CN105103654A - 纳米纤维混合毛毡 - Google Patents

纳米纤维混合毛毡 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105103654A
CN105103654A CN201380073129.9A CN201380073129A CN105103654A CN 105103654 A CN105103654 A CN 105103654A CN 201380073129 A CN201380073129 A CN 201380073129A CN 105103654 A CN105103654 A CN 105103654A
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Prior art keywords
nanofiber
polymer
nanofiber mats
cellulose
felt
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Granted
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CN201380073129.9A
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CN105103654B (zh
Inventor
托德·门克豪斯
冯浩
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NANOFIBER SEPARATIONS LLC
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NANOFIBER SEPARATIONS LLC
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Priority to CN201710397116.7A priority Critical patent/CN107254740B/zh
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    • B01D39/14Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/16Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
    • B01D39/1607Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
    • B01D39/1615Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of natural origin
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    • B01D15/26Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism
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    • B01D15/325Reversed phase
    • B01D15/327Reversed phase with hydrophobic interaction
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    • B01D15/36Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism involving ionic interaction
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    • B01D39/16Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
    • B01D39/1607Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
    • B01D39/1623Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
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    • B01J20/3248Non-macromolecular compounds having a well defined chemical structure the functional group or the linking, spacer or anchoring group as a whole comprising at least one type of heteroatom selected from a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, these atoms not being part of the carrier as such
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14Extraction; Separation; Purification
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Abstract

本发明一般地涉及一种用于生物和化学分离以及其它应用方面的组合物。更具体地,本发明涉及一种由静电纳米纤维制成的具有高渗透性和高容量的混合毛毡。这种混合毛毡利用衍生纤维素和至少一个非纤维素基聚合物,通过将所述非纤维素基聚合物提升至一个适合的温度和/或通过所述非纤维素基聚合物的溶解能力将其从所述毛毡上移除,从而留下相比于单组分纳米纤维毛毡具有孔径更加统一及其他性能方面有所提高的多孔纳米纤维毛毡。

Description

纳米纤维混合毛毡
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及一种用于生物和化学分离以及其它应用方面的组合物。更具体地,本发明涉及一种由纳米纤维制成的具有高渗透性和高容量的混合毛毡。
发明背景
超细纤维与纳米纤维膜,或“毛毡”,有在生物和工业应用领域有各种不同的用途。例如,毛毡在纺织加固,防护服,催化媒介,农业应用,环保、医疗、军事监测传感器,生物医学应用(例如生物分离、组织工程和伤口敷料),电子应用(如电容器、晶体管和二极管),和空间应用(例如太阳帆和空间反射镜后盾结构)等方面是很有用的。超细纤维与纳米纤维毛毡特别适合用于纯化生物物质,如蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物、细菌、病毒、细胞及类似物。在包括液体和气体的所有流体应用中,它们是有用的。
随着越来越多的生物制药被批准销售,生物制药医疗领域正在不断扩大。另外,基于生物学的诊断工具被广泛用于执行多种疾病状态的高通量、敏感诊断测试中。对于这两种治疗和诊断,生物物质(例如重组蛋白、单克隆抗体、病毒疫苗和核酸)必须高效率地生产和纯化以供使用。
常规的纯化方法包括从使用的副产品和其它污染物中分离期望的生物物质,例如,包装微珠的吸附/层析、超滤和沉淀/结晶。这些常规的分离方法为很多生物学应用提供了足够的结果,但在产量、处理时间和纯度程度方面是有限的。这些限制主要是由于相对大的生物分子的缓慢的扩散速率,其限制了该物质(例如“目标物质”)被纯化时访问分离基质内的可用结合位点的能力。此外,这些系统被用于循环使用的次数是有限的,有的只能使用一次。
