizer and the ternary compound fertilizer, then forming ridges according to the furrow covering length of 1.6m and preparing soil in wide and narrow ridges with the furrow width of 60cm, paving a dropper belt with the diameter of 32mm on each ridge, inserting 1 dropper arrow in each 2 planting holes, spraying pendimethalin-acetochlor missible oil with the mass fraction of 40% after preparing the soil, and then covering a silver-black double-color mulching film to obtain a planting field; the ditching method comprises the following steps: ditching is conducted on each ridge in the middle of the ridge along the length direction of the ridge, and the depth of the ditches is 15-20 cm; the organic fertilizer is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass of 500: 300: 20: 100: 5: 50: 5: 20 of chicken manure, mushroom spore mushroom residue, tea seed cake, vegetable seed cake, nicotine ash, rice hull ash, bacillus subtilis and ammonium bicarbonate; the mass ratio of pendimethalin to acetochlor in the pendimethalin-acetochlor missible oil with the mass fraction of 40% is 1: 3;
s104, transplanting and planting: when the cowpea seedlings obtained in the step S102 grow to be 7-10 cm in height, transplanting the cowpea seedlings into the planting field obtained in the step S103 by adopting a staggered hole transplanting method, planting 2 rows in each ridge, planting 80cm in row spacing and 30cm in hole spacing, watering root fixing water after transplanting, applying a compound microbial agent along with water, and then spraying rice husk ash to seal the planting holes;
the compound microbial agents are a mixture of photosynthetic rhzomorph and harziamycin in a mass ratio of 1: 1; the photosynthetic rhzomorph in the compound microbial agent can effectively promote the growth of root systems, and the harzicin can effectively prevent and treat the root systems of cowpeas from being affected by diseases, so that the root strengthening effect is good;
s105, standing a propeller strut: before the cowpea branches are pulled out, bamboo is used for building a herringbone frame with the height of 2 m-2.5 m for leading the cowpea to the vine and putting the cowpea on the herringbone frame, and the cowpea does not need to be pruned and bud picking;
s2, topdressing and strengthening roots and stems after transplanting and seedling delaying and before the initial flowering phase, spraying a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting, applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent every 5 days from the initial flowering phase to the initial podding phase, performing pest control, reaching a first podding peak period in the middle ten days of 6 months to 7 months, picking for the first time when the pods reach commodity maturity, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s201, early fertilizing and strengthening the roots and stems: respectively applying a mixture of urea and bacillus subtilis after transplanting and seedling slowing and before the initial flowering period; the mass ratio of urea to bacillus subtilis in the mixture of urea and bacillus subtilis is 5000: (50-100);
s202, spraying a flower-protecting agent to promote flower bud differentiation: spraying 1000 times of liquid of a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting;
the flower retention agent is a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, amino acid and urea, provides P, K, N required by cowpea flowering, supplements amino acid required by plant growth, and ensures that nutrition required by flowering is kept at a high level;
s203, guaranteeing rich water: applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent by a dropper every 5 days from an initial flowering stage to a pod setting stage; applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent by a dropper every 3 days from the early podding stage of 6 months to the end of the first podding peak period of 7 days in the middle of the month; the diluent of the ternary and compound microbial agents is a solution prepared by diluting a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent with water by 1000 times in a mass ratio of 5: 1;
s204, comprehensive prevention and control: hanging a yellow plate and a blue plate during the period, and installing a lima bean moth sex attractant trap and a prodenia nightmoth sex attractant trap; if some diseases and insect pests occur, using corresponding pesticide to prevent and control the diseases and insect pests;
s205, timely picking: picking for the first time when the pods are mature, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking;
s3, in the plant repair period from the middle ten days of 7 months to the end of 8 months, fertilizer supplementation and furrow irrigation are carried out, diseases and pests are prevented and controlled, a new lateral vine is erected every 2 days, and the specific process is as follows:
s301, fertilizer supplement and furrow irrigation: performing furrow irrigation every 7 days from the middle ten days to the bottom of 8 months in 7 months for 6 times, and applying a mixture of ternary compound fertilizer, urea and compound microbial agent with water each time; the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent is the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent in a mass ratio of 5:5: 1;
at this stage, fertilizer around the root system of the cowpea is absorbed and grows into commodity bean pods, meanwhile, the root system is aged, the whole tree vigor is in a decline trend, and the fertility level around the root system of the cowpea is not reduced by applying the ternary compound fertilizer and additionally applying the urea; the compound microbial agent is used for promoting the root system to take new fibrous roots, and providing nutrition guarantee for the continuous growth of the cowpea; in the conventional planting stage, after the vegetable grower pushes up the kidney beans, the operation of continuously replenishing fertilizer and water is basically abandoned, and vine pulling and garden clearing are carried out when the vegetable grower waits for the picking to be finished;
s302, preventing and controlling diseases and pests and protecting survival plants: if the pest and disease damage occurs, using corresponding pesticide for prevention and treatment, and applying a mixture of urea and compound microbial agent along with the pesticide during the pest and disease prevention and treatment; the mass ratio of the urea to the compound microbial agent in the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent is 1: 1; the mass ratio of the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent to the control agent is 100: 1;
at this stage, the old leaves of the cowpeas have finished the mission, reach the physiological defoliation period, because the pod bearing has penetrated and supported a large amount of nutrition, the whole tree vigor is weak, the pest and disease damage occurs seriously, abandon the management of the natural withering of the cowpeas; at the stage, management is enhanced, plant death of cowpeas caused by disease and insect damage is prevented and controlled, and new branches and new leaves are promoted by spraying urea and a compound microbial agent on the leaf surfaces;
s303, guiding the vines to be put on a rack: guiding tendrils to put on shelves for 1 time every 2 days;
s4, punching and burying a mixture of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent at the beginning of 9 months, dripping a diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent every 3 days, adding urea into 1000 times of a solution of a flower retention agent, spraying for 1 time every 3 days, performing furrow irrigation in case of drought, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, reaching a second podding peak stage at the beginning of 9 months to 10 months, picking for the second time when pods reach commodity maturity, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s401, burying a podding fertilizer: punching at the beginning of 9 months and burying a mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent; the mass ratio of the ternary compound fertilizer to the compound microbial agent in the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent is 10: 1;
when the cowpea enters a second podding peak period in 9 months, the fertilizer is directly supplemented around the root system of the cowpea by burying and applying the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent, and meanwhile, the compound microbial agent forms a beneficial bacterium growth environment around the root system, so that new fibrous roots are continuously grown, and the healthy growth of the root system of the cowpea is ensured; the fertilizer absorbing capacity of the root system is strong, the tree vigor is strong, the pod bearing capacity is enhanced, and the yield can be effectively formed;
