CN106910886B - 用于锂离子电池的添加剂配方、电极浆料组合物及锂离子电池 - Google Patents
用于锂离子电池的添加剂配方、电极浆料组合物及锂离子电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106910886B CN106910886B CN201611184864.9A CN201611184864A CN106910886B CN 106910886 B CN106910886 B CN 106910886B CN 201611184864 A CN201611184864 A CN 201611184864A CN 106910886 B CN106910886 B CN 106910886B
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- maleimide
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- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D207/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
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- C07D207/448—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide
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Abstract
一种用于锂离子电池的添加剂配方,包括离子导体及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物。一种电极浆料组合物,包括活性物质、导电添加剂、黏着剂以及含有离子导体及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的添加剂配方。
Description
技术领域
本发明是关于一种锂离子电池添加剂配方,尤其是关于电极浆料组合物及锂离子电池。
背景技术
锂离子电池或锂高分子电池的电化学原理与一般电池相同,主要的组成分别为正极、负极、隔离膜与电解液,在充电过程中,锂离子由正极移向负极;放电时,锂离子则由负极移向正极。正极与负极皆包含电子金属收集板与电极表面涂膜层,其中该正、负电极表面涂膜层皆含电极活化物、导电粉体与电极黏着剂。
由于制作正极表面涂膜的正极浆料组合物中,含有高密度锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)等正极活性物质的金属氧化物粉末,与低密度的碳粉与石墨,在电极黏着剂聚二氟乙烯(PVDF)与溶剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)的混合与分散下,容易造成沉降(sedimentation)现象。因此,发展出以巴比妥酸改质马来酰亚胺增加其与电极浆料溶剂的兼容性。然而,含有巴比妥酸改质马来酰亚胺所制得的锂电池产品,虽具安全特性,但最后所得的锂电池有阻抗较高的现象,造成操作时无谓的电能消耗,以及电容量下降。
因此,如何解决上述缺陷以降低电池产品的阻抗,同时兼顾高电容量、高安全性及优异的循环寿命,实为一重要课题。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用于锂离子电池的添加剂配方,包括:离子导体,具有式(I)结构:
LixMyTiz(PO4)3 式(I)
其中,M表示Al、Fe或Cr,且0<x<2,0<y≦1,0<z<3;以及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物。
本发明还提供一种电极浆料组合物,包括活性物质、导电添加剂、黏着剂以及含有离子导体及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的添加剂配方。
本发明还提供一种锂离子电池,包括:正极;电极浆料组合物,形成于该正极上;负极;以及电解液,填充于该正极与负极之间。
附图说明
图1显示锂离子电池的剖视示意图。
【附图标记说明】
1 锂离子电池
10 正极
11 电极浆料组合物
12 负极
13 电解液
14 封装体。
具体实施方式
以下通过特定的具体实施例说明本发明的实施方式,该领域技术人员可由本说明书所揭示的内容轻易地了解本发明的优点及功效。