离子交换(IE)和疏水性相互作用(HI)的吸附/层析是被广泛地用于生物物质分离中的更强大常规的两个分离技术的例子。它们总体一般是不太有效的相比于基于特定亲和的分离技术而言,例如基于抗体的分离,但如果分离条件是经过精心挑选的,对于从不需要的副产物和杂质中纯化许多靶物质,他们仍然是有用的。
尽管基于亲和的吸附/层析比IE和HI可能更为有效,但制造它们通常是更加困难和昂贵的,由于生产和纯化生物配体的复杂度,例如单克隆抗体和核酸。这样的配体也往往对环境条件(如温度,pH,离子强度等)很敏感,并且可以很容易地变得恶化,使得吸附所需的亲和相互作用被破坏。此外,该结合相互作用有时难以破坏,在不存在可能减弱生物活性的苛刻条件和后来的使用目标物质和/或可重用的纯化介质的情况下。
对生物物质的纯化是有用的膜已被描述(参见,例如,从可再生资源中获得产品附加值的生物处理,尚田洋、埃德,第7章)。近日,使用纳米直径纤维构造成的控制厚度的垫(即“纳米纤维毛毡”)的膜吸附/层析已经显示出其在生物分离使用中的巨大潜力(ToddJ.Menkhaus,etah,"Chapter3:ApplicationsofElectrospunNanofiberMembranesforBioseparations",inHandbookofMembraneResearch.StephanV.Gorley,Ed.)。这种纳米纤维毛毡优于超细纤维毛毡,因为其孔尺寸、亲和特性以及其它性能标准可以更精确地控制。
虽然先前描述的单组分纳米纤维毛毡提供了有希望的结果,但是它们往往比期望的效率较低,在毛毡的稳定性以及材料和时间要求方面。当目标物质以低浓度存在于起始材料中进行纯化,并且污染物和/或合成的副产物很丰富时,这种情况是尤其真实存在的。因此,这就存在一种改进毛毡稳定性和生物制品纯化效率的需求。下面公开的实施例满足这一需求。
发明内容
下面的简要概述提供了所要求保护的主题的一些方面的基本理解。此概述并非为广泛综述,且并不旨在标识关键/重要元素或划定所要求保护的主题的范围。其目的是为了以简化的形式呈现一些概念,作为序言在下面给出更详细的描述。
在一个实施方案中,本发明是一种静电混合纳米纤维毛毡,其是由复合纳米纤维和单组分纳米纤维制成的。所述复合纳米纤维可以由衍生纤维素和第一非纤维素基聚合物的混合物静电纺丝,而所述单组分纳米纤维可以由第二非纤维素基聚合物静电纺丝,其中,所述第二非纤维素基聚合物与所述第一非纤维素基聚合物可以是相同或不同的。一般地,第一和第二非纤维素基聚合物是可以从纳米纤维毛毡中可区别地拆卸的,这意味着导致非纤维素基聚合物中的一种被除去以得到比其它(例如,可除去的10%的差异,或更多,如20%或50%)更大的程度的条件存在(或者使用溶剂或加热,或溶剂和加热的组合)。
在复合纳米纤维中的衍生纤维素可以是纤维素有机酯、纤维素无机酯或烷基纤维素。纤维素有机酯可以是纤维素乙酸酯、纤维素三乙酸酯或纤维素丙酸酯。
当衍生纤维素是纤维素无机酯时,它可以是硝酸纤维素和硫酸纤维素,和当它是烷基纤维素时,它可以是羟乙基纤维素或羧甲基纤维素。
第一非纤维素基聚合物可以是合成的或天然的聚合物,如乙烯基聚合物、聚醚、丙烯酸类聚合物、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氨基甲酸乙酯、多糖(例如淀粉或几丁质)、聚酰胺(例如蛋白或明胶)、聚丙交酯、聚乙交酯或其共聚物。
在一个实施方案中,所述第二非纤维素基聚合物,其形成的单组分纳米纤维是一种合成聚合物,如乙烯基聚合物、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺,聚酯或其共聚物。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明是一种制备上述纳米纤维毛毡的静电纺丝的方法,具体步骤如下:a)分别准备复合聚合物纺丝原液和单组分聚合物纺丝原液;b)将所述纺丝原液置于两个不同的喷丝头;c)用电极施加电压到每个纺丝原液;d)从喷丝头分别静电纺丝复合纳米纤维和单组分纳米纤维;以及e)收集固化纳米纤维作为随机覆盖或部分对齐的纳米纤维毛毡。
形成的纳米纤维毛毡可以通过重新生成复合纳米纤维中的衍生纤维素(即将其转换回纤维素)被进一步处理。制备纳米纤维毛毡的方法还可以包括另外的步骤,即从所述复合纳米纤维中除去部分或全部的第一非纤维素基聚合物的。可替代地或者除了这些步骤,制备纳米纤维毛毡的方法还可以包括在纳米纤维毛毡中的一个或多个复合纳米纤维表面官能化的步骤。这种表面官能化可能需要附接亲和配体,其具有对特定靶分子的特异性亲和力以从流体中纯化。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明是从流体中纯化生物分子的方法,说明步骤如下:a)根据所述方法制备一种纳米纤维毛毡;b)将流体通过所述纳米纤维毛毡,并从所述纳米纤维毛毡中获得生物分子。
本发明的其它方面在本说明书其它地方找到。
附图的简要说明
图1是静电纺丝过程的示意性表示。
发明详述
本发明一般涉及混合毛毡,由静电纺丝纳米纤维组成,用于化学和生物分离。所述混合纳米纤维毛毡具有很高的分离能力,并提供在兼具高流动性和高压条件下的多个周期的可重复性能。这样的纳米纤维毛毡呈现复杂的相互关联的三维多孔结构和相对大的表面积。
具体地,混合纳米纤维毛毡是由多于一种的聚合物类型组成的(即它们是“混合型”毛毡)。
本发明的毛毡是由多于一种的聚合物类型组成的(即它们是“混合型”毛毡)。这包括由单组分纳米纤维和“复合”纳米纤维(例如,纳米纤维由两种或更多种材料的混合物制成)的组合制成的混合毛毡。对于“复合”纳米纤维,“主链聚合物”是一种衍生纤维素,并且所述第一非纤维素基聚合物能够从纤维/毛毡中通过将其暴露到,或高温和化学溶剂两者中被除去。在一些实施方案中,去除第一非纤维素基聚合物的同时将衍生纤维素转换回纤维素,即该纤维素是“再生”的。
本发明的毛毡中的纳米纤维是通过电纺丝技术生产的。这指的是纤维的制备是基于将挤出的聚合物“纺丝原液”暴露于静电场中,从而导致挤出的聚合物“喷射”的伸长成为纳米纤维。
这些和本发明的其它示例性方面在下面更详细说明。
定义
在下面的描述中,许多术语被广泛使用。以下非限制性定义提供说明书和权利要求书的清楚和一致的理解,包括应给予这样的术语的示例性范围。
当术语“一个”,“一”或“一种”在本公开中使用时,它们的意思是“至少一个”或“一个或多个”,除非另有说明。
如本文所用的术语“发明”或“本发明”意在非限制性的,并且不旨在指任何单个的特定发明的实施例,但如在本说明书和权利要求中所描述的那样包括所有可能的实施方案。
如本文所用的术语“渗透性”是指流体通过纳米纤维毛毡,每单位厚度毛毡,每单位压降的流出。渗透性被认为是“高”,如果它高于500L/(minm2105Pa)。
术语“通量”指的是流体通过纳米纤维毡,每单位时间,每单位暴露于流动的面部区域的流量。
本文所使用的术语“容量”指的是产品的每单位吸附剂束缚的量。蛋白质的吸附容量被认为是“高”的,如果它高于100毫克蛋白质/克吸附剂。
本文使用的术语“膜”、“毛毡”和“垫”是可互换的,并且指纤维的无纺物或随机叠加的集合。
本文所用术语“纳米纤维毛毡”是指纳米纤维在一个基本上是平面的阵列的集合,其还可以包括用于强度和增强磁通而添加的超细纤维。
本文所用术语“超细纤维”,是指纤维直径大于1.0微米的纤维,并且一般在1.0微米和1.0毫米之间。
本文所用术语“纳米纤维”,是指直径小于1.0微米的纤维,而且通常在10纳米至1.0微米之间,如200纳米和600纳米之间。
