CN106856919B

CN106856919B - Low-yield fruit tree pressing-drying rapid rejuvenation yield increasing method

Info

Publication number: CN106856919B
Application number: CN201710062656.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 夏惠; 周琼; 梁东; 吕秀兰; 王进; 何勇强
Original assignee: Sichuan Agricultural University
Current assignee: Sichuan Agricultural University
Priority date: 2017-01-24
Filing date: 2017-01-24
Publication date: 2022-07-29
Anticipated expiration: 2037-01-24
Also published as: CN106856919A

Abstract

The invention provides a low-yield fruit tree pressing and rapid rejuvenation yield-increasing method, which realizes the technical effects that a large number of medium-short fruit branches and flower-like fruit branches can be formed in the next year by carrying out tree-form modification treatment and water and fertilizer management on the low-yield fruit trees, the inner cavities of the trees are not bald, the continuous high-yield and stable-yield of the fruit trees are realized, the ventilation and light transmission of the trees are good, the plant diseases and insect pests are reduced, the tree vigor is strong, and the fruit quality is excellent; the technology can increase the yield of the low-yield fruit trees by about 2-3 times.

Description

Low-yield fruit tree pressing-drying rapid rejuvenation and yield increase method

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for quickly rejuvenating and increasing yield of low-yield fruit trees by pressing and drying.

Background

The fruit trees in the orchard with low yield of the grown-up age generally need to be reformed due to high and upright crown, bald inner cavity, poor fruit quality and low yield. The traditional low-yield orchard reconstruction technology generally adopts the technologies of head falling and opening, head changing by high joint, intermediate cutting and the like. In production, the above conventional methods are difficult to recover the high-efficiency recovery of fruits and production and take a long time to produce. Specifically, the traditional modification mode is that the upper part of a trunk is directly sawed off, and then main branches are re-cultured, so that the nutrient loss of a tree body is serious, the tree body needs to be recovered for more than 2-3 years, and the tree is easy to die; moreover, the time for reconstructing the tree shape to recover the yield is long, and the normal result level can be gradually reached in 4-5 years generally.

Therefore, the technology in the field needs a method for quickly rejuvenating and increasing yield of low-yield fruit trees by pressing and drying.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for quickly rejuvenating and increasing yield of low-yield fruit trees by pressing, wherein the fruit trees comprise sweet cherries, apples, plums, pear trees or peach trees; the method comprises the following steps:

(1) reforming a fruit tree shape, namely reforming the fruit tree shape into an open heart shape or an evacuated layered shape;

the transformation method of the open heart-shaped tree form comprises the following steps: selecting 2-4 main branches at a position 60-80 cm high of a trunk to perform opening operation, selecting 30-50 cm parts on the main branches during opening, sawing a kerf every 2-4 cm from bottom to top, gradually reducing the kerf depth from bottom to top, enabling the kerf depth of the first kerf to reach 2/3 of the trunk diameter and the kerf depth of the last kerf to reach 1/3 of the trunk diameter, enabling the width of each kerf to be 4-6 mm, and then pressing down the main branches to enable the included angle between an opening angle and the central trunk to be 45-80 degrees;

the sparse layered tree form reconstruction method comprises the following steps: the method is carried out at a position where the height of a crown of a main branch needs to be reduced and is suitable, 3-4 main branches are selected from a position 60-80 cm higher than a trunk of a first layer to be subjected to opening operation, and 2-3 main branches are selected from a position 80-100 cm away from the first layer to be subjected to opening operation on a second layer; the opening operation enables the included angle between the main branch and the central trunk to be 45-80 degrees;

(2) water and fertilizer management is carried out after the tree shape of a fruit tree is reformed, and the water and fertilizer management comprises the following steps:

1) applying base fertilizer

Applying animal manure and compound fertilizer by adopting a radial ditch application method or a ditching deep application method combining soil deep ploughing and inter-row deep application method within 9-10 months, wherein the depth of a ditch is 50-60 cm; the application amount of the human and animal manure is as follows: applying 25-30 kg of young trees or early bearing trees, and applying 50-60 kg of trees in the full bearing period; the compound fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and the application amount is as follows: the application amount of the plant is 0.25 kg;

