CN104507458A - 粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒递送系统 - Google Patents
粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒递送系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104507458A CN104507458A CN201380040130.1A CN201380040130A CN104507458A CN 104507458 A CN104507458 A CN 104507458A CN 201380040130 A CN201380040130 A CN 201380040130A CN 104507458 A CN104507458 A CN 104507458A
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Abstract
本申请一般地涉及粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒递送系统。以纳米颗粒的表面涂布靶向部分的方式由缀合至粘膜靶向部分的两亲性大分子形成纳米颗粒。可调节靶向部分的表面密度,以调节纳米颗粒对粘膜位点的靶向,而基本上不损害颗粒的稳定性。发现颗粒在粘膜位点具有高的载荷效率和持续释放性能。本公开还涉及用于制备粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒的聚合物和大分子,以及涉及其的组合物、方法、商业包装、试剂盒和用途。
Description
交叉引用相关申请
本申请要求于2012年6月20号提交的美国临时专利申请号61/690,127的优先权的权益,其通过引用以其整体并入本文。
技术领域
本公开一般地涉及粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒递送系统。可调整纳米颗粒用于纳米颗粒在粘膜位点处的控制靶向和粘附而基本上不损害颗粒的稳定性。本公开还涉及用于制备纳米颗粒的组分,以及与其相关的组合物、方法、工艺、商业包装、试剂盒和用途。
背景技术
控制释放活性成分地将药物递送至患者已经成为几十年来积极研究的领域,并且被聚合物科学中许多近期研究所推动。控制释放聚合物系统可以设计为在比其他药物递送方法在更长的期间提供最佳范围内的药物水平,因此增加药物的药效并使患者的服从性的问题最小化。
纳米医学—纳米科技与医学的融合—是最有希望解决与传统药物递送方法相关的挑战的方法。在过去几十年中,由聚合物纳米颗粒(NP)构建的药物递送系统已经成为纳米医学领域中进步的基石。已研究各种类型的聚合物材料用于NP药物递送应用。
PLGA–PEG是用于制备生物可降解药物递送系统的最广泛使用的聚合物。PLGA–PEG嵌段共聚物的自组装一般产生尺寸大于150nm的NP(Karnik,2008)。虽然可以合成较小的颗粒,但是它们一般具有低的药物封装和快速药物释放(Karnik,2008)。本发明的发明人报道了发现PLGA-PEG中典型的最大载药量为7.1wt/wt%(Verma,2012,通过引用以其整体并入本文)。其它PEG基聚合物显示从4.3wt/wt%至11.2wt/wt%的载药量(Shuai,2004;He,2010;Missirlis,2006)。
已经研究了纳米颗粒作为在小分子药物以及蛋白质和肽药物与核酸的给药中使用的持续释放载体。药物通常包封在可生物降解和生物相容的聚合物基体中。随着聚合物降解和/或药物扩散出聚合物,药物释放到身体中。典型地,制备这些颗粒时使用的聚合物是聚酯如聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(PLGA)、聚乙醇酸、聚-β-羟基丁酯、聚丙烯酸酯等。这些颗粒也可保护药物不在身体中降解。此外,可使用各种给药途径给药这些颗粒。例如在美国专利号2011/0300219中已经公开了用于合成纳米颗粒药物载体的各种类型的材料。例如在美国专利号2010/0203142中已经公开了用于靶向递送的两亲性化合物辅助纳米颗粒。
期望靶向控制释放聚合物系统(例如靶向特定组织或细胞类型或靶向特异性疾病组织而非正常组织)。其可增强在靶向位点的药物效果并减少不靶向的身体组织中存在的药物的量。因此,利用有效的药物靶向,可以减少给药以治疗特定疾病或病症的药物的量,并且还可减少不期望的副作用。
通过递送治疗剂通过粘膜组织可获得各种益处。例如,粘膜递送一般是非侵入性的,从而避免了静脉内、肌肉内或皮下递送方式的不舒适方面。施加治疗剂至粘膜组织也可通过循环免疫细胞而减少首过代谢和间隙的影响。然而,考虑到自然体液趋于从给药位点清除施加的治疗剂,给药治疗剂至粘膜位点如眼睛、鼻子、嘴、胃、肠、直肠、阴道或肺等可能是有问题的。
局部给药是用于治疗感染眼睛的疾病和病症(例如角膜疾病)的最常见的递送方法。由于通过鼻泪管快速排入,被眼泪翻转接近恒定的稀释以及低的穿过角膜上皮的药物渗透性,常用的局部制剂,如滴眼剂或药膏,具有低的眼部生物利用度。结果,局部制剂通常每天给药多次以便获得治疗效果,导致更多潜在的副作用和更低的患者服从性。
