CN109196044A - 3d打印的含氟聚合物结构 - Google Patents
3d打印的含氟聚合物结构 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109196044A CN109196044A CN201780031782.7A CN201780031782A CN109196044A CN 109196044 A CN109196044 A CN 109196044A CN 201780031782 A CN201780031782 A CN 201780031782A CN 109196044 A CN109196044 A CN 109196044A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- fluoropolymer
- printing
- fluoro
- pvdf
- copolymer composition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 131
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- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims description 56
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- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- WUMVZXWBOFOYAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-(1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobut-1-enoxy)but-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)=C(F)OC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F WUMVZXWBOFOYAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
- B33Y70/10—Composites of different types of material, e.g. mixtures of ceramics and polymers or mixtures of metals and biomaterials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
- B29C64/112—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using individual droplets, e.g. from jetting heads
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
- B29C64/118—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using filamentary material being melted, e.g. fused deposition modelling [FDM]
-
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- Nanotechnology (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及用于3D打印的含氟聚合物丝料以及3D打印出来的含氟聚合物制品,所述制品具有低翘曲、优异的化学耐受性、优异的耐水性、阻燃性和良好的机械整体性。此外,本发明的制品无需特殊包装即具有良好的储存寿命。具体而言,本发明涉及丝料、3D打印的聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)制品,尤其涉及材料挤出3D打印。所述制品可由具有适当限定的低剪切熔体粘度的PVDF均聚物、共聚物和聚合物掺混物形成,所述共聚物如来自阿科玛的树脂。PVDF可任选地为含填料的PVDF配制物。通过优化加工参数,3D打印的制品的物理性能可最大化,翘曲可最小化。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及用于3D打印的含氟聚合物丝料以及3D打印出来的含氟聚合物制品,所述制品具有低翘曲、优异的化学耐受性、优异的耐水性、阻燃性和良好的机械整体性。此外,本发明的制品无需特殊包装即具有良好的储存寿命。具体而言,本发明涉及3D打印的聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)制品,尤其涉及材料挤出3D打印。所述制品可由具有适当限定的低剪切熔体粘度的PVDF均聚物、共聚物和聚合物掺混物形成。PVDF可任选地为含填料的PVDF配制物。通过优化加工参数,3D打印的制品的物理性能可最大化,翘曲可最小化。
发明背景
设备的进步和价格的下降已使3D打印广泛用于家庭、学校和工业,作为对客户终端用途部件进行原型化和制造的更简便、往往更便宜的快捷途径。具体而言,材料挤出3D打印(也称作熔丝制造或熔融沉积成型)已成为客户直接使用、更大规模生产和快速热塑成型的首选工具,因为它最容易操作,产生废料最少,提供常规3D打印技术的最短周转时间。
从巧克力到胶原的许多材料已用来生产3D打印制品,用于广泛的终端用途。热塑性材料特别适用于3D打印机。遗憾的是,可用来提供高化学耐受性、阻燃性和良好的机械性能的热塑性材料非常少。
一些无定形聚合物如聚苯砜(PPSU)在打印时仅有3%的伸长率。尼龙有更高的伸长率(约30%),但化学耐受性差,打印前必须干燥。伸长率高得多的柔性热塑性聚氨酯是可以得到的,但其化学耐受性和耐候性差。
已知含氟聚合物具有优异的化学耐受性和良好的机械整体性。多数含氟聚合物,如氟化乙烯丙烯(FEP)、全氟烷氧基烷烃(PFA)、乙烯四氟乙烯(ETFE)、乙烯氯三氟乙烯(ECTFE)、全氟甲基烷氧基聚合物(MFA),具有窄加工窗口(在Tm与降解温度之间),使3D打印困难。此外,它们从熔体转变到最终固体时具有高收缩性,使翘曲变成现实问题。
聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)是半结晶含氟聚合物,在3D打印时出现粘着和翘曲问题。PVDF的半结晶属性(已知PVDF均聚物具有高达50-65%的结晶度)及其在固化过程中的高体积收缩率(15-40%)使其在丝料3D打印过程中具有收缩和翘曲的高度倾向。PVDF的通常为25-31达因·厘米的低表面能使其对多数材料的粘附性差。
熔融沉积成型打印塑料通常面对的另一个问题是,打印的部件因逐层沉积工艺而具有明显的机械各向异性,在x方向上测得的性能显著低于xy方向上测得的性能。xy方向平行于底部打印平台,而x方向垂直于该打印平台。该方法通常涉及在xy方向沉积一个层,然后在xy方向沉积另一个层。z方向由堆叠沉积的多个层构成。结果,打印的功能部件在z方向上不具有良好的性能(如垂直打印的球接头卡扣件,如实施例所示)。
