CN108625039A - 可吸声的纺织复合材料 - Google Patents
可吸声的纺织复合材料 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108625039A CN108625039A CN201711138970.8A CN201711138970A CN108625039A CN 108625039 A CN108625039 A CN 108625039A CN 201711138970 A CN201711138970 A CN 201711138970A CN 108625039 A CN108625039 A CN 108625039A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- carrier layer
- composite material
- sound absorption
- fiber
- weaving
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种吸声纺织复合材料,包括:a)至少一个开孔的载体层,其包含作为骨架纤维的、纤度为3dtex到17dtex的粗的短纤维以及纤度为0.3dtex到2.9dtex的细的短纤维;和b)布置在载体层上的流动层,所述流动层包含微孔泡沫层,其中所述吸声纺织复合材料的流动阻力为250Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种可吸声的纺织复合材料。本发明还涉及所述纺织复合材料的制备方法及其在汽车领域内作为吸声体的应用。
背景技术
在US5298694A中描述了一种用于吸声的方法,其中采用隔音的无纺织物,该无纺织物包含与卷曲填充纤维成分(卷曲膨胀纤维)混合的超细纤维成分(熔喷超细纤维)。超细纤维的平均纤维直径小于15微米,优选在5到15微米,并且在起皱的短纤维无纺织物中以40:60到95:5的重量比分布。对于这种材料结构而言,声学效果由此产生:采用更多的超细纤维在无纺织物中实现了更大的内表面积,从而声波的动能被加倍转换成热能。所述无纺织物的缺点在于,气流阻力只能通过昂贵的、整体结构布局的变化来调节或设定。
另外,DE 10163576B4公开了用于吸收声波和隔热的隔离材料,所述隔离材料由两种不同的热塑性基质纤维(在0.8到1.7dtex的范围内)以及热塑性熔融纤维成分(2.2dtex)组成。由此整个无纺织物内的平均纤维直径达到1.3dtex。明显地,通过减少粘合纤维(纤维混合物的10%)的使用产生了一种无纺织物,其拥有良好的悬垂特性并且还具有无纺织物的内部强度,后者是由于机械强化和热强化实现的。受限于工艺,也不可能有目的地调节隔离材料的声学特性。此外,无法通过采用更细的短纤维来进一步改善声波的吸收特性,因为根据目前的现有技术,无法在梳理机上可靠地处理0.3dtex以下的更细的纤维。
EP1058618B1描述了一种吸声的薄膜层叠体,其由开孔的载体层和开孔的第二纤维层组成。对于开孔的载体层,涉及克重小于2000g/m2、厚度小于50毫米的纤维网,或者涉及密度为16至32kg/m3、厚度至少为6毫米的超轻塑料泡沫。开孔的第二纤维层由熔喷超细纤维制成,所述纤维的纤维直径优选为2到5微米。而且还描述了500到5000Ns/m3的气流阻力。通过吸声薄膜层叠体的叠置结构,提供了流动层,该层能够被声学调节。这种连接的缺点在于以下事实:载体层未显示出明显的声学相关性。
发明内容
本发明的主要任务在于提供一种吸声材料,该材料至少部分地消除现有技术中存在的缺点。吸声性应当容易调节,材料应当制造成具有高度的压缩能力和极好的回弹性,同时克重很小。
此外吸声材料还应当在对于汽车工业很重要的、800Hz到2000Hz的频率范围内显示出特别优异的声学吸收特性。
通过一种吸声纺织复合材料完成该任务,所述纺织复合材料包括:
a)至少一个载体层,所述载体层包括作为骨架纤维(Gerüstfasern)的、纤度为3dtex至17dtex的粗的短纤维以及纤度为0.3dtex至2.9dtex的细的短纤维,以及
b)设置在所述载体层上的流动层,所述流动层包含微孔泡沫层,
其中所述吸声纺织复合材料的流动阻力为250Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3。
令人惊奇地发现,根据本发明的纺织复合材料能够避免上述现有技术的缺点。另外还发现,上述结构的纺织复合材料在对于汽车工业很重要的、800Hz至2000Hz的频率范围内显示出突出的声学吸收特性。
无意将本发明局限于某种机制,猜测所发现的高得惊人的吸声系数归因于载体层的细纤维和粗纤维之间的协同相互作用与流动层的组合。猜测特别选择载体层内的纤度为0.3dtex至2.9dtex的细的短纤维和纤度为3dtex至17dtex的粗的短纤维能够形成对于吸声而言特别合适的骨架结构,该骨架结构本身就能够吸收声波。通过合适地选择细的短纤维和粗的短纤维,能够为载体层配备高的可压缩性和高的回弹性,由此载体层上的流动层能够最优地进行振动,并由此能够根据“柔性板吸收体(biegeweichen Plattenabsorbers)”的作用方式而特别有效地吸收声音能量。
此外,开孔的载体层与微孔的流动层组合,使得纺织复合材料的声学特性的容易、有目的的调节和可变性成为可能。进而发现,根据本发明的纺织复合材料能够制造成具有高的可压缩性和良好的回弹性,同时克重较低。由此本发明的一个优选实施方式的纺织复合材料的可压缩性为70%至100%,更优选75%至100%,尤其是80%至100%,和/或其具有的回弹性为70%至100%,更优选75%至100%,尤其是80%至100%。由此纺织复合材料能够容易地被压缩,并由此同时很好地置于预定的安装空间内,因为通过良好的回弹性能够又很好地在安装空间内回弹。这使得装入具有复杂几何形状和不同厚度尺度的安装空间内成为可能。
载体层原则上可以是机织物、编织物、针织物和/或无纺织物。根据本发明优选的是,载体层为按照DIN EN ISO 9092的无纺织物。