最近,已经提出使用NP作为药物载体的制剂,以克服与局部给药方法相关的限制。已经显示NP载体改善药物在水中的稳定性,并且也通过以控制方式释放封装的化合物而延长药物活性(Ludwig,2005;Nagarwal 2009;Liu,2012)。使用生物可降解聚合物(例如聚(乳酸-共-乙醇酸)(PLGA))制成的NP已经测试用于眼部局部药物递送应用(Diebold,1990;Zimmer,1995)。由于其改善药物载体系统在生理学环境中的稳定性的能力,聚乙二醇基NP已经吸引了大量的关注(Bazile,1995;Dhar,2008;Dong,2007;Esmaeili,2008)。
已经探索了表面官能化NP药物递送系统的合成。为了获得粘膜粘附,合成通常要求两个阶段的合成,其中第一阶段涉及形成NP,而第二阶段涉及配体在这些NP的表面上的的结合。最近,新的技术展示了使用一步合成法形成靶向NP,其中可一步完成形成NP和表面官能化(美国专利号8,323,698,通过引用并入本文)。该技术特别用于需要最小靶向配体的应用,例如,用于全身弹丸注射,其中必须控制在表面上靶向配体的数个以使全身的免疫原性最小化。当使用一步法形成纳米颗粒时,可在纳米颗粒的核内检测到靶向配体。因此,当期望最大靶向时,该方法可能是不理想的。
已经用可以选择性结合至眼部粘膜的分子配体官能化聚合物NP的表面,以增加角膜前药物保留(du Toit,2011;Khutoryanskiy,2011;Shaikh,2011)。迄今,最广泛使用获得粘膜粘附的方法利用在角膜粘蛋白的带负电的唾液酸部分和阳离子聚合物(例如壳聚糖)之间的静电相互作用(Sogias,2008)。然而,泪液中的各种反离子可阻碍静电相互作用,导致这些NP被泪液翻转清除。
过去已经提出了很多分子靶向基团用于靶向人类粘膜内衬(lining):于2011年12月8日提交的标题为“pH-sensitive mucoadhesive film-forming gels and wax-filmcomposites suitable for topical and mucosal delivery of molecules”的美国专利7,803,392B2;于2005年9月8日提交的标题为“Mucoadhesive drug delivery devices and methodsof making and using thereof”的美国专利2005/0196440;于2005年12月22日提交的标题为“Mucoadhesive and bioadhesive polymers”的美国专利2005/0281775;于2008年12月11日提交的标题为“Mucoadhesive vesicles for drug delivery”的EP 2167044A1;于2009年9月17日提交的标题为“Mucoadhesive nanocomposite delivery system”的WO 2005/117844;于2010年2月18日提交的标题为“Bi-functional co-polymer use forophthalmic and other topical and local applications”的WO 2010/096558;于2012年7月30日提交的标题为“Enteric-coated capsule containing cationic nanoparticles for oralinsulin delivery”的美国专利2013/0034602;于2011年4月15日提交的标题为“Nanoparticles comprising half esters of poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride)and uses thereof”的EP专利2510930A1;于2007年10月26日提交的标题为“Mucoadhesive nanoparticles for cancer treatment”的美国专利8242165B2;于1992年5月29日提交的标题为“Pharmaceutical controlled-release composition with bioadhesiveproperties”的EP专利0516141B1;于1998年1月14日提交的标题为“Chitosan-gelatina microparticles”的WO 1998/030207A1;于2004年6月17日提交的标题为“Hyaluronicacid nanoparticles”的EP专利1652517B1;于2012年8月20日提交的标题为“Pharmaceuticle composition of nanoparticles”的美国专利8361439B1。然而,这些文件仅描述了与粘膜内衬经历物理相互作用(例如在阳离子壳聚糖材料与带负电的粘液层之间的静电相互作用)的粘膜粘合剂材料。物理相互作用的主要缺点是,相比于共价相互作用,其是非特异性的并且弱得多。
