CN109482110A - 一种壳聚糖水凝胶的制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种壳聚糖‑植酸水凝胶的制备方法及制备碳气凝胶材料的方法。该水凝胶的制备方法包括如下步骤:将一定质量的壳聚糖分散在去离子水中并用酸调节pH值,使其形成质量浓度为1%~10%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为0.5~5,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,得壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶。该水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶再经高温碳化(500~1500℃)即得N、P共掺杂的具有高比表面积的碳气凝胶材料。该方法原料安全无毒,廉价易得,操作简单,满足工业化生产要求。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于复合材料技术领域,一种壳聚糖水凝胶的制备方法及其制备的碳材料在催化反应中的应用。
背景技术
多孔碳材料具有高的比表面积、高的孔隙率、良好的导电性、价格低廉、优越的热稳定性和力学性能及独特的化学性能,被广泛应用于多相催化和电化学等领域。制备多孔碳材料的方法包括生物质的直接碳化法、溶胶凝胶法、软模板法和硬模板法等方法。
溶胶凝胶法由于可以实现各前驱体在分子水平的均匀混合而被广泛利用(MarkusAntonietti.Chem.Mater.2014,26,196-210)。如间二苯酚和甲醛在酸或碱的催化作用下聚合,经过老化等处理得到间二苯酚-甲醛凝胶,再经过后续的过滤、干燥及高温碳化等步骤得到最终的N掺杂多孔碳材料(Pekala,R.W.;Farmer,J.C.;Alviso,C.T.;Tran,T.D.;Mayer,S.T.;Miller,J.M.;Dunn,B.J.Non-Cryst.Solids 1998,225,74-80)。另有研究人员用苯胺与植酸溶解在水中,在过硫酸铵的存在下聚合得到苯胺-植酸水凝胶,再通过冷冻干燥和高温碳化得到氮、磷共掺杂的多孔碳材料(Jintao Zhang;Zhenghang Zhao;ZhenhaiXia;Liming Dai.Nature Nanotech.2015,10,444-452)。
但是目前很多用于制备凝胶的单体材料(如甲醛、苯胺)及引发剂(如过硫酸盐)等对人有毒害作用,且价格相对较高,或者制备过程繁琐,不易大量制备。而壳聚糖和植酸都是来源于生物质,具有良好的生物相容性,具有环境友好、来源丰富和廉价易得等优点。此外,壳聚糖和植酸制备水凝胶只需要将两者水溶液均匀混合外加降温处理即可,步骤十分简单,可大量制备。壳聚糖和植酸分别具有高的氮和磷含量,可实现氮,磷共掺杂,有助于拓宽碳材料的应用范畴。但到目前为止,还没有任何关于植酸和壳聚糖制备壳聚糖水凝胶的报道。
发明内容
为了克服以往用于制备凝胶的单体材料(如甲醛、苯胺)及引发剂(过硫酸盐)等对人有毒害作用,和制备过程繁琐不易大量制备等缺点,本发明的目的在于提供一种新的环境友好的可大量生产的制备壳聚糖水凝胶的方法、及在此基础上获得高比表面积N、P共掺杂碳材料的方法,即用壳聚糖和植酸制备水凝胶,不使用任何模板,冷冻干燥后,采用直接高温碳化来获得多孔碳材料。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了提供的技术方案是:将一定质量的壳聚糖分散在去离子水中并加少量的浓盐酸使其形成质量浓度为1%~10%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为0.5~5,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,得壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶。此外,上述水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶再经高温碳化(500~1500℃)即得N、P共掺杂的具有高比表面积的碳材料。
优选地,所述壳聚糖酸性水溶液的制备包括:将脱乙酰度大于95%、粘度为100~200mpa.s的壳聚糖加入到水中,并在搅拌下加少酸使其形成pH为2.0±1.5的酸性水溶液,其中壳聚糖的质量浓度为1%~10%。
优选地,使用的交联剂为植酸水溶液。
优选地,植酸与壳聚糖酸性水溶液在室温下强烈搅拌混合,形成均匀溶液。
优选地,壳聚糖/植酸水溶液冷藏形成水凝胶的温度为2~30℃。
优选地,形成的壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶对温度呈现可逆性,即将壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶加热至50℃及以上转变为壳聚糖/植酸水溶液,再将壳聚糖/植酸水溶液放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时又形成水凝胶。
优选地,本发明还包括以下步骤:所述水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶再经高温碳化(500~1500℃)即得氮、磷共掺杂的具有高比表面积的碳材料。
优选地,将一定质量的壳聚糖分散在已分散有氧化石墨烯或氮化碳或两者混合物的去离子水溶液中并加少量的盐酸使其形成质量浓度为1%~10%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为0.5~5,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,可得二维碳材料/壳聚糖/植酸多元水凝胶。