载体层中的粗的短纤维的纤维纤度为3dtex至17dtex。在一个优选实施方式中,纤维纤度达到3dtex至12dtex,尤其是3dtex至9dtex。粗的短纤维赋予纺织复合材料必要的结构,并且保证纺织复合材料在安装状态下也保持尺寸稳定。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中,基于载体层的总重量,载体层含有的粗的短纤维的比例为5wt.%至90wt.%,更优选10wt.%至90wt.%,更优选20wt.%至90wt.%,再优选30wt.%至90wt.%,再优选40wt.%至90wt.%,再优选50wt.%至90wt.%,尤其是60wt.%至90wt.%。如果载体层含有作为其他纤维的粘合纤维,粗的短纤维的比例优选为5wt.%至85wt.%,更优选10wt.%至85wt.%,更优选20wt.%至80wt.%,尤其是30wt.%至75wt.%。如果载体层不含有作为其他纤维的粘合纤维,则基于载体层的总重量,粗的短纤维的比例为10wt.%至90wt.%,再优选20wt.%至90wt.%,再优选30wt.%至90wt.%,再优选40wt.%至90wt.%,再优选50wt.%至90wt.%,再优选60wt.%至90wt.%,尤其是70wt.%至90wt.%。
根据本发明的纺织复合材料的载体层的细的短纤维的纤维纤度达到0.3dtex至2.9dtex。在一个优选的实施方式中,细的短纤维的纤维纤度在0.5dtex至2.9dtex,更优选为0.5dtex至2.5dtex,尤其是0.5dtex至2.0dtex。通过在载体层中采用细的短纤维,由于载体层存在大很多的内表面积,声音能量也可以在该层中转化成热能。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中,基于载体层的总重量,载体层包含的细的短纤维的比例为10wt.%至90wt.%,更优选10wt.%至80wt.%,更优选10wt.%至70wt.%,更优选10wt.%至60wt.%,再优选10wt.%至50wt.%,尤其是10wt.%至40wt.%,尤其是10wt.%至30wt.%。
根据本发明,骨架纤维是短纤维。与可能包含在载体层内的粘合纤维不同,骨架纤维不会或者仅非实质地熔融。与理论上具有无限长度的长丝不同,短纤维具有有限的纤维长度。根据本发明,优选用作骨架纤维的、细的短纤维和粗的短纤维彼此独立地具有的纤维长度为20毫米至80毫米,更优选为25毫米至80毫米,尤其是30毫米至80毫米。作为骨架纤维,可以采用合成纤维或者合成纤维的混合物。优选采用合成纤维。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中,用作骨架纤维的、细的和粗的短纤维彼此独立地至少含有选自以下组的聚合物:聚丙烯腈、聚乙烯醇、粘胶、聚酰胺,特别是聚酰胺6和聚酰胺6.6,优选聚烯烃,特别优选聚酯,特别是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯,上述物质的混合物和/或共聚物。优选骨架纤维所含的至少一种聚合物的比例为90wt.%,更优选为95wt.%,尤其是大于97wt.%。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方式中,骨架纤维包含至少一种选择以下组的聚合物:聚酯,特别是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,聚酰胺及其混合物或共聚物。在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,骨架纤维是聚酯纤维,特别是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。其优点在于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的自熄灭的燃烧特性,这又与纺织复合材料在汽车领域中的应用相关。
除了细的短纤维和粗的短纤维,载体层还可含有其他的纤维。根据本发明,优选载体层含有至少部分熔融的粘合纤维,作为其他纤维。作为粘合纤维,可以采用通常用于该目的的纤维,只要它们能够至少部分热熔即可。粘合纤维可以是单组分纤维或者多组分纤维。根据本发明,特别合适的粘合纤维是以下纤维:该纤维的粘合成分的熔点在待粘合的骨架纤维的熔点以下,优选在待粘合的骨架纤维熔点以下至少5℃,例如从5℃至300℃,更优选从5℃至250℃,更优选从5℃至200℃;和/或优选至少10℃,例如从10℃至300℃,更优选从10℃至250℃,更优选从10℃至200℃;和/或优选至少15℃,例如从15℃至300℃,更优选从15℃至250℃,更优选从15℃至200℃;和/或至少20℃,例如从20℃至300℃,更优选从20℃至250℃,更优选从20℃至200℃;和/或优选至少25℃,更优选从25℃至300℃,更优选从25℃至250℃,更优选从25℃至200℃。另外优选的是,粘合纤维为以下纤维:该纤维中粘合成分的熔点在优选在250℃以下,更优选在70至235℃,再优选为125至225℃,特别优选为150至225℃。合适的粘合纤维尤其是含有以下物质和/或由以下物质组成的纤维:热塑性聚酯和/或共聚酯,特别是聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯;聚烯烃,特别是聚丙烯;聚酰胺;聚乙烯醇;以及它们的共聚物和混合物。
根据本发明特别合适的粘合纤维是多组分纤维,优选双组份纤维,尤其是核/壳纤维。核/壳纤维包含至少两种具有不同软化温度和/或熔化温度的纤维聚合物。优选核/壳纤维由这两种纤维聚合物组成。其中具有较低软化温度和/或熔化温度的那种成分存在于纤维表面(壳),而具有较高软化温度和/或熔化温度的那种成分存在于核中。
在核/壳纤维中,粘合功能可以通过布置在纤维表面的材料来实现。对于壳而言,可以采用各种不同的材料。根据本发明,优选用于壳的材料为聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚酰胺、聚乙烯、共聚酰胺和/或共聚酯。对于核而言,同样可以采用各种不同的材料。根据本发明,优选用于核的材料为聚酯,特别是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和/或聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯和/或聚烯烃。
根据本发明,利用核-壳粘合纤维是有益的,因为其能够实现粘合剂成分在无纺织物内特别均匀的分布。
如果载体层含有至少部分熔融的粘合纤维,则基于载体层的总重量,载体层优选由以下纤维混合物开始制造:所述纤维混合物所含粘合纤维的比例优选为10wt.%至50wt.%,更优选为10wt.%至40wt.%,尤其是10wt.%至30wt.%。
在本发明的另一优选实施方式中,基于载体层的总重量,粘合成分的比例大于5wt.%,例如从5wt.%至50wt.%。