本文使用的术语“混合纳米纤维毛毡”是指纤维的无纺物或随机叠加的集合,由至少2种类型的聚合物通过单组分纤维或复合纤维与至少一种其它单组分纤维或至少一种其它复合纤维结合。
本文所用术语“单组份纳米纤维”是指由单一聚合物制造的纳米纤维。
术语“单组分纳米纤维毛毡”一词是指许多单组分纳米纤维堆积成的纤维的无纺物或随机叠加的集合。
本文所使用的术语“复合纳米纤维”是由至少两种不同的聚合物生产的纳米纤维。
本文所用术语“适度升高的温度”指的是温度在24℃到110℃之间。
本文所使用的“差异可移动”,是指当混合纳米纤维毛毡包括至少两种非纤维素基聚合物时,条件可以选择(升高温度和/或溶剂接触)以除去其中的一种非纤维素基聚合物,达到更大程度(至少10%的不同,并且高达100%对0%)比另一种非纤维素基聚合物。
本文所用术语“溶剂”,是指能够溶解纳米纤维毛毡中一种或多种组分的任何单一组分液体或混合液。
本文所使用的术语“纺丝原液”指的是用在静电纺丝过程中的聚合物溶液。
本文所使用的术语“静电纺丝”是指电力的应用,以使纺丝原液形成纳米纤维。
本文所用术语“热稳定性”,是指聚合物在50-110℃的温度范围内不会分解。
本文所用术语“化学稳定”,是指聚合物不溶于溶剂,例如水或常用有机溶剂(例如醇类和烃类)及其混合物。
衍生纤维素
纤维素是存在于植物和藻类的细胞壁中的结构组分。其也可以由一些细菌分泌。因此,纤维素是地球上最丰富的有机化合物。它是由葡萄糖单位通过β(1-4)糖苷键相连成的一种直链聚合物。对于生物和工业应用,它是从植物、木浆或棉中纯化,并转换为许多有用的物质,如纸、玻璃纸、人造丝、生物燃料等。纤维素的有用性在很大程度上归因于它的物理性质。它是无味、亲水、相对不溶性、表现出很低的非特异性结合,并且是可生物降解的。
虽然纤维素基分离媒介有很多优势,但是它们在强酸和强碱中会不幸遭受化学不稳定(也就是说,它们性能会降低)。另外,纤维素的溶解需要使用特殊溶剂混合物,如N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)和水,或氯化锂和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺。这限制了纤维素基媒介在操作上的使用,不需要严厉的再生条件,通常需要在生物制药行业满足FDA的严格清洗规定。
纤维素纤维一般通过湿纺被生产,包括事先的纤维素的衍生化,因为直接从溶液或熔体状态静电纺丝纤维素是非常困难的。为了制备纤维素纳米纤维,研究工作一直致力于静电纺丝纤维素衍生物,如醋酸纤维素。与纤维素不同,醋酸纤维素可以溶于许多常见的溶剂如丙酮。醋酸纤维素被静电纺丝为纳米纤维,再生纤维素纳米纤维可以通过将所述纳米纤维经过水解/脱乙酰作用的后-纺丝处理制备得到。
因此,在本发明的实践中,混合纳米纤维毛毡中的一种聚合物是衍生纤维素。纤维素可以很容易地被衍生,通过使用将单个葡萄糖单元中的-OH基团转化为具有更多或更少反应性、不同价电的基团等众所周知的方法。这样的衍生纤维素物种表现出当暴露于溶剂时的增强的稳定性和其它理想的物理性质。许多纤维素衍生物很容易商业化。典型的纤维素物种包括,例如有机酯(醋酸纤维素、三乙酸纤维素、丙酸纤维素、乙酸丙酸纤维素、乙酸丁酸纤维素),无机酯(硝酸纤维素、硫酸纤维素)和烷基纤维素(羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素)。
本发明的混合纳米纤维毛毡通常其质量包括大部分的衍生纤维素(即51%或更多),例如大于60%或70%。
非纤维素基聚合物
虽然混合纳米纤维毛毡质量的大多数为衍生纤维素,但在毛毡中整合其它类型的纤维可以提供毛毡应用过程中所需的功能。因此,毛毡中有额外的纤维是可取的,因为它们可以为毛毡提供加强的机械强度,允许多种功能纳入到毛毡中,在生产过程中提供稳定性,以及其它地方解释的其它方面。事实上,本申请发明人意外发现,甚至包括一小部分非纤维素基聚合物在混合纳米纤维毛毡中,就改善了静电纺丝过程,也允许为各种各样的生物和工业应用进行成品的裁剪,尤其当混合纳米纤维毛毡包括复合纳米纤维和单组分纳米纤维时。
合成聚合物纳米纤维(例如那些由乙烯基聚合物和丙烯酸聚合物制备得到的)为生物分离和其它应用程序提供了一个广泛的化学功能。通过结合不同的聚合单元,产生的纤维的表面化学可以被控制为静电纺丝过程的一部分,从而为生产的纳米纤维提供直接的功能。作为替代,和类似传统的微米尺度纤维,聚合物纳米纤维的表面功能可以被化学修改后-静电纺丝以适应生物分离应用中特定的功能需求(下面讨论)。功能化聚合物的化学反应是众所周知的技术。他们也通常承受与生物过程有关的严酷的清洁方法。典型的功能化化学在别处也有详细讨论。
合成碳基吸附媒介和过滤膜往往比纤维素基媒介更具有化学稳健性,这样可以在需要强酸和强碱清洗分离媒介时使用。此外,包括纤维素基和非纤维素基聚合物(如聚丙烯腈和聚乙烯醇)的混合纳米纤维具有更高的比表面积和更大的机械强度,当与单组分纤维素或单组分合成聚合物纳米纤维相比。因此,当复合纳米纤维包括纤维素和非纤维素基聚合物时,存在一种可观测的协同作用。
许多聚合物已成功被静电纺丝为纳米纤维,包括:(1)热塑性均聚物,例如乙烯聚合物、丙烯酸聚合物、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚醚和聚碳酸酯,(2)热塑性共聚物,例如乙烯基-共-乙烯基聚合物、丙烯酸-共-丙烯酸共聚物和乙烯基-共-丙烯酸聚合物,(3)弹性体聚合物,例如三嵌段共聚物弹性体、聚氨酯弹性体和乙烯-丙烯-二烯弹性体,(4)高性能聚合物,例如聚酰亚胺和芳族聚酰胺,(5)液晶性高分子,例如聚(对亚苯基对苯二甲酰胺)和聚芳香酰胺,(6)织物聚合物,例如聚对苯二甲酸乙酯和聚丙烯腈,(7)导电性聚合物,例如聚苯胺,以及(8)生物相容性聚合物(即“生物聚合物”),如聚己内酯、聚乳酸、壳聚糖和聚乙交酯。如所描述的,该聚合物也可以是两种或多种上述命名的聚合物种的共聚物。
附加的聚合物添加到混合纳米纤维毛毡的例子是静电纺丝作为单组分纳米纤维,来自聚丙烯腈(PAN)、聚酰亚胺、聚酰胺(尼龙6,尼龙6,6,尼龙6,10等)、聚酯(聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯等),以及它们的共聚物。
复合纳米纤维
在本发明的一个实施例中,混合纳米纤维毛毡包括复合纳米纤维。这部分是由于这一事实,即从单组分衍生纤维素溶液制备纳米纤维的静电纺丝过程可能是不稳定的,并导致产率差、效率低(长时间和多次中断)、质量差的纳米纤维(大尺寸分布,易碎等),而且只有一个单一的化学功能。因此,为了有效地使大量高品质纳米纤维毛毡具有多种功能,结合纤维素衍生物与非纤维素基聚合物以稳定静电纺丝过程,可能是必要的。
本发明的复合纳米纤维的非纤维素基聚合物可以包括那些通过将其暴露到高温和/或溶剂中可以从毛毡中可拆卸的合成碳基聚合物。将纳米纤维毛毡暴露于溶剂的混合物或者升高的温度或两者结合的,可以同时或依次发生。静电纺丝过程中的非纤维素基聚合物的存在也提高了纳米纤维的稳定性和过程的其它方面,如本文其它地方说明。
合成聚合物纳米纤维(例如,那些从乙烯基聚合物和丙烯酸聚合物生产的)提供了广泛的用于生物分离应用中的化学功能。通过组合不同的聚合单元,所得纤维的表面化学性质,可以控制作为静电纺丝过程的一部分,提供所产生的纳米纤维的直接功能。作为替代方案,和类似于常规微米级纤维,聚合物纳米纤维的表面功能可被化学改性后静电纺丝,以适应不同的生物分离应用中特定的功能需求(下面将讨论)。合成聚合物纳米纤维提供巨大范围内的潜在的化学功能以服务于广泛的用途。这样的官能化的化学在聚合物领域是公知的。他们也通常承受与生物过程有关的严酷的清洁方法
