CN107321302A - 甲基碘吸附剂、其用途以及用于吸附甲基碘的方法 - Google Patents
甲基碘吸附剂、其用途以及用于吸附甲基碘的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107321302A CN107321302A CN201710570361.3A CN201710570361A CN107321302A CN 107321302 A CN107321302 A CN 107321302A CN 201710570361 A CN201710570361 A CN 201710570361A CN 107321302 A CN107321302 A CN 107321302A
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- Prior art keywords
- adsorbent
- zeolite
- weight
- iodide
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 119
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical group [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007037 hydroformylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-RNFDNDRNSA-M iodine-131(1-) Chemical compound [131I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-RNFDNDRNSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 23
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IJKVHSBPTUYDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroxy(oxo)silane Chemical compound O[Si](O)=O IJKVHSBPTUYDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-azaniumyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetate Chemical compound OC(=O)C(N)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021612 Silver iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940045105 silver iodide Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium iodide Chemical compound [I-].[Cs+] XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002444 silanisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006884 silylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- ICIWUVCWSCSTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodate Chemical compound [O-]I(=O)=O ICIWUVCWSCSTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000941 radioactive substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 silane compound Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002594 sorbent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002915 spent fuel radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 2
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N (D)-(+)-Pantothenic acid Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-HVTJNCQCSA-N 10043-66-0 Chemical compound [131I][131I] PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-HVTJNCQCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RNAMYOYQYRYFQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)-6-methoxy-n-(1-propan-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl)-7-(3-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropoxy)quinazolin-4-amine