本发明的发明人在研发的过程中发现在用于锂离子电池的组合物中除了具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物外,再搭配使用离子导体有利于降低电池的阻抗。更具体而言,使用具有锂离子、额外两种的金属离子、和磷酸根的离子导体。因此,本发明提供一种用于锂离子电池的添加剂配方,包括:具有锂离子、额外两种的金属离子、和磷酸根的离子导体;以及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物。
在使用上,在一具体实施例中,本发明的用于锂离子电池的添加剂配方中的该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物与离子导体的重量比为1.0:0.5至1.0:5.0。
为了体现本发明添加剂配方的功效,在一具体实施例中,使用具有式(I)结构的该离子导体:
LixMyTiz(PO4)3 式(I)
其中,M表示Al、Fe或Cr,且0<x<2,0<y≦1,0<z<3。
在一具体实施例中,该离子导体选自LiAlTi(PO4)3、LiFeTi(PO4)3或LiCrTi(PO4)3。
另一方面,本发明的用于锂离子电池的添加剂配方中,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物是具有两个或更多个马来酰亚胺结构的聚马来酰亚胺的化合物。在另一具体实施例中,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物是具有单马来酰亚胺结构的化合物。
在一具体实施例中,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物经具有巴比妥酸结构的化合物改质,或可称为改质型马来酰亚胺,是由包括具有巴比妥酸结构的化合物与具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物反应而得。
为得到该改质型马来酰亚胺,在一具体实施例中,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物与具有巴比妥酸结构的化合物的反应摩尔比为25:1至1:1。
本发明的具有巴比妥酸结构的化合物具有式(II)的结构:
其中,X、Y及Z皆为氧原子或其中至少一者为硫原子替代,且R1、R2、R3及R4独立选自氢或C1至C5烷基。
在一具体实施例中,X、Y及Z皆为氧原子,R3及R4皆为氢,且R1及R2独立选自氢或C1至C5烷基,但R1及R2不同时为氢。
在又一具体实施例中,X、Y及Z中至少一者为硫原子替代,且R1、R2、R3及R4独立选自氢或C1至C5烷基。
此外,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物或用以和具有巴比妥酸结构的化合物反应的具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物可为具有聚马来酰亚胺结构及/或单马来酰亚胺结构的化合物。
在一具体实施例中,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物具有式(III)的结构:
其中,m、n及o各自为0以上的整数,但m、n及o不同时为0。
在另一具体实施例中,该m、n及o各自为大于1的整数。
在另一具体实施例中,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物具有式(IV)的结构:
在一具体实施例中,该C1至C12亚烷基可为-(CH2)2-,-(CH2)6-,-(CH2)8-,-(CH2)12-或-CH2-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH(CH3)-(CH2)2-。
在一具体实施例中,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物为选自下列具有单马来酰亚胺结构的化合物所组成组中的至少一者:苯基马来酰亚胺(Phenylmaleimide)、N-(p-甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺(N-(p-methylphenyl)maleimide)、N-(o-甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺(N-(o-methylphenyl)maleimide)、N-(m-甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺(N-(m-methylphenyl)maleimide)、N-环己基马来酰亚胺(N-cyclohexyl maleimide)、马来酰亚胺(Maleimide)、马来酰亚胺基苯酚(Maleimidophenol)、马来酰亚胺基苯环丁烯(Maleimidobenzocyclobutene)、含磷的马来酰亚胺(Phosphorus-containingmaleimide)、含磷酸根的马来酰亚胺(Phosphonate-containing maleimide)、含硅氧烷的马来酰亚胺(Siloxane-containing maleimide)、N-(4-四氢吡喃-氧苯基)马来酰亚胺(N-(4-tetrahydropyranyl-oxyphenyl)maleimide)及2,6-二甲苯基-马来酰亚胺(2,6-Xylyl-maleimide)。