s402, topdressing: applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent in a dropper every 3 days; the diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent is the diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent in S203;
at this stage, a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent is added, the fertilizer is further supplemented at the periphery of the cowpea root system every 3 days, and meanwhile, the compound microbial agent continuously forms a beneficial bacterium growth environment at the periphery of the root system, so that new fibrous roots are promoted to grow, and the healthy growth of the cowpea root system is ensured; the fertilizer absorbing capacity of the root system is strong, the tree vigor is strong, the pod bearing capacity is enhanced, and the yield can be effectively increased;
s403, pod setting promotion by using a flower retention agent: adding urea into 1000 times of solution of a flower retention agent, and spraying 1 time of solution for promoting flower bud differentiation every 3 days; the dosage ratio of the urea to the 1000-time solution of the flower retention agent is 50 g: 1000 mL;
by spraying urea and a flower retention agent on the leaf surface, N element is supplemented for cowpea leaves, P, K and amino acid required by cowpea growth are supplemented, the chlorophyll content is improved, the leaves are promoted to become thick and green, and the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves is enhanced;
s404, irrigating in dry ditches: when the drought occurs for 7 days continuously, the soil humidity is kept through furrow irrigation, and the residual water is discharged after the water is preserved for 1 hour in a horizontal chamber of the irrigation ditch;
s405, comprehensive prevention and control: in the period, the comprehensive prevention and control method in S204 is adopted to prevent and control the plant diseases and insect pests;
s406, timely picking: picking for the second time when the pods are mature, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on the pod bearing branches during picking;
the mass fractions of N, P and K in the ternary compound fertilizer from S1 to S4 are both 17%;
the mass ratio of the compound microbial agents in S1-S4 is 1:1, a mixture of photosynthetic rhzomycin and harziamycin; the photosynthetic rhzomorph in the compound microbial agent can effectively promote the growth of root systems, and the harzicin can effectively prevent and treat the root systems of cowpeas from being affected by diseases, so that the root strengthening effect is good;
the flower retention agents in S2 and S4 are a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, amino acid and urea in a mass ratio of 1:10: 1; the flower retention agent provides P, K, N required by cowpea flowering, supplements amino acid required by plant growth, and ensures that nutrition required by flowering is kept at a high level.
Preferably, the pendimethalin-acetochlor missible oil with the mass fraction of 40 percent in the S103 is used in an amount of 100-150 ml/mu.
Preferably, the dosage of the ternary compound fertilizer buried in S103 is 50 kg/mu; the dosage of the organic fertilizer for broadcasting is 500 kg/mu; the dosage of the ternary compound fertilizer for broadcasting is 25 kg/mu.
Preferably, the thickness of the silver-black two-color mulching film in S103 is 0.012 mm.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the rooting water to the compound microbial agent in S104 is (800-1000): 1.
preferably, the amount of the mixture of urea and bacillus subtilis in S201 is 5 kg/mu to 10 kg/mu.
Preferably, the burying amount of the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent in S401 is 50 kg/mu to 75 kg/mu.
Preferably, the method suitable for cowpea season cultivation according to claim 1, wherein the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer in the dilution of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent in S203 and S402 is 5 kg/mu.
Preferably, the method suitable for cowpea season cultivation according to claim 1, wherein the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer in the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer, urea and the compound microbial agent in S301 is 5 kg/mu.
Preferably, the method suitable for cowpea season cultivation according to claim 1, wherein the amount of urea applied in the mixture of urea and compound microbial agent in S302 is 0.5 kg/mu.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
according to the method, the traditional planting mode that cowpeas can only be planted in spring or autumn and are planted in garden after being hulled is broken, long-season cultivation is adopted, one-time planting is achieved, two-time harvesting is achieved, yield is increased remarkably, accurate cultivation management is conducted on four key management periods, namely a high-yield shelf period, a first hulling peak period, a plant repairing period and a second hulling peak period, through the establishment of an accurate cultivation management model in the long-season cultivation, two-season hulling in one year is achieved, yield increase is remarkable, long-season management has the advantages that 2-time soil preparation ridging can be avoided, 2-time shelving and dismantling is conducted, 1-season seeds are saved, labor is saved, and planting cost is reduced remarkably.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The method suitable for the long-season cowpea cultivation comprises the following steps:
s1, seed selection of cowpeas is carried out in a high-yield shelf period from the beginning of 4 months to the end of 5 months, then matrix seedling culture is carried out, after planting fields are arranged, cowpea seedlings obtained after seedling culture are transplanted and fixedly planted, and the herringbone shelf for leading the cowpeas to vines is used for the cowpea vines to be put on the shelf, and the specific process is as follows:
s101, selecting seeds: 4, 9 days in month and 4, selecting cowpea seeds which are full and have no broken skin and have the germination rate of more than or equal to 95 percent and are taken as the cowpea seeds of the cowpea 215, and performing sun planting before sowing;
s102, substrate seedling culture: performing plug seedling in a greenhouse in the beginning of 4 months, sowing 3 cowpea seeds obtained in S101 in each hole, covering a seedling substrate with the thickness of 0.5-2 cm after sowing, covering a mulching film on the plug after watering, removing the mulching film after seedling emergence, hanging yellow plates to trap and kill aphids, and covering an arch film on the outer cover of the plug at night to obtain cowpea seedlings;
s103, planting: selecting loose soil which is high in terrain, convenient to drain and irrigate and has no cowpea planted for three years in a cowpea planting base in canon town of Hanshou county, Heidean city, re-applying base fertilizer, ditching and burying a ternary compound fertilizer with the application amount of 50 kg/mu, then broadcasting an organic fertilizer with the application amount of 500 kg/mu and a ternary compound fertilizer with the application amount of 25 kg/mu, then forming ridges according to the covering ditch of 1.6m and wide and narrow ridges with the ditch width of 60cm, preparing soil, paving a dropper belt with the diameter of 32mm on each ridge, inserting 1 dropper into each 2 planting holes, spraying pendimethalin-acetochlor with the mass fraction of 40% after preparing the soil, and then covering a silver black double-color mulching film with the thickness of 0.012mm to obtain a planting field; the ditching method comprises the following steps: ditching is conducted on each ridge in the middle of the ridge along the length direction of the ridge, and the depth of the ditches is 15-20 cm; the organic fertilizer is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass of 500: 300: 20: 100: 5: 50: 5: 20 of chicken manure, mushroom spore mushroom residue, tea seed cake, vegetable seed cake, nicotine ash, rice hull ash, bacillus subtilis and ammonium bicarbonate; the mass ratio of pendimethalin to acetochlor in the pendimethalin-acetochlor missible oil with the mass fraction of 40% is 1: 3;
s104, transplanting and planting: after 4 months and 25 days, when the cowpea seedlings obtained in the step S102 grow to be 7 cm-10 cm in height, transplanting the cowpea seedlings into the planting land obtained in the step S103 by adopting a staggered hole transplanting method, planting 2 rows in each ridge, planting 80cm in row spacing and 30cm in hole spacing, pouring root fixing water after transplanting, applying a compound microbial agent along with water, and then spraying rice hull ash to seal the planting holes; the mass ratio of the rooting water to the compound microbial agent is 800: 1;