Chemical compound N1=C(N2CCC(F)(F)CC2)N=C2C=C(OCCCN3CCCC3)C(OC)=CC2=C1NC1CCN(C(C)C)CC1 RNAMYOYQYRYFQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RZQXOGQSPBYUKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]azaniumyl]-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)NCC(O)CS(O)(=O)=O RZQXOGQSPBYUKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910017102 AlO4/2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001061225 Arcos Species 0.000 description 1
- 108700016232 Arg(2)-Sar(4)- dermorphin (1-4) Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROHAEUVBFQHNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N I.[O-][N+]([O-])=O Chemical compound I.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ROHAEUVBFQHNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000024770 Thyroid neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- VIJYFGMFEVJQHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum oxosilicon(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Al+3].[Si+2]=O VIJYFGMFEVJQHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GHTGICGKYCGOSY-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminum silicon(4+) phosphate Chemical compound [Al+3].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Si+4] GHTGICGKYCGOSY-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003421 catalytic decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000205 computational method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSBVERYRVPGNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[[oxido(oxo)silyl]oxy]silane hydrate Chemical compound O.[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])([O-])O[Si]([O-])=O FSBVERYRVPGNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- CWAFVXWRGIEBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[SiH3] CWAFVXWRGIEBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004675 formic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000032696 parturition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021426 porous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012857 radioactive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007420 reactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001846 repelling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000002510 thyroid cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000001685 thyroid gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B titanium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Ti+4].[Ti+4].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