许多聚合物已成功被静电纺丝为纳米纤维,包括:(1)热塑性均聚物,例如乙烯聚合物、丙烯酸聚合物、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚醚和聚碳酸酯,(2)热塑性共聚物,例如乙烯基-共-乙烯基聚合物、丙烯酸-共-丙烯酸共聚物和乙烯基-共-丙烯酸聚合物,(3)弹性体聚合物,例如三嵌段共聚物弹性体、聚氨酯弹性体和乙烯-丙烯-二烯弹性体,(4)高性能聚合物,例如聚酰亚胺和芳族聚酰胺,(5)液晶性高分子,例如聚(对亚苯基对苯二甲酰胺)和聚芳香酰胺,(6)织物聚合物,例如聚对苯二甲酸乙酯和聚丙烯腈,(7)导电性聚合物,例如聚苯胺,以及(8)生物相容性聚合物,如聚己内酯、聚乳酸和聚乙交酯。
用于制造复合纳米纤维的典型的非纤维素基聚合物包括,例如聚环氧乙烷、聚(乙烯吡咯烷酮)、聚(乙酸乙烯酯)、聚(乙烯醇)、多糖(几丁质、淀粉等)、聚苯乙烯和聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)。
非纤维素基聚合物通常存在于复合纳米纤维中的质量比例为49%或更少,如30%、25%等。
静电纺丝
静电纺丝是利用电场力单独驱动纺丝过程并从溶液或熔体生产聚合物纤维的技术。不同于传统的纺丝技术(例如溶液-和熔体纺丝),能够产生直径在微米范围内(约5-25微米)的纤维,静电纺丝能够产生直径在纳米范围内的纤维。静电纺丝聚合物纳米纤维具有许多非凡的性能,包括小纤维直径和并用比表面积大,大分子取向程度高,所得优越的机械性能。此外,静电纺丝聚合物纳米纤维制成的毛毡展示出可控的孔径,当与使用其它的制造技术制成的纳米纤维相比。不像大多由合成方法产生的纳米棒、纳米管和纳米线,静电纺丝纳米纤维是通过一个“纳米制造工艺”制备的,这导致了相对容易组装和加工以用于应用的低成本纳米纤维。
在一般情况下,纳米纤维的形成是静电纺丝过程中的三个主要的力量的微妙而复杂的平衡,包括电力、表面张力和粘弹性力。在这三种力中,电力总是有利于具有最高表面区域的产物的形成。表面张力总是有利于具有最小表面积的产物的形成。粘弹性力是一种随着溶剂的蒸发显著变化的力,并且主要的原因是防止静电喷射/长丝成液滴的解体。当电力为主导时,粘弹性力对抗电力。当表面张力为主导时,粘弹性力对抗表面张力。
理论上,最小的纳米纤维能够在两种条件下形成:(1)当被静电纺丝喷射携带的过量电荷密度很高时,和(2)时间周期足够长和粘弹性力足够高,以阻止喷射/长丝的毛细血管破裂,而且也要足够低以允许电力有效地拉伸喷射。对于条件(1),已经发现,通过加入可溶性电解质到纺丝原液中(例如,添加强电解质如NaCl到聚环氧乙烷的水溶液中)可以显著增加由喷射所携带的过量电荷密度并导致形成较小直径的纳米纤维。该方法中,然而,也产生了负面影响,例如(a)一种较小的流速和纳米纤维生产率所得减少,并且(b)由电解质制备纳米纤维的污染。去除所述电解质而不牺牲纳米纤维的性能可能是困难的。
对于条件(2),进一步理解喷射凝固是必需的。在一般情况下,喷射凝固与溶剂挥发密切相关。如果溶剂挥发性太高,有效拉伸静电纺丝喷射/长丝的时间周期短。因此,具有相对较大直径的纤维将被获得。如果溶剂挥发性太低,静电纺丝喷射/长丝随着拉伸有可能破裂成液滴。因此,珠子和/或串珠纤维将被获得。
静电纺丝过程一般包括三个步骤:(1)静电纺丝喷射/长丝的起始的和喷射沿着直轨的延长;(2)弯曲不稳定性的生长和喷射的进一步延长,它允许喷嘴变得长而薄在下一个循环和螺旋路径;及(3)通过溶剂蒸发或冷却使喷射凝固,其导致纳米纤维的形成。图1时表示静电纺丝的过程示意图(HaoFong.InPolymericNanostructuresandTheirApplications,第2卷:Applications:第11章,EleclrospunPolymer,Ceramic.Carbon/GraphiteNanofibersandTheirApplications,HariS.NalwaEditor,AmericanScientificPublishers,LosAngeles,CA(ISBN:1-58883-070-5),2007.pp.451-474)。
示例性电纺丝过程一般可以描述如下:
步骤1:如图1所示,纺丝原液(例如,聚合物溶液)被放置在具有喷丝头(1)的容器中,和直流高电压(2),通常在从5-40千伏的范围内,通过电极(例如铜线)(3)被施加到溶液。电接地收集器(4)被放置在远离所述喷丝头一定距离(被称为间隙距离)(5),间隙距离的范围可以从几厘米到一米。当静电场达到临界值时,电力克服表面张力和粘弹性力,喷射/长丝送出和直线移动一定距离(被称为喷射长度)。
步骤2:喷射然后开始弯曲,形成螺旋形环。这种现象被称为“弯曲(或鞭打)不稳定性。”典型地,所述弯曲不稳定性导致射流的长度,在非常短的时间周期内(50毫秒或更短)通过10000次以上拉长。因此,所述弯曲不稳定性期间伸长率极高(高达1.000,000每秒)。这极其快速伸长率可以有效拉伸大分子链并沿纳米级纤维轴紧密对齐它们。
步骤3:喷射固化,或者虽然溶剂蒸发或当熔体冷却到低于所述固-液转变温度。凝固时间越长,喷射拉伸越长。凝固时间涉及许多因素,如溶剂的蒸气压、溶剂扩散率、喷射携带的体积电荷密度和所施加的静电场强度。
可选的后-静电纺丝处理
所收集的纳米纤维凝固后,存在某些额外的步骤被执行以“自定义”纳米纤维为了某种特定用途。示例性的附加步骤讨论如下:
a.除去第一非纤维素基聚合物
在某些情况下,一种或多种聚合物,特别是存在于复合纳米纤维中的非纤维素基聚合物可通过升高的温度和/或溶剂(多种)被移除。第一非纤维素基聚合物的去除可以为剩余的纤维素基聚合物提供额外的表面区域和改进的孔隙率。这是因为,除去非纤维素基聚合物后,纤维素基聚合物使可控尺寸“孔”被留下位于非纤维素基聚合物用于占据空间的位置后侧。这个额外的“空隙空间”提供所得纳米纤维毛毡更大的表面面积,可以,例如,增加用于分离的吸附结合能力,提高的基于尺寸的分离的选择性,并提高来自另外孔隙率的吞吐量。去除非纤维素基聚合物否定了多种功能(即已经在复合纳米纤维中存在)直接存在于剩余的纤维素基聚合物纳米纤维中的机会。
b.再生纤维素
随着“作为静电纺丝”纳米纤维的制备,所述衍生纤维素可通过再生过程被转化成纤维素。再生纤维素将具有与先前所描述的纯天然纤维素相同的属性。再生过程是通过使含有衍生纤维素的纳米纤维与例如,强碱(如氢氧化钠)或其它溶剂接触来完成的。随着再生反应转换为纤维素,纳米纤维可以被洗涤以除去过程中使用的任何过量的溶剂。
c.表面功能化
混合纳米纤维毛毡制备后,纤维表面可功能化。功能化的非限制性实例包括添加离子交换基团如弱或强酸和碱(如羧酸和胺)、疏水性基团如酚化合物、及亲和配体如抗体或酶底物。
对于生物分离的使用,本发明的混合纳米纤维毛毡是理想的生物惰性的,这意味着它们应该抵制不溶性固体的非特异性结合,如细胞和细胞碎片,以及与蛋白质、糖、核酸病毒、以及目前在许多生物产生系统中的其它可溶性组分之间的不必要的相互作用。
此外,纳米纤维毛毡用于生物分离应表现出几个性质:(1)小直径的纤维,以允许特定区域的最大数量(该标准对于吸附过程是最重要和对于下面讨论的严格基于大小的分离是不太重要的);(2)很好地控制和纤维之间窄的孔径分布,以允许即使在吸附应用过程中的流动分布和对于基于大小的分离的一个窄尺寸截止;(3)纤维应具有优异的机械和化学稳定性以承受潜在的高操作压力和苛刻的清洗条件;和(4)纤维应具有良好定义以及空间上大小一致和化学组成。
对于吸附过程,其中大分子产品,如蛋白质、核酸和病毒是主要的目标,与纳米纤维毛毡相关联的极其大的比表面积为吸附生物分离提供了潜在结合位点的一个巨大数字。纳米纤维可被修饰以包含结合位点的一个巨大数目和吸附几乎只发生在纤维的表面,这使得所述结合位点是立即可用的而不需要相对较大的目标分子从内部扩散。内部扩散经常会限制生物产品的许多吸附过程的能力,当使用传统的多孔树脂珠粒时。另外,由于纳米纤维膜可以从许多不同的化学物质来制成,因此吸附配位体可定制以满足特定的分离(例如离子、疏水和亲和)的需要。在一些情况下,配体可以在静电纺丝过程中掺入来自源材料的纳米纤维,或可替代地所述表面可被化学修饰以在生产纳米纤维后提供所需的吸附剂。