2) applying germination fertilizer

Before flowering, applying human and animal fertilizers and compound fertilizers into strip-shaped ditches or radial ditches, wherein the application amount of the human and animal fertilizers is as follows: applying 30 kg of fertilizer to each plant of young trees or early bearing trees, and applying 50 kg of fertilizer to each plant of trees entering full bearing period; the compound fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and the application amount is as follows: 0.5-1 kg of young trees or early bearing trees are applied, and 1-1.5 kg of trees enter the full bearing period; spraying 2-4% urea aqueous solution for 1 time before germination;

3) applying fertilizer for strengthening fruit

Applying fruit expanding fertilizer in the fruit expanding period, and applying 1.25 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant;

4) applying fruit-picking fertilizer

Applying decomposed animal and human fertilizers and compound fertilizers after picking fruits, wherein the application amount of the decomposed animal and human fertilizers is as follows: applying 20 kg of fertilizer to each plant of young trees and early bearing trees, and applying 30 kg of fertilizer to each plant of trees in full bearing period; the compound fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and the application amount is as follows: 0.25 kg for young trees and 0.75 kg for adult trees.

The method also includes pest control operations.

The pest control operation comprises:

1) sterilizing and trimming before planting: soaking the seedlings for 4-12 hours by using a 70% mancozeb 800-fold solution and a 70% thiophanate methyl 1000-fold solution before planting, trimming large roots after washing, cutting off splitting and damaged skin-breaking parts, cutting off the roots which are harmful to diseases and insects until fresh white stubbles are exposed, cutting off stubbles at the front ends of other roots which are not damaged by diseases and insects, and then dipping the roots in slurry for planting;

2) after pruning in winter, the branches and trunks are subjected to insect prevention and disease resistance treatment: brushing a white paint on a trunk and a main branch, wherein the white paint comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1 part of copper sulfate, 3 parts of quicklime, 25 parts of water and 1 part of bean flour; spraying lime sulphur mixture of Baume 5 degrees in the whole garden, timely removing dead branches, fallen leaves, fallen fruits and weeds in the orchard, cutting diseased branches, insect branches and stiff fruits which do not fall off, and burning the dead branches intensively; meanwhile, deeply turning over the tree discs by 30-40 cm, and exposing overwintering pests in the soil to the ground for freezing or pecking the pests by birds;

3) pre-anthesis insect prevention and disease resistance treatment: before germination in spring, taking down the insect-attracting belt or grass bundle bound on the trunk 20 cm away from the ground, and burning or deeply burying; spraying 3-5 Baume lime sulphur or a mixed solution of 50 times of 95% engine oil emulsion and 8000 times of 40% DuPont Fuxing solution on the tree body from 3 middle ten days to 3 last ten days; in the first 4 th to the middle 4 th of the month, 3000 times of acetamiprid missible oil of 20 percent, 1500 times of imidacloprid wettable powder of 10 percent and 2000 times of cis-cypermethrin missible oil of 10 percent are sprayed; meanwhile, covering the tree tray with a plastic film;

4) and (3) performing insect prevention and disease resistance treatment after flowers: about 1 week after flowering, mixing and spraying 800 times of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 1000 times of 1.8% abamectin, 1000-1500 times of 1% high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsifiable solution and 1200 times of boron calcium carbonate solution for 1 time; in the middle ten days of 5 months to 6 months, before the fruit is colored, a sugar and vinegar liquid tank and an insect sticking plate are hung in the whole garden to trap and kill the adult fruit flies; solar insecticidal lamps are installed in the orchard to trap and kill, and yellow plates and blue plates are hung for physical prevention and control. Spraying 450 times of Lespe Ben liquid or 2.5% of cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution 3000-; spraying 1500 times of 1.3% matrine aqua on the tree every 7 days for 2 times; timely picking fruits to prevent over-ripening of fruits and luring fruit flies;

5) after picking fruits, spraying bactericide and insecticide.