- 230000010148 water-pollination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
- B01J20/18—Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Abstract
提供一种甲基碘吸附剂,其包含含有至少一种吸附碘化物的金属或其化合物的沸石,其中所述沸石为疏水沸石。还说明了所述吸附剂的用途和用于吸附甲基碘的方法。
Description
本申请是申请日为2013年4月2日、申请号为201380003133.8、发明名称为“甲基碘吸附剂、其用途以及用于吸附甲基碘的方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及甲基碘吸附剂、其用途以及用于吸附甲基碘的方法。
背景技术
在核电站中,与放射性物质接触的所有组件都包含在所谓的“核岛”中。这包括具有一次回路、泛滥盆地和堆芯捕集器的安全容器(内部安全壳)。在安全容器的顶部中,可以安装例如Pd/Al2O3的催化复合器或复合器系统,其旨在限制大气中氢的比例以防止氢爆炸。
在裂变反应堆中,在正常操作期间,但是特别是在发生故障的情况下,除了铀的固体衰变同位素或由铀裂变产生的子同位素和来源于中子俘获的更高同位素以外,还存在气态放射性化合物,其决不能被释放到环境中。除了氢以外,这些化合物中最重要的是放射性碘和甲基碘。
在正常操作中产生少量的氢,而在发生故障的情况下产生大量的氢,所述故障与由于水与燃料棒的金属壳反应造成的明显的温度升高有关。于是,在爆炸性气体爆炸中,这样的氢可以导致安全容器的毁坏,并导致大量放射性材料的释放(例如在切尔诺贝利和福岛发生的事故)。为了避免这类灾害,最近核电站装备有复合器系统,或改造为具有复合器系统。这些是被动系统,其目的是催化再氧化在大气条件下在室温下所形成的氢以形成水蒸气,从而避免产生爆炸性气氛。复合器也可以用于废燃料池和燃料元件容器,确保所释放的氢可以在其达到爆炸浓度前反应以形成水。
来自裂变产物铯和碘的碘化铯也是在燃料棒中产生的,除非其保留在燃料棒中,否则所述碘化铯就会积聚在反应堆集水器中。由于辐射分解或在热点处(例如在氢复合器中的热点处),元素碘由反应堆集水器中的碘化铯形成,并且由于其挥发性可以从反应堆逃脱,即使是在正常操作中也是如此。由于其与来自反应堆环境的有机物质(例如染料)的反应性,于是游离碘可以反应形成甲基碘。这些挥发性的放射性物质积聚在反应堆外壳内部的气体贮存器中,并必须从那里被吸附。所形成的许多化合物也以气溶胶结合的形式存在,并在发生故障的情况下被释放。
所形成的放射性碘同位素中的绝大部分具有短的半衰期,因而由于在发生故障的情况下高的放射活性而非常明显地对生命造成危害。碘占据甲状腺,并且在高浓度下导致甲状腺癌。特别地,此处可以提及具有8天半衰期的碘131。
因此,需要即使在高的湿度下也稳定的放射性甲基碘吸附剂,用于装备核反应堆,或者用于在安全操作中改造,或者确保当关闭时或停运期间或在停运后反应堆的安全性。
基于新的知识和安全条件,有机甲基碘的保留目前成为一个挑战,这也是从2011年的福岛事件中学到的教训。迄今为止仍没有技术解决方案。然而,已经实行了多种方法。用于沉积元素碘的吸附材料是已知的,例如负载有银的氧化铝。然而,由于抑制,这些吸附材料在水蒸气下不是十分有用。
迄今为止仍没有用于沉积甲基碘的可操作的技术成熟的手段。已知含银的吸附材料适合于吸附甲基碘。所形成的碘化银具有约600℃的熔点和约1500℃的沸点,因而在正常条件下是基本稳定的。然而,在已知的吸附材料的情况下,在高的水蒸气浓度下,水可能会并入到吸附剂的多孔结构中,从而抑制甲基碘的吸附。用于防止该抑制的一种可能的手段是通过有机硅烷化合物来硅烷化吸附剂外表面。该方法是昂贵的,并且呈现出严重的技术问题。硅烷层从约180℃开始分解,产生大量的热。这意味着从该温度开始进一步的甲基碘吸附不会发生,此外可能存在的任何氢都可能会由于高放热条件而被点燃,这可能导致不期望的伴随的爆炸现象。
发明内容
因此,一个目的是提供一种吸附材料,利用所述吸附材料避免上述缺点,并且另外,所述吸附材料的特征在于高稳定性和高的碘化物吸附能力。
该目的通过根据权利要求1所述的甲基碘吸附剂、根据权利要求12所述的其用途以及根据权利要求14所述的用于吸附甲基碘的方法来实现。
在一个实施方案中,详细说明了一种甲基碘吸附剂,其包含含有至少一种吸附碘化物的金属或其化合物的沸石,其中所述沸石为疏水沸石。
另一实施方案涉及甲基碘吸附剂用于吸附甲基碘、放射性甲基碘、碘和/或放射性碘的用途,所述甲基碘吸附剂包含含有至少一种吸附碘化物的金属或其化合物的沸石,其中所述沸石为疏水沸石。
根据另一实施方案,在用于吸附甲基碘的方法中,使甲基碘与吸附剂接触,所述吸附剂包含含有至少一种吸附碘化物的金属或其化合物的沸石,其中所述沸石为疏水沸石。
出人意料地,所述实施方案的吸附剂是高度疏水的,表现出高的碘化物吸附能力,并且就这些性质而言在宽的水蒸气浓度和温度范围内是稳定的。此外,可能存在的任何氢的放热点燃的风险由于疏水性质和不存在在放热条件下可能脱附的硅烷层而明显地降低。
具体实施方式
可以在以下实施方案的描述、附图和从属权利要求中发现其他特征和功能。
本文所描述的并且相互不排斥的实施方案的全部特征可以彼此组合。一个实施方案的要素可以用在其他实施方案中,而不需另外提及。现在通过以下实施例来更详细地描述本发明的实施方案,但不希望因而限制它们。