需要这样的方法和/或配制物,其能够以可接受的方式实现结晶含氟聚合物制品的3D打印。因其化学耐受性、耐用性、阻燃性和机械性能,3D打印含氟聚合物制品是适宜的。非常需要打印时翘曲和部件收缩少的含氟聚合物,如PVDF。这种材料能够在工业上用于原型化和客户终端用途部件,其中需要高化学耐受性、耐用性和部件整体性。
令人吃惊的是,经过大量研究,现在已开发出半结晶含氟聚合物和加工条件,其能够用于熔丝3D打印工艺,具有良好的抗收缩性和抗翘曲性。此外,含氟聚合物或含氟聚合物配制物提供了高化学耐受性、高耐水性、疏水性、耐热性、抗UV性、高层间粘合性、良好的使用温度、良好的机械性能、高相对热指数(RTI)评级(130-150℃)、阻燃性、高断裂伸长率和高抗冲击性,机械性能和刚度随PVDF中共聚单体含量、配制物组分、填料类型/含量和打印条件变化。利用本发明的方法由这些配制物打印的3D制品和部件可以是刚性的或柔顺的,具有改善的打印分辨率,并且达到注射模塑的含氟聚合物制品的强度和断裂伸长率。由本发明的组合物制备的丝料因其优异的抗湿性而具有超过一年的长储存寿命,不需要任何特殊的防潮包装。
通过选择和调整3D工艺中的三个参数,已经成功实现了PVDF的3D打印,通过组合两个或全部三个参数获得了优异的结果。这些参数包括:聚合物或聚合物掺混物的选择、可选的填料的选择和具体的加工条件。
发明概述
本发明涉及用于3D打印的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物组合物包含含氟聚合物,所述含氟聚合物具有小于13,000Pa·s的低剪切速率粘度,所述低剪切速率粘度在其沉积温度和4秒-1条件下经毛细管流变法测定。对于聚偏二氟乙烯聚合物或共聚物,熔体粘度测量温度是232℃。
在一个实施方式中,含氟聚合物组合物具有30-2000Pa·s的高剪切速率粘度,所述高剪切速率粘度在232℃和100秒-1条件下经毛细管流变法测定。
在一个实施方式中,含氟聚合物组合物可为丝料或粒料形式。基于含氟聚合物和填料的重量,所述组合物还可包含0.01-50重量%,优选0.1-40重量%,更优选1-30重量%的一种或多种填料。
在一个实施方式中,含氟聚合物组合物是含氟聚合物与至多49重量%的一种或多种其他相容、混溶、半相容或半混溶聚合物的掺混物,所述其他相容、混溶、半相容或半混溶聚合物可以是另一种含氟聚合物,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物,或者具有一种或多种相容嵌段和至少一种不相容嵌段的嵌段共聚物。
在优选实施方式中,含氟聚合物是PVDF均聚物,或者是含有至少50重量%的VDF单体单元和少于50重量%至0.001重量%的一种或多种选自下组的共聚单体的PVDF共聚物,该组由以下各项组成:四氟乙烯(TFE)、三氟乙烯(TrFE)、氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)、二氯二氟乙烯、六氟丙烯(HFP)、氟乙烯(VF)、六氟异丁烯(HFIB)、全氟丁基乙烯(PFBE)、1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯、3,3,3-三氟-1-丙烯、2-三氟甲基-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、氟化乙烯基醚[包括全氟甲基醚(PMVE)、全氟乙基乙烯基醚(PEVE)、全氟丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE)、全氟丁基乙烯基醚(PBVE)、更长链的全氟化乙烯基醚]、氟化间二氧杂环戊烯、部分氟化或全氟化C4和更高级α烯烃、部分氟化或全氟化C3和更高级环烯烃及其组合物。
在一个实施方式中,含氟聚合物是多相丝料,其具有至少一个聚偏二氟乙烯均聚物或共聚物相和至少一个另一种聚合物的相,其中聚偏二氟乙烯均聚物和共聚物相的总和占所述丝料的超过50重量%。
在一个实施方式中,所述填料选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:碳纤维、磨碎碳纤维、碳粉、碳纳米管、玻璃珠、玻璃纤维、纳米氧化硅、聚芳酰胺纤维、聚芳基醚酮颗粒或纤维、BaSO4、滑石、CaCO3、石墨烯、纳米纤维、抗冲击改性剂和空心球及其混合物。
本发明还涉及利用3D打印机形成具有低收缩和低翘曲的含氟聚合物制品的方法。
本发明还涉及三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,该含氟聚合物制品的屈服抗拉强度大于通过注射模塑制备的相同组成的含氟聚合物的屈服抗拉强度的70%,且/或该含氟聚合物制品的断裂伸长率大于通过注射模塑制备的相同组成的含氟聚合物的断裂伸长率的50%,且/或该含氟聚合物制品的屈服应力大于通过注射模塑制备的相同组成的含氟聚合物的屈服应力的80%。
附图简要说明
图1:是显示若干不同PVDF样品的角度剪切表现的图线。
图2:利用不同PVDF材料通过3D打印的齿轮的图片。左侧是PVDF 5,一种填充碳的PVDF;中间是PVDF 1,一种具有中间范围粘度的PVDF聚合物;右侧是PVDF 2,一种PVDF共聚物。
图3:PVDF 7打印棒的光学显微图。左侧是105%的流量,右侧是120%的流量。左侧具有约1.1mm间隙,右侧具有0.3mm间隙。间隙减小也对应于部件密度增大和强度增加。
图4:侧放的打印卡扣插座图片。左侧是PVDF 5,中间是PVDF 1,右侧是尼龙618。尼龙618插座在尝试将球插入一次后破裂。PVDF 5和PVDF 1打印插座经历多次卡扣操作没有损坏。PVDF 5的打印品质与尼龙及其他商业材料相当。
图5:显示了由对比PVDF配制物形成的部件在翘曲测试后的情况。相对于基部明显翘起。
图6:显示了由本发明PVDF配制物形成的部件在翘曲测试后的情况。相对于基部很少看到翘起或没有翘起。
图7:显示了对比配制物(PVDF 4)和本发明配制物(PVDF 8)在收缩测试中的结果。
发明详述
本发明涉及3D打印的含氟聚合物制品,具体涉及由聚偏二氟乙烯配制物制成的3D打印的含氟聚合物制品,其具有低翘曲、优异的化学耐受性、优异的耐水性、阻燃性和良好的机械整体性。利用选定的均聚物或共聚物、选定的配制物和填料、选定的加工方法以及这些因素的组合,可以得到良好的可3D打印的含氟聚合物配制物。一般而言,本发明的组合物、配制物和方法降低了聚合物的结晶水平或效应,这改善了打印性能。
“共聚物”用来指具有两种或更多种不同单体单元的聚合物。“聚合物”用来指均聚物和共聚物。例如,如本文所用,“PVDF”和“聚偏二氟乙烯”用来表示均聚物和共聚物,除非另有具体指明。聚合物可以是直链结构、支化结构、星型结构、梳状结构、嵌段结构或任何其他结构。聚合物可以是均质的、非均质的,也可以是共聚单体单元具有梯度分布。引用的所有参考文献均通过参考纳入本文。如本文所用,除非另有描述,百分数应指重量百分数。分子量是通过GPC测量的重均分子量。在聚合物包含一些交联和因不溶性聚合物部分而不能应用GPC的情况下,采用可溶部分/凝胶部分或者从凝胶提取之后可溶部分的分子量。