根据本发明,优选载体层通过至少部分熔融的粘合纤维来粘合及固化。优选例如用连续炉使至少部分熔融的粘合纤维熔融,但不产生机械应力。其中有益的是,无纺织物能够以高度膨胀的方式制造,但不会通过机械作用而失去体积。在本发明的另一个优选实施方式中,在载体层内的空气比纤维的体积比为50:1至250:1,更优选100:1至225:1,尤其是125:1至200:1。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,载体层粘合,优选用粘合纤维额外固化。作为粘合剂可以采用聚丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯乙烯、聚氨酯及其混合物和共聚物。
根据本发明,优选载体层易于固化,从而吸声的纺织复合材料易于悬垂和压缩,进而能够应用在不同的安装空间内。
根据本发明,流动层应理解为微孔层,其具有具体的流动阻力,尤其是大于200Ns/m3,例如200Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3,更优选250Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3,再优选350Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3,尤其是450Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3。有益地,载体层设有流动层,从而能够改善载体层的吸声特性。由此能够使载体层保持较低的克重,以及产品具有突出的声学特性。可以本领域已知的方式和方法,通过有目的地调节孔径或密度来实现对流动层的流动阻力的调节。
根据本发明,流动层包含微孔泡沫层。其中微孔泡沫层应理解为细胞结构,其平均孔径小于100微米。
采用微孔泡沫层的优点在于以下事实:通过大量的小孔隙提供了非常大的内表面,声音能量能够特别好地在该内表面上被吸收。与之相应,微孔泡沫层的平均孔径最好为1微米至30微米,优选1微米至25微米,尤其是1微米至20微米。
优选微孔泡沫层是开孔的。对此应理解为单元体壁至少部分不闭合,从而声音能量能够被吸收到泡沫层的内部。
微孔泡沫层可以由各种不同的泡沫形成材料制备。特别合适的是,微孔泡沫层含有乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和/或聚丙烯酸酯和/或聚氨酯。其中微孔泡沫层所含的前述聚合物的比例优选为大于90wt.%,更优选大于95wt.%,再优选大于97wt.%。尤其是微孔泡沫层由前述一种或多种聚合物构成,其中可以含有常见的添加物。
泡沫层可以常规的方式使聚合物分散体或聚合物乳液发泡,例如通过机械搅拌来制备,并且通过常见的施加方法,例如涂装方法而施加。
使用乙酸乙烯酯共聚物的优点在于,其能简单且低成本地制造。用其完成的泡沫层还具有特别小的发黄倾向(Vergilbungsneigung)。此外,泡沫层显示出特别轻微的缩水性。
优选的乙酸乙烯酯共聚物是乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物。其例如可以利用乳液聚合来制备。根据本发明优选的乙酸乙烯酯共聚物由含水的乙酸乙烯酯乳液和/或乙酸乙烯酯分散体开始制备,尤其是含有65至98wt.%的乙酸乙酯的乙酸乙烯酯共聚物由含水的乙酸乙烯酯乳液和/或乙酸乙烯酯分散体制备。基于单体的总重量,乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯乳液和/或乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯分散体最好在水介质中含有65至98wt.%的乙酸乙烯酯以及2至30wt.%的乙烯,最好75至95wt.%的乙酸乙烯酯和5至25wt.%的乙烯。
某些情况下,基于单体的总重量,乙酸乙烯酯乳液和/或乙酸乙烯酯分散体还含有直至10wt.%,优选0.1至10wt.%的其他共聚单体。
对于乙酸乙烯酯乳液和/或乙酸乙烯酯分散体,合适的共聚单体例如选自:在羧酸基团中具有3至12个碳原子的乙烯基基团,例如丙酸乙烯酯、月桂酸乙烯酯、具有8至11个碳原子的α-支链羧酸的乙烯基酯。丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯,甲基丙烯酸正丁酯,丙烯酸2-乙基己酯和丙烯酸降冰片酯也是具有1至15个碳原子的无支链醇或支链醇的甲基丙烯酸酯或丙烯酸酯。乙烯基卤化物,如氯乙烯也是合适的。
合适的共聚单体也可以是烯属不饱和单羧酸和二羧酸,优选丙烯酸,甲基丙烯酸,富马酸和马来酸;烯属不饱和羧酰胺和腈,优选丙烯酰胺和丙烯腈;富马酸和马来酸的单酯和二酯,例如二乙酯和二异丙基酯,以及马来酸酐;烯属不饱和磺酸或其盐,优选乙烯基磺酸,2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸。另外的实例是预交联的共聚单体(如多烯属不饱和共聚单体,例如,己二酸二乙烯酯,马来酸二烯丙酯,甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯或氰尿酸三烯丙酯),或后交联共聚单体(例如丙烯酰胺基乙醇酸(AGA);甲基丙烯酰胺基乙醇酸甲酯(MAGME);N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NMA);N-羟甲基甲基丙烯酰胺(NMMA);N-羟甲基烯丙基氨基甲酸酯;N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、N-羟甲基甲基丙烯酰胺和N-羟甲基烯丙基氨基甲酸酯的烷基醚(如异丁氧基醚)或酯)。另外合适的是具有羟基或羧基基团的单体,例如甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酸的羟烷基酯,例如(甲基)丙烯酸羟乙酯,(甲基)丙烯酸羟丙酯或(甲基)丙烯酸羟丁酯;和1,3-二羰基化合物,如丙烯酸乙酰乙酰氧基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酰乙酰氧基丙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酰乙酰氧基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酰乙酰氧基丁酯、2,3-二(乙酰乙酰氧基)丙基甲基-聚丙烯酸酯(2,3-Di(acetacetoxy)propylmeth-Polyacrylat)和乙酰乙酸烯丙酯。