在以下实施方案的描述中,甲基碘吸附剂也简单地被称为吸附剂。另外,在以下描述中,术语沸石和沸石材料同义地使用。术语“金属或其化合物”可以理解为金属的前体或金属的前体的化合物,或者包含这种前体。另外,金属可以以离子形式存在。此外,术语“促进剂”可以理解为促进剂的前体、促进剂的化合物或促进剂的前体的化合物,或者包含这种前体。
表述“吸附碘化物的金属”包括或表示物理地和/或化学地吸附碘化物以及在一些实施方案中也吸附碘的金属。例如,如果在实施方案中银用作吸附碘化物的金属,则其与甲基碘反应,形成碘化银,从而通过化学吸附将甲基碘结合在吸附剂中。
此外,下面参照含银的疏水沸石来描述本发明的实施方案,但本发明限于该贵金属。
在实施方案中,术语“包含”包括“基本上由……组成”或“由……组成”,并可以由这些术语替代。这相应地适用于词语“包含”的语法变化。此外,对于数值范围的描述,确信具有较窄替代或优选范围的宽范围的规格也公开了可以由指定的范围下限与指定的范围上限的任意组合所形成的范围。
在一个实施方案中,详细说明了一种甲基碘吸附剂,其包含含有至少一种吸附碘化物的金属或其化合物的沸石,其中所述沸石为疏水沸石。吸附碘化物的金属为在实施方案中也吸附碘的金属。吸附剂还可以吸附元素碘,例如以大于99%的吸附率吸附碘。
吸附碘化物的金属例如可以选自银(Ag)、钇、铈、镁、钠、锡和铅。在实施方案中,也可以使用这些吸附碘化物的金属中的几种。此外,吸附碘化物的金属中的一种或更多种可以以其阳离子形式被包含。银优选地用作吸附碘化物的金属。当银用作吸附碘化物的金属时,所生成的具有1500℃沸点的碘化银的蒸气压非常低,因而放射性碘化物牢固地束缚在吸附剂中。
如果在核熔毁期间达到高于约1200℃的温度,则放射性碘化物不从实施方案的吸附剂中释放,而是由于沸石转变为热力学上更稳定的结构(方石英或石英)而真正意义上地玻璃化,因而直到熔化都分别被牢固地储存在石英或方石英中,直到约1700℃的温度。
如以上所解释的,实施方案的甲基碘吸附剂是疏水的,另外出人意料地表现出显著的碘化物吸附能力。在实施方案中,这可以导致大于99%的碘化物沉积。此外,甲基碘吸附剂就这些性质而言在宽的水蒸气浓度和温度范围内是稳定的。特别地,疏水性,即斥水程度即使在高温下也是稳定的。此外,可能存在的任何氢的放热点燃的风险由于疏水性质而明显地降低。例如,当在生产中所使用的未负载吸附碘化物的金属或未掺杂的沸石本身为疏水的,即其具有高的“固有的”疏水性时,会观察到这些效果。另外,在一些实施例中,沸石和/或吸附剂的疏水性在高温下也可以保留,直到高于1000℃沸石结构毁坏。
此外,因为在实施方案中所使用的沸石的疏水性质,所以不需要涂覆例如用有机硅化合物涂覆或其他手段来使负载有吸附碘化物的金属的沸石或吸附剂疏水。因此,通过加热可能使吸附剂再生。在本发明的实施方案中,沸石的疏水性质不会被高温负面地影响。此外,与具有疏水涂层的吸附剂相比,所生成的分解产物的量明显降低。
在本发明的情况下,根据国际矿物学协会(International MineralogicalAssociation)的定义(D.S.Coombs等,Can.Mineralogist,35,1997,1571),沸石或沸石材料表示具有以互连的四面体框架为特征的结构的结晶物质。每个四面体包含围绕一个中心原子的四个氧原子,其中框架含有孔道和笼形式的通常被水分子占据的开放空腔和可交换的额外的框架阳离子。材料的孔道足够大以允许客体化合物的进入。在水合材料的情况下,失水通常在低于约400℃的温度下发生,并且大多数情况下是可逆的。
可以在实施方案中使用的沸石材料例如可以是硅酸盐、硅酸铝、磷酸铝硅、磷硅酸铝金属、硅酸铝镓、硼硅酸铝或硅铝磷酸钛(TAPSO),其中也被称为硅酸铝沸石的硅酸铝是特别优选的。此外,在实施方案中所使用的沸石的特征可以在于高比例,例如超过85重量%,优选超过98重量%的SiO2。
根据国际矿物学协会的定义(D.S.Coombs等人,Can.Mineralogist,35,1997,1571),术语“硅酸铝”表示通式为Mn+[(AlO2)x(SiO2)y]xH2O的具有三维网络结构的结晶物质,其由通过共用的氧原子连接以形成规则的三维网络的SiO4/2和AlO4/2四面体构成。根据所谓的“rule”,Si/Al原子比=y/x总是大于/等于1,由此两个邻近的带负电荷的AlO4/2四面体不能相邻地存在。硅酸铝沸石中SiO2/Al2O3比也被称为模数。
在吸附剂的另一实施方案中,沸石为固有地疏水的沸石,即未负载吸附碘化物的金属的沸石已经是疏水的。这具有出人意料的效果,含有吸附碘化物的金属的沸石以及由此实施方案的吸附剂也是疏水的,而不需要其他辅料或措施。在本发明的范围内,实际上已经显示利用吸附碘化物的金属掺杂仅稍微地改变沸石的疏水性/亲水性。由于固有的疏水性,因此进一步处理所使用的沸石以产生或增强其疏水性质变得不必要。此外,由于固有的疏水性,因此新制成的吸附剂以及储存较长时间的吸附剂或使用过的吸附剂可随时使用,而不需要进一步再生,例如干燥。
在吸附剂的其他实施方案中,沸石为硅酸铝,和/或具有>94重量%,优选>98重量%的SiO2比例。其中使用具有>94重量%,优选>98重量%的SiO2比例的硅酸铝沸石的实施方案是优选的。根据SiO2/Al2O3模数的近似的SiO2比例为:
在本发明的实施方案中,即使在未负载吸附碘化物的金属的状态下,所使用的沸石也具有>5,优选>20,还优选>30,甚至更优选>50,特别是>100的SiO2/Al2O3比。出人意料地发现,只有这种高的SiO2/Al2O3比才会使未负载吸附碘化物的金属和/或负载有吸附碘化物的金属的沸石以及整个吸附剂产生充分疏水的性质。根据一些实施方案,所使用的沸石的SiO2/Al2O3比在>100或>140的范围内,例如在100和250之间或在130和170之间。