如本文所用,“低剪切粘度”是度量较低剪切速率下的熔体粘度(ASTM D3835-0)。这涉及打印后熔体的粘度。出于本发明的目的,测量粘度的低剪切速率是4秒-1。打印后含氟聚合物的实际剪切速率几乎为零。如本文所用,“高剪切粘度”是度量较高剪切速率下的熔体粘度。这涉及熔体移动通过3D打印机上的喷嘴时的粘度。在本文中,高剪切速率粘度是在100秒-1剪切下测量的熔体粘度。由于剪切稀化,高剪切下的熔体粘度宜低于含氟聚合物熔体在低剪切下的粘度,这从图1可以看出。
如本文所用,“用于熔体流动测试的ASTM温度”是指本发明的含氟聚合物的熔体流动范围在相应的ASTM方法为该含氟聚合物的熔体流动所描述的温度下测量。例如,对于FEP,这是ASTM D2116;对于PFA,它是ASTM D3307;对于ETFE,它是ASTM 3159;对于THV,它是ASTM D1238;对于PVDF,它是ASTM D3222。对于掺混物和未列出熔体流动测试的ASTM温度的任何聚合物,采用230℃作为熔体流动测试的温度。
组合物
可用于本发明的含氟聚合物包括含有氟化单体的均聚物或共聚物。已知聚合物上存在的氟能够提高化学耐受性,降低摩擦系数,提高热稳定性,改善材料的摩擦生电性能。术语“含氟单体”或表述“氟化单体”是指可聚合烯烃,其结构中含有至少一个氟原子、含氟烷基或含氟烷氧基,其中,这些基团连接于发生聚合反应的烯烃的双键上。术语“含氟聚合物”是指由至少一种含氟单体聚合形成的聚合物,它包括均聚物和共聚物,并且包括热塑性聚合物和热固性聚合物。热塑性聚合物能够通过加热加压形成有用的零件,如通过3D打印完成。虽然热固性含氟聚合物一般不用3D打印加工,但热固性聚合物的前体和低聚物能够打印,只要将粘度调整到能够进行3D打印的粘度即可。如本领域所知,若需要,可用增稠剂来增加预聚物的粘度。反之,可添加增塑剂或稀释剂来降低预聚物的粘度。一旦将预聚物3D打印在一起,然后就能用合适的能源如热、UV辐射、电子束或伽马辐射将其固化(官能反应和交联)。热固性含氟聚合物的一个非限制性例子是偏二氟乙烯和六氟丙烯单体的使用,其中含氟单体具有溴官能团。溴化含氟聚合物能进行3D打印,然后利用预添加的热自由基源或者在施加光、UV、电子束或伽马辐射时产生自由基的自由基源,通过溴官能团进行自由基交联。
含氟聚合物可通过已知手段合成,包括但不限于本体法、溶液法、悬浮法、乳液法和反相乳液法。如本领域所知,自由基聚合一般用于含氟单体的聚合。
用于实施本发明的含氟单体包括例如偏二氟乙烯(VDF)、四氟乙烯(TFE)、三氟乙烯(TrFE)、氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)、二氯二氟乙烯、六氟丙烯(HFP)、氟乙烯(VF)、六氟异丁烯(HFIB)、全氟丁基乙烯(PFBE)、1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯、3,3,3-三氟-1-丙烯、2-三氟甲基-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、氟化乙烯基醚[包括全氟甲基醚(PMVE)、全氟乙基乙烯基醚(PEVE)、全氟丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE)、全氟丁基乙烯基醚(PBVE)、更长的链的全氟化乙烯基醚]、氟化间二氧杂环戊烯、部分或完全氟化的C4和更高级α烯烃、部分或完全氟化的C3和更高级环烯烃,以及它们的组合。用于实施本发明的含氟聚合物包括上面所列含氟单体的聚合产物,例如通过聚合偏二氟乙烯(VDF)自身制得的均聚物,或者VDF与HFP的共聚物。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,优选所有单体单元都是含氟单体,但含氟单体与无氟单体的共聚物也在本发明的构想之内。在共聚物包含无氟单体的情况下,至少60重量%的单体单元是含氟单体,优选至少70重量%、更优选至少80重量%、最优选至少90重量%是含氟单体。有用的共聚单体包括但不限于乙烯、丙烯、苯乙烯类、丙烯酸酯类、甲基丙烯酸酯类、(甲基)丙烯酸及其盐、C4-C16的α-烯烃、丁二烯、异戊二烯、乙烯基酯、乙烯基醚、不含氟的卤化乙烯、乙烯基吡啶、N-乙烯基直链酰胺和N-乙烯基环酰胺。在一个实施方式中,含氟聚合物不包含乙烯单体单元。
在优选实施方式中,含氟聚合物包含占大部分重量的偏二氟乙烯(VDF)单体单元,优选至少65重量%的VDF单体单元,更优选至少75重量%的VDF单体单元。特别优选VDF共聚物,优选VDF与HFP的共聚物。共聚单体降低共聚物的结晶水平。
其他有用的含氟聚合物包括但不限于聚氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)、氟化乙烯乙烯基醚(FEVE)和(全)氟化乙烯-丙烯(FEP)。
含氟聚合物和共聚物可利用已知的溶液、乳液和悬浮聚合方法获得。在优选的实施方式中,含氟聚合物利用乳液聚合法合成,其中乳化剂(“表面活性剂”是全氟化的、氟化的或非氟化的)。在一个实施方式中,含氟共聚物利用不存在含氟表面活性剂的乳液法形成。非氟化表面活性剂(不存在含氟表面活性剂)的例子见述于US8080621,US8124699,US8158734和US8338518,它们均通过参考结合于此。在利用氟化或全氟化表面活性剂的乳液聚合的情况下,一些具体而非限制性例子是美国专利第2,559,752号描述的式为X(CF2)n-COOM的酸盐,其中X是氢或氟,M是碱金属、铵、取代铵(例如1-4个碳原子的烷基胺)或季铵阳离子,n是6-20的整数;式为X(CF-)2-CH2-OSO3-M的多氟烷醇的硫酸酯,其中X和M如上所述;式为CF3-(CF2)n-(CX2)m-SO3M的酸盐,其中X和M如上所述,n为3-7的整数,m为0-2的整数,如全氟辛基磺酸钾。全氟化聚醚羧酸盐微乳液与中性全氟聚醚在偏二氟乙烯聚合中的组合使用可见于EP0816397A1。基于所用单体总重,表面活性剂的添加量为0.05-2重量%,最优选表面活性剂的添加量为0.1-0.2重量%。
本发明的含氟聚合物可用含氟聚合物在ASTM“熔体流速测试方法”(Melt flowRate Testing Method)为各含氟聚合物规定的温度下的低剪切粘度和高剪切粘度限定。较佳的是,按照ASTM D3835通过毛细管流变法测量,本发明的含氟聚合物在4秒-1下的低剪切速率粘度小于13,000Pa·s,更优选在熔体沉积温度下小于6,000Pa·s。较佳的是,低剪切粘度大于250Pa·s,更优选大于600Pa·s,更优选大于1,000Pa·s。若低剪切粘度小于此值,在生产丝料时可能没有足够的熔体强度。不受限于任何特定理论,这种低剪切粘度范围似乎允许打印的聚合物留在原地,但仍具有足够的流动性,以便进行良好的层间粘附和熔合。低剪切粘度更高的PVDF造成更高程度的翘曲和收缩。较佳的是,在熔体沉积温度和100秒-1下,热塑性材料具有30-2000Pa·s、优选100-1700Pa·s、更优选300-1200Pa·s的高剪切粘度。关键的粘度特性是材料出喷嘴时的粘度与热塑性材料固化和晶化发生时材料保持的流动程度的综合表现。在聚偏二氟乙烯聚合物或共聚物的情况下,在232℃测量时满足上述熔体粘度范围。