本发明还提供了一种多元体系水凝胶的制备方法,其包括如下步骤:将一定质量的壳聚糖分散在去离子水中并加少量的盐酸使其形成质量浓度为1%~10%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为0.5~5,随后加入一定量的金属盐(铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、钯、钌等过渡金属的氯化物、硫酸盐、醋酸盐等)或复合物的水溶液,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,可得金属盐/壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶。
本发明还提供了一种制备碳气凝胶材料的方法,其包括以下步骤:所述水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶再经高温碳化(500~1500℃)即得石墨烯掺杂的碳气凝胶材料。
较优选的方案,壳聚糖酸性水溶液中壳聚糖的质量浓度为4%。大量实验表明,壳聚糖浓度较低时(如2%),形成的水凝胶不够结实,冷冻干燥后体积收缩较严重;壳聚糖浓度太高时(大于4%),形成的壳聚糖水溶液粘度太大,不利于形成水凝胶。
较优选的方案,植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为2。实验表明,植酸比例越高,最终得到的碳材料比表面积越大,催化活性相应也越高;但植酸比例过高时(大于2),不利于水凝胶的生成,且植酸/壳聚糖干凝胶碳化的收率太低。
较优选的方案,使用的壳聚糖为低粘度的壳聚糖(100~200mpa.s)。
较优选的方案,壳聚糖酸性水溶液的pH为1.0±0.5,且使用的酸为盐酸。
较优选的方案,冷冻干燥的时间为48h,使植酸/壳聚糖水凝胶充分干燥。
较优选的方案,高温碳化程序为5℃/min升温至1000℃,在此温度下保持2h。
本发明的技术方案带来的显著效果在于:本发明采用的制备水凝胶的原料壳聚糖和植酸广泛存在于自然界,属于生物质,具有无毒、价格低廉和来源丰富等优点。另外,壳聚糖和植酸分别具有高的氮和磷含量,制备出来的碳材料具有氮、磷共掺杂的特征。所得碳气凝胶/块体具有强的亲油性,有望应用于水中有机物的吸附处理、氧还原电催化以及多相催化等。该凝胶体系中还可以引入氧化石墨烯、氮化碳、过渡金属盐等,制备的碳材料或碳载金属材料可用于电催化、多相催化等应用。本发明制备步骤简单易行、成本低、条件温和、容易实现工业化生产,目标产物比表面积大,并可改变焙烧温度和植酸比例实现对材料比表面积、孔径的调变,适合作催化剂、催化剂载体及电极材料等,具有一定的市场应用前景。
附图说明
【图1】是壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶制备及冷冻干燥制备碳材料全过程。
【图2】是实施例1中制备的碳材料的扫描电镜(SEM)图。
【图3】是实施例1中制备的碳材料的氮气吸附-脱附等温线。
【图4】是实施例3中制备的醋酸钴/壳聚糖/植酸水溶液(左)和凝胶(右)。
【图5】是实施例1中制备的碳材料和商业Pt/C在氧气饱和的0.1M KOH溶液中的线性扫描伏安曲线(LSV)。
【图6】是实施例1中制备的碳材料在水或有机物溶剂中的亲合状态。
具体实施方式
下面通过实例对本发明做进一步阐述,但本发明不仅限于此。
实施例1
1)将4g脱乙酰度大于95%、粘度为100~200mpa.s的壳聚糖分散在96mL去离子水中,并加少量的浓盐酸使其形成质量浓度为4%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入16mL 50wt%的植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为2,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,得壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶。
2)该水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶在N2气氛下焙烧,以5℃/min升温至1000℃,在此温度下保持2h,即得多孔碳材料。
3)将2)中的碳材料充分研磨,然后称取5mg分散于980微升的乙醇中,超声分散半个小时后加入20微升的nafion溶液,继续超声半个小时使其充分分散。量取10微升该分散液滴涂到玻碳电极上,待乙醇挥发掉后即可做电化学测试。
实施例2
1)将4g脱乙酰度大于95%、粘度为100~200mpa.s的壳聚糖分散在96mL去离子水中,并加少量的浓盐酸使其形成质量浓度为4%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入8mL 50wt%的植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为1,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,得壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶。
2)该水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶在N2气氛下焙烧,以5℃/min升温至1000℃,在此温度下保持2h,即得多孔碳材料。
3)称取10mg 2)中的碳材料与10mg苄醇,量取2.5mL蒸馏水,将三者加入反应釜中,充1个大气压的氧气,在60℃下反应18h,测得苯甲醛转化率为14%,选择性大于99%。
实施例3
1)称取2g Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O,溶于30ml蒸馏水,用盐酸调节pH为1。
2)将4g脱乙酰度大于95%、粘度为100~200mpa.s的壳聚糖分散在96mL去离子水中,并加少量的浓盐酸使其形成质量浓度为4%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液。
3)然后移取25g的2)溶液与4mL的1)溶液混合,然后边搅拌边加入1mL 50wt%的植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为0.5,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,得醋酸钴/壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶。