在实施方案中所使用的沸石材料可以优选地对应于以下结构类型中的一种:ABW、ACO、AEI、AEL、AEN、AET、AFG、AFI、AFN、AFO、AFR、AFS、AFT、AFX、AFY、AHT、ANA、APC、APD、AST、ASV、ATN、ATO、ATS、ATT、ATV、AWO、AWW、BCT、BEA、BEC、BIK、BOG、BPH、BRE、CAN、CAS、CDO、CFI、CGF、CGS、CHA、CHI、CLO、CON、CZP、DAC、DDR、DFO、DFT、DOH、DON、EAB、EDI、EMT、EON、EPI、ERI、ESV、ETR、EUO、EZT、FAR、FAU、FER、FRA、GIS、GIU、GME、GON、GOO、HEU、IFR、IHW、ISV、ITE、ITH、ITW、IWR、IWV、IWW、JBW、KFI、LAU、LEV、LIO、LIT、LOS、LOV、LTA、LTL、LTN、MAR、MAZ、MEI、MEL、MEP、MER、MFI、MFS、MON、MOR、MOZ、MSE、MSO、MTF、MTN、MTT、MTW、MWW、NAB、NAT、NES、NON、NPO、NSI、OBW、OFF、OSI、OSO、OWE、PAR、PAU、PHI、PON、RHO、RON、RRO、RSN、RTE、RTH、RUT、RWR、RWY、SAO、SAS、SAT、SAV、SBE、SBS、SBT、SFE、SFF、SFG、SFH、SFN、SFO、SGT、SIV、SOD、SOS、SSY、STF、STI、STT、SZR、TER、THO、TON、TSC、TUN、UEI、UFI、UOZ、USI、UTL、VET、VFI、VNI、VSV、WEI、WEN、YUG和ZON,其中,沸石材料优选地具有12元环孔系统(BEA、FAU)并且特别优选为β结构类型(BEA)。以上三字母码命名法对应于“IUPAC Commission of Zeolite Nomenclature”。另外,根据本发明的实施方案,沸石可以选自AFI、AEL、BEA、CHA、EUO、FAU、FER、KFI、LTL、MAZ、MOR、MEL、MTW、OFF、TON和MFI。指定的沸石结构类型适合于本发明的目的,这是因为利用它们可以特别有利地实现具有低金属负载的吸附剂的期望的疏水性质和/或期望的活性。
根据其他实施方案,沸石可以是微孔的。此外,相对于沸石或吸附剂的总的孔容积,沸石或吸附剂,特别是在含有沸石并形成为成形体的吸附剂的情况下,或在含有沸石并布置在载体上的载体涂料(washcoat)的情况下,可以具有大于70%,优选大于80%的微孔比例。在本发明的情况下,术语微孔、细孔和大孔分别表示直径<1纳米(微孔)、直径为1纳米到50纳米(细孔)或直径>50纳米(大孔)的孔。
根据实施方案的沸石的微孔性导致吸附碘化物的金属在沸石中强而稳定的分散,这是因为由于沸石微孔且均匀的孔结构,金属被强烈地迫使处于分散状态,从而均匀地分布在整个沸石中。另外,这促进碘化物吸附到沸石中,这是因为与相似负载的其他结构,例如氧化铝相比,实施方案的沸石表现出增加的碘化物吸附能力。另外,在实施方案中,吸附了碘化物的金属的蒸气压由于微孔结构而降低。例如,当银用作吸附碘化物的金属时,所生成的碘化银的蒸气压非常低,具有1500℃的沸点。另外,当达到高于约1200℃的温度时,在核熔化的情况下,放射性碘化物不会被释放,而是由于沸石转变为热力学上更稳定的结构(方石英或石英)而真正意义上地玻璃化,因而直到熔化都分别被牢固地储存在石英或方石英中,直到约1700℃的温度。
在吸附剂的一个优选的实施方案中,吸附碘化物的金属可以基本上位于沸石的孔中。这也导致金属在沸石中强而稳定的分散,这是因为金属从而另外被强烈地迫使处于分散状态,从而均匀地分布在整个沸石中。另外,这促进碘化物在沸石中的吸附。此外,从而明显地减慢或阻止吸附碘化物的金属在高温团聚形成较大颗粒,所述团聚会导致有效表面积的损失,从而导致性能的损失。
例如,吸附碘化物的金属,例如银可以通过离子交换或通过浸渍引入到沸石中。吸附碘化物的金属可以以颗粒的形式存在于沸石中。此外,颗粒可以具有0.5nm到5nm,优选0.5nm到1.5nm的平均直径,从而优选XRD非晶形的。
实施方案的吸附剂可以含有至少一种用于减少由吸附碘化物的金属导致的水分解的促进剂。因为吸附碘化物的金属可以例如为贵金属,所以在升高的温度和水蒸气浓度下会发生水的催化分解而形成氢和氧。根据实施方案,该问题通过将甲基碘吸附剂与促进剂掺混而解决。
促进剂可以例如包含铅(Pb)。碘化物吸附能力不会因促进剂降低,而是吸附碘化物的金属的水分解趋势降低,从而避免氢气的形成。
在其他实施方案中,沸石或吸附剂中吸附碘化物的金属的含量为0.1重量%到50重量%,更优选5重量%到30重量%,最优选10重量%到20重量%。此外,沸石或吸附剂中促进剂或铅的含量为1重量%到30重量%,更优选5重量%到30重量%,还优选10重量%到20重量%,最优选3重量%到6重量%。
实施例的沸石或吸附剂的BET表面积可以为10m2/g到1000m2/g,优选300m2/g到900m2/g,特别优选500m2/g到700m2/g,和/或实施例的沸石或吸附剂的整体孔容积可以大于100mm3/g,优选大于200mm3/g。吸附剂的吸附能力可以有利地被这些性质单独地或组合地影响。
实施例的吸附剂可以形成为块体材料。吸附剂还可以形成为例如涂覆有沸石的挤出物、成形体或颗粒。例如,块体材料可以由已经通过负载有吸附碘化物的金属的沸石陶瓷团块的压制或挤出而产生的成形体或丸粒构成。
可以提及球体、环、柱体、中空柱体、三叶体或锥体作为吸附剂或成形体的几何形状的实例,其中特别优选整体材料,例如整体的蜂巢体。
此外,吸附剂可以包含载体,向载体施加沸石或含有沸石的载体涂料。沸石在悬浮剂中,例如在水中的悬浮液或浆料,任选地添加优选硅酸盐粘结剂用作载体涂料。沸石可以例如通过用悬浮液或用载体涂料涂覆或者通过从溶液中生长而施加到载体。
吸附剂和/或载体可以为蜂巢形的或板形的,例如形成为板材。板形变化方案允许在核电站的安全容器的上部区域中平行安装几个吸附体,由此能够实现含有甲基碘的气体良好地流动穿过吸附体。