较佳的是,本发明的含氟聚合物或共聚物是半结晶的。虽然无定形聚合物在上述条件下可能有效,不受限于任何特定理论,据信一定程度的结晶对3D打印是有用的,因为它改善了层间粘附,并且在结晶相变过程中有一段时间可供相邻层间发生更多的链缠结。
在一个实施方式中,通过采用官能单体或通过后处理,本发明的含氟聚合物可包含反应性官能团。一旦将官能性聚合物加工成有用的制品,然后就可使其反应或交联,如借助于UV辐射或电子束,以提高整体性。本领域已知交联通常提高拉伸模量和弯曲模量,降低交联材料的溶解性和渗透性,根据材料的最终应用,这些都可能是有益的物理性能提升。
本发明构想了两种或更多种不同含氟聚合物的掺混物,以及两种或更多种具有相同或相似单体/共聚单体组成但分子量不同的含氟聚合物的掺混物。
还构想了含氟聚合物与相容或混溶的不含氟聚合物之间的掺混物。在一个实施方式中,至少50重量%、更优选至少60重量%、更优选至少70重量%的PVDF与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)均聚物或共聚物掺合。掺合物中的PMMA共聚物含有至少50重量%、更优选至少75重量%的甲基丙烯酸甲酯单体单元。PVDF与PMMA的熔体混溶掺混物提供了令人吃惊的诸多益处,包括减小和控制翘曲,在需要时改善光学透明度,减小收缩,改善底材粘附,改善层间粘附,改善z方向的机械性能。此外,整体打印品质也令人吃惊地得到改善。相容或混溶的低粘度和非常低粘度的不含氟聚合物也可用于改善可打印性。
相容的不含氟聚合物可以是包含至少一个混溶嵌段的嵌段共聚物。不混溶嵌段可赋予其他性能,如提高的抗冲击性、延展性、光学性能和粘附性能。任一嵌段可包含官能团。在一个实施方式中,聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯均聚物和共聚物嵌段可用作嵌段共聚物中的相容嵌段。
含氟聚合物与其他含氟聚合物或不含氟聚合物的掺混物可通过任何实用手段获得,包括不同聚合物作为干成分、以胶乳形式或以熔体形式物理掺混。在一个实施方式中,两种或更多种聚合物的丝料共挤出成芯-套结构、海中岛屿式结构或其他物理结构。
在100秒-1和232℃下具有30-1000Pa·s的非常低粘度的PVDF均聚物或共聚物的掺混物可与更高粘度的PVDF掺混,以改善层间熔合/粘附。总体掺混物将具有落在本发明范围内的平均熔体粘度。
例如,已经发现,将低粘度PMMA聚合物掺混到PVDF均聚物中,改善了其底材粘附、底材翘曲、收缩和总体可打印性。令人吃惊的是,甚至在PVDF组合物中添加约5%的少量PMMA聚合物或共聚物也使底材翘曲产生显著改善,收缩率降低28%,添加约10%的PMMA进一步改善底材翘曲,收缩率降低37%。
类似的,即使在部件变得更具弹性的情况下,添加少量(约10%)的非常低粘度的PVDF共聚物也改善了底材粘附性,收缩率降低16%。
在整个本申请中,PVDF及其掺混物和共聚物将用作示例性含氟聚合物。应理解,本领域技术人员将会明白,其他含氟聚合物可通过类似方式操作,以在3D打印中提供类似的益处。
填料
被发现能为生产3D打印制品提供良好含氟聚合物丝料的第二个途径涉及填料的使用,其与含氟聚合物掺混。不受限于任何特定理论,据信填料起到改变聚合物基体结晶度的作用。添加填料的含氟聚合物掺混组合物的更低结晶度导致更低的收缩率。填料的使用还减少了熔体到固体的体积变化,进一步减小收缩率。此外,填料能改善拉伸模量,进一步减小翘曲率和收缩率。
填料可通过任何实用手段添加到含氟聚合物中。双螺杆熔体配混是一种常用方法,填料可借此均匀地分布到含氟聚合物中,含填料的组合物被粒化。填料也可分散到含氟聚合物乳液中,将掺混物共喷雾干燥,使材料更紧密地掺混。
在一个实施方式中,填料可配混到与PVDF混溶的聚合物(如PMMA)中,然后将含填料的混溶聚合物添加到PVDF中。
令人吃惊地发现,基于PVDF/碳掺混物的量,当上述具有低剪切熔体粘度的PVDF均聚物与约20重量%的碳粉掺混时,所产生的3D打印部件具有低翘曲率和收缩率,而打印品质与市售3D打印丝料相差无几。此含填料的样品比未加填料的均聚物显示出更佳的3D打印品质,包括更高的清晰度。
令人吃惊的是,用本发明的加填料和未加填料的含氟聚合物制备的3D打印部件都表现出足够的机械整体性,可以产生高强度卡扣组件,而用商业聚酰胺丝料制成的部件在做成类似的卡扣制品时破裂。例如,对于在竖直方向打印的球接头卡扣部件,用商业聚酰胺丝料打印的部件沿xy方向破裂(z方向失效),而用填充了碳的PVDF均聚物丝料打印的部件则没有。有人可能会预计加填料的材料将表现出层间粘附性下降,但在填充碳粉的PVDF中没有看到层间粘附性的下降。
基于含氟聚合物和填料的总体积,填料可以0.01-50重量%、优选0.1-40、更优选1-30体积%的有效含量添加到含氟聚合物中。填料可以是粉末、小板、珠粒和颗粒的形式。优选具有低纵横比的较细材料,以避免可能的喷嘴污染。可用于本发明的填料包括但不限于碳纤维、碳粉、磨碎碳纤维、碳纳米管、玻璃珠、玻璃纤维、纳米氧化硅、聚芳酰胺纤维、PVDF纤维、聚芳基醚酮纤维、BaSO4、滑石、CaCO3、石墨烯、纳米纤维(通常具有100-150纳米的平均纤维长度)以及空心玻璃或陶瓷球。
作为目前测试过的粒状填料的替代品,可以预想使用这样的颗粒,其纵横比经设计用来改善机械强度。
已经发现,添加填料可提高PVDF的粘度,但只要PVDF组合物作为整体落在规定的熔体粘度参数范围内,PVDF组合物就是可打印的。添加填料提高了打印品质,减小了翘曲。
可以预见,填料,特别是纤维,能够提供优异的收缩率下降水平。纤维的一个问题是它们倾向于增加熔体粘度,并且可能堵塞喷嘴。通过使用熔体粘度更低的含氟聚合物、短纵横比纤维或更大的喷嘴尺寸,能最大程度减小此影响。
还可在含氟聚合物组合物中添加有效量的其他常用添加剂,例如但不限于粘附促进剂和增塑剂。
加工
聚合物或含填料聚合物的配制物一般通过挤出法形成为丝料、粒料,或者为粉料形式,例如来自乳液法。令人吃惊的是,本发明的PVDF丝料具有连贯的高本体密度,空隙很少或没有孔隙。较佳的是,丝料中存在少于5体积%、优选少于2体积%、更优选少于1体积%、更优选少于0.5体积%、最优选少于0.1体积%的孔隙。孔隙含量取决于许多因素,如分子量、均聚物或共聚物组成、填料和相容聚合物百分数。丝料的连贯性很重要,丝料通常基于丝料长度喂入打印机。
由本发明组合物制成的丝料可具有若干形式。丝料可以是单相或多相。多相丝料可形成为2个或更多个同心层,以提供良好的综合性能。在一个实施方式中,无定形聚合物构成外层,一个或多个结晶或半结晶聚合物在内侧。在另一个实施方式中,内层和外层可具有不同含量的填料和/或相容聚合物。在又一个实施方式中,可产生海中岛屿式形貌。
组合物或树脂在有丝料或无丝料(任何直径,包括1.75mm、2.85mm或其他尺寸)且具有任意大小的喷嘴的材料挤出(熔融沉积成型、熔丝制造)型3D打印机中进行3D打印,速度为能够利用丝料、粒料、粉料或其他形式的含氟聚合物原料的任何速度。本发明的3D打印不是激光烧结工艺。为此目的,含氟聚合物组合物可制成丝料。它们甚至有可能喷雾-喷嘴喷射到要打印的表面(喷雾熔融塑料)上,如阿博格无模成型技术(Arburg Freeformertechnology)。