该改质型马来酰亚胺的改质反应可使用,例如碳酸丙二酯(propylenecarbonate,PC)或N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)作为溶剂;其中,包括具有巴比妥酸结构的化合物与具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的重量合与溶剂重量的重量比介于3:97至40:60的范围内。该改质反应可在110至130℃的温度条件下进行反应,历时2至7小时。
在一具体实施例中,该用于锂离子电池的添加剂配方可用于锂离子电池的正极配方组成材料、负极配方组成材料、电解质配方组成材料或隔离膜涂布配方组成材料中。
本发明的电极浆料组合物,包括活性物质、导电添加剂、黏着剂、以及上述含有离子导体及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的添加剂配方。
本发明的电极浆料组合物中,该活性物质可为正极活性物质,例如,但不限于锂镍钴铝(NCA)、锂镍钴锰(LNCM)或锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)、锂锰氧化物(LiMnO2)、锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2),或磷酸锂铁氧化物(LiFePO4),及其二者以上的混合物等。
另一方面,本发明亦可使用中间相碳微球(Mesophase Carbon Microbeads,MCMB)及天然石墨粉,及其混合物等负极活性物质作为浆料组合物中的活性物质。
本发明的电极浆料组合物中,该活性物质的含量并无特别限制,只要足以提供所需的电容量且不影响电极膜加工特性即可。在一具体实例中,该活性物质占电极浆料组合物总重的20至80重量%,优选占电极浆料组合物总重40至70重量%。
本发明的电极浆料组合物中,该导电添加剂的实例包括,但非限于颗粒石墨KS4(4μm)、颗粒石墨KS6(6μm)、气相生长碳纤维(Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber,VGCF)以及小颗粒碳黑(SP)的至少一者,通常使用气相生长碳纤维(VGCF)。
经由表面处理加工,可将官能团导入该导电添加剂,使该添加剂配方表面带有能与马来酰亚胺进行反应的双键官能团。例如,使用硅烷偶合剂或油酸偶合剂改质该导电添加剂,使该导电添加剂表面带有能与改质马来酰亚胺分散剂反应的胺基(-NH2)或乙烯基双键(-CH=CH2)官能团。通常,该导电添加剂占该电极浆料组合物总重的0.1至5重量%。
本发明的电极浆料组合物中,该黏着剂的实例包括,但非限于聚二氟乙烯(PVDF)、丙烯酸树脂(acrylic resin)以及苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SBR),并可使用至少一种黏着剂。该黏着剂能与改质马来酰亚胺分散剂混成网状的均一结构,改善浆料的涂布特性。在一具体实例中,该黏着剂占该电极浆料组合物总重0.1至15重量%。该电极浆料组合物可进一步包括其他添加剂,例如表面活性剂;以及反应起始剂,例如过氧化物或偶氮双丁腈(2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile,AIBN)。
根据上述说明,本发明提供一种锂离子电池,如图1所示,该锂离子电池1包括:正极10;电极浆料组合物11,形成于该正极10上;负极12;以及电解液13,填充于该正极10与负极12之间。此外,该锂离子电池1还可包括密封该正极10、负极12和电解液13的封装体14,其可为树脂或树脂和金属的复合体。
在一具体实施例中,该电极浆料组合物的活性物质是锂钴氧化物,该离子导体是LiAlTi(PO4)3,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物经具有巴比妥酸结构的化合物改质。
本发明的电极浆料组合物中,该含有离子导体及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的添加剂配方中,该改质型马来酰亚胺具有类似树枝状(dendrimer-like)的高度分枝(hyperbranched)结构,能与电极浆料组合物中活性物质,例如金属氧化物,形成稳定的错化合物,增加分散性,长时间地维持黏度的稳定性。