其中优选如此选择单体,使得乙酸乙烯酯共聚物,尤其是乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚物的玻璃化温度Tg为-20℃至+20℃,优选为-20℃至+0℃,更优选为-20℃至-10℃。
聚合物的玻璃化温度Tg可以已知的方式利用DSC(动态差分热分析,DIN EN ISO11357)来确定。
特别优选的是,乙酸乙烯酯共聚物采用Fa.Celanese Emulsion的Elite25(商品名)。
优选的聚丙烯酸酯是聚丙烯酸丁酯,以下简称为丙烯酸丁酯。丙烯酸丁酯也可以通过乳液聚合制备。优选聚丙烯酸酯从聚丙烯酸酯乳液和/或聚丙烯酸酯分散体开始制备,尤其是丙烯酸丁酯乳液,和/或丙烯酸丁酯分散体最好包含至少40wt.%、优选至少50wt.%、特别优选至少60wt.%的丙烯酸正丁酯或甲基丙烯酸正丁酯(短的(甲基)丙烯酸正丁酯),优选为丙烯酸正丁酯。
除了上面提到的丙烯酸丁酯,聚丙烯酸酯乳液和/或乙酸乙烯酯分散体还包含其他单体,优选选自:(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C20烷基酯、含有至多20个碳原子的羧酸的乙烯基酯、具有至多20个碳原子的乙烯基芳族化合物、烯属不饱和腈、乙烯基卤化物、具有1至10个碳原子的醇的乙烯基醚、具有2至8个碳原子和一个或两个双键的脂族烃,或这些单体的混合物。值得一提的是,例如具有C1-C10烷基基团的(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯,如甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯和丙烯酸2-乙基己酯。
特别优选的共聚单体是交联以后的共聚单体,例如丙烯酰胺基乙醇酸(AGA);甲基丙烯酰胺基乙醇酸甲酯(MAGME);N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NMA);N-羟甲基甲基丙烯酰胺(NMMA);N-羟甲基烯丙基氨基甲酸酯;N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、N-羟甲基甲基丙烯酰胺和N-羟甲基烯丙基氨基甲酸酯的烷基醚(如异丁氧基醚)或酯。
其中优选如此选择单体,使得聚丙烯酸酯,尤其是丙烯酸丁酯具有的玻璃化温度Tg小于-25℃,例如从-50℃至-25℃,优选从-45℃至-25℃,更优选从-40℃至-25℃。
特别优选的是,聚丙烯酸酯采用Archroma公司的N 92100(商品名)。
对于泡沫层,还可以采用各种不同的聚氨酯。根据本发明优选脂族聚氨酯,因为其仅具有很小的发黄倾向。特别优选的是聚酯聚氨酯。同样特别优选的是由含水的聚合物分散体制备的聚氨酯(Polyurethane)。根据本发明,聚氨酯的制备特别优选通过以下步骤进行:
I.以下物质转换成存在于溶剂中的聚氨酯
a)至少一种脂族或芳族的多官能异氰酸酯,
b)二醇,其中b1)与二醇(b)总量相比,10~100摩尔%的分子量为500~5000g/mol,以及b2)与二醇(b)总量相比,0~90摩尔%的分子量为60~500g/mol,
c)与单体(a),(b)不同的、具有至少一个异氰酸酯基团或至少一个异氰酸酯基反应性基团的单体,其进一步带有至少一个亲水性基团或者潜在的亲水性基团,由此影响聚氨酯的水分散性,
II.接着将聚氨酯分散在水中。
特别优选的是脂族异氰酸酯,其中所有的异氰酸酯基团都连接到脂族链上。根据本发明优选的脂族异氰酸酯包括4到12个碳原子。优选脂族异氰酸酯是四亚甲基二异氰酸酯,六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(1,6-二异氰酸根合己烷),八亚甲基二异氰酸酯,十亚甲基二异氰酸酯,十二亚甲基二异氰酸酯,十四亚甲基二异氰酸酯,赖氨酸二异氰酸酯,四甲基亚二甲苯基二异氰酸酯,三甲基己烷二异氰酸酯或四甲基己烷二异氰酸酯,特别优选1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯。
根据本发明优选的芳族异氰酸酯为:异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、甲苯二异氰酸酯、二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、亚苯基二异氰酸酯、2,4-和2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯、苯基异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷系异氰酸酯、1,5-萘二异氰酸酯、对氯苯基异氰酸酯、碳二亚胺化的三异丙基亚苯基二异氰酸酯。
作为二醇(b),可以考虑到目前分子量特别大的二醇(b),其数均分子量(Mn)为大约500至5000g/mol,优选大约700至3000g/mol,特别优选800至2500g/mol。
根据本发明,二醇(b1)涉及聚酯多元醇。除了二醇(b1),还可以采用分子量为大约50至500g/mol,优选60至200g/mol的低分子量的二醇(b2)作为二醇(b)。
合适的单体(B2)特别地,上述用于制备聚酯多元醇的短链烷二醇的构成组分用作单体(b2),例如,乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,1-二甲基乙-1,2-二醇、2-丁基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇、2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、新戊二醇、羟基新戊酸新戊二醇酯,1,2-,1,3-或1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,10-癸二醇、双(4-羟基环己烷)亚异丙基、四甲基环丁二醇、1,2-,1,3-或1,4-环己二醇、环辛二醇、降冰片烷二醇、蒎烷二醇、十氢化萘二醇、2-乙基-1,3-己二醇、2,4-二乙基辛烷-1,3-二醇、对苯二酚、双酚A、双酚F、双酚B、双酚S、2,2-双(4-羟基环己基)丙烷、1,1-,1,2-,1,3-和1,4-环己烷二甲醇、1,2-,1,3-或1,4-环己二醇,其中具有2至12个碳原子和偶数碳原子的无支链的二醇,以及戊二醇-1,5和新戊二醇是优选的。