所述分离操作的两个最重要的特点是:(1)相对于紧凑的树脂珠粒,流动通过所述毛毡的微观和宏观孔隙;(2)吸附发生在纤维表面,在此处,没有内部的扩散是必需的。这些因素减少了随着流量的升高对于高压液滴的担忧,并且消除了树脂珠内吸附所需的慢粒子内扩散。已经证明目前可用的吸附毡的生物分子的结合力类似于树脂珠的量级,但可以超过填充床10倍的处理流量下操作。这些因素为净化有价值的生物制品,允许更快的处理时间和潜在的更高的结合程度。这是非常理想的,特别是对于生物大分子(分子量大于250kDa,并且/或者流体动力学直径为20-300nm),这是因为它们通过使用填充床极其难以纯化,由于在树脂珠的小孔隙内具有严重的传质限制。
本发明所述的纳米纤维毡的表面可被进行改性,以提供离子交换和疏水相互作用化学。简单的化学改性,例如用硫酸磺化聚苯乙烯纤维已被用于产生阳离子交换介质。接枝,原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),和等离子处理已被用于创建离子交换表面官能团,以及选自各种聚合物基材的三维系绳,所述基材包括:聚丙烯、聚偏二氟、聚砜、及其它。苯基和丁基也可以作为疏水性相互作用的配体。合物膜表面往往为了更大的亲水性必须被进一步改进,以阻止非特异性结合。这通过将聚乙二醇和其他多元醇引入到表面上已经被实现了。
一种混合纤维毡的离子交换能力还可以通过引入被增强,例如,二乙基氨基乙基(DEAE)作为一种弱阴离子交换配体,或者羧酸作为一种弱阳离子交换配体。
d.用抗菌剂的表面功能化
在本发明所述的一个实施例中,基于非纤维素的聚合物为聚丙烯腈(PAN)。PAN的纤维膜已被广泛采用于过滤领域内,由于其热稳定性,高机械性能和化学耐腐蚀性。静电纺PAN纳米纤维毡已经是特别令人感兴趣的,由于其属性,例如,小纤维直径和与之共存的大比表面积,以及控制纳米纤维间的孔径和纳入纳米级的抗菌剂的性能。包含具有抗菌功能的纳米纤维的毛毡,已经引起了越来越多的关注,由于对净化水和/或过滤的空气以及处理的费用的品质的关注。水和空气过滤器(特别是那些在黑暗和潮湿的条件下运行的过滤器)不断受到来自环境的微生物的攻击。容易被所述过滤器所捕获的微生物(例如细菌)快速增长,从而导致生物膜的形成。
因此,在所述过滤器表面上的微生物的累积物恶化了纯化水和/或过滤的空气的质量;此外,它们在水流上和/或气流上也有不利影响。
而且,具有生物膜的被污染的过滤器难以清洗。
通常,在操作过程中,需要高压;这反过来又增加了成本。报道的方法将抗菌剂(如N-卤胺和银离子颗粒/纳米颗粒)直接纳入到纺丝原液中,从而,该抗菌剂的分子/颗粒遍布整个纳米纤维。(XinboSun.LifengZhang.ZhengbingCan.YingDeng,LiLiu.HaoFong,andYuyuSun."ElectrospunCompositeNanofiberFabricsContainingUniformlyDispersedAntimicrobialAgentsasanInnovativeTypeofPolymericMaterialswithSuperiorAnti-InfectiveEfficacy".ACSAppliedMaterialsandInterfaces,2(4),952-956,2010.)
然而,这经常会导致过程问题,这主要是因为抗菌剂的高含量,会严重影响静电纺丝的过程和/或恶化所得纳米纤维的性质。一个潜在的解决这些问题的方案是在纳米纤维被生产后引进抗菌功能至纳米级纤维表面。(LifengZhang,JieLuo,ToddJ.Menkhaus,HemanthramVaradaraju,YuyuSun,andHaoFong."AntimicrobialNano-fibrousMembranesDevelopedfromElectrospunPolyacrylonitrileNanofibers".JournalofMembraneScience,369,499-505,2011.)
众所周知,PAN中的腈基(-C≡N)可被化学转化为胺肟基(-C(NH2)=NOH)。该胺肟基团可与各种金属离子相配合,包括银离子,而该配合的银离子可被减小成银纳米颗粒。银离子和银纳米颗粒都是具有高抗菌功效的抗菌剂。
e.其它实施例
填充床色谱和其他分离技术的一个很有希望的替代方案,是使用本发明所述的作为选择性吸附膜的混合纳米纤维毡。这种类型的吸附,利用纳米纤维毡作为配体支撑,所述配体被用于选择性吸附过程中。
选择性吸附涉及所述混合纳米纤维毡的“活性”表面功能化,其允许目标物质的直接捕获(吸附)。如果混合纳米纤维毡在它们的表面包括化学基团,其为相对简单的化学改性,那么为了提供吸附位点的此类改进得以简化。
为了离子交换和疏水相互作用的功能,不同于改性纳米级纤维的表面,掺入亲和配体到纳米纤维更富挑战性。通常,所述过程需要首先进行表面改性处理,以创建偶合部位,用于配体的固定化,随后附着配体至活性位点。重要的是,初始表面改性和配体的耦合在处理过程中应当是坚固的从而不渗出。
在某些情况下,来自接枝甲基丙烯酸的至所述表面的简单羧基,通过在官能化羧基和一个在蛋白质配体上的裸露的胺基之间创建一个共价酰胺键,可以作为活性偶合部位。类似地,纤维素的强氧化性(如果控制得当)可以提供醛基到纤维表面上,这样就能够形成一个共价连接到蛋白质的伯胺(包括蛋白质A和蛋白质G);特别是通过氨基酸赖氨酸。
在其他情况下,具有一般染色亲和力的表面功能化(例如,活性蓝,能够结合一些蛋白质)可以直接耦合到一个纤维素纳米纤维。
更巧妙的是,用于蛋白质配体固定化的生物活性位点,在纳米毡构件期间,可以结合到纳米纤维骨架中。这样的一个例子是:使用聚乙二醇(PEG)和聚(D,L-)乳酸(PDLLA)作为一种嵌段共聚物。在静电纺丝后所述乙二醇能与生物胞素相结合(能够与链霉融合蛋白进行亲和相互作用),以创建一种亲和纳米纤维。类似地,一种聚己内酯(PCL)与聚(D,L-乳酸-共-乙醇酸)-b-PEG-NH2(PLGAB-PEF-NH2)双嵌段共聚物可被创建出来,包含有表面胺化的纳米纤维,使用同型双功能偶联剂用于与蛋白质耦合。最后,在一些情况下,有可能使用与某些纳米纤维基质有关的内在活性位点。例如,耦合刀豆蛋白A(用于与乙二醇蛋白和/或其他二醇偶联物相关联的外源凝集素的亲和标记物,)至基于壳聚糖的纳米纤维已经取得了成功。
用于连接特定的配体至纤维素的为基础的化合物和/或合成的聚合物的其它技术,在化学领域中是已知的。
基于尺寸的分离
作为吸附的正交净化机制,基于尺寸的分离也经常被使用于下游的生物处理工艺中。深度过滤和微滤是用于发酵液的澄清的通用操作,在这里,细胞(大约1-20μm)和细胞碎片(0.1-1μm)从生物反应器浆料中被除去。使用膜的纳滤被用于病毒清除和/或20-200纳米的病毒颗粒净化,而超滤通常是用于浓缩和纯化蛋白质的。在任何情况下,分离介质的若干特点是所需的:第一,一个定义良好的尺寸截断期望获得严格控制的分离;第二,进行高通量处理需要高孔隙率的材料,为了最大限度地减少操作时间而没有过多的压力要求和/或膜面积要求;第三,化学和物理耐用性对于苛刻的清洗条件和在中等压力下的操作是满足需要的。纳米纤维毡,由于其可从机械和化学强纤维中被大量廉价地生产出来,并且具有纤维之间(或者作为中空纤维)控制良好的孔径,其作为一种先进的基于尺寸的分离介质,提供了巨大的机遇。聚合物纳米纤维,在一般情况下,表现出最少量的非特异性的结合,然而可能会比碳和陶瓷纤维遭受较少的化学稳健性。陶瓷纤维遭受到易碎的问题,并且具有大量的非特异性吸附伴随着结垢的生物量/生物颗粒的潜力,但可以承受恶劣的再生条件。