4)该水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶在N2气氛下焙烧,以5℃/min升温至900℃,在此温度下保持2h,即得掺杂钴的多孔碳材料。
5)称取20mg 4)中的碳载钴材料(催化剂)、1.5mmol苄醇(反应物)、1mmol二甲基砜(反应物)和1mmol叔丁醇钾,量取1.5mL的甲苯(溶剂),混合到反应试管中,120℃反应12h,生成苯乙烯与苯丙烯等产物。
实施例4
1)将2g脱乙酰度大于95%、粘度为100~200mpa.s的壳聚糖分散在98mL去离子水中,并加少量的浓盐酸使其形成质量浓度为2%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入4mL 50wt%的植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为1,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,得壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶。
2)该水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶在N2气氛下焙烧,以5℃/min升温至900℃,在此温度下保持2h,即得多孔碳材料。
Claims (11)
1.一种壳聚糖水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:将一定质量的壳聚糖分散在去离子水中并加少量的盐酸使其形成质量浓度为1%~10%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为0.5~5,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,得壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶。
2.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖水凝胶的制备方法,其特征是:所述壳聚糖酸性水溶液的制备包括:将脱乙酰度大于95%、粘度为100~200mpa.s的壳聚糖加入到水中,并在搅拌下加少酸使其形成pH为2.0±1.5的酸性水溶液,其中壳聚糖的质量浓度为1%~10%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖水凝胶的制备方法,其特征是:使用的交联剂为植酸水溶液。
4.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖水凝胶的制备方法,其特征是:植酸与壳聚糖酸性水溶液在室温下强烈搅拌混合,形成均匀溶液。
5.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖水凝胶的制备方法,其特征是:壳聚糖/植酸水溶液冷藏形成水凝胶的温度为2~30℃。
6.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖水凝胶的制备方法,其特征是:形成的壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶对温度呈现可逆性,即将壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶加热至50℃及以上转变为壳聚糖/植酸水溶液,再将壳聚糖/植酸水溶液放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时又形成水凝胶。
7.根据权利要求1所述的壳聚糖水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:所述水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶再经高温碳化(500~1500℃)即得氮、磷共掺杂的具有高比表面积的碳材料。
8.一种根据权利要求1-7任一项所述的壳聚糖水凝胶制备碳气凝胶材料的方法,其特征在于其包括以下步骤:所述水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶再经高温碳化(500~1500℃)即得石墨烯掺杂的碳气凝胶材料。
9.一种多元体系水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:将一定质量的壳聚糖分散在已分散有氧化石墨烯或氮化碳或两者混合物的去离子水溶液中并加少量的盐酸使其形成质量浓度为1%~10%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为0.5~5,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,可得二维碳材料/壳聚糖/植酸多元水凝胶。
10.一种多元体系水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于其包括如下步骤:将一定质量的壳聚糖分散在去离子水中并加少量的盐酸使其形成质量浓度为1%~10%(重量比)的壳聚糖酸性水溶液,然后边搅拌边加入植酸水溶液,使得植酸与壳聚糖的质量比为0.5~5,随后加入一定量的金属盐或复合物的水溶液,混合均匀后放入冰箱冷藏1~3小时,可得金属盐/壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶。
11.根据权利要求10所述的多元体系水凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:所述金属盐/壳聚糖/植酸水凝胶经过冷冻干燥处理后得到干凝胶,得到的干凝胶再经高温碳化(500~1500℃)即得金属掺杂的碳气凝胶材料。
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