为了实现聚氨酯的水分散性,除了成分(a)和(b)之外,聚氨酯还由与成分(a)和(b)不同的单体(c)构造,所述单体(c)带有至少一个异氰酸酯基团或者至少一个异氰酸酯基团反应性基团,此外还有至少一个亲水基团或者可转化成亲水基团的基团。在下文中,概念“亲水性基团或者潜在亲水性基团”简写为“(潜在)亲水性基团”。(潜在)亲水性基团与异氰酸酯(Isocyanaten)的反应明显比构造聚合物主链单体的功能团慢。(潜在)亲水性基团涉及非离子性基团,或者优选离子性基团,即阳离子基团或阴离子基团,亲水性基团或潜在亲水性基团,特别优选涉及阴离子亲水性基团或者潜在阴离子亲水性基团。
例如可以考虑将由最好5到100个、优选10到80个环氧乙烷重复单元构成的混合的或者纯的聚乙二醇醚用作非离子亲水性基团。聚乙二醇醚可以含有环氧丙烷单元。如此是这种情况,则与环氧丙烷单元的含量与混合的聚乙二醇醚相比不超过50wt.%,优选30wt.%。
单体的选择优选如此进行,使得聚氨酯,尤其是脂族聚氨酯,具有的玻璃化温度Tg从0℃至-65℃,优选从-60℃至-20℃,更优选从-55℃至-30℃。例如WO2016/169752A1中描述了合适的聚氨酯,该文通过引用而并入本文。
特别优选采用CHT R.BEITLICH GMBH的、商品名为Tubicoat PUS的聚氨酯。
根据本发明的纺织复合材料仅由载体层和流动层构成。同样可以考虑的是,纺织复合材料还具有其他层,尤其是至少一个设置在流动层上的覆盖层。其中覆盖层优选布置在流动层的远离载体层的那一侧。在此有益的是,可以保护流动层免受损伤。采用熔纺无纺织物作为覆盖层是特别合适的。优选覆盖层的克重在25g/m2,例如从12g/m2至17g/m2。同样优选由热塑性长丝构成,尤其是由聚丙烯长丝构成。
载体层、流动层和可能存在的覆盖层可以用各种不同的方法将其放在一起。因此可以考虑的是,利用粘性材料使各层彼此粘接。在本申请的一个优选实施方式中,通过直接在载体层上发泡泡沫层来准备流动层。由此能够获得纺织复合材料,其中在载体层与流动层之间识别不出明确的相界(Phasengrenze)。这使得在载体层与流动层的边界区域内调整纤维密度等级成为可能,这有益地影响声学特性。此外,可能放弃额外的粘接层,这同样有益地影响声学特性。
根据本申请,纺织复合材料的流动阻力为250Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3,优选350Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3,更优选450Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3,尤其是550Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3。纺织复合材料的流动阻力等于载体层的流动阻力与流动层的流动阻力之和。其中流动层通常对流动阻力的贡献比例明显更大。对流动阻力的调整因此可以简单的方式,通过选择合适的、具有期望的流动阻力的流动层来实现。
利用根据本申请的纺织复合材料,能够实现突出的吸声级别,在1000Hz,按照DINEN ISO 10534-1测量时,例如为30%至100%,更优选40%至100%,更优选50%至100%。对于本领域技术人员而言,这么高的吸声等级是令人吃惊的,因为它大于单独测量的、流动层和载体层的吸声系数之和。
纺织复合材料的克重优选为50g/m2至350g/m2,更优选为100g/m2至300g/m2,尤其是150g/m2至250g/m2。对于这种克重有益的是,能够提供重量轻的纺织复合材料,由此因重量减少而能够在汽车中降低排放。
纺织复合材料的厚度优选为5毫米至35毫米,更优选为10毫米至30毫米,尤其是15毫米至25毫米。对于至少10毫米的厚度而言,有益的是,仅通过纺织复合材料产生大的壁间距,从而中等波长的中频声波和长波长的低频声波也能够被吸收到纺织复合材料内。
本发明的另一个主题是用于制造根据本发明的纺织复合材料的方法,所述纺织复合材料的流动阻力为250Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)提供和/或制备至少一个开孔的载体层,所述载体层包括作为骨架纤维的、纤度为3dtex至17dtex的粗的短纤维以及纤度为0.5dtex至2.9dtex的细的短纤维;
b)提供和/或制备包含微孔泡沫层的流动层;
c)将所述流动层置于所述载体层之上;
d)连接所述载体层和流动层。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方式中,也可以通过将泡沫层直接发泡到载体层上来准备流动层。由此本发明的另一个主题是用于制造根据本发明的纺织复合材料的方法,所述纺织复合材料的流动阻力为250Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a')提供和/或制备至少一个开孔的载体层,所述载体层包含作为骨架纤维的、纤度为3dtex至17dtex的粗的短纤维以及纤度为0.3dtex至2.9dtex的细的短纤维;
b’)在所述载体层上形成微孔泡沫层,从而形成流动层。
提供和/或制备至少一个开孔载体层可以通过本领域技术人员已知的制备工艺来实现,例如通过用于干燥短纤维无纺织物的制备工艺。根据本发明适用于载体层的制备方法例如是梳理方法,以及空气动力学方法,例如气流成网方法(Airlay-Verfahren)和空气沉积方法(Airlaid-Verfahren)。在经典的梳理方法中,通常利用人工转动辊(Arbeiter-Wenderwalzen)将短纤维分散成单根纤维,并且作为桩沉积。这些纤维然后能够例如通过堆垛机(Kreuzleger)加倍,以便形成单层或多层纤维网。如果无纺织物的纤维布置应制备成随机取向,则空气动力学方法特别合适。随机取向是有益的,因为由此能够获得体积大、有压缩弹性的纤维网,同时密度较小。如果采用粘合纤维,则该粘合纤维例如能够在连续炉(Durchlaufofen)内被加热到熔点,由此用于固化无纺织物。能够在实现载体层和流动层之间的连接之前和/或之后进行热固化。还可能采用其他非接触的固化方式,例如涂覆粘合剂。特别优选的是,无纺织物以非机械固化方法进行固化,因为由此不会对载体层的蓬松度造成不利影响。
泡沫层可以常规方式通过发泡聚合物分散体或聚合物乳液来制备,例如通过机械涂覆来制备,并且通过常见的涂覆方法,例如通过中间载体来涂覆。