另外,关于载体涂料,优选在吸附体是蜂巢形的情况下,相对于蜂巢体的体积,其含有0.1g/l到4.0g/l,更优选0.4g/l到1.5g/l,最优选0.4g/l到1.0g/l的吸附碘化物的金属载荷。
在实施方案中,载体可以包含金属氧化物作为载体材料,优选氧化钛、氧化铈、氧化铝、氧化锡、氧化锆、氧化硅、氧化锌、氧化铝-氧化硅或硅酸镁或者以上指定的化合物中的两种或更多种的混合物。可以使用由陶瓷材料制成的载体或支撑体。陶瓷材料常为具有低表面积的惰性材料,例如堇青石、莫来石、α-氧化铝、碳化硅或钛酸铝。然而,所使用的载体材料还可以包括具有高表面积的材料,例如γ-氧化铝或TiO2。金属也可以用作载体材料。因此,优选的载体或支撑体还例如由任何金属或合金制成的具有金属箔或烧结金属箔或金属织物的板材形成,并且例如通过挤出、缠绕或层叠来制备。
此外,实施方案的吸附剂可以用于吸附甲基碘、放射性甲基碘、碘和/或放射性碘。特别地,吸附剂可以在核电站、后处理工厂或燃料元件储存设施中或者在核电站、后处理工厂或燃料元件储存设施中或附近使用,例如在核电站的安全容器或废燃料池中或在用于经辐射或用过的燃料元件的容器中使用。
此外,吸附剂可以与也被称为复合剂的氢复合催化剂一起使用。可以使用氢复合催化剂代替包含在吸附剂中的促进剂,或者除了包含在吸附剂中的促进剂之外还可以使用氢复合催化剂。这样能够避免或防止在升高的温度和/或升高的水蒸气浓度下由吸附碘化物的金属催化的水分解为氢和氧。
另一实施方案涉及一种用于吸附甲基碘的方法,其中使甲基碘与根据上述实施方案所述的吸附剂接触。除了甲基碘之外,还可以使碘与根据上述实施方案所述的吸附剂接触,所述吸附剂将碘吸附。甲基碘和/或碘可以是放射性的,特别是当方法在核电站、后处理工厂或燃料元件储存设施中使用时。
可以通过其中将吸附碘化物的金属引入到疏水沸石材料中的方法来制备实施例的吸附剂。如已解释的,如上所述,固有地疏水的沸石可以用作沸石材料。吸附剂优选地通过由沸石材料制成或涂覆有沸石材料的成品成形体的金属负载例如浸渍来制备。
用于制备吸附剂的方法的另一实例包括:a)将此后也被称为金属化合物的吸附碘化物的金属的化合物并入到沸石材料中;b)用可以为多孔的载体材料湿磨负载有金属化合物的沸石材料;c)干燥包含经负载的沸石材料和载体材料的混合物。在步骤a)之后且在步骤b)之前,可以实施固定步骤,其中将金属化合物固定到沸石材料。此外,可以进行稳定化步骤以使吸附剂稳定。为液体并且在干燥后为多孔的二氧化硅溶胶,例如Bindzil经常用作载体材料。这样能够获得包含多孔载体材料以及沸石材料的吸附剂,其内表面负载有吸附碘化物的金属。
例如,在步骤b)中所获得的湿的混合物或在步骤c)中所获得的干燥的混合物可以以浆料或载体涂料的形式施加到载体。在本发明的范围内,吸附剂从而还可以表示通过用含有至少一种吸附碘化物的金属的典型多孔层涂覆支撑体而制得的吸附剂。
可以通过固体物质交换或固体离子交换将也被称作金属化合物的吸附碘化物的金属的化合物引入到沸石材料或沸石中以实现本发明的实施方案。例如,通过将沸石材料与金属化合物在球磨机中在干燥状态下混合,然后控制温度在较高温度,优选在450℃到650℃的温度来进行引入。或者,通过用金属化合物的溶液浸渍沸石材料,例如通过将溶液喷溅到沸石材料上来引入金属化合物。也可以在腔室中进行浸渍,在所述腔室中由施加到腔室的抽吸导致的湍流和低气压占优势。根据另一用于实现实施方案的方法,通过孔填充方法用金属化合物的溶液浸渍沸石材料来引入金属化合物。这样,使沸石材料与一定量的溶液接触,所述溶液的体积对应于所使用的沸石材料的孔容积。
在另一实施例中,首先,用含有沸石材料和多孔载体材料,例如多孔二氧化硅的载体涂料来涂覆例如蜂巢形载体。然后,煅烧经涂覆的载体。之后,例如用吸附碘化物的金属的硝酸盐溶液来浸渍经涂覆的载体。然后,干燥经浸渍的经涂覆载体。
在吸附剂制备方法中,相应的硝酸盐、醋酸盐、草酸盐、酒石酸盐、甲酸盐、胺、亚硫酸盐、碳酸盐、卤化物或氢氧化物可以用作吸附碘化物的金属的化合物或促进剂的化合物。
在根据实施方案的吸附剂的制备中,沸石材料还可以是微孔的或细孔的沸石材料,例如BEA型结构或MCM家族的沸石材料。
此外,实施方案的吸附剂可以是具有多模式孔分布的吸附剂,即其含有微孔和细孔以及大孔。在本发明的情况下,术语微孔、细孔和大孔分别表示直径<1纳米(微孔)、直径为1纳米到50纳米(细孔)和直径>50纳米(大孔)的孔。根据ASTM D-4365-85通过所谓的“t-plot”方法来确定微孔和细孔/大孔的比例。
根据实施方案的吸附剂可以例如包含含有至少一种吸附碘化物的金属的微孔沸石材料和多孔含SiO2粘结剂,其中,相对于所述吸附剂总的孔容积,所述吸附剂可以具有大于70%的例如直径<1nm的微孔比例。此外,沸石材料可以具有小于2摩尔%的铝比例。沸石材料/粘结剂重量比(相对于各自的干质量)可以是99:1到1:99。几乎不含细孔和大孔的纯SiO2粘结剂,例如Bindzil 2034DI悬浮液(Eka Chemicals AB,Bohus/瑞典)可以用作含SiO2粘结剂。已经发现包含含有吸附碘化物的金属的微孔沸石材料和几乎不含细孔和大孔的SiO2粘结剂的吸附剂具有明显更高的碘化物吸附能力。
实施方案的这种吸附剂可以通过以下步骤来制备:a)将吸附碘化物的金属的化合物引入到微孔沸石材料中;b)使由此制备的负载有金属化合物的沸石材料与多孔含SiO2粘结剂和溶剂混合;和c)干燥包含负载有金属化合物的沸石材料和粘结剂的混合物。可以将步骤b)中所获得的混合物施加到也被称为支撑体的载体。
在另一用于制备实施方案的吸附剂的方法中,制备除了吸附碘化物的金属之外还含有含金属促进剂的吸附剂,此处也被称为双金属吸附剂。该实施例参照含Ag和Pb的吸附剂的制备进行描述,所述吸附剂可以通过以下步骤来获得:用不含硫的Ag化合物和Pb化合物浸渍由疏水沸石制成的载体材料,并空气干燥经浸渍的沸石载体材料。例如,可以使用硝酸盐溶液作为Ag化合物和Pb化合物。可以优选地在Ag化合物和Pb化合物的分解点以下实施经浸渍的沸石载体材料的干燥。此外,该方法可以包括以下步骤:由经浸渍的沸石载体材料制备载体涂料,用载体涂料涂覆支撑体,并空气干燥经涂覆的支撑体。