对打印过程的一般描述可包括以下步骤:将含氟聚合物丝料、粒料或粉料喂入3D打印机。设定打印机的电脑控制程序,为材料提供设定的体积流量,并以特定的间隔将打印行空开。机器以设定的速度将含氟聚合物组合物送至加热的喷嘴,打印机将喷嘴移入恰当位置,以沉积设定量的含氟聚合物组合物。
在优选的实施方式中,聚合物如上文所述具有低剪切熔体粘度。打印机通常具有50-150℃(优选高于90℃)的加热床。
在一个优选的实施方式中,对3D打印机编程,以105-150%的过流量()操作。这意味着打印机喂入的含氟聚合物组合物的量超过形成3D制品所需的计算量。过流量将含氟聚合物更紧地挤压到一起,有助于补偿一些收缩,同时增加打印制品的强度和机械性能。过流量可通过两种不同手段设定。在第一种方法中,设定软件,在喷嘴中喂入比正常所需的更高百分比的材料。在第二种方法中,设定软件,减小行与行之间的间距,从而在行间产生重叠,导致额外的材料被打印到制品中。
可调整3D打印机的工艺参数,最大程度减小收缩和翘曲,产生具有最佳强度和伸长率的3D打印部件。选定工艺参数的应用适合任何挤出/熔体3D打印机,优选丝料打印。
PVDF相比于其他材料的一个附加优点是,它是疏水的,这意味着打印前无须干燥丝料,不像一些聚酰胺及其他材料那样,并且由于疏水性、UV稳定性和化学耐受性,丝料在储存期间不会发生变化。丝料可直接用于所有环境。
在一个实施方式中,使用两种或更多种不同组合物的两个或更多个喷嘴可用来生产新颖的、更大的、翘曲少的制品。一种用途是生产翘曲更少、刚性、底材粘附性更佳、相容或混溶材料作为底材,然后在上面打印粘附性较差、收缩程度更高的所需材料。一种变体是使用丙烯酸类底材组合物,然后在上面使用含氟聚合物组合物。
仅使用一个喷嘴的另一种变体是将相容性丙烯酸类膜置于加热床上作为底材,然后在上面打印所需的含氟聚合物组合物。
本发明的一个独特实施方式是用刚性的和柔性的含氟聚合物形成机械不对称部件,从而一个方向(x)更具体刚性,而另一个方向(y)更具柔性,这在注射模塑部件中是不可能的。这可通过在一个方向上交替打印刚性和柔性材料带,而在另一个垂直方向上仅打印柔性材料带来完成。部件在一个方向上得到的机械性能、挠曲模量和拉伸模量将不同于另一个方向,使此部件具有机械不对称性。即便横跨较宽的刚性范围,含氟聚合物也彼此具有相容性,从而使这种设计成为可能。
性能
由聚合物配制物在恰当的3D打印条件下产生的3D制品得到部分柔性,在一些情况下得到极高的断裂伸长率。在一个实施方式中,当打印并在平行于打印床的xy方向上测试时,观察到令人吃惊的高断裂应变(约700%,相比之下,ABS和PLA为约6%,聚酰胺为约30%),而应变和断裂应力与类似组合物的注射模塑部件相当。同样在xy方向上,其他配制物在3D打印后相比于常用聚合物表现出优异的断裂应变(70%伸长率)。在另一个实施方式中,当打印后并在xy方向上测试时,由本发明的聚合物配制物形成的制品表现出的断裂伸长率大于相同组合物通过注射模塑制成的含氟聚合物部件的断裂伸长率的50%,优选超过60%,在一些情况下甚至超过80%;同时屈服应力保持超过相同组合物通过注射模塑制成的含氟聚合物部件的屈服应力的75%,优选超过85%,在一些情况下超过95%。通过将本发明所有方面组合到一起-选择恰当的粘度、配合打印技术、在PVDF中使用填料或聚合物掺混物,甚至能够比单用纯聚合物产生更高品质的PVDF部件。
在一个实施方式中,已经发现,当打印并在xy方向上测试时,3D打印的含氟聚合物制品与相同组成的注射模塑制品具有类似的伸长率和屈服强度。对于3D打印的含氟聚合物制品而言,这些性能是预料不到的,实际上对任何聚合物化学物质或配制物的任何3D打印制品都是预料不到的。
在优选的实施方式中,当打印并在xy方向上测试时,得到断裂伸长率大于700%且屈服应力大于1500psi的制品。在另一个实施方式中,当打印并在xy方向上测试时,得到断裂应变大于70%且屈服应力大于3500psi的制品。在又一个实施方式中,当打印并在xy方向上测试时,得到断裂伸长率大于35%且屈服应力大于6500psi的制品。本发明的组合物在xy方向上观察到的断裂伸长率、断裂应变和屈服应力是就目前可得的任何聚合物化学物质或配制物而言能够得到的最高性能中的一些。
在另一个实施方式中,令人吃惊地发现,当打印并在z方向上测试时,甚至在PVDF组合物中添加约5%的少量PMMA聚合物或共聚物的制品也产生改善的层粘附性,并且制品的断裂伸长率有70%的改善,同时保持类似的屈服应力。当打印并在z方向上测试时,添加10%的PMMA进一步产生改善的层粘附性,并且制品的断裂伸长率有110%的改善,同时仍然保持类似的屈服应力。
本发明的丝料具有优异的储存寿命。高抗湿含氟聚合物组合物丝料能储存数月甚至数年,很少吸湿或不吸湿。不需要特殊的防潮包装,而3D打印中通常使用的其他树脂如聚乳酸和聚酰胺有这种要求。本发明的丝料以及由丝料形成的制品在室温水中放置24小时后,将会吸收少于0.05%的水。丝料中吸收的水分导致打印物品质差。
用途:
本发明提供了第一种用于丝料生产和3D打印的非吸湿结晶产品,适用于工程含氟聚合物树脂。
3D打印部件和制品特别适用于严苛环境中使用的制品,在这种环境中需要化学耐受性、抗湿性、UV耐受性、阻燃性和良好的机械整体性。用本发明的组合物和方法制得的部件或制品特别适用于化学处理设备,或者用于制备要接触化学品的部件。
本发明的3D打印含氟聚合物部件可用于太阳能板、航空器和运输,以及其他高性能应用。与注射模塑部件相比,3D打印部件具有类似的强度和伸长率,并且具有3D打印方法中能够得到的精度和细节。此外,相比于目前可得的3D打印部件,如聚酰胺、ABS和聚乳酸的3D打印部件,本发明的3D打印部件表现出优异的综合机械性能(屈服应力和断裂伸长率)。
实施例
材料:
PDVF 1:一种PVDF均聚物,符合ASTM D3222类型I,2级,低粘度。
PVDF 2:一种PVDF共聚物,异质共聚单体分布在主链中,含7-12重量%的HFP作为共聚单体,熔点为160-168℃。
PVDF 3:一种PVDF均聚物,符合ASTM D3222类型I,2级,低粘度。
PVDF 4(对比):一种PVDF均聚物,具有高分子量,232℃的熔体粘度大于10,000Pa·s。
PVDF 5:一种含15-25%的碳填料的PVDF均聚物。
PVDF 6:一种PVDF无规共聚物,熔点为155-160℃。
PVDF 7:一种PVDF无规共聚物,熔点为在130-138℃之间。
PVDF 8:一种PVDF掺混物,含低粘度PVDF均聚物(PVDF 1)和以3-7重量%的量添加的低粘度PMMA。
PVDF 9:一种PVDF掺混物,含低粘度PVDF均聚物(PVDF 1)和以8-12重量%的量添加的低粘度PMMA。
PVDF 10:一种PVDF掺混物,含低粘度PVDF均聚物(PVDF 1)和以9-12重量%的量添加的高流动性PVDF无规共聚物。
翘曲测试
进行简单测试,以测量和比较各种材料在3D打印床上的底材翘曲(底材翘曲很关键,因为若部件没有附着到底材上,则部件不能打印)。测量材料收缩率的测试方法也可由该测试演化得到。
该测试包括在加热的玻璃板(110℃)上打印不同材料的各种长度的细线/壁(厚0.8mm,喷嘴的两条通道),然后观察,看哪些材料和什么长度的部件翘曲/脱离玻璃板。测试的长度为2cm至20cm,高度约1cm,具有3条边沿线,采用聚乙酸乙烯酯胶液,如实施例2所提及。