载体层和流动层之间的连接能够以本领域技术人员已知的方式和方法实现,例如利用热熔粘合剂(Schmelzklebstoff)或者胶粘剂(Haftklebstoff)实现。但优选采用泡沫层,该泡沫层粘性足够大,以能够与载体层连接而无需额外的粘合剂。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方式中,流动层直接形成在载体层和/或覆盖层上。这例如可以通过在各层上直接发泡来起作用。在该实施方式中有益的是,能够避免载体层/覆盖层与流动层之间形成明显的相界。这使得调节载体层/覆盖层与流动层之间的边界区域内的材料梯度成为可能,这又有益地影响声学效果。此外,还能够放弃额外的粘接层,这又有益地影响声学特性。
为了保护流动层,该层最优地设有覆盖层,如上面描述的那样。这对于敏感的泡沫而言是特别有益的。
根据本发明的纺织复合材料突出地适于在汽车领域内的吸声,例如用作汽车内部空间的声学部件,尤其是作为汽车内饰件中的吸声衬垫。
附图说明
图1:根据本发明示例1的在阻抗管(DIN EN ISO 10534)中的吸声系数与对比例2和3的比较;
图2:在根据本发明实例1和对比例2中采用的流动层的在阻抗管(DIN EN ISO10534)中的吸声系数与在根据本发明的示例1中采用的载体层以及与在对比例2中采用的载体层的比较;
图3:根据本发明的示例1、对比例2以及隔离的流动层(施加于没有声学效应的载体上)的在阻抗管(DIN EN ISO 10534)中的吸声系数的比较;
图4:示例4的在阻抗管(DIN EN ISO 10534)中的吸声系数与示例5的比较。
下面将结合多个示例进一步说明本发明。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的纺织复合材料(示例1)
准备克重为200g/m2、厚度为21毫米的短纤维无纺织物,其由纤度为1.7dtex且纤维长度为38毫米的细PET短纤维,纤度为3.3dtex且纤维长度为64毫米的粗PET短纤维,以及纤度为4.4dtex且纤维长度为51毫米的PET/共聚PET双组份纤维构成。短纤维无纺织物被热接合及粘合。在该短纤维无纺织物上施加有克重为17g/m2、厚度为0.1毫米且平均孔径为11.1微米的微孔聚氨酯泡沫层。
对比例2:流动层与非最优的载体层
提供克重为300g/m2且厚度为20毫米的短纤维无纺织物,其由纤度为28dtex的粗PET短纤维和10dtex的PET/共聚PET双组份纤维构成。在该短纤维无纺织物上施加微孔聚氨酯泡沫层,所述泡沫层的克重为17g/m2,厚度为0.1毫米,平均孔径为11.1微米。
与示例1和对比例2相关,按照DIN EN 29053独立及组合地测量测量载体层的流动阻力和流动层的流动阻力。
由于流动层涉及微孔泡沫层,泡沫层独自不拥有足够的强度,则根据本发明的微孔PU泡沫层被施加在轻薄的纺织纤维网上,以尽可能不影响流动阻力但能够保证测量,该轻薄的纺织纤维网本身拥有非常小的流动阻力,即23Ns/m3。
显示高的流动阻力几乎完全通过流动层实现,而载体层对流动阻力的调节几乎没有影响。此外显示,示例1和对比例2的总体流动阻力处于类似的范围内。
对比例3:3M的新雪丽(Thinsulate)(TAI3027)
提供克重为330g/m2且厚度为21毫米的短纤维无纺织物,其由65wt.%的细的聚丙烯熔喷纤维和35wt.%的粗的PET短纤维构成。此外,在短纤维无纺织物的一侧设有由100wt.%的聚丙烯组成的覆盖层。
示例4:
提供克重为200g/m2且厚度为10毫米的短纤维无纺织物,其由50wt.%的细PET短纤维(纤度为0.6dtex)和50wt.%的粗PET短纤维(纤度为4.4dtex)构成。
示例5:
提供克重为200g/m2且厚度为10毫米的短纤维无纺织物,其由80wt.%的细PET短纤维(纤度为0.6dtex)和20wt.%的粗PET短纤维(纤度为4.4dtex)构成。
按照DIN EN ISO 10534-1,第1部分来测量示例1、对比例2和3的吸声系数。结果在图1中显示。
显示示例1在对于汽车工业很重要的800Hz至2000Hz的频率范围内表现出突出的声学吸收特性。在1000Hz,吸声系数达到了50%,这令人吃惊地高。在1000Hz时,对比例2只测得为24%,而对比例3的数值仅为25%。在大约800Hz至2000Hz的频率范围内,总体上在根据本发明的纺织复合材料中观察到令人吃惊的、较高的吸声系数,尽管示例1的克重与对比例2和3相比较小。
众所周知,通过流动阻力与壁间距的组合来调节多孔吸收体的吸收性。在所有示例中均选择相同的壁间距,从而其不能对结果产生影响。人们观察示例1和对比例2显示,示例1和对比例2的总体流动阻力是很相似的(见上面的数字3),从而该参数不能对吸声系数的意外改进负责。
无意将本发明局限于某种机制,猜测令人吃惊的高的吸声系数取决于细纤维与粗纤维之间的协同相互作用与流动层相结合。因此猜测在载体层中特别选择纤度为0.3dtex至2.9dtex的细的短纤维,以及纤度为3dtex至17dtex的粗的短纤维使得形成对吸声特别合适的骨架结构成为可能,该骨架结构能够吸收声波。通过适当选择细的和粗的短纤维,则可能使载体层具有高的可压缩性和高度回弹性,由此载体层最优地通过声波而被激发振动,由此能够特别有效地吸收声音能量。
其中根据本发明的纺织复合材料像弯曲柔性板吸收体那样起作用。板状吸收体是高效的吸收体,它能够被准确地调节到期望的频率范围。振动质量(Schwingmasse)通过薄膜或者薄板的质量来实现。在根据本发明的纺织复合材料中,振动质量依靠流动层来实现。在板状吸收体中,谐振系统的避震器(Federung)在大多数情况下是薄膜或板与后壁之间的气垫的避震器。在根据本发明的纺织复合材料中,载体层作为避震器起作用。因此对于根据本发明的纺织复合材料而言,最好选择以下结构:流动层—载体层—壁。其中通过精确定义的、非常好的载体层的压缩特性和恢复特性,流动层能够最优地在载体层上振动,因此额外地在避震器体积内(即在载体层内部)形成内部损耗。
总而言之,这意味着通过根据本发明选择具有高压缩性和高回弹性的特定载体层,能够用载体层内的附加阻尼扩大作为多孔吸收体的流动层的作用方式,并且可以通过多孔吸收体和弯曲柔性板吸收体的作用方式的共同作用来提供吸声系数,特别是在对于汽车制造商很重要的800Hz至2000Hz的频率范围内。
上述声学作用方式的令人吃惊的协同效应还通过图2和3的比较来确定。