s105, standing a propeller strut: 4, at the bottom of the month, before the cowpea branches, bamboo is used for building a herringbone frame with the height of 2 m-2.5 m for leading the cowpea to the vine, and the cowpea does not need to be pruned and bud picking;
s2, topdressing and strengthening roots and stems after transplanting and seedling delaying and before the initial flowering phase, spraying a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting, applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent every 5 days from the initial flowering phase to the initial podding phase, performing pest control, reaching a first podding peak period in the middle ten days of 6 months to 7 months, picking for the first time when the pods reach commodity maturity, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s201, early fertilizing and strengthening the roots and stems: respectively applying 5 kg/mu of urea and bacillus subtilis mixture after transplanting and seedling slowing and before the initial flowering period; the mass ratio of urea to bacillus subtilis in the mixture of urea and bacillus subtilis is 5000: 50;
s202, spraying a flower-protecting agent to promote flower bud differentiation: spraying 1000 times of liquid of a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting;
s203, guaranteeing rich water: applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent by a dropper every 5 days from an initial flowering stage to a pod setting stage; applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent by a dropper every 3 days from the early podding stage of 6 months to the end of the first podding peak period of 7 days in the middle of the month; the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer in the diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent is 5 kg/mu; the diluent of the ternary and compound microbial agents is a solution prepared by diluting a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent with water by 1000 times in a mass ratio of 5: 1;
s204, comprehensive prevention and control: hanging a yellow plate and a blue plate during the period, and installing a lima bean moth sex attractant trap and a prodenia nightmoth sex attractant trap; if the diseases and insect pests occur, corresponding pesticides are used for preventing and treating, namely: if rust occurs, 700 times of liquid of 70 percent mancozeb wettable powder is used for preventing and treating rust at the early stage of the rust; if the coal mold occurs, 600 times of liquid of 75 percent chlorothalonil wettable powder is used for preventing and treating the coal mold at the early stage of the coal mold; if mosaic virus disease occurs, using 500 times of solution of 20% moroxydine hydrochloride and copper acetate wettable powder for preventing and treating the mosaic virus disease at the early stage of the virus disease; if aphids occur, the aphids are found to be prevented and controlled by 1000 times of liquid of 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder; the discovery shows that the pod borers and the bean moths use 1500 times of liquid of 0.3 percent avermectin missible oil for prevention and treatment or 2000 times of liquid of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cyhalothrin missible oil for alternate prevention and treatment; the mass ratio of moroxydine hydrochloride to copper acetate in the 20% moroxydine hydrochloride-copper acetate wettable powder is 1: 1;
s205, timely picking: picking for the first time when the pods are mature, and reserving the pods with the length of 0.5cm on the pod bearing branches during picking so as to prevent the pod bearing branches from being damaged by flower buds and promote the pods to continuously bloom and bear;
s3, in the plant maintenance period from the middle ten days of 7 months to the end of 8 months, fertilizer supplementation and furrow irrigation are carried out, diseases and insects are prevented and controlled, new lateral vines are erected every 2 days, the plants are kept alive over summer, premature senility is prevented, diseases and insects are controlled, and new vines and new leaves are promoted, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
s301, fertilizer supplement and furrow irrigation: performing furrow irrigation every 7 days from the middle ten days to the bottom of 8 months in 7 months for 6 times, and applying a mixture of ternary compound fertilizer, urea and compound microbial agent with water each time; the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent is the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent in a mass ratio of 5:5: 1; the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer in the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent is 5 kg/mu;
s302, preventing and controlling diseases and pests and protecting survival plants: if the pest and disease damage occurs, corresponding pesticide is used for preventing and treating, the preventing and treating agent and the method are the same as S204, and the mixture of urea and compound microbial agent is applied along with the pesticide during pest and disease prevention and treatment; the mass ratio of the urea to the compound microbial agent in the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent is 1: 1; the mass ratio of the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent to the control agent is 100: 1; the application amount of the urea in the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent is 0.5 kg/mu;
s303, guiding the vines to be put on a rack: guiding tendrils to put on shelves for 1 time every 2 days;
s4, in the second podding peak period from the beginning of 9 months to the beginning of 10 months, punching and burying a mixture of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent at the beginning of 9 months, droppers diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent every 3 days, doping urea into 1000 times of solution of a flower retention agent, spraying 1 time every 3 days, performing furrow irrigation in case of drought, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests during the period, picking for the second time when the pods reach commodity maturity, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s401, burying a podding fertilizer: punching at the beginning of 9 months and burying a mixture of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent with the application amount of 50 kg/mu; the mass ratio of the ternary compound fertilizer to the compound microbial agent in the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent is 10: 1;
s402, topdressing: applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent in a dropper every 3 days; the diluent and the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent are the same as those of the diluent and the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent in S203;
s403, pod setting promotion by using a flower retention agent: adding urea into 1000 times of solution of a flower retention agent, and spraying 1 time of solution for promoting flower bud differentiation every 3 days; the dosage ratio of the urea to the 1000-time solution of the flower retention agent is 50 g: 1000 mL;
s404, irrigating in dry ditches: when the drought occurs for 7 days continuously, the soil humidity is kept through furrow irrigation, and the residual water is discharged after the water is preserved for 1 hour in a horizontal chamber of the irrigation ditch;
s405, comprehensive prevention and control: in the period, the comprehensive prevention and control method in S204 is adopted to prevent and control the plant diseases and insect pests;
s406, timely picking: picking for the second time when the pods are mature, and reserving the pods with the length of 0.5cm on the pod bearing branches during picking so as to prevent the pod bearing branches from being damaged by flower buds and promote the pods to continuously bloom and bear;
the ternary compound fertilizers in the S1-S4 all have the mass ratio of 17%: 17%: a mixture of 17% N, P, K;
the mass ratio of the compound microbial agents in S1-S4 is 100 g: 100g of a mixture of photosynthetic rhzomorphs and harziamycin;
the mass fractions of N, P and K in the ternary compound fertilizer from S1 to S4 are both 17%;
the mass ratio of the compound microbial agents in S1-S4 is 1:1, a mixture of photosynthetic rhzomycin and harziamycin;
the flower retention agents in S2 and S4 are both a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, amino acid and urea in a mass ratio of 1:10: 1.