本发明的电极浆料组合物中,因使用含有离子导体及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的添加剂配方,借由离子导体的导入,提供锂离子跳跃途径的导电通道与推动力,于电场或电压的作用下,加速锂离子传导,可大幅改善巴比妥酸改质马来酰亚胺锂电池添加剂配方(有机相)所造成阻抗提升的缺陷,故具有低阻抗的电池特性,可避免电池操作时无谓的电能消耗,有效提高电池操作效率,同时兼顾高电容量、高安全性及优异的循环寿命。
以下实施例用以说明本发明,本发明的权利要求范围并不会因此而受限制。本发明亦可借由其它不同的实施方式加以施行或应用,本说明书中的各项细节亦可基于不同观点与应用,在不悖离本发明所揭示的精神下进行各种修饰与变更。
实施例
合成例1:聚马来酰亚胺的制备
将双马来酰亚胺:N-甲基吡喀烷酮(NMP)溶剂以重量比为3:97混合,将上述的混合物以130℃反应约24小时,获得以N-甲基吡喀烷酮为溶剂的聚马来酰亚胺,做为添加剂配方组份使用。该双马来酰亚胺为以下式(V)化合物:
合成例2:改质型马来酰亚胺的制备
将双马来酰亚胺:巴比妥酸(BTA)(摩尔比为2:1),加入N-甲基吡喀烷酮,其间(双马来酰亚胺+巴比妥酸):N-甲基吡喀烷酮的重量比为20:80,将上述的混合物以130℃反应约3小时,获得以N-甲基吡喀烷酮为溶剂的改质型马来酰亚胺,作为添加剂配方组份使用。该双马来酰亚胺为以下式(V)化合物:
实施例1:含有离子导体及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的添加剂配方的锂离子电池的制备
首先,将671.2克的锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)、17.4克的导电添加剂(Super P)、13.9克的黏着剂(PVDF)以及7克的合成例2的改质型马来酰亚胺及14克离子导体(LiAlTi(PO4)3,台湾中央大学化学系李光华教授实验室合成与提供)(重量比为1:2)的添加剂配方,置于行星式混合机(Planetary Mixer),借以得到标准锂离子电池正极浆料。再依标准锂离子电池正极极板制备法,于铝箔表面上涂布该正极浆料得到正极极板。
另外,依标准锂离子电池负极极板制备法,制备负极浆料及负极极板,亦即将930克中间相碳微球(Mesocarbon Microbeads;MCMB 2528)、20克的导电石墨(KS4)、60克的聚二氟乙烯(PVDF)、45g草酸(Oxalic acid)以及750克的N-甲基吡咯烷酮置于行星式混合机(Planetary Mixer),得到负极极板浆料,接着再于铜箔表面上涂布该浆料得到负极极板。
接着,组装正极极板及负极极板得到标准电池芯(Jelly Roll,503759C),尺寸为5mm(高)x 37mm(宽)x 59mm(长),灌入4.2克的液态标准电解液(PC/EC(碳酸亚乙酯)/DEC(碳酸二乙酯)=2/3/5(体积比),1.1M LiPF6与2.0wt%碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)的添加),封装与化成后即为实施例1锂离子电池。
比较例1:含有具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的添加剂配方的锂离子电池的制备
如实施例1的方法制备锂离子电池,但将合成例2的改质型马来酰亚胺及离子导体的添加剂配方替换为合成例2的改质型马来酰亚胺。
比较例2:含有具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的添加剂配方的锂离子电池的制备
如实施例1的方法制备锂离子电池,但将合成例2的改质型马来酰亚胺及离子导体的添加剂配方替换为合成例1的聚马来酰亚胺。
测试例1:锂离子电池的性能测试
在1C充放电速率的稳定电流程序下,进行电池性能的评估。测试其间,纪录第一次放电量、阻抗、于室温下500次循环(cycle,一小时放光电量,一小时充电)充放电后的放电残余量(最后1次完成充电,该次再放电的电量)与于55℃下500次循环充放电后的放电残余量,将测量值纪录于表1。
表1
根据表1的数据可知,比较例1使用改质型马来酰亚胺的锂离子电池,相较于比较例2未使用改质型马来酰亚胺的锂离子电池,在多次循环后仍可维持较高放电残余量。然而,比较例1使用改质型马来酰亚胺作为锂电池添加剂配方亦造成阻抗提升的缺陷。实施例1使用含有离子导体及改质型马来酰亚胺的添加剂配方的锂离子电池,因离子导体的导入,提供锂离子跳跃途径的导电通道与推动力,在电场或电压的作用下,加速锂离子传导,可改善改质型马来酰亚胺添加剂配方所造成阻抗提升的缺陷,故具有低阻抗的电池特性。
测试例2:锂离子电池的放电(C-rate)测试
于室温下,在0.2C、1C、2C、3C、5C充放电速率的稳定电流程序下,纪录第一次放电量及于不同电流下、第三次放电后的放电残余量,将测量值纪录于表2。
表2
根据表2的数据可知,将含有离子导体及改质型马来酰亚胺的添加剂配方应用于锂离子电池中时,可提升电容量。