在图2中,首先仅观察在这些示例中采用的单个层。具体比较了根据本发明的示例1和对比例2中所采用的流动层在阻抗管(DIN EN ISO 10534)中的吸声系数与在根据本发明的示例1中采用的载体层在阻抗管(DIN EN ISO 10534)中的吸声系数以及在对比例2中采用的载体层在阻抗管(DIN EN ISO 10534)中的吸声系数。就像已经在测量流动阻力时那样,为了在阻抗管内进行测量,微孔泡沫层被施加到轻薄的纺织无纺织物上,以便能够进行试验。显示载体层具有可比较的吸声系数。而流动层具有较高的吸声系数。因此,在1000Hz,示例1的载体层显示出大约11%的吸声系数,对比例2的载体层显示大约8%的吸声系数,而流动层显示大约17%的吸声系数。
在图3中比较了根据示例1的纺织复合材料、对比例2和隔离的流动层在阻抗管(DIN EN ISO 10534)内的吸声系数。显示根据本发明的示例1比隔离的流动层以及对比例2明显更高的吸声系数。因此在1000Hz,根据本发明的示例1显示出大约50%的吸声系数,对比例2显示出大约24%,而流动层显示出大约17%的吸声系数。
根据本发明的示例1得到的数值令人吃惊地高。因此,假设单个层的吸声系数可以大致彼此叠加。这对于对比例2:8%[载体层]+17%[流动层]=25%——这与24%的测量值非常接近。由此在载体层和流动层之间看不出协同效应。与之相对,对于示例1计算得到的吸声系数为(11%[载体层]+17%[流动层]=28%)。但测得的数值为50%,这比计算值高20%,猜测这是取决于上面提到的流动层与载体层之间的协同效应以及它的特殊骨架结构。
在图4中显示了示例4与示例5在阻抗管(DIN EN ISO 10534)中的吸声系数的比较。显示在1000Hz,示例4(80wt.%的细纤维)比示例5(50wt.%的细纤维)具有更高的吸声系数。
为了确定根据本发明所使用的参数,与下列测量方法有关:
为了确定克重,用于无纺织物的试验方法
根据ISO 9073-1,其中试样的面积达到100毫米*100毫米。
为了确定厚度,用于无纺织物的试验方法
根据DIN EN ISO 9073-2,方法B和C。
确定纤维纤度
根据DIN 53810(纺织纤维的细度——概念和测试原则),借助于显微镜和相应的软件来确定纤维直径。准备4个由总数超过20根单根纤维的显微标本对于每个显微标本,纤维用剪刀截短到大约2-3毫米长,并且借助于解剖针置于载物片上。接着,在相应软件的帮助下确定并告知纤维直径(微米)。告知的纤维直径可以接着借助于以下公式换算成纤维纤度Tt:
d 微米为单位的纤维直径
ρ g/cm3为单位的纤维密度
确定泡沫层的孔隙尺寸分布
按照ASTM E 1294(1989)来测量微孔泡沫层的孔隙尺寸分布。
测量数据:
测量设备:PMI.01.01
试样个数:3
试样尺寸:直径21毫米
试样厚度:1毫米
测试流体:Galden HT 230
作用时间:超过1分钟。
测试温度:22℃
确定纤维长度
从现有的纤维试样中选择10个纤维束,其中借助镊子从所述10个纤维束中的每一个取出单根纤维,并且通过将纤维自由端夹入两个夹紧夹中的一个,纤维的第二自由端夹入其余一个夹紧夹中来确定10根单根纤维的纤维长度。通过旋转手轮,纤维被伸展,直至其没有卷曲为止。纤维的长度从测试仪的标尺读出,并以毫米为单位标注。所有得到的结果的平均值表示短纤维长度:
∑L 单根纤维长度的总和
n 样本数量
确定熔点
按照DIN EN ISO 11357-3,动态差分热分析(DSC)——第3部分:确定熔融温度和结晶温度,以及熔融焓和结晶焓,其中采用的加热速率为10K/min。
确定可压缩性
借鉴DIN 53885(纺织品和纺织产品的可压缩性的确定),其中通过像标准中描述的那样借助于其他的测试仪来实现可压缩性的确定。因此,准备尺寸为100毫米*100毫米的测试样品、长度尺度为毫米的测量台(Messtafel)、尺寸为120毫米*120毫米的金属板,以及直径为55毫米且质量为一千克的圆柱形重物。
在测量之前,在无负载状态下,借助测量台确定测试样品的厚度。该值描述了以毫米为单位的初始厚度d0。在未加载状态下确定初始厚度以后,下一步是将金属板(100g)放置在测试样品上并与之中心对齐。然后将圆形重物放置在测量板的圆形标记上,因此测试样品被加载约1.1kg。测试样品的绝对可压缩性由下列公式确定,其反映了初始厚度与加载状态下的厚度之差:
Ka[mm]=d0-db
d0 毫米为单位的初始厚度
db 在相应加载状态下测试样品的、以毫米为单位的最终厚度
百分比表示的相对可压缩性Kr为:
确定回弹性
借鉴DIN EN ISO 1856(软弹性聚合物泡沫材料——压缩变形残量的确定)。作为测量装置,使用相同的结构,如“可压缩性的确定”一节所述。在确定回弹性时,在经过一定时间的压缩变形之后,在一定温度和固定的恢复时间,确定材料的初始厚度和最终厚度之间的差异。
测量之前,在无负载状态下,借助测量台确定测试样品的厚度。该值描述了以毫米为单位的初始厚度。在未加载状态下确定初始厚度以后,下一步是将金属板(100g)放置在试样上并使其中心对准。然后将圆柱形的重物放置在测量板的圆形标记上,并且测试样品在24小时的时间段内和室温(23℃+/-2℃)下被加载约1.1kg。在24小时加载以后,将重物和金属板从测试样品取下,并在30分钟的恢复期之后再次测量测试样品的厚度,压缩变形残量如下确定:
d0 毫米为单位的测试体的初始厚度
dr 恢复以后的测试体的厚度
可以使用以下公式由压缩变形残量来计算材料的回弹性:
R[%]=100-DVR
确定空气:纤维的体积比
空气比纤维的体积比提供了关于材料多孔性的信息。因此,假设与纤维相比,空气的比例高,则材料具有高孔隙率。体积比V空气比V纤维可以如下确定。为此,首先使用以下公式计算测试体的体积:
V测试体[cm3]=l*b*d
l 毫米为单位的测试体长度
b 毫米为单位的测试体宽度
d 毫米为单位的测试体厚度,按照DIN EN ISO 9073-2,方法B和C测试
在确定了测试体的体积之后,使用以下公式在下一步骤中确定无纺织物中所含纤维的体积:
m纤维以克为单位的测试体的纤维质量
ρ纤维聚合物以g/cm3为单位的纤维聚合物的密度
优选在载体层中使用聚合物聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯制成的短纤维,从而可以从约1.38g/cm3的纤维密度开始。在计算了纤维体积以后,现在可以借助以下公式在下一步骤中确定空气体积:
V空气[cm3]=V测试体-V纤维
如果确定了测试体的空气体积和纤维体积,则现在用这两个体积值可以设定相对于彼此的关系。
用于确定流动阻力的测试方法
根据DIN EN 29053,方法A(空气直流法),其中有效的样品直径为100mm,空气压力为1000mbar。