这样可以制备根据实施方案的吸附剂,其中所述吸附剂含有在沸石载体材料上含Ag和Pb的双金属组合物。双金属组合物可以具有大于400m2/g的BET表面积。特别地,双金属组合物可以相对于组合物具有1重量%到50重量%的Ag含量和/或相对于组合物1重量%到30重量%的Pb含量。此外,可以将组合物以载体涂料的形式施加到支撑体,其中相对于所涂覆的载体涂料,吸附剂具有0.5重量%到12重量%的Ag和/或1重量%到6重量%的Pb。特别地,双金属组合物或载体涂料可以具有6:1到1:1的Ag/Pb重量比。此外,在该实施例的吸附剂中,Ag和Pb可以基本上位于沸石载体材料的孔中,并以<5nm的聚集体的形式存在。
测量方法
使用ICP的元素分析:
使用ICP Spectro Modula/Arcos装置来实施ICP-AES(电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱)以确定元素组成或SiO2/Al2O3比。使用以下化学制品:98%分析用硫酸、37%分析用氢氟酸、37%分析用盐酸。将样品精细地研磨。
对于Si和Al,在100ml塑料烧杯中称量100mg样品,并添加1ml硫酸和4ml氢氟酸。在85℃的水浴中进行溶解5分钟,直到产生透明溶液。然后进行温度控制、补充和摇晃。使用ICP以及相应的标准物来测量所有元素。使用以下设置来测量Si:波长:288nm、158nm。使用以下设置来测量Al:波长:396nm、152nm。
对于Ag和/或Pb,样品的量称量为使得其分别含有约3mg的Ag或Pb。然后,分别添加6ml氢氟酸和盐酸。然后加热到180℃,在搅拌下加热30分钟以产生透明溶液。然后进行温度控制、补充和摇晃。使用ICP以及相应的标准物来测量所有元素。使用以下设置来测量Ag:波长:214nm、423nm。对于Pb,波长为:168nm。
用HF和HCl或H2SO4来调节所有标准物。根据以下计算方法进行评价:w(以百分比计的E*)=β(以mg/l计的E*测量值)×V(以l计的容量瓶)×100/m(以mg计的最初重量)(E*=各元素)。
BET表面积:
按照DIN 66131根据BET方法来确定BET表面积;在J.Am.Chem.Soc.60,309(1938)中也公开了BET方法。在Ar气氛(F=50ml(分钟),1.5h)200℃下在U形石英反应器中干燥待测样品。然后,将反应器冷却至室温,抽真空,并浸入具有液氮的杜瓦瓶中。使用RXM 100吸附系统(Advanced Scientific Design,Inc.)在77K实施氮吸附。
孔容积和孔尺寸:
根据DIN 66134来确定整体孔容积,根据BJH(根据Barrett、Joyner和Halenda的方法)通过氮吸附来确定细孔固体的孔尺寸分布和比表面积。根据ASTM D-4365-85通过所谓的t-plot方法来确定微孔和细孔/大孔的比例。
实施例和比较例
使来自Süd-Chemie AG的商购的BEA沸石(H-BEA-150)成形为直径3mm的球体,所述沸石由于其150的高SiO2/Al2O3模数而非常疏水。使用含量为10重量%的SiO2作为粘结剂。
根据初期润湿法用硝酸银浸渍由此获得的成形体,并设定元素银含量为12重量%(吸附剂A)。
根据初期润湿法,吸附剂A还掺杂有不同量的硝酸铅(1重量%的Pb=吸附剂B;3重量%的Pb=吸附剂C;6重量%的Pb=吸附剂D;12重量%的Pb=吸附剂E)。
比较例为模数为1.5的13X沸石(制造商Süd-Chemie AG),其形成为与实施例尺寸相同的球体,并根据初期润湿法使用各自的硝酸盐掺杂有12重量%的银(吸附剂F)与12%的银和12%的铅(吸附剂G)。
另外,测试与实施例尺寸相同的氧化铝球体形式的具有12重量%的Ag并用丙基三乙氧基硅烷(来自EVONIK的PTEO)硅烷化的常规吸附剂作为另一比较例(吸附剂H)。
测量在实施例和比较例的流过吸附剂床中的甲基碘保留和氢形成/氢释放。
在可加热的流过设备中测量甲基碘的保留。流量设定为100l/h。作为测试气,将200ppmv甲基碘添加到表1中所指明的各个空气-水蒸气混合物。对于每次测量,将5g待检测的材料加入到设备中。通过FID测量最初和最终的甲基碘浓度。在5分钟的流过时间之后最终浓度与最初浓度的比例作为保留值。
再次在流过设备中测量氢形成/氢释放。此处,使设备在室温经受100l/h的水蒸气饱和的空气(3.2体积%的H2O)的流量。设备包括各自在入口和出口具有热电偶的两个部分。第一部分含有5.0g待检测的各个样品。第二部分含有掺杂有铂的氧化催化剂,其将所形成的氢再氧化以形成水。可以以在第二部分的入口和出口之间的温差形式测量的由此释放的反应热作为所形成的氢的量的量度,这是因为没有可以在室温被氧化的其他组分存在于测试气中。1K温度升高大约对应于0.014体积%H2的形成。
然后将所测量的甲基碘保留值和所形成的氢的量与比较例的进行比较,如由下表1和表2可见的。
表1
表2
RT=室温=25℃
AH=空气湿度
由表1可以看出,在大气中不同温度和空气湿度或水蒸气浓度下,实施例表现出大于99%的CH3I保留,而比较例的那些导致小于99%的CH3I保留。实施例的碘化物吸附能力从而明显地优于比较例的碘化物吸附能力。
表2进一步示出所有实施例和比较例仅产生低的或不可测量的氢释放。
另外,在实施例和相应的吸附剂中所使用的含银BEA-150沸石的特征在于最高大于1000℃的耐高温疏水性。与比较例H比较时特别如此,所述比较例H具有通过硅烷化提供的疏水性能,然而其硅烷层在180℃已经可以热分解。
Claims (15)
1.一种甲基碘吸附剂,其包含含有至少一种吸附碘化物的金属或其化合物的沸石,其中所述沸石为疏水沸石。
2.根据权利要求1所述的吸附剂,