迄今为止,用于基于尺寸分离的纳米纤维网格,主要见于通过深度过滤机制进行纳米和微米级的生物颗粒(或替代物)的分离。在过滤垫内的纳米纤维的提升的比表面积,提供了一个更曲折的路径和更大的机会以从溶液中拦截所需的颗粒,同时保持高孔隙率。聚合物、碳和陶瓷纳米纤维都已经完成了评价,并且都能够从混合物中分离出所需的颗粒尺寸,同时保持高通量。特别是,由聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和尼龙6制成静电纺丝纳米纤维,能够除去0.5-10μm的聚苯乙烯颗粒。陶瓷纳米纤维网格有可能被使用得最为广泛。一个例子表明,大型钛酸盐纳米纤维与较小的勃姆石纳米纤维的结合,能够得到非常高的通量(1000L/m2.h),具有相对低的压力驱动力(20kPa),并且能够从溶液中除去几乎所有的大于60nm的颗粒。应当指出的是,微滤和纳滤的深度过滤的许多应用也依靠化学吸附颗粒至表面,纳米纤维很容易能够被制造,以特异性吸附所需的杂质。
纳米毡构建/配置
通过利用直径在亚微米至纳米范围(1-1000nm,称为“纳米纤维”毡)的纤维,在一个用于潜在结合的给定的床容积内的有效表面积将大大增加,至多达两个数量级。通过对纳米纤维毡的孔径的控制,压力降和流体力学流动特性也可以被控制并被制成为与微纤维毡一样高效。
此外,在毛毡纤维间的所述孔径通常具有精密的孔径分布(超过90%的纳米纤维落入100nm至500nm的范围内),以阻止沟流并仅截留那些大于所需尺寸的物质,用于过滤操作。最后,所述纳米纤维毡通常具有的机械强度足以在可能很高压力降(高达100psi)和高流速(通量值超过30L/(min.m2))的条件下操作,并且具有的化学稳健性足以耐受潜在的刺激性清洁方案(通常包括强酸强碱和有机溶剂)而没有分崩离析。
在一个实施例中,所述纳米纤维毡包含一种复合纳米纤维(一种衍生纤维素聚合物和一种非纤维素的聚合物)和一种单组分纳米纤维(非纤维素类聚合物)。然而,如上所述,本发明所述的混合纳米毡可以由各种聚合物和纳米纤维的组合形成。这些的实例包括,例如:
一种复合纳米纤维毡,其中,在毛毡中的所有纳米纤维由单一品种的复合纳米纤维组成,该复合纳米纤维由一种骨架聚合物和第一非纤维素聚合物的共挤混合物制成。
一种纳米纤维毡,包含至少两种不同的单组分纳米纤维。
一种纳米纤维毡,包含至少一种单组分纳米纤维和至少一种复合纳米纤维。
除了上述纳米毡构造以外,本发明所述的纳米毡还可以包括微纤维以增加稳定性、强度,并以调整毡的其它物理特性,用于在特定应用中的使用。当与单组分纳米纤维毡相比较时,本发明所述的混合纳米纤维毡表现出了以下示范性改进的特性:
表1
实施例
实施例1:醋酸纤维素单组分纳米纤维毡的现有技术方法制备
一种醋酸纤维素单组分纳米纤维毡被以下述描述制成:膜研究手册.第三章,ApplicationsofElectrospunNanofiberMembranesorBioseparations,ToddJ.Menkhaus,etal,NovaSciencePublishers.Inc.,editedbyStephanV.Gorley。醋酸纤维素(平均分子量为~30,000g/mol),NaOH,NaCl,丙酮,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺购买自Sigma-AIdrichCo.(Milwaukee,WI)。98%纯度的2-二乙氨基乙基氯盐酸盐购买自AlfaAesarCo.(WardHill,MA)。
一种具有15%质量分数的醋酸纤维素丙酮/DMAC(溶剂质量比为2/1)溶液在室温下被制备。该溶液被加入到注射器中。所述静电纺丝的设置包括一个高压电源和实验室生产的辊。在静电纺丝期间,一个正的15kV高压被施加到针上,并且使用注射泵维持所述流量为1.0mL/h。醋酸纤维素纳米纤维作为随机重叠毡在电气接地铝箔上被收集,所述铝箔覆盖着辊。在静电纺丝期间,一个加热灯被用来干燥所述纳米纤维毡,并且在静电纺丝之后,该织物在真空烘箱中被进一步干燥。总体而言,所述静电纺丝过程相对不稳定,在约2个小时的间隔中具有频繁的中断。所收集的醋酸纤维素纳米纤维毡具有大约225μm的厚度和约60g/m2的单位面积质量。
所述作为静电纺丝醋酸纤维素纳米纤维毡首先通过浸没在0.05MNaOH水溶液中24小时,进行水解/脱乙酰化。被称作再生纤维素纳米纤维毡的产品,随后在蒸馏水中漂洗三次并在60℃下于真空烘箱中干燥。将所述样品在15%质量分数的DAECH水溶液中浸没10分钟,随后在60℃下干燥。此后,在90℃下,所述样品被置于0.5MNaOH水溶液中浸没10分钟。将所述样品用蒸馏水漂洗3次,并在60℃下干燥,以得到DEAE阴离子交换纤维素的纳米纤维毡。
实施例2:CA/PEO复合纳米纤维和PAN单组分纳米纤维的混合纳米纤维毡的制备
醋酸纤维素(CA),聚环氧乙烷(PEO),氯仿(CHCl3),二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),聚丙烯腈(PAN),以及N,N-二乙基氯乙胺购买自Sigma-AldrichCo.(Milwaukee,WI)。
所述PAN和CA+PEO的纺丝原液是分开制备的。简单地说,为了制备PAN纺丝原液,所述PAN被溶解于DMF,使其成为溶液。为了CA+PEO纺丝原液,将CA+PEO和N,N-二乙基氯乙胺溶于CHCl3/DMF完成制备。
在静电纺丝过程中,装有PAN或CA+PEO的纺丝原液的两个注射器被放置在实验室所生产的辊的相对侧,总的来说,静电纺丝过程非常稳定并且可持续长时间(>48小时),而包含CA+PEO复合纳米纤维和PAN纳米纤维(无论是自支撑的还是受支撑的医疗级纯棉纱布)的该静电纺丝混合纳米纤维垫被收集在该电气接地铝箔上,该铝箔覆盖着上述辊。
所述作为电纺丝CA+PEO+PAN混合纳米纤维垫随后被退火处理24小时,以完成CA和PEO的相分散。之后,所述垫子通过浸没在NaOH水溶液中24小时以进行水解/脱乙酰化。所得的混合纳米纤维垫包含再生纤维素纳米纤维和PAN纳米纤维,用蒸馏水漂洗并被干燥。
实施例3:CA/PVP复合纳米纤维和PAN单组分纳米纤维的混合纳米纤维毡的制备
醋酸纤维素(CA),聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),氯仿(CHCl3),二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),聚丙烯腈(PAN),以及N,N-二乙基氯乙胺购买自Sigma-AldrichCo.(Milwaukee,WI)。
所述PAN和CA+PVP的纺丝原液是分开制备的。简单地说,为了制备PAN纺丝原液,所述PAN被溶解于DMF,使其成为溶液。为了CA+PEO纺丝原液,将CA+PVP和N,N-二乙基氯乙胺溶于CHCl3/DMF完成制备。
在静电纺丝过程中,装有PAN或CA+PVP的纺丝原液的两个注射器被放置在实验室所生产的辊的相对侧。总的来说,静电纺丝过程非常稳定并且可持续长时间(>48小时),而包含CA+PVP复合纳米纤维和PAN纳米纤维(无论是自支撑的还是受支撑的医疗级纯棉纱布)的该静电纺丝混合纳米纤维垫被收集在该电气接地铝箔上,该铝箔覆盖着上述辊。
所述作为电纺丝CA+PVP+PAN混合纳米纤维垫随后被退火处理24小时,以完成CA和PVP的相分散。之后,所述垫子通过浸没在NaOH水溶液中24小时以进行水解/脱乙酰化;该过程也会将PVP溶解或将PVP从垫子上去除。所得的混合纳米纤维垫包含再生纤维素纳米纤维和PAN纳米纤维,用蒸馏水漂洗并被干燥。
实施例4:CA/PEO复合纳米纤维和尼龙6单组分纳米纤维的混合纳米纤维毡的制备
醋酸纤维素(CA),聚环氧乙烷(PEO),氯仿(CHCl3),六氟异丙醇(HFIP),尼龙6,以及N,N-二乙基氯乙胺购买自Sigma-AldrichCo.(Milwaukee,WI)。