测试例3:锂离子电池的安全性测试
以针径2.5mm的刺针进行电池安全性的测试,其中,针刺速度为1mm/S,并测量值纪录于表3。
表3
爆炸起火 | 针刺时电池中心的温度(℃) | |
实施例1 | 否 | 133 |
比较例1 | 否 | 142 |
比较例2 | 是 | 695 |
根据表3的数据可知,将含有离子导体及改质型马来酰亚胺的添加剂配方应用于锂离子电池中时具有安全性。
本发明的电极浆料组合物中,因使用含有离子导体及具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物的添加剂配方,可大幅改善巴比妥酸改质马来酰亚胺锂电池添加剂配方所造成阻抗提升的缺陷,可制得具有低阻抗(可避免电池操作时,过多的自行电力消耗与能源损失)、高安全性、高电容量与常温或高温下优异的循环寿命的锂离子电池,充分落实于储电产业与电动车(Electric Vehicle)的全面商业锂电池,对于日益枯竭的石化产业与地球温室效应的环境污染,可提供一个高效率与安全绿色能源的来源。
以上所述的具体实施例,对本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明,应理解的是,以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (18)
1.一种用于锂离子电池的添加剂配方,包括:
离子导体,具有式(I)结构:
LixMyTiz(PO4)3 式(I)
式中,M表示Al、Fe或Cr,且0<x<2,y=1,0<z<3;以及
具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物经具有巴比妥酸结构的化合物改质,且该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物与该离子导体的重量比为1.0∶0.5至1.0∶5.0。
2.如权利要求1所述的添加剂配方,其特征在于,该离子导体选自LiAlTi(PO4)3、LiFeTi(PO4)3或LiCrTi(PO4)3。
3.如权利要求1所述的添加剂配方,其特征在于,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物是具有两个或更多个马来酰亚胺结构的聚马来酰亚胺的化合物。
5.如权利要求4所述的添加剂配方,其特征在于,X、Y及Z皆为氧原子,R3及R4皆为氢,且R1及R2独立选自氢或C1至C5烷基,但R1及R2不同时为氢。
8.如权利要求1所述的添加剂配方,其特征在于,该具有马来酰亚胺结构的化合物是选自下列具有单马来酰亚胺结构的化合物所组成的组中的至少一者:苯基马来酰亚胺、N-(p-甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺、N-(o-甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺、N-(m-甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺、N-环己基马来酰亚胺、马来酰亚胺、马来酰亚胺基苯酚、马来酰亚胺基苯环丁烯、含磷的马来酰亚胺、含硅氧烷的马来酰亚胺、N-(4-四氢吡喃-氧苯基)马来酰亚胺及2,6-二甲苯基-马来酰亚胺。
9.如权利要求8所述的添加剂配方,其特征在于,该含磷的马来酰亚胺是含磷酸根的马来酰亚胺。
10.一种电极浆料组合物,包括:
活性物质;
导电添加剂;
黏着剂;以及
如权利要求1所述的添加剂配方。
11.如权利要求10所述的电极浆料组合物,其特征在于,该活性物质为正极活性物质或负极活性物质。
12.如权利要求10所述的电极浆料组合物,其特征在于,该活性物质为选自锂镍钴铝、锂镍钴锰、锂钴氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂镍氧化物及磷酸锂铁氧化物所组成的组中的至少一者。
13.如权利要求10所述的电极浆料组合物,其特征在于,该活性物质的含量占该电极浆料组合物总重的20至80重量%。
14.如权利要求10所述的电极浆料组合物,其特征在于,该导电添加剂占该电极浆料组合物总重的0.1至5重量%。
15.如权利要求10所述的电极浆料组合物,其特征在于,该黏着剂占该电极浆料组合物总重的0.1至15重量%。
16.如权利要求10所述的电极浆料组合物,其特征在于,该添加剂配方占该电极浆料组合物总重的1至10重量%。
17.一种锂离子电池,包括:
正极;
如权利要求10所述的电极浆料组合物,形成于该正极上;
负极;以及
电解液,填充于该正极与负极之间。
18.如权利要求17所述的锂离子电池,其特征在于,该电极浆料组合物的活性物质是锂钴氧化物,该离子导体是LiAlTi(PO4)3。
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