Example 2
The method suitable for the long-season cowpea cultivation comprises the following steps:
s1, seed selection of cowpeas is carried out in a high-yield shelf period from the beginning of 4 months to the end of 5 months, then matrix seedling culture is carried out, after planting fields are arranged, cowpea seedlings obtained after seedling culture are transplanted and fixedly planted, and the herringbone shelf for leading the cowpeas to vines is used for the cowpea vines to be put on the shelf, and the specific process is as follows:
s101, selecting seeds: 4, 9 days in month and 4, selecting cowpea seeds which are full and have no broken skin and have the germination rate of more than or equal to 95 percent and are taken as the cowpea seeds of the cowpea 215, and performing sun planting before sowing;
s102, substrate seedling culture: performing plug seedling in a greenhouse in the beginning of 4 months, sowing 3 cowpea seeds obtained in S101 in each hole, covering a seedling substrate with the thickness of 0.5-2 cm after sowing, covering a mulching film on the plug after watering, removing the mulching film after seedling emergence, hanging yellow plates to trap and kill aphids, and covering an arch film on the outer cover of the plug at night to obtain cowpea seedlings;
s103, planting: selecting loose soil which is high in terrain, convenient to drain and irrigate and has no cowpea planted for three years in a cowpea planting base in canon town of Hanshou county, Heidean city, re-applying base fertilizer, ditching and burying a ternary compound fertilizer with the application amount of 50 kg/mu, then broadcasting an organic fertilizer with the application amount of 500 kg/mu and a ternary compound fertilizer with the application amount of 25 kg/mu, then forming ridges according to the covering ditch of 1.6m and wide and narrow ridges with the ditch width of 60cm, preparing soil, paving a dropper belt with the diameter of 32mm on each ridge, inserting 1 dropper into each 2 planting holes, spraying pendimethalin-acetochlor with the mass fraction of 40% after preparing the soil, and then covering a silver black double-color mulching film with the thickness of 0.012mm to obtain a planting field; the ditching method comprises the following steps: ditching is conducted on each ridge in the middle of the ridge along the length direction of the ridge, and the depth of the ditches is 15-20 cm; the organic fertilizer is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass of 500: 300: 20: 100: 5: 50: 5: 20 of chicken manure, mushroom spore mushroom residue, tea seed cake, vegetable seed cake, nicotine ash, rice hull ash, bacillus subtilis and ammonium bicarbonate; the mass ratio of pendimethalin to acetochlor in the pendimethalin-acetochlor missible oil with the mass fraction of 40% is 1: 3;
s104, transplanting and planting: after 4 months and 25 days, when the cowpea seedlings obtained in the step S102 grow to be 7 cm-10 cm in height, transplanting the cowpea seedlings into the planting land obtained in the step S103 by adopting a staggered hole transplanting method, planting 2 rows in each ridge, planting 80cm in row spacing and 30cm in hole spacing, pouring root fixing water after transplanting, applying a compound microbial agent along with water, and then spraying rice hull ash to seal the planting holes; the mass ratio of the rooting water to the compound microbial agent is 1000: 1;
s105, standing a propeller strut: 4, at the bottom of the month, before the cowpea branches, bamboo is used for building a herringbone frame with the height of 2 m-2.5 m for leading the cowpea to the vine, and the cowpea does not need to be pruned and bud picking;
s2, topdressing and strengthening roots and stems after transplanting and seedling delaying and before the initial flowering phase, spraying a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting, applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent every 5 days from the initial flowering phase to the initial podding phase, performing pest control, reaching a first podding peak period in the middle ten days of 6 months to 7 months, picking for the first time when the pods reach commodity maturity, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s201, early fertilizing and strengthening the roots and stems: respectively applying 10 kg/mu of mixture of urea and bacillus subtilis after transplanting and seedling slowing and before the initial flowering period; the mass ratio of urea to bacillus subtilis in the mixture of urea and bacillus subtilis is 5000: 100, respectively;
s202, spraying a flower-protecting agent to promote flower bud differentiation: spraying 1000 times of liquid of a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting;
s203, guaranteeing rich water: applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent by a dropper every 5 days from an initial flowering stage to a pod setting stage; applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent by a dropper every 3 days from the early podding stage of 6 months to the end of the first podding peak period of 7 days in the middle of the month; the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer in the diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent is 5 kg/mu; the diluent of the ternary and compound microbial agents is a solution prepared by diluting a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent with water by 1000 times in a mass ratio of 5: 1;
s204, comprehensive prevention and control: hanging a yellow plate and a blue plate during the period, and installing a lima bean moth sex attractant trap and a prodenia nightmoth sex attractant trap; if the diseases and insect pests occur, corresponding pesticides are used for preventing and treating, namely: if rust occurs, 700 times of liquid of 70 percent mancozeb wettable powder is used for preventing and treating rust at the early stage of the rust; if the coal mold occurs, 600 times of liquid of 75 percent chlorothalonil wettable powder is used for preventing and treating the coal mold at the early stage of the coal mold; if mosaic virus disease occurs, using 500 times of solution of 20% moroxydine hydrochloride and copper acetate wettable powder for preventing and treating the mosaic virus disease at the early stage of the virus disease; if aphids occur, the aphids are found to be prevented and controlled by 1000 times of liquid of 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder; the discovery shows that the pod borers and the bean moths use 1500 times of liquid of 0.3 percent avermectin missible oil for prevention and treatment or 2000 times of liquid of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cyhalothrin missible oil for alternate prevention and treatment; the mass ratio of moroxydine hydrochloride to copper acetate in the 20% moroxydine hydrochloride-copper acetate wettable powder is 1: 1;
s205, timely picking: picking for the first time when the pods are mature, and reserving the pods with the length of 0.5cm on the pod bearing branches during picking so as to prevent the pod bearing branches from being damaged by flower buds and promote the pods to continuously bloom and bear;
s3, in the plant maintenance period from the middle ten days of 7 months to the end of 8 months, fertilizer supplementation and furrow irrigation are carried out, diseases and insects are prevented and controlled, new lateral vines are erected every 2 days, the plants are kept alive over summer, premature senility is prevented, diseases and insects are controlled, and new vines and new leaves are promoted, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