所述尼龙6和CA+PEO的纺丝原液是分开制备的。简单地说,为了制备尼龙6纺丝原液,所述聚合物被溶解于HFIP,使其成为溶液。为了CA+PEO纺丝原液,将CA+PEO和N,N-二乙基氯乙胺溶于CHCl3/DMF完成制备。
在静电纺丝过程中,装有尼龙6或CA+PEO的纺丝原液的两个注射器被放置在实验室所生产的辊的相对侧。总的来说,静电纺丝过程非常稳定并且可持续长时间(>48小时),而包含CA+PEO复合纳米纤维和尼龙6纳米纤维(无论是自支撑的还是受支撑的医疗级纯棉纱布)的该静电纺丝混合纳米纤维垫被收集在该电气接地铝箔上,该铝箔覆盖着上述辊。
所述作为电纺丝CA+PEO+尼龙6混合纳米纤维垫随后被退火处理24小时,以完成CA和PEO的相分散。之后,所述垫子通过浸没在NaOH水溶液中24小时以进行水解/脱乙酰化。该过程也会将PEO溶解或将PEO从垫子上去除。所得的混合纳米纤维垫包含再生纤维素纳米纤维和尼龙6纳米纤维,用蒸馏水漂洗并被干燥。
实施例5:CA/FVP复合纳米纤维和尼龙6单组分纳米纤维的混合纳米纤维毡的制备
醋酸纤维素(CA),聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),氯仿(CHCl3),六氟异丙醇(HFIP),尼龙6,以及N,N-二乙基氯乙胺购买自Sigma-AldrichCo.(Milwaukee,WI)。
所述尼龙6和CA+PVP的纺丝原液是分开制备的。简单地说,为了制备尼龙6纺丝原液,所述尼龙6被溶解于HFIP,使其成为溶液。为了CA+PEO纺丝原液,将CA+PVP和N,N-二乙基氯乙胺溶于CHCl3/DMF完成制备。
在静电纺丝过程中,装有尼龙6或CA+PVP的纺丝原液的两个注射器被放置在实验室所生产的辊的相对侧。总的来说,静电纺丝过程非常稳定并且可持续长时间(>48小时),而包含CA+PVP复合纳米纤维和尼龙6纳米纤维(无论是自支撑的还是受支撑的医疗级纯棉纱布)的该静电纺丝混合纳米纤维垫被收集在该电气接地铝箔上,该铝箔覆盖着上述辊。
所述作为电纺丝CA+PVP+尼龙6混合纳米纤维垫随后被退火处理24小时,以完成CA和PVP的相分散。之后,所述垫子通过浸没在NaOH水溶液中24小时以进行水解/脱乙酰化。该过程也会将PVP溶解或将PVP从垫子上去除。所得的混合纳米纤维垫包含再生纤维素纳米纤维和尼龙6纳米纤维,用蒸馏水漂洗并被干燥。
实施例6:单组分和混合纳米纤维毡的性能评估
单组分纳米纤维垫(实施例1)和混合纳米纤维垫(实施例2-6)的间歇吸附,动态吸附,流动分散性和渗透性研究结果,是与市售再生纤维素吸附膜和棉花球进行比较后得到的。所述市售纤维素膜和棉花球经历了同样的后静电纺丝处理,在测试之前,作为单组分纳米纤维毡和混合纳米纤维毡。
间歇吸附被完成以测定Langmuir平衡吸附等温线。为了批量分析,将单组分毡,混合毡,市售纤维素和棉花球用缓冲液冲洗,切成约1平方厘米的单个小块,并称重。对于每一个介质,10个单个小块(100mg)随后被置于15mL离心管中。靶蛋白的储液被配置为2.0mg/ml,通过混合已知质量的冻干蛋白与缓冲液。储液和缓冲液的适当组合被加入到含有切断毡块、市售纤维素膜或棉花球的每个试管中,以在每根试管中提供14mL的最终体积,并提供初始蛋白质浓度在0.0mg/mL至2.0mg/mL的蛋白质。来自每个不同的初始蛋白质浓度的1.0mL液体样品立即被取样,并在280nm进行紫外吸光度测量。然后将样品被放置在竖转式混合机中,以约40转每分钟(rpm)的速度旋转。至少混合24小时候,来自每个样品的液体被移除,并且该蛋白质浓度由UV-280-nm的吸光度测定,使用了商购自theThermoElectronCorporation(Madison,WI)的Gencsys10紫外分光光度仪。被吸附到毡的蛋白质可通过差值计算出来。一根管子也是由2.0mg/mL蛋白质制备,并且没有毡以评估吸附到管表面的蛋白质的电位。没有发现任何在管表面的吸附。同样地,对照组被进行监测以评价浸出化学品的电位,可能有助于UV-280-nm的吸光度,以及蛋白的非特异性结合到非衍生膜(随后用NaOH用再生)。没有观察到任何样品的浸出或非特异性结合。Langmuir吸附等温线随后被制备,而建模常数(Qmax和3/4)由最小二乘法回归拟合到方程确定:
Q = Q max C K d + C
其中,Q是蛋白质至所述膜的吸附平衡浓度(mg/g),Qmax为渐近最大饱和容量,C为蛋白质的液相平衡浓度(mg/mL),而Kd为脱附常数(mg/mL)。高Q值和低3/4值是高效吸附过程的指标。接下来为吸附分析,所述液体被倾析出,并且该毡用14mL的缓冲液混合洗涤一小时。除去洗涤液后,向试管中加入具有1M氯化钠的缓冲液,混合1小时,而液体样品用于蛋白质浓度的测定,通过UV-280-nm的吸光度。在本研究的吸附阶段,洗脱百分比基于发现的结合量被计算出来。
结果见下表2,可见,电纺丝的混合纳米纤维毡具有最高容量,接着是单组分纤维素纳米纤维毡。在所有平衡液相浓度中,基于纳米纤维的吸附材料都要比任何商购的基于纤维素的吸附介质,具有显著更高的饱和容量。再生纤维素微纤维毡和棉花球,具有最低的结合能力。高比表面积结合唯一的纳米纤维毡的形态,归因于提升的结合能力。在任何情况下,蛋白质的定量洗脱都能完成。
表2:静态结合结果
样品介质 Qmax mg/g Kd(mg/mL)
混合纳米纤维毡 168 0.31
单组分纳米纤维毡 40.0 0.30
市售纤维素膜 33.5 0.54
再生纤维素微纤维毡 14.5 0.31
棉花球 15.5 0.82
通过单组分和混合纳米纤维毡的缓冲液的渗透率,和市售再生纤维素吸附膜进行测量。较大的渗透率值表明用更高的通量运行的能力(更快的处理时间),和/或较低的压力;这两种性能为制造工艺提供了显著的益处。一个小规模的“硬币”膜吸附支架被用于全部实验。该装置允许大约1.5cm2的有效过滤面积,并且其被O型圈密封,以阻止泄漏。开始,具有膜支架在现场却没有膜出现的,该系统的压力降仅以流量被评价,所述流量为2.0mL/min至30.0mL/min。然后,各纳米纤维毡膜层或各市售膜层被相继加入到所述装置,同时测量不同流速下的压力降。对各毡/膜的一,三,五,七,九层进行了评价。该系统的压力降从测得的具有毡/膜在场的压力降中被减去,以计算出各个流量下的毡膜的渗透率,至少5个流量和相应的压力读数由每个不同数目的层被制成。
如下表3所示,通过所述堆叠的混合纳米纤维毡的缓冲液的渗透率显著高于单组分毡,而单组分纳米纤维的渗透率下跌比相应的商购的再生纤维素样品的渗透率下跌高出至少5倍。另外,为了对比,
琼脂快速流动的15cm的填充床被生产商所报道说,具有大约7L/(min.m2105Pa),这类似于官能化的商业膜,但是要比纳米毡低得多。
表3:渗透率(L/(min.m2105Pa))
层数 混合纳米纤维毡 单组分纳米纤维毡 商购的再生纤维素膜
1 1200(±110) 801(±75) 148(±18)
3 977(±76) 563(±44) 92(±11)
5 627(±47) 451(±21) 32(±1)
7 318(±23) 76(±6) 19(±1)
9 未检测 35(±2) 7(±1)
系统分散分析被用于混合和单组分纳米纤维毡以及商购的再生纤维素吸附膜,以测定就地具有不同数目层的轴向混合的程度。更少的轴向混合(更好的流量分散)对于吸附过程中的最小化沟流和预成熟突破口是所需的。为了渗透率分析,同样的布置被用于系统分散测试,除了在整个过程中维持在1.0mL/min的流量。
用缓冲液平衡层叠的毡/膜后,缓冲液中的1%(体积分数)的丙酮溶液被加入到该系统中。在UV-280-nm的在线吸光度被监测到,而对该生成的曲线进行分析,以计算出皮克列数(Pe),通过最小二乘法拟合方程:
C o u t C i n = 1 2 { 1 + e r f [ ( P e ) 1 / 2 ( V - V 50 ) 2 ( VV 50 ) 1 / 2 ] }
其中,Cout为流出物280-nm的吸光度,Cin为流入物280-nm的吸光度,V为被加入的丙酮溶液的体积,以及V50为Cout/Cin=0.50时的体积。更大的Pe值被用以表示的作为一个更接近于活塞流的理想性质(更少的轴向混合和更好的流量分散)。
下面的表4,总结了测得的对于不同数目的混合的和单组分纳米纤维毡的层以及商购的再生纤维素毡/膜的层的Pe数结果。结果表明,此研究中生产出的所述纳米纤维毡具有旗鼓相当的流体力学特性。
表4:系统分散结果
当在流动条件下被操作时,动态突破分析被完成以评估吸附效率。高容量低%突破口将表示一个更有效的吸附材料。根据制造商的建议,动态突破试验通过使用PallMustang硬币保持器完成。所述纳米纤维毡或所述商购膜的九层被用于该分析中。所有试验均使用了AKTA净化器(GEHealthcare.Piscataway.NJ),以及UV-280-nm的吸光度、pH、导电率的在线检测,并被Unicornsoftware5.01版所控制。碎块由系统以0.60mL(约2床层体积)分装自动收集。最少10床层体积被用于平衡。逐步洗脱至100%缓冲液B(加入了1.0M的NaCl的平衡缓冲液)被用于每个实验中。对于所有的动态突破测试,将流速保持在1.0mL/min。在1.5mg/mL缓冲液中制备的蛋白质存储被加载,直到实现了100%的突破。在脱附前,该垫子随后被用缓冲液清洗至少10床的体积。所有的洗脱液(加载、清洗和洗脱时的流出液)都被收集,称重以确定体积,并通过UV-280-nm吸光度分析其蛋白质浓度。然后基于该过程中的装载体积和所有收集的碎块,该蛋白质量平衡被计算出来。
对于任何吸附系统的最终实际评估,是动态突破分析,其为平衡结合能力、吸附动力学、以及系统分散的结合。这也是一种能力的直接应用,用于流经的操作模式,其中,所结合的分子不需要被选择性地从其它杂质中洗脱。
下表5显示了纳米纤维毡上的10%突破的蛋白质和商购的再生纤维素吸附膜的动态结合容量。混合纳米纤维毡的动态容量是相当高的,相比于任何其它被评估的吸附介质。此外,洗脱结果表明实验误差范围内,对于每个吸附系统而言,蛋白质的洗脱已完成,而整体质量平衡显示没有损失。
表5:动态结合结果
样品介质 10%突破容量(mg/g)
混合纳米纤维毡 122
单组分纳米纤维毡 26.9
商购的纤维素膜 20.9
再生纤维素微纤维毡 未检测
棉花球 未检测
以上对本发明的具体实施例进行了详细描述,但是,其只是作为范例,本发明并不限制于以上描述的具体实施例。对于本领域技术人员而言,任何对本发明进行的等同修改和替代也都在本发明的范畴之中。因此,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围下所作的均等变换和修改,都应涵盖在本发明的范围内。

Claims (21)

1.一种静电纺丝混合纳米纤维毡,包含一种复合纳米纤维和一种单组分纳米纤维;其中,所述复合纳米纤维包括衍生纤维素与一种第一非纤维素类聚合物的混合物;其中,所述单组分纳米纤维包括一种第二非纤维素类聚合物;其中,所述第一和第二非纤维素类聚合物是可区别地从所述纳米纤维毡上移除的。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述衍生纤维素选自以下组,包括:纤维素的有机酸酯,纤维素的无机酸酯,烷基纤维素。
3.根据权利要求2所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述衍生纤维素包括一种纤维素的有机酸酯,选自以下组,包括:醋酸纤维素,三醋酸纤维素和丙酸纤维素。
4.根据权利要求2所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述衍生纤维素包括一种纤维素无机酸酯,选自以下组,包括:硝酸纤维素和硫酸纤维素。
5.根据权利要求2所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述衍生纤维素包括一种烷基纤维素,选自以下组,包括:羟乙基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素。
6.根据权利要求1所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述第一非纤维素类聚合物包含一种合成聚合物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述合成聚合物选自以下组,包括:乙烯基聚合物,聚醚,丙烯酸类聚合物,聚酯,聚碳酸酯和聚氨酯。
8.根据权利要求1所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述第一非纤维素类聚合物包含一种天然聚合物。
9.根据权利要求8所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述天然聚合物选自以下组,包括:多糖,聚酰胺,和聚乳酸。
10.根据权利要求9所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述天然聚合物为一种多糖,选自以下组,包括:淀粉和甲壳素。
11.根据权利要求9所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述天然聚合物是一种聚酰胺,选自以下组,包括:蛋白质和明胶。
12.根据权利要求1所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述第二非纤维素类聚合物包含一种合成聚合物。
13.根据权利要求12所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述合成聚合物选自以下组,包括:乙烯基聚合物,聚酰胺,聚酰亚胺和聚酯。
14.根据权利要求6所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述第一非纤维素类聚合物是一种共聚物。
15.根据权利要求12所述的纳米纤维毡,其中,所述第二非纤维素类聚合物是一种共聚物。
16.一种制备权利要求1所述的纳米纤维毡的静电纺丝方法,包含以下步骤:
(1)分别制备复合聚合物纺丝原液和单组分聚合物纺丝原液;
(2)放置所述纺丝原液至两个不同的喷丝头;
(3)用电极把电压施加到各纺丝原液;
(4)从喷丝头分别电纺复合的和单组分的纳米纤维;以及
(5)收集固化纳米纤维作为一种随机覆盖或部分对准的纳米纤维毡。
17.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括步骤:将所述衍生纤维素转化成纤维素。
18.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括步骤:在所述纳米纤维毡中,从所述复合纳米纤维上除去所述第一非纤维素类聚合物的至少一部分。
19.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括步骤:在所述纳米纤维毡中,对一个或多个纳米纤维进行表面功能化。
20.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中,所述表面功能化包含亲和配体的附着。
21.一种从液体中纯化生物分子的方法,包括步骤:
(1)根据权利要求14制备一种纳米纤维毡;
(2)使所述液体流经所述纳米纤维毡;并且
(3)从所述纳米纤维毡中回收所述生物分子。
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