Preferably, in step (2) 3), 0.3-0.5% urea aqueous solution is sprayed for 2-3 times before the fruit changes color.

Preferably, 0.3% borax is also sprayed for 1-2 times in the flowering phase in step (2) 3).

In the step (1), before the opening operation, saw cuts are coated with lime sulphur of Baume 3 degrees.

In the step (1), after the opening operation is carried out, the film is used for binding the saw-cut belt, the upper section of the film is tightly wound by a rope, a support is arranged below the main branch for supporting the main branch, and the support can be removed after the wound of the main branch is completely healed.

In the step (1), plastic pruning is also carried out, redundant branches are dredged, and overlong branches are retracted.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. after the technology is adopted, a large number of medium-short fruit branches and flower-like fruit branches can be formed in the fruit trees in the next year, and the inner cavities of the tree bodies are not bald, so that the fruit trees are high in yield and stable in yield continuously, the tree bodies are good in ventilation and light transmission, plant diseases and insect pests are reduced, the tree vigor is strong, and the fruit quality is high;

2. the tree body is convenient for fruit growers to operate and manage after being reformed, so that cost is saved and efficiency is improved; the technology of the invention can enable the low-yield inferior orchard to quickly become a high-yield high-efficiency orchard;

3. the technology can increase the yield of the low-yield fruit trees by about 2-3 times.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows a fruit tree before the method of the present invention is used;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of the method of the present invention after two years.

Detailed Description

The present invention is described in detail below by way of examples, it being necessary to point out here that the following examples are given by way of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to be covered by the claims and that insubstantial modifications and adaptations thereof may be made by those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing disclosure.

Example 1

An object for applying the technology

Low-yield sweet cherry fruit trees: the yield of each plant is 10-20 jin. The crown of the fruit tree is tall and upright, and the bore of the fruit tree is bald.

Second, the technical operation method of the technology

Determining the tree shape → → selecting the main branch → → the opening angle.

And (I) selecting the main branches of the fruit trees from the open-heart tree form, and performing on the positions, where the height of the crown of the main branch needs to be reduced, of the main branches. And starting to select 2-4 main branches at the position of the trunk height of 60-80 cm for operation.

And (II) improving the sparse layered tree form to select the main branches of the fruit trees, and performing on the main branches at the positions where the crown height needs to be reduced. The first layer starts to select 3-4 main branches from the position 60-80 cm high of the trunk stem for operation. The second layer is operated by selecting 2-3 main branches at a distance of 80-100 cm from the first layer.

(III) time of operation of the technique

The method is carried out in the dormancy stage of fruit trees. This is best done near the germination stage.

Method for opening angle

1. The length of the selected main branches is about 30-50 cm, the length is determined according to the main branch diameter, the main branch diameter is long, and the main branch diameter is small, the main branch diameter is short. Sawing one kerf every 2-4 cm from bottom to top, wherein the kerf interval is large when the major diameter is large, and the kerf interval is small when the major diameter is small otherwise. The depth of the saw kerf is gradually reduced from bottom to top, the first saw kerf is 2/3 as deep as the main diameter, and the last saw kerf is 1/3 as deep as the main diameter. The width of each saw cut is 4-6 mm.

2. Smearing a saw cut with lime sulfur of Baume 3 degrees, and slowly pressing down the main branches to a proper opening angle, wherein the included angle between the opening angle and the central trunk is 45-80 degrees.

3. The film is used for binding the saw-cut belt, the rope is used for tightly winding the upper section of the film, a support is arranged below the main branch for supporting the main branch, and the support can be removed after the wound of the main branch is completely healed.

4. And (4) carrying out shaping and trimming, dredging redundant branches and retracting overlong branches.

Water and fertilizer management of sweet cherries

The annual fertilization times of the adult fruiter cherry are generally 3-4. The main fertilization time is as follows: applying base fertilizer, early spring germination fertilizer, fruit strengthening fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer in autumn.