然后,从边缘评价每次打印,显示没有翘曲、偶尔翘曲(有些打印翘曲,其他时候没有)、小翘曲(自底材的任何脱离)、中等翘曲(距离底材几毫米)、大翘曲(距离底材>0.5mm)、不能打印(部件在完成打印前脱离底材)。结果示于表1。已经发现,富含HFP的共聚物比PVDF均聚物更好地附着到底材上。如图5所示,PVDF 4(对比)样品翘曲后从底材脱落;而图6所示的本发明的PVDF 8样品很少翘曲或没有翘曲。
收缩率测试:
在加热的玻璃板(110℃)上打印4cm长的细线/壁(厚0.8mm,喷嘴的两条通道),在样品周围有3条边沿,以保证样品留在底材上。打印后,测量打印物最窄处边缘至边缘的距离,并与理论值(4.0cm)作比较。这给出收缩率%,可相对定量地横向比较材料的收缩率。
可以看出低粘度级别的粘度效应和掺混效应。从PVDF 4到PVDF 1再到PVDF 3,低剪切粘度下降,收缩率也下降。引入相容低粘度掺混物使收缩率额外下降。从PVDF 1到PVDF8再到PVDF 9,可参见图7。
实施例1
评价了一系列不同PVDF配制物的角度剪切特性。剪切结果示于图1。
实施例2:
用戴维斯(Davis)标准管线生产丝料,采用类似于制备焊条(3mm或4mm)的程序和装置-挤出机、空气/水冷却器和拉拔机。这些在戴维斯标准1.5英寸挤出机上生产,L/D为24:1,温度设定点为挤出机中350℉、模头上335℉,线速度为16-18英尺/分钟,股线空气冷却,喂入2带拉拔机,以控制线速度。
在Ultimaker 2桌面式熔融沉积成型(熔丝制造、材料挤出)机上对丝料进行3D打印。通过Ultimaker提供的标准3D软件Cura操控设计和切片。全部十个PVDF样品均产生丝料并出人意料地产生打印品质良好的制品,得到了出人意料的机械结果(低剪切粘度高于10,000Pa·s的PVDF 4样品是显示出大底材翘曲的样品)。
机械测试部件是固体打印的,具有0.8mm的壁,对角(45°)交叉填入,每层厚度为0.2mm,喷嘴直径为0.4mm。其他样品部件以各种填入%打印,但也具有0.8mm的壁,对角(45°)交叉填入,每层厚度为0.2mm,喷嘴直径为0.4mm。还测试了各种%过流量(0-20%),用于抵消收缩。一般而言,机械性能随着%过流量增加至约15-20%而增强,精确的最佳过流量%取决于材料/打印参数。因此,15-25%过流量对功能部件而言是最好的。对于原型部件,可利用5-10%过流量获得更好的打印光洁度。
喷嘴温度设定为260℃,打印床加热到110℃,打印速度为20mm/s,过流量20%,风扇速度为50%。用聚乙酸乙烯酯胶液薄层帮助粘合,对于均聚物PVDF丝料,打印物上需要边沿。打印床是玻璃。共聚物尽管具有较低表面能,但具有出人意料的效果,即对打印床具有改善的粘附性。第一层对打印床的改善的粘附性是减小翘曲的关键因素。所得打印部件示于图2。
实施例3:打印部件机械性能
在XY方向上打印第IV类拉伸棒(平躺在打印床上),以测试xy拉伸性能。拍摄%过流量逐渐增加(从5%到20%)的PVDF 7拉伸棒的光学显微图像。光学和机械结果显示20%过流量具有最佳填充和性能。收缩较少的树脂需要较少的过流量。例如,PVDF 5仅需10%的过流量来达到最佳性能,并且在侧壁上观察到最小间隙。图3显示了光学显微图像。
实施例4:
下面表1列出了不同样品的机械结果。对于3D打印工程材料而言,打印的PVDF 7具有极高的伸长率(约700%),并且伸长率和强度与注射模塑部件相当-这在3D打印中是极为令人吃惊的,直到撰写本申请时为止,还未见到有关含氟聚合物或其他3D丝料打印的此类报道。PVDF 2的3D打印部件相对于注射模塑部件显示出伸长率下降(对3D部件而言,伸长率仍然很高),但保持了约100%的注射模塑抗拉强度,并且与商业尼龙制成的部件相比非常有利(屈服应力为4600psi,伸长率为30%)。对于共聚物样品而言,PVDF 6具有最大的抗拉强度,且伸长率与尼龙一样好(约30%),但低于本发明的其他共聚物的伸长率。打印的PVDF1具有很好的性能平衡,并且在最佳打印条件下,抗拉强度和断裂伸长率为PVDF 1的注射模塑棒的80-90%。此级别的总体机械强度是出色的。打印的PVDF 5具有类似于注射模塑的PVDF的非常良好的可打印性和伸长率。
表1
实施例5:收缩率
利用上文所述的收缩率测试方法,测量若干样品的收缩率。结果见表2。
表2
实施例6:Z方向性能
在Z方向上(垂直于打印床)打印5BA ISO 527型拉伸棒,测试Z方向拉伸性能和层间粘附性。部件是固体打印的,具有0.8mm的壁,对角(45°)交叉填入,每层厚度为0.2mm,喷嘴直径为0.4mm。下面表3列出了不同样品的Z方向机械结果。PVDF 8和9有一些低粘度PMMA掺混到PVDF 1中,它们在Z方向上显示出断裂应变的显著增加。随着相容丙烯酸酯含量的增加但含量仍然较少(3-7%和8-12%),Z方向的断裂应变分别增加70%和110%。对于刚性材料而言,相比于具有与PVDF 1类似的XY方向机械性能的其他所测材料和商业可得材料,PVDF 8和9展现出优越的Z方向断裂应变。
表3
实施例7:
一般而言,本发明限定的PVDF均聚物和PVDF共聚物根据本发明加工时,会产生具有非常好的层间强度的部件,这意味着性能接近于注射模塑产品的性能,同时保持了PVDF聚合物固有的出色化学耐受性和阻燃性。它也意味着更好的层间粘附性和更好的总体部件性能。
利用立体印刷3D打印技术(SLA),由Taulman 618(一种尼龙共聚物)、PVDF 1、PVDF5和丙烯酸酯打印出球-插座模型(图4)。在20%填充率和25mm/s速度的条件下打印。只有PVDF 1和PVDF 5的球和插座能够扣合和脱开,尽管其部件外观不是很漂亮。由其他材料制成的插座在插入球时破裂。尼龙618的插座尝试一次插球操作后即破裂。PVDF 5和PVDF 1打印插座经历多次卡扣操作没有损坏。PVDF 5的打印质量与尼龙及其他商业材料相当,但PVDF 1相比之下有所欠缺。
在本说明书中,已经以能够清楚、简明地撰写说明书的方式描述了各种实施方式,但应理解的是,其本意是各种实施方式可以在不背离本发明的情况下进行各种分合。例如,应理解的是,本文所述的所有优选特征都适用于本文所述发明的各个方面。
本发明的各个方面包括:
1.一种用于3D打印的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物组合物包含含氟聚合物,所述含氟聚合物具有小于13,000Pa·s的低剪切速率粘度,所述低剪切速率粘度在ASTM“熔体流动测试”中为该含氟聚合物规定的温度和4秒-1条件下经毛细管流变法测定。
2.根据方面1所述的用于3D打印的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物组合物包含偏二氟乙烯均聚物或者含有至少65重量%偏二氟乙烯单体单元和一种或多种共聚单体的共聚物,其在232℃和4秒-1条件下经毛细管流变法测定具有所述小于13,000Pa·s的低剪切速率粘度。
3.根据方面1或2中任意一项所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物在232℃和100秒-1条件下具有30-2000Pa·s的高剪切速率粘度,所述高剪切速率粘度在ASTM“熔体流动测试”中为该含氟聚合物规定的温度下经毛细管流变法测定。
4.根据方面1-3中任一项所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物组合物是丝料或粒料的形式。