s301, fertilizer supplement and furrow irrigation: performing furrow irrigation every 7 days from the middle ten days to the bottom of 8 months in 7 months for 6 times, and applying a mixture of ternary compound fertilizer, urea and compound microbial agent with water each time; the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent is the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent in a mass ratio of 5:5: 1; the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer in the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent is 5 kg/mu;
s302, preventing and controlling diseases and pests and protecting survival plants: if the pest and disease damage occurs, corresponding pesticide is used for preventing and treating, the preventing and treating agent and the method are the same as S204, and the mixture of urea and compound microbial agent is applied along with the pesticide during pest and disease prevention and treatment; the mass ratio of the urea to the compound microbial agent in the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent is 1: 1; the mass ratio of the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent to the control agent is 100: 1; the application amount of the urea in the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent is 0.5 kg/mu;
s303, guiding the vines to be put on a rack: guiding tendrils to put on shelves for 1 time every 2 days;
s4, in the second podding peak period from the beginning of 9 months to the beginning of 10 months, punching and burying a mixture of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent at the beginning of 9 months, droppers diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent every 3 days, doping urea into 1000 times of solution of a flower retention agent, spraying 1 time every 3 days, performing furrow irrigation in case of drought, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests during the period, picking for the second time when the pods reach commodity maturity, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s401, burying a podding fertilizer: punching at the beginning of 9 months and burying a mixture of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent with the application amount of 75 kg/mu; the mass ratio of the ternary compound fertilizer to the compound microbial agent in the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent is 10: 1;
s402, topdressing: applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent in a dropper every 3 days; the diluent and the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent are the same as those of the diluent and the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent in S203;
s403, pod setting promotion by using a flower retention agent: adding urea into 1000 times of solution of a flower retention agent, and spraying 1 time of solution for promoting flower bud differentiation every 3 days; the dosage ratio of the urea to the 1000-time solution of the flower retention agent is 50 g: 1000 mL;
s404, irrigating in dry ditches: when the drought occurs for 7 days continuously, the soil humidity is kept through furrow irrigation, and the residual water is discharged after the water is preserved for 1 hour in a horizontal chamber of the irrigation ditch;
s405, comprehensive prevention and control: in the period, the comprehensive prevention and control method in S204 is adopted to prevent and control the plant diseases and insect pests;
s406, timely picking: picking for the second time when the pods are mature, and reserving the pods with the length of 0.5cm on the pod bearing branches during picking so as to prevent the pod bearing branches from being damaged by flower buds and promote the pods to continuously bloom and bear;
the mass fractions of N, P and K in the ternary compound fertilizer from S1 to S4 are both 17%;
the mass ratio of the compound microbial agents in S1-S4 is 1:1, a mixture of photosynthetic rhzomycin and harziamycin;
the flower retention agents in S2 and S4 are both a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, amino acid and urea in a mass ratio of 1:10: 1.
Comparative example 1
Compared with the method in the embodiment 1, the cowpea cultivation method in the comparative example has the difference that the organic fertilizer in the comparative example is not applied in the comparative example, the flower retention agent applied in the embodiment 1 is replaced by the commonly-used flower retention agent a, the compound microbial agent applied in the embodiment 1 is replaced by foliar fertilizer spraying, finally, the cowpea in one season is only harvested, and the cowpea can not be harvested in two seasons, wherein the foliar fertilizer is amino acid liquor and purchased in the market, and the flower retention agent a is 0.1% brassinolide aqueous solution and purchased in the market; the used ternary compound fertilizer is the same as that in example 1; the method comprises the following steps:
s1, seed selection of cowpeas is carried out in a high-yield shelf period from the beginning of 4 months to the end of 5 months, then matrix seedling culture is carried out, after planting fields are arranged, cowpea seedlings obtained after seedling culture are transplanted and fixedly planted, and the herringbone shelf for leading the cowpeas to vines is used for the cowpea vines to be put on the shelf, and the specific process is as follows:
s101, selecting seeds: same as S101 of example 1;
s102, substrate seedling culture: same as S102 of example 1;
s103, planting: the same as S103 of example 1, except that the organic fertilizer of example 1 was not applied;
s104, transplanting and planting: after 4 months and 25 days, when the cowpea seedlings obtained in the step S102 grow to be 7 cm-10 cm in height, transplanting the cowpea seedlings into the planting land obtained in the step S103 by adopting a staggered hole transplanting method, planting 2 lines in each ridge, planting 80cm in line spacing and 30cm in hole spacing, pouring root fixing water after transplanting, and then spraying rice hull ash to seal the planting holes;
s105, standing a propeller strut: same as S105 of example 1;
s2, topdressing and strengthening roots and stems after transplanting and seedling delaying and before the initial flowering phase, spraying 0.1% brassinolide aqueous solution as a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting, applying a ternary compound fertilizer and a foliar fertilizer to the beginning of flowering and pod forming by adopting a dropper every 5 days, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, reaching the peak stage of pod forming in the first 6-7 months, picking when the pods reach commodity maturity, and clearing the garden after the picking is finished, wherein the specific process comprises the following steps:
s201, early fertilizing and strengthening the roots and stems: the same as S201 of example 1;
s202, spraying a flower-protecting agent to promote flower bud differentiation: spraying 1000 times of solution of a flower retention agent a to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting;
s203, guaranteeing rich water: in the period from the initial flowering stage to the initial podding stage, a dropper is adopted to apply the ternary compound fertilizer with the dosage of 5 kg/mu with water every 5 days, and the foliar fertilizer with the dosage of 0.5 kg/mu is sprayed; 5 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer is applied with water by a dropper every 3 days from the early podding stage of 6 months to the end of the peak podding stage, and 0.5 kg/mu of foliar fertilizer is sprayed;
s204, comprehensive prevention and control: the same as S204 in the embodiment 1;
s205, timely picking: picking when the bean pods reach commodity maturity, and cleaning the garden after picking.