(1) Base fertilizer applied in autumn

The base fertilizer is a base fertilizer applied to the sweet cherries in the annual growth period, farmyard manure is used as a main fertilizer for 9-10 months, and a radial ditch application method or ditching and deep application in combination with soil deep plowing and inter-row ditching is adopted, wherein the ditch depth is 50-60 cm. The young trees and the early bearing trees are applied with 25-30 kg, the trees entering the full bearing period are applied with 50-60 kg, and a proper amount of compound fertilizer containing elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like is applied, and the application amount of the plants is controlled to be 0.5 kg generally.

(2) Sprout fertilizer (topdressing before flower)

Before blooming, human and animal fertilizers (30 kg for each plant of the young trees and the first bearing trees and 50 kg for each plant of the trees entering the full bearing period) and compound fertilizers containing elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like (0.5-1 kg for the young trees and the first bearing trees and 1-1.5 kg for the plants entering the full bearing period) are applied to the strip-shaped ditches or radial ditches. If the fertilizer water hole storage technology is adopted, quick-acting fertilizers (0.5-1 jin of young tree urea, 0.5-1 jin of compound fertilizer, 1-1.5 jin of adult tree urea and 1-1.5 jin of compound fertilizer) are applied from the covered soil at the moment, and then water is filled (the fertilization is carried out according to the operation). In addition, 2% -4% of urea water is sprayed for 1 time before germination.

(3) Fruit-strengthening fertilizer

And (3) applying fruit expanding fertilizer in the fruit expanding period, and applying 2.5 jin of high K compound fertilizer to each plant. Spraying 0.3-0.5% urea for 2-3 times before fruit color change; the spraying of 0.3% borax can be performed for 1-2 times in the flowering period.

(4) Fruit picking fertilizer

The fruit picking fertilizer for the common sweet cherries is applied after picking the fruits, so that nutrients required by flower differentiation can be met, and nutrients consumed by the fruits can be supplemented in time. After picking fruits, applying 20 kg of decomposed human and animal fertilizers to each plant of young trees and first bearing trees, applying 30 kg of fertilizers to each plant of trees in full bearing period, and applying compound fertilizers containing elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like.

If the hole fertilizer water storage technology is adopted, 0.5 jin of compound fertilizer can be applied to young trees, and 1.5 jin of compound fertilizer can be applied to adult trees.

The water before flowers, the sclerotic water, the picked water and the frozen water are generally watered sufficiently every year. The water holding capacity of the soil in a soil layer of 10-30 cm in the hard core period (from the first 5 months to the middle 5 months) cannot be lower than 60 percent, the irrigation quantity is large at the moment, and the irrigation quantity is required to be small for multiple times 10-15 days before fruit picking, so that fruit cracking is prevented. Sweet cherry pest control

The development period of the sweet cherry fruits is short, about 45-65 days, and the development period of the sweet cherry fruits is the first half of the growth season, does not enter the rainy season yet, and is low in temperature, so that the pests and diseases of the sweet cherry fruits are less. However, because the sweet cherry branches have larger pith, looser wood and large and dense leaves, leaf mites, stem borers, oriental fruit moths, piercing moth pests and cherry fruit flies are easy to occur. The diseases mainly comprise gummosis, bacterial perforation, brown spot, brown rot and the like. Critical periods of pest development include: (1) and (3) in the bud sprouting stage: the diseases are less; the insect pests mainly include white mulberry scale and drosicha corpulenta. (2) Sprouting to flowering stage: the occurrence of diseases is less, and key prevention and control are not needed; the insect pests mainly comprise lygus lucorum, apple paranthrene tabaniformis, green leafhopper and the like. (3) After flowering and in the fruit mature period: the diseases mainly comprise cherry fruit fly, brown spot perforation disease, bacterial perforation disease and gummosis; insect pests include red spider, oriental fruit moth, etc. (4) After fruit harvest: this period is the peak period of pest occurrence. The main diseases are perforation disease and leaf spot disease; the insect pests are green leafhopper, leaf roller, pear net bug, etc.