用于确定阻抗管中吸声系数和阻抗的测试方法
根据DIN EN ISO 10534-1,第1部分:驻波比方法(ISO 10534-1:2001-10),其中管长A对应于100厘米,管横截面A对应于77平方厘米,管长B为30厘米,管横截面B为6.6平方米。将纺织复合材料和载体层的测试体直接放到隔音墙并进行测量。流动层距隔音墙20mm的距离进行测量。
Claims (15)
1.一种吸声纺织复合材料,所述吸声纺织复合体的流动阻力为250Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3,其特征在于,所述吸声纺织复合材料包括:
a)至少一个开孔的载体层,所述载体层包含作为骨架纤维的、纤度为3dtex到17dtex的粗的短纤维以及纤度为0.3dtex至2.9dtex的细的短纤维,以及
b)布置在所述载体层上的流动层,所述流动层包含微孔泡沫层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,所述吸声纺织复合材料的可压缩性为70%至100%,更优选为75%至100%,特别是80%至100%;和/或回弹性为70%至100%,更优选为75%至100%,特别是80%至100%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,所述载体层是无纺织物。
4.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,所述载体层具有作为其他纤维的、至少部分可熔融的粘合纤维,特别是核/壳纤维。
5.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织品复合材料,其特征在于,基于所述载体层的总重量,所述载体层包含的粗的短纤维的比例为5wt.%至90wt.%,更优选20wt.%至90wt.%,特别是30wt.%至90wt.%。
6.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,基于所述载体层的总重量,所述载体层包含的细的短纤维的比例为10wt.%至90wt.%,更优选10wt.%至80wt.%,特别是10wt.%至70wt.%。
7.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,用作骨架纤维的、细的短纤维和粗的短纤维彼此独立地具有20mm至80mm,更优选25mm至80mm,特别是30mm至80mm的纤维长度。
8.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,所述载体层被粘合,其中优选采用聚丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯乙烯、聚氨酯及其混合物和共聚物作为粘合剂。
9.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,所述载体层的空气比纤维的体积比为50:1至250:1,更优选为100:1至225:1,特别是125:1至200:1。
10.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,所述微孔泡沫层的平均孔径在1微米至30微米的范围内。
11.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,在1000Hz,吸声系数为30%至100%,更优选为40%至100%,更优选为50%至100%。
12.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织复合材料,其特征在于,克重为50g/m2至350g/m2,更优选为100g/m2至300g/m2,特别是150g/m2至250g/m2。
13.根据权利要求前面任意一项权利要求所述的吸声纺织品复合材料,其特征在于,厚度为5mm至35mm,更优选为10mm至30mm,特别是15mm至25mm。
14.一种制造流动阻力为250Ns/m3至5000Ns/m3的纺织复合材料的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:
e)提供和/或制备至少一个开孔的载体层,所述载体层包含作为骨架纤维的、纤度为3dtex至17dtex的粗的短纤维以及纤度为0.3dtex至2.9dtex的细的短纤维;
f)提供和/或制备流动层,所述流动层包含微孔泡沫层;
g)将所述流动层布置在所述载体层上;
h)连接所述载体层和流动层,
和/或包括以下步骤:
c')提供和/或制备至少一个开孔的载体层,所述载体层包含作为骨架纤维的、纤度为3dtex到17dtex的粗的短纤维以及纤度为0.3dtex到2.9dtex的细的短纤维;
d')将微孔泡沫层形成在所述载体层上,从而形成所述流动层。
15.根据权利要求1至13中一项所述的吸声纺织复合材料在汽车领域作为吸声体的应用。
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US20180268801A1 (en) | 2018-09-20 |
KR20180106831A (ko) | 2018-10-01 |
BR102017022275A8 (pt) | 2022-09-13 |
MX2018003336A (es) | 2019-09-11 |
KR20200039640A (ko) | 2020-04-16 |
KR102128879B1 (ko) | 2020-07-01 |
EP3375602B1 (de) | 2020-04-22 |
US10789931B2 (en) | 2020-09-29 |
BR102017022275B1 (pt) | 2023-04-11 |
CN108625039B (zh) | 2022-01-28 |
JP6702924B2 (ja) | 2020-06-03 |
ES2794998T3 (es) | 2020-11-20 |
EP3375602A1 (de) | 2018-09-19 |
BR102017022275A2 (pt) | 2018-10-30 |
JP2018154113A (ja) | 2018-10-04 |
DE102017002552A1 (de) | 2018-09-20 |
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