Comparative example 2
The method of the comparative example, which is suitable for growing cowpeas in season, is the same as the method in example 1 except that the organic fertilizer in example 1 is not applied in S103.
Comparative example 3
The method of this comparative example, which is suitable for season-growing cowpea cultivation, is the same as the method of example 1, except that the flower retention agent in S2 and S4 is 0.1% brassinolide aqueous solution, and is commercially available.
Comparative example 4
According to the method suitable for the long-season cowpea cultivation in the comparative example, the foliar fertilizer is amino acid and is purchased in the market; the ternary compound fertilizer and the flower retention agent in the embodiment are the same as those in the embodiment 1; the difference from the embodiment 1 is that the compound microbial agent applied in the embodiment 1 is replaced by foliar fertilizer spraying, and the method comprises the following steps:
s1, seed selection of cowpeas is carried out in a high-yield shelf period from the beginning of 4 months to the end of 5 months, then matrix seedling culture is carried out, after planting fields are arranged, cowpea seedlings obtained after seedling culture are transplanted and fixedly planted, and the herringbone shelf for leading the cowpeas to vines is used for the cowpea vines to be put on the shelf, and the specific process is as follows:
s101, selecting seeds: the same as S101 in example 1;
s102, substrate seedling culture: the same as S102 in example 1;
s103, planting: the same as S103 in example 1;
s104, transplanting and planting: after 4 months and 25 days, when the cowpea seedlings obtained in the step S102 grow to be 7 cm-10 cm in height, transplanting the cowpea seedlings into the planting land obtained in the step S103 by adopting a staggered hole transplanting method, planting 2 rows in each ridge, planting 80cm in row spacing and 30cm in hole spacing, and watering root fixing water after transplanting;
s105, standing a propeller strut: the same as S105 in example 1;
s2, topdressing and strengthening roots and stems after transplanting and seedling delaying and before the initial flowering phase, spraying a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting, applying a ternary compound fertilizer with the dosage of 5 kg/mu and a leaf fertilizer with the spraying dosage of 0.5 kg/mu by adopting a dropper every 5 days from the initial flowering phase to the pod setting initial phase, performing pest prevention and control, reaching the first pod setting peak in the first 6-7 months, picking for the first time when pods reach commodity maturity, and leaving pods with the length of 0.5cm on pod setting branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s201, early fertilizing and strengthening the roots and stems: the same as S201 of example 1;
s202, spraying a flower-protecting agent to promote flower bud differentiation: same as S202 of example 1;
s203, guaranteeing rich water: in the period from the initial flowering stage to the initial podding stage, a dropper is adopted to apply the ternary compound fertilizer with the dosage of 5 kg/mu with water every 5 days, and the foliar fertilizer with the dosage of 0.5 kg/mu is sprayed; 5 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer is applied with water by a dropper every 3 days from the early podding stage of 6 months to the end of the peak podding stage, and 0.5 kg/mu of foliar fertilizer is sprayed;
s204, comprehensive prevention and control: the same as S204 in the embodiment 1;
s205, timely picking: the same as S205 in example 1;
s3, in the plant maintenance period from the middle ten days of 7 months to the end of 8 months, fertilizer supplementation and furrow irrigation are carried out, diseases and insects are prevented and controlled, new lateral vines are erected every 2 days, the plants are kept alive over summer, premature senility is prevented, diseases and insects are controlled, and new vines and new leaves are promoted, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
s301, fertilizer supplement and furrow irrigation: furrow irrigation is carried out every 7 days from the middle ten days to the bottom of 8 months in 7 months for 6 times, and a mixture of ternary compound fertilizer and urea with the dosage of 5 kg/mu is applied along with water every time; the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer and the urea is the ternary compound fertilizer and the urea with the mass ratio of 1:1, and the foliar fertilizer with the dosage of 0.5 kg/mu is sprayed;
s302, preventing and controlling diseases and pests and protecting survival plants: if the pest and disease damage occurs, the corresponding pesticide is used for controlling, and the pest and disease damage control method is the same as the control method in S302 in the embodiment 1; and when each kind of pest control is carried out, urea with the dosage of 0.5 kg/mu is applied together with the pesticide, and meanwhile, foliar fertilizer with the dosage of 0.5 kg/mu is sprayed;
s303, guiding the vines to be put on a rack: the same as S303 in example 1;
s4, in the second podding peak period from the beginning of 9 months to the beginning of 10 months, punching holes at the beginning of 9 months, burying and applying a mixture of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent, dropping a pipe to apply the ternary compound fertilizer with the dosage of 5 kg/mu every 3 days, spraying a leaf fertilizer with the dosage of 0.5 kg/mu, adding urea into 1000 times of a solution of a flower retention agent, spraying 1 time every 3 days, performing furrow irrigation when drought occurs, performing pest and disease damage prevention and control during the period, picking for the second time when the pods reach commodity maturity, and leaving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s401, burying a podding fertilizer: punching holes at the beginning of 9 months, burying a ternary compound fertilizer with the application amount of 50 kg/mu, and spraying a foliar fertilizer with the application amount of 0.5 kg/mu;
s402, topdressing: applying a ternary compound fertilizer by a dropper every 3 days, and spraying a foliar fertilizer, wherein the dosage of the ternary compound fertilizer and the foliar fertilizer is the same as that in the comparative example S203;
s403, pod setting promotion by using a flower retention agent: the same as S403 in example 1;
s404, irrigating in dry ditches: the same as S404 in embodiment 1;
s405, comprehensive prevention and control: meanwhile, the comprehensive prevention and control method in S204 of the comparative example is adopted to carry out prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests;
s406, timely picking: the same as S406 in example 1.
The cultivation methods of example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 4, each method was set to 3 repetitions each having an area of 6.6m2The periphery is provided with a protection line;
example 1 is designated as A, three replicates are designated as A1-A3;
example 2 as B, three replicates as B1-B3;
comparative example 1 was designated C and three replicates were designated C1-C3;
comparative example 2 was designated D and three replicates were designated D1-D3;
comparative example 3 was designated as E, three replicates were designated as E1-E3;
comparative example 4 was designated as F and three replicates were designated as F1-F3.