Green prevention and control technical scheme for sweet cherry all-year-round plant diseases and insect pests

3.1 selecting the disease and insect resistant sweet cherry fine variety and the fine rootstock according to different planting modes and conditions. For example, the sweet cherry can be selected from red light, pioneer, giant red, early big fruit, labins and the like; the rootstock can be selected from Gilarsa series, Coulter and cherry. Selecting the nursery stock which has more than 6 large roots with the root thickness of more than 5 mm, more than 20 cm in length, no splitting, no cracking, no drying shrinkage and water loss, no plant diseases and insect pests, 1.2-1.5 m high seedling and good healing of the grafting opening.

3.2 before planting, soaking the nursery stock in a solution which is 800 times that of 70 percent mancozeb and 1000 times that of 70 percent thiophanate-methyl for 4 to 12 hours, trimming large roots after washing, cutting off splitting and damaging skin parts, cutting off the roots which are harmful to diseases and pests to expose fresh white stubbles, cutting off stubbles at the front ends of other undamaged roots, and then dipping in slurry for planting.

3.3 after pruning in winter, brushing a whitening agent (1 part of copper sulfate, 3 parts of quicklime, 25 parts of water and 1 part of bean flour) on the trunk and the main branches; spraying lime sulphur mixture of Baume 5 degrees in the whole garden, timely removing dead branches, fallen leaves, fallen fruits, weeds and the like in the orchard, cutting diseased branches, insect branches and stiff fruits which do not fall off, and burning the dead branches and the stiff fruits intensively; and meanwhile, deeply turning over the tree discs by 30-40 cm, and exposing overwintering diseases and pests in the soil to the ground for freezing or pecking by birds.

3.4 before sprouting in spring, taking down the insect-attracting belt or grass bundle bound on the trunk 20 cm away from the ground, and burning or deeply burying.

3.53 in the middle of 3 months to the end of 3 months, the tree is sprayed with mixture of 3-5 Baume lime sulfur mixture or 95% engine oil emulsion 50 times and 40% DuPont Fuxing 8000 times.

Spraying 3000 times of 20% acetamiprid missible oil, 1500 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 2000 times of 10% cis-cypermethrin missible oil from the first ten days of 3.64 to the middle ten days of 4 months; meanwhile, the tree tray was covered with a plastic film.

About 1 week after 3.7 flowers, 800 times of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 1000 times of 1.8% abamectin, 1000-1500 times of 1% beta-cypermethrin emulsifiable solution and 1200 times of boron calcium carbonate solution are mixed and sprayed for 1 time.

3.85 to 6 in the middle of the month, before the fruit is colored, hanging a sugar-vinegar liquid tank and a pest sticking plate on the whole garden to trap and kill the adult fruit flies; solar insecticidal lamps are installed in the orchard to trap and kill, and yellow plates and blue plates are hung for physical prevention and control. Spraying 450 times of Lespe Ben liquid or 2.5% of cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution 3000-; spraying 1500 times of 1.3% matrine aqua on the tree every 7 days for 2 times; timely picking fruits to prevent the fruits from being over mature and luring fruit flies.

And 3.97 to 11 months, namely spraying the bactericide and the insecticide after picking fruits.

After the transformation of the invention, the yield of the low-yield sweet cherry trees reaches 30-50 jin per plant.