5.根据方面1-4中任一项所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中基于含氟聚合物和填料的重量,所述含氟聚合物组合物还包含0.01-50重量%,优选0.1-40重量%,更优选1-30重量%的一种或多种填料。
6.根据方面1-5中任一项所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物组合物包含所述含氟聚合物与至多49重量%的一种或多种其他相容聚合物的掺混物。
7.根据方面1-6中任一项所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述其他相容聚合物选自不同的含氟聚合物,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物,或者具有一个或多个相容嵌段和至少一个不相容嵌段的嵌段共聚物。
8.根据方面4所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物丝料是共挤出的多相丝料,其具有至少一个聚偏二氟乙烯均聚物或共聚物相和至少一个另一种聚合物、共聚物或掺混物的相,其中所有聚偏二氟乙烯均聚物和共聚物相的总和占所述丝料的超过50重量%。
9.根据方面4或5中任意一项所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述丝料含有少于5体积%的孔隙空间,优选少于1体积%,最优选少于0.5体积%。
10.根据方面4-6中任一项所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述填料选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:碳纤维、磨碎碳纤维、碳粉、碳纳米管、玻璃珠、玻璃纤维、纳米氧化硅、聚芳酰胺纤维、聚芳基醚酮纤维、BaSO4、滑石、CaCO3、石墨烯、抗冲击改性剂、纳米纤维和空心球及其混合物。
11.根据方面6所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中掺混物包含至少两种化学上不同的含氟聚合物和/或重均分子量不同的含氟聚合物,其中所述掺混物的重均粘度<113000Pa·s。
12.根据方面1-11中任一项所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物是PVDF均聚物,或者是含有至少50重量%的VDF单体单元和少于50重量%至0.001重量%的一种或多种选自下组的共聚单体的PVDF共聚物,该组由以下各项组成:四氟乙烯(TFE)、三氟乙烯(TrFE)、氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)、二氯二氟乙烯、六氟丙烯(HFP)、氟乙烯(VF)、六氟异丁烯(HFIB)、全氟丁基乙烯(PFBE)、1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯、3,3,3-三氟-1-丙烯、2-三氟甲基-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、氟化乙烯基醚、氟化间二氧杂环戊烯、部分氟化或全氟化C4和更高级α烯烃、部分氟化或全氟化C3和更高级环烯烃及其组合物,其中所述氟化乙烯基醚包括全氟甲基醚(PMVE)、全氟乙基乙烯基醚(PEVE)、全氟丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE)、全氟丁基乙烯基醚(PBVE)、更长链的全氟化乙烯基醚。
13.一种形成三维含氟聚合物制品的方法,包括以下步骤:
-为打印所述制品预设3D打印机软件至设定的体积流量和行间距;
将根据方面1所述的含氟聚合物组合物以丝料、粒料或粉料形式喂入3D打印机;
-通过打印机将含氟聚合物组合物熔体喂入一个或多个加热的喷嘴;和
-以软件设定的行间距和流速将含氟聚合物熔体沉积在设定的位置,以形成制品。
14.根据方面13所述的方法,其中所述流速和/或行间距代表105-150体积%的过流量。
15.一种三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其由方面1-12中任意一项所述的含氟聚合物组合物形成。
16.根据方面15所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中所述制品在xy方向上测得的屈服抗拉强度大于700%。
17.根据方面15或16所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中所述制品在打印出来并在xy方向上测试时,具有大于70%的断裂伸长率,并且还具有大于1500psi的屈服应力。
18.根据方面15-17中任意一项所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中所述制品在打印出来并在xy方向上测试时,具有大于70%的断裂应变,并且还具有大于3500psi的屈服应力。
19.根据方面15-18中任意一项所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其具有底材和位于底材层顶部的一种或多种不同的相容聚合物组合物,其中所述底材层比所述底材层顶部的相容聚合物层具有更少的翘曲,并且对载体具有更好的粘附性。
20.根据方面15-19中任意一项所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中采用两种或更多种具有不同应力模量的含氟聚合物组合物,并采用两个或更多个喷嘴,用刚性含氟聚合物和柔性含氟聚合物产生机械不对称的部件,从而一个方向(x)是刚性的,而另一个方向(y)是柔性的。
21.根据方面15-20中任意一项所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中所述制品在打印后通过辐射交联。
Claims (21)
1.一种用于3D打印的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物组合物包含含氟聚合物,所述含氟聚合物具有小于13,000Pa·s的低剪切速率粘度,所述低剪切速率粘度在ASTM“熔体流动测试”中为该含氟聚合物规定的温度和4秒-1条件下经毛细管流变法测定。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于3D打印的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物组合物包含偏二氟乙烯均聚物或者含有至少65重量%偏二氟乙烯单体单元和一种或多种共聚单体的共聚物,其在232℃和4秒-1条件下经毛细管流变法测定具有所述小于13,000Pa·s的低剪切速率粘度。
3.根据权利要求1所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物在232℃和100秒-1条件下具有30-2000Pa·s的高剪切速率粘度,所述高剪切速率粘度在ASTM“熔体流动测试”中为该含氟聚合物规定的温度下经毛细管流变法测定。