其中所述沸石为固有地疏水的沸石;和/或
其中所述吸附碘化物的金属也是吸附碘的金属。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的吸附剂,
其中所述沸石为微孔的;和/或
其中所述吸附碘化物的金属选自银、钇、铈、镁、钠、锡和铅。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的吸附剂,
其中相对于所述沸石或所述吸附剂的总的孔容积,所述沸石或所述吸附剂具有大于70%,优选大于80%的微孔比例;和/或
其中所述吸附碘化物的金属基本上位于所述沸石的孔内。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的吸附剂,
其中所述沸石为硅酸铝;和/或
其中所述沸石具有>10,优选>30,甚至更优选>100的SiO2/Al2O3比例;和/或
其中所述沸石具有>94重量%,优选>98重量%的SiO2比例。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的吸附剂,其中所述沸石选自AFI、AEL、BEA、CHA、EUO、FAU、FER、KFI、LTL、MAZ、MOR、MEL、MTW、OFF、TON和MFI。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的吸附剂,
其中包含至少一种促进剂用于降低由所述吸附碘化物的金属导致的水分解。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的吸附剂,
其中所述促进剂包含铅;和/或
其中所述沸石中或所述吸附剂中所述吸附碘化物的金属的含量为0.1重量%到50重量%,更优选5重量%到30重量%,最优选10重量%到20重量%;和/或
其中所述沸石中或所述吸附剂中所述促进剂或铅的含量为1重量%到30重量%,更优选5重量%到30重量%,还优选10重量%到20重量%,最优选3重量%到6重量%。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的吸附剂,其中所述沸石或所述吸附剂的BET表面积为10m2/g到1000m2/g,优选300m2/g到900m2/g,特别优选500m2/g到700m2/g,和/或所述沸石或所述吸附剂的整体孔容积大于100mm3/g。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的吸附剂,
其中所述吸附剂形成为块体材料;和/或
其中所述吸附剂包含载体,所述沸石或含有所述沸石的载体涂料施加到所述载体。
11.根据权利要求10所述的吸附剂,
其中所述吸附剂形成为涂覆有所述沸石的挤出物、成形体或颗粒;
和/或
其中所述吸附剂和/或所述载体形成为蜂巢形的或板形的。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的甲基碘吸附剂用于吸附甲基碘、放射性甲基碘、碘和/或放射性碘的用途。
13.根据权利要求12所述的用途,
其中所述吸附剂在核电站、后处理工厂或燃料元件储存设施中或者在核电站、后处理工厂或燃料元件储存设施附近使用;和/或
其中所述吸附剂与氢复合催化剂一起使用。
14.一种用于吸附甲基碘的方法,其中使甲基碘与根据权利要求1到11中任一项所述的吸附剂接触。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,
其中所述甲基碘为放射性的;和/或
其中还用所述吸附剂吸附碘和/或放射性碘。
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DE102012006542.6 | 2012-04-02 | ||
CN201380003133.8A CN103826739A (zh) | 2012-04-02 | 2013-04-02 | 甲基碘吸附剂、其用途以及用于吸附甲基碘的方法 |
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EP2731706B1 (de) | 2021-06-09 |
BR112014024676B1 (pt) | 2021-11-30 |
KR20140044402A (ko) | 2014-04-14 |
JP5992052B2 (ja) | 2016-09-14 |
JP2015505718A (ja) | 2015-02-26 |
BR112014024676A2 (pt) | 2017-06-20 |
EP2731706A1 (de) | 2014-05-21 |
KR102075011B1 (ko) | 2020-02-10 |
DE202012012866U1 (de) | 2014-02-06 |
KR20160023890A (ko) | 2016-03-03 |
US10207248B2 (en) | 2019-02-19 |
DE102012006542A1 (de) | 2013-10-02 |
WO2013150029A1 (de) | 2013-10-10 |
CA2876590A1 (en) | 2013-10-10 |
CN103826739A (zh) | 2014-05-28 |
US20150110697A1 (en) | 2015-04-23 |
ES2884810T3 (es) | 2021-12-13 |
RU2599660C2 (ru) | 2016-10-10 |
RU2014140439A (ru) | 2016-05-27 |
CA2876590C (en) | 2018-03-20 |
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