Data indexes are shown in Table 1, the sowing date of each treatment is 4 months and 9 days, the transplanting date is 4 months and 25 days, the initial flowering phase is 5 months and 18 days, the pod bearing initial date is 6 months and 1 day, the control example 1 is only planted in one season, the garden cleaning date is 7 months and 5 days, and the garden cleaning dates of the example 1 and the control examples 2 to 4 are 10 months, 1 days and 2 days.
TABLE 1 cowpea indexes for examples 1-2 and comparative examples 1-4 for each cultivation style
"-" indicates the cowpea seedling was dead and not tested.
As can be seen from Table 1, the plant missing rate of the plants in the examples 1-2 (A-B) is only 1.8-1.9%, the average pod picking days are 121-122 days, the average yield is 4084-4110 kg/mu, the average single plant pod bearing number in the first pod bearing peak period is 14-15, the average single plant pod bearing number in the second pod bearing peak period is 10, particularly, the higher single plant pod bearing number can still be maintained in the second pod bearing peak period, and the higher plant survival rate (67.8-68.3%) is still maintained before the second pod bearing peak period (20 days in 8 months), so that the stable yield of the second pod bearing peak period is more favorable, and the plant survival rate is better than that of other control groups.
Comparative example 1 (C): the plant deficiency rate reaches 11.2%, the average pod picking days are 30 days, the average yield is 1905 kg/mu, the average single plant pod bearing number is 9 in the first pod bearing peak period, the plant death rate reaches 83.3% in 5 days at 7 months, and the garden is cleared. Compared with the examples 1-2, the difference is remarkable.
Comparative example 2 (D): the plant deficiency rate is 5.7%, the average pod picking days are 104 days, the average yield is 3118.3 kg/mu, the average single plant pod bearing number is 11.3 in the first pod bearing peak period, and the average pod bearing number is 7.3 in the second pod bearing peak period. Compared with the examples 1-2, the difference is remarkable.
Comparative example 3 (E): the plant deficiency rate is 3.8%, the average pod picking days are 116.7 days, the average yield is 3809 kg/mu, the average pod bearing number of a single plant in the first pod bearing peak period is 14, and the average pod bearing number in the second pod bearing peak period is 8.7. Compared with the examples 1-2, the difference is remarkable.
Comparative example 4 (F): the plant deficiency rate is 6.8%, the average pod picking days are 99.7 days, the average yield is 2865.3 kg/mu, the average pod bearing number of a single plant is 10 in the first pod bearing peak period, and the average pod bearing number is 6 in the second pod bearing peak period. Compared with the examples 1-2, the difference is remarkable.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Any simple modification, change and equivalent changes of the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the invention are still within the protection scope of the technical solution of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method suitable for long-season cowpea cultivation, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, seed selection of cowpeas is carried out in a high-yield shelf period from the beginning of 4 months to the end of 5 months, then matrix seedling culture is carried out, planting land is arranged, the cowpea seedlings obtained after seedling culture are transplanted and planted, and a herringbone frame for leading the cowpeas to the vine is built, and the specific process is as follows:
s101, selecting seeds: selecting cowpea seeds with plump seeds, no broken skin and germination rate of more than or equal to 95 percent, and performing sun planting before sowing;
s102, substrate seedling culture: performing plug seedling in a greenhouse in the beginning of 4 months, sowing 3 cowpea seeds obtained in S101 in each hole, covering a seedling substrate with the thickness of 0.5-2 cm after sowing, covering a mulching film on the plug after watering, removing the mulching film after seedling emergence, hanging yellow plates to trap and kill aphids, and covering an arch film on the outer cover of the plug at night to obtain cowpea seedlings;
s103, planting: selecting loose soil which is high in terrain, convenient to drain and irrigate and has no cowpea planted for three years, re-applying base fertilizer, ditching and burying a ternary compound fertilizer, then applying an organic fertilizer and the ternary compound fertilizer, then forming ridges according to the furrow covering length of 1.6m and preparing soil in wide and narrow ridges with the furrow width of 60cm, paving a dropper belt with the diameter of 32mm on each ridge, inserting 1 dropper arrow in each 2 planting holes, spraying pendimethalin-acetochlor missible oil with the mass fraction of 40% after preparing the soil, and then covering a silver-black double-color mulching film to obtain a planting field; the ditching method comprises the following steps: ditching is conducted on each ridge in the middle of the ridge along the length direction of the ridge, and the depth of the ditches is 15-20 cm; the organic fertilizer is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass of 500: 300: 20: 100: 5: 50: 5: 20 of chicken manure, mushroom spore mushroom residue, tea seed cake, vegetable seed cake, nicotine ash, rice hull ash, bacillus subtilis and ammonium bicarbonate; the mass ratio of pendimethalin to acetochlor in the pendimethalin-acetochlor missible oil with the mass fraction of 40% is 1: 3;
s104, transplanting and planting: when the cowpea seedlings obtained in the step S102 grow to be 7-10 cm in height, transplanting the cowpea seedlings into the planting field obtained in the step S103 by adopting a staggered hole transplanting method, planting 2 rows in each ridge, planting 80cm in row spacing and 30cm in hole spacing, watering root fixing water after transplanting, applying a compound microbial agent along with water, and then spraying rice husk ash to seal the planting holes;
s105, standing a propeller strut: before the cowpea branches are pulled out, bamboo is used for building a herringbone frame with the height of 2 m-2.5 m for leading the cowpea to the vine and putting the cowpea on the herringbone frame, and the cowpea does not need to be pruned and bud picking;
s2, topdressing and strengthening roots and stems after transplanting and seedling delaying and before the initial flowering phase, spraying a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting, applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent every 5 days from the initial flowering phase to the initial podding phase, performing pest control, reaching a first podding peak period in the middle ten days of 6 months to 7 months, picking for the first time when the pods reach commodity maturity, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s201, early fertilizing and strengthening the roots and stems: respectively applying a mixture of urea and bacillus subtilis after transplanting and seedling slowing and before the initial flowering period; the mass ratio of urea to bacillus subtilis in the mixture of urea and bacillus subtilis is 5000: (50-100);
s202, spraying a flower-protecting agent to promote flower bud differentiation: spraying 1000 times of liquid of a flower retention agent to promote flower bud differentiation 10 days after transplanting;
s203, guaranteeing rich water: applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent by a dropper every 5 days from an initial flowering stage to a pod setting stage; applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent by a dropper every 3 days from the early podding stage of 6 months to the end of the first podding peak period of 7 days in the middle of the month; the diluent of the ternary and compound microbial agents is a solution prepared by diluting a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent with water by 1000 times in a mass ratio of 5: 1;