Claims

1. A low-yield fruit tree drying and rapid rejuvenation yield increasing method is characterized in that the fruit tree is a sweet cherry, and the method comprises the following steps:

the transformation method of the open heart-shaped tree form comprises the following steps: selecting 2-4 main branches at the position of the trunk with the height of 60-80 cm for opening operation;

the method for modifying the evacuation layered tree shape comprises the following steps: the method is carried out at a position where the height of a crown of a main branch needs to be reduced and is suitable, 3-4 main branches are selected from a position 60-80 cm higher than a trunk of a first layer to be subjected to opening operation, and 2-3 main branches are selected from a position 80-100 cm away from the first layer to be subjected to opening operation on a second layer;

the opening operation method comprises the following steps: during the opening, selecting a 30-50 cm part on the main branch, sawing a kerf at intervals of 2-4 cm from bottom to top, gradually reducing the depth of the kerf from bottom to top, wherein the first kerf is as deep as 2/3 of the trunk diameter, the last kerf is as deep as 1/3 of the trunk diameter, the width of each kerf is 4-6 mm, and then pressing down the main branch to enable the included angle between the opening angle and the central trunk to be 45-80 degrees; before the opening operation is carried out, smearing a saw cut with lime sulfur mixture of Baume 3 degrees; after the opening operation is carried out, the film is used for binding the saw-cut belt, the rope is used for tightly winding the upper section of the film, a bracket is arranged below the main branch to support the main branch, and the bracket can be removed after the wound of the main branch is completely healed; wherein, the pruning is also carried out, redundant branches are dredged, and overlong branches are retracted;

1) applying base fertilizer

Applying animal manure and compound fertilizer by adopting a radial ditch application method or a ditching deep application method combining soil deep ploughing and inter-row deep application method within 9-10 months, wherein the ditch depth is 50-60 cm; the application amount of the human and animal manure is as follows: applying 25-30 kg of young trees or early bearing trees, and applying 50-60 kg of trees in the full bearing period; the compound fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and the application amount is as follows: the application amount of the plant is 0.25 kg;

2) applying germination fertilizer

Before flowering, applying human and animal fertilizers and compound fertilizers into strip-shaped ditches or radial ditches, wherein the application amount of the human and animal fertilizers is as follows: applying 30 kg of fertilizer to each plant of young trees or early bearing trees, and applying 50 kg of fertilizer to each plant of trees entering full bearing period; the compound fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and the application amount is as follows: 0.5-1 kg of young trees or early bearing trees are applied, and 1-1.5 kg of trees enter the full bearing period; spraying 2% -4% urea aqueous solution for 1 time before germination;

3) applying fertilizer for strengthening fruit

Applying fruit expanding fertilizer in the fruit expanding period, and applying 1.25 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant; spraying 0.3-0.5% urea aqueous solution 2-3 times before fruit color change; 0.3 percent of borax is also sprayed for 1-2 times in the flowering phase;

4) applying fruit-picking fertilizer

Applying decomposed animal and human fertilizers and compound fertilizers after picking fruits, wherein the application amount of the decomposed animal and human fertilizers is as follows: applying 20 kg of fertilizer to each plant of young trees and early bearing trees, and applying 30 kg of fertilizer to each plant of trees in full bearing period; the compound fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, and the application amount is as follows: 0.25 kg of young trees and 0.75 kg of adult trees are planted;

the method also comprises pest control operation, which comprises the following specific steps:

4) and (3) performing insect prevention and disease resistance treatment after flowers: about 1 week after flowering, mixing and spraying 800 times of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 1000 times of 1.8% abamectin, 1000-1500 times of 1% high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsifiable solution and 1200 times of boron calcium carbonate solution for 1 time; in the middle ten days of 5 months to 6 months, before the fruit is colored, a sugar and vinegar liquid tank and an insect sticking plate are hung in the whole garden to trap and kill the adult fruit flies; installing a solar insecticidal lamp in the orchard for trapping and killing, and hanging a yellow plate and a blue plate for physical prevention and control; spraying 450 times of Lespe solution or 3000-4000 times of 2.5% cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution or 2000-4000 times of 10% cypermethrin emulsifiable solution on the ground, and hoeing shallowly; spraying 1500 times of 1.3% matrine aqua on the tree every 7 days for 2 times; timely picking fruits, preventing the fruits from being over-mature and inducing fruit flies;

5) after picking fruits, spraying bactericide and insecticide.