4.根据权利要求1所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物组合物是丝料或粒料的形式。
5.根据权利要求1所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中基于含氟聚合物和填料的重量,所述含氟聚合物组合物还包含0.01-50重量%,优选0.1-40重量%,更优选1-30重量%的一种或多种填料。
6.根据权利要求1所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物组合物包含所述含氟聚合物与至多49重量%的一种或多种其他相容聚合物的掺混物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述其他相容聚合物选自不同的含氟聚合物,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或共聚物,或者具有一个或多个相容嵌段和至少一个不相容嵌段的嵌段共聚物。
8.根据权利要求4所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物丝料是共挤出的多相丝料,其具有至少一个聚偏二氟乙烯均聚物或共聚物相和至少一个另一种聚合物、共聚物或掺混物的相,其中所有聚偏二氟乙烯均聚物和共聚物相的总和占所述丝料的超过50重量%。
9.根据权利要求4所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述丝料含有少于5体积%,优选少于1体积%,最优选少于0.5体积%的孔隙空间。
10.根据权利要求4所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述填料选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:碳纤维、磨碎碳纤维、碳粉、碳纳米管、玻璃珠、玻璃纤维、纳米氧化硅、聚芳酰胺纤维、聚芳基醚酮纤维、BaSO4、滑石、CaCO3、石墨烯、抗冲击改性剂、纳米纤维和空心球及其混合物。
11.根据权利要求6所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中掺混物包含至少两种化学上不同的含氟聚合物和/或重均分子量不同的含氟聚合物,其中所述掺混物的重均粘度<113000Pa·s。
12.根据权利要求1所述的含氟聚合物组合物,其中所述含氟聚合物是PVDF均聚物,或者是含有至少50重量%的VDF单体单元和少于50重量%至0.001重量%的一种或多种选自下组的共聚单体的PVDF共聚物,该组由以下各项组成:四氟乙烯(TFE)、三氟乙烯(TrFE)、氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)、二氯二氟乙烯、六氟丙烯(HFP)、氟乙烯(VF)、六氟异丁烯(HFIB)、全氟丁基乙烯(PFBE)、1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯、3,3,3-三氟-1-丙烯、2-三氟甲基-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、氟化乙烯基醚、氟化间二氧杂环戊烯、部分氟化或全氟化C4和更高级α烯烃、部分氟化或全氟化C3和更高级环烯烃及其组合物,其中所述氟化乙烯基醚包括全氟甲基醚(PMVE)、全氟乙基乙烯基醚(PEVE)、全氟丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE)、全氟丁基乙烯基醚(PBVE)、更长链的全氟化乙烯基醚。
13.一种形成三维含氟聚合物制品的方法,包括以下步骤:
-为打印所述制品预设3D打印机软件至设定的体积流量和行间距;
-将根据权利要求1所述的含氟聚合物组合物以丝料、粒料或粉料形式喂入3D打印机;
-通过打印机将含氟聚合物组合物熔体喂入一个或多个加热的喷嘴;和
-以软件设定的行间距和流速将含氟聚合物熔体沉积在设定的位置,以形成制品。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述流速和/或行间距代表105-150体积%的过流量。
15.一种三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其由权利要求1所述的含氟聚合物组合物形成。
16.根据权利要求15所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中所述制品在xy方向上测得的屈服抗拉强度大于700%。
17.根据权利要求15所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中所述制品在打印出来并在xy方向上测试时,具有大于500%的断裂伸长率,并且还具有大于1500psi的屈服应力。
18.根据权利要求15所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中所述制品在打印出来并在xy方向上测试时,具有大于70%的断裂应变,并且还具有大于3500psi的屈服应力。
19.根据权利要求15所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其具有底材和位于底材层顶部的一种或多种不同的相容聚合物组合物,其中所述底材层比所述底材层顶部的相容聚合物层具有更少的翘曲,并且对载体具有更好的粘附性。
20.根据权利要求15所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中采用两种或更多种具有不同应力模量的含氟聚合物组合物,并采用两个或更多个喷嘴,用刚性含氟聚合物和柔性含氟聚合物产生机械不对称的部件,从而一个方向(x)是刚性的,而另一个方向(y)是柔性的。
21.根据权利要求15所述的三维打印的含氟聚合物制品,其中所述制品在打印后通过辐射交联。
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EP3436524B1 (en) | 2022-06-15 |
JP2019511616A (ja) | 2019-04-25 |
US10259936B2 (en) | 2019-04-16 |
EP3436524A1 (en) | 2019-02-06 |
EP3436524A4 (en) | 2019-12-04 |
US10633468B2 (en) | 2020-04-28 |
JP6800999B2 (ja) | 2020-12-16 |
WO2017173258A1 (en) | 2017-10-05 |
CN109196044B (zh) | 2021-08-03 |
US20180237627A1 (en) | 2018-08-23 |
US20190127500A1 (en) | 2019-05-02 |
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