s204, comprehensive prevention and control: hanging a yellow plate and a blue plate during the period, and installing a lima bean moth sex attractant trap and a prodenia nightmoth sex attractant trap; if some diseases and insect pests occur, using corresponding pesticide to prevent and control the diseases and insect pests;
s205, timely picking: picking for the first time when the pods are mature, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking;
s3, in the plant repair period from the middle ten days of 7 months to the end of 8 months, fertilizer supplementation and furrow irrigation are carried out, diseases and pests are prevented and controlled, a new lateral vine is erected every 2 days, and the specific process is as follows:
s301, fertilizer supplement and furrow irrigation: performing furrow irrigation every 7 days from the middle ten days to the bottom of 8 months in 7 months for 6 times, and applying a mixture of ternary compound fertilizer, urea and compound microbial agent with water each time; the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent is the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent in a mass ratio of 5:5: 1;
s302, preventing and controlling diseases and pests and protecting survival plants: if the pest and disease damage occurs, using corresponding pesticide for prevention and treatment, and applying a mixture of urea and compound microbial agent along with the pesticide during the pest and disease prevention and treatment; the mass ratio of the urea to the compound microbial agent in the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent is 1: 1; the mass ratio of the mixture of the urea and the compound microbial agent to the control agent is 100: 1;
s303, guiding the vines to be put on a rack: guiding tendrils to put on shelves for 1 time every 2 days;
s4, punching and burying a mixture of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent at the beginning of 9 months, dripping a diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent every 3 days, adding urea into 1000 times of a solution of a flower retention agent, spraying for 1 time every 3 days, performing furrow irrigation in case of drought, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, reaching a second podding peak stage at the beginning of 9 months to 10 months, picking for the second time when pods reach commodity maturity, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on podding branches during picking, wherein the specific process is as follows:
s401, burying a podding fertilizer: punching at the beginning of 9 months and burying a mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent; the mass ratio of the ternary compound fertilizer to the compound microbial agent in the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent is 10: 1;
s402, topdressing: applying a diluent of a ternary compound fertilizer and a compound microbial agent in a dropper every 3 days; the diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent is the diluent of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent in S203;
s403, pod setting promotion by using a flower retention agent: adding urea into 1000 times of solution of a flower retention agent, and spraying 1 time of solution for promoting flower bud differentiation every 3 days; the dosage ratio of the urea to the 1000-time solution of the flower retention agent is 50 g: 1000 mL;
s404, irrigating in dry ditches: when the drought occurs for 7 days continuously, the soil humidity is kept through furrow irrigation, and the residual water is discharged after the water is preserved for 1 hour in a horizontal chamber of the irrigation ditch;
s405, comprehensive prevention and control: in the period, the comprehensive prevention and control method in S204 is adopted to prevent and control the plant diseases and insect pests;
s406, timely picking: picking for the second time when the pods are mature, and reserving pods with the length of 0.5cm on the pod bearing branches during picking;
the mass fractions of N, P and K in the ternary compound fertilizer from S1 to S4 are both 17%;
the mass ratio of the compound microbial agents in S1-S4 is 1:1, a mixture of photosynthetic rhzomycin and harziamycin;
the flower retention agents in S2 and S4 are both a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, amino acid and urea in a mass ratio of 1:10: 1.
2. The method for cultivating cowpeas in long seasons according to claim 1, wherein the pendimethalin-acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate with the mass fraction of 40% in S103 is used in an amount of 100 ml/mu to 150 ml/mu.
3. The method suitable for the season-long cultivation of cowpeas according to claim 1, wherein the dosage of the ternary compound fertilizer buried in S103 is 50 kg/mu; the dosage of the organic fertilizer for broadcasting is 500 kg/mu; the dosage of the ternary compound fertilizer for broadcasting is 25 kg/mu.
4. The method suitable for the long-season cowpea cultivation according to the claim 1, wherein the thickness of the silver-black double-color mulching film in the S103 is 0.012 mm.
5. The method suitable for asparagus bean long-season cultivation according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the rooting water to the compound microbial agent in S104 is (800-1000): 1.
6. the method for cultivating cowpeas in long seasons according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the mixture of urea and bacillus subtilis in S201 is 5 kg/mu to 10 kg/mu.
7. The method suitable for the season-long cultivation of cowpeas according to claim 1, wherein the burying amount of the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent in S401 is 50 kg/mu to 75 kg/mu.
8. The method suitable for cowpea season cultivation according to claim 1, wherein the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer in the dilution of the ternary compound fertilizer and the compound microbial agent in S203 and S402 is 5 kg/mu.
9. The method suitable for the long-season cowpea cultivation according to claim 1, wherein the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer in the mixture of the ternary compound fertilizer, the urea and the compound microbial agent in S301 is 5 kg/mu.
10. The method for cultivating cowpeas in long seasons according to claim 1, wherein the amount of urea applied in the mixture of urea and the compound microbial agent in S302 is 0.5 kg/mu.
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| CN109651016A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-04-19 | 深圳合民生物科技有限公司 | A kind of microbial organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN113455322A (en) * | 2021-05-24 | 2021-10-01 | 菏泽学院 | Continuous cropping-resistant efficient cultivation method for facility cowpea |
| CN113748790A (en) * | 2021-09-02 | 2021-12-07 | 常德市农林科学研究院 | Cultivation method for relieving greenhouse cowpea blight |
| CN113951068A (en) * | 2021-11-09 | 2022-01-21 | 河北科技师范学院 | Cultivation method for spring wheat-small red beans in eastern Ji areas within two years |
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| CN109651016A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-04-19 | 深圳合民生物科技有限公司 | A kind of microbial organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
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| CN113748790A (en) * | 2021-09-02 | 2021-12-07 | 常德市农林科学研究院 | Cultivation method for relieving greenhouse cowpea blight |
| CN113951068A (en) * | 2021-11-09 | 2022-01-21 | 河北科技师范学院 | Cultivation method for spring wheat-small red beans in eastern Ji areas within two years |
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