几个研究已经报道了具有共价结合至粘膜组织的潜力的分子靶向基团。已经报道含有苯基取代基和两个连接到硼的羟基的苯硼酸(PBA)在生理pH下与唾液酸的二醇基团形成缀合物(Matsumoto,2010;Matsumoto,2010;Matsumoto,2009)。可共价结合至粘膜的另一类分子是聚合物巯基聚合物(thiomer)(Ludwig,2005)。这些巯基聚合物能够与粘膜的富含半胱氨酸的子结构域形成共价二硫键(Khutoryanskiy,2010)。聚合物巯基聚合物的典型实例包括以下缀合物:聚丙烯酸/半胱氨酸(Gugg,2004)、壳聚糖/N-乙酰基半胱氨酸(Schmitz,2008)、藻酸盐/半胱氨酸(Bernkop-Schnurch,2008)、壳聚糖/巯基乙酸(Sakloetsakun,2009)和壳聚糖/巯基乙基脒(Kafedjiiski,2006)。最近的研究还建议具有丙烯酸酯末端基团的聚合物还能够通过迈克尔加成结合至粘膜的硫醇基部分(Davidovich-Pinhas and Bianco-Peled 2010)。研究表明,聚二丙烯酸乙二醇酯与新鲜提取的猪小肠粘蛋白的硫醇基在生理学条件下形成稳定的共价键,这使用NMR表征确认。
期望提供用于控制递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的靶向纳米颗粒递送系统。尤其期望提供改善的粘膜粘合剂递送系统,其可保留在粘膜位点持续足够的时间段,以提供有效载荷的持续释放。尤其期望能够调整该递送系统,以控制靶向和粘附的程度,而基本上不损害递送系统的稳定性。
发明内容
本公开一般地涉及粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒递送系统。
在第一方面,本公开提供用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子包括:疏水部分;包括多个官能部分的亲水部分;和粘膜靶向部分,其中,所述亲水部分上的至少一部分所述官能部分缀合至所属粘膜靶向部分。
在进一步的方面,本公开提供用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,所述纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子包括:疏水部分,包括选自聚交酯、聚乙交酯、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(ε-己内酯)或其组合的生物相容性聚合物;亲水部分,包括选自多糖、多核苷酸、多肽、或其组合的生物相容性聚合物,所述亲水部分包括多个官能部分;和选自苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物的粘膜靶向部分,其中,所述亲水部分的至少一部分所述官能部分缀合至所述粘膜靶向部分。
在进一步的实施方式中,提供了用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,所述纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子的每个包括:选自聚交酯、聚乙交酯、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(ε-己内酯)、或其组合的疏水生物相容性聚合物,所述疏水聚合物形成所述纳米颗粒的核;选自多糖、多核苷酸、多肽、或其组合的亲水生物相容性聚合物,具有多个官能部分,所述亲水部分形成所述纳米颗粒的壳;至少一部分官能部分缀合至选自苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物的粘膜靶向部分。
在进一步的实施方式中,提供了用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,所述纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子包括:包括聚交酯的疏水部分;具有多个官能部分的亲水部分,所述亲水部分包括葡聚糖;和为苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物的粘膜靶向部分,其中,所述亲水部分的至少一部分所述官能部分缀合至所述粘膜靶向部分。
在进一步的实施方式中,提供了用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,所述纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子的每个包括缀合至具有多个官能部分的亲水葡聚糖聚合物的疏水聚交酯聚合物,至少一部分所述官能部分缀合至苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物。
在进一步的实施方式中,提供了葡聚糖-p-PLA嵌段共聚物,其中,所述葡聚糖上至少一部分官能团缀合至能够在粘膜位点处与目标形成高亲和力结合的靶向部分。
在一些实施方式中,通过缀合所述聚交酯至葡聚糖以形成纳米颗粒而形成纳米颗粒,然后通过缀合至少一部分所述葡聚糖的官能部分至所述PBA衍生物以获得所述PBA衍生物的期望表面密度,来表面官能化所述纳米颗粒。
在一些实施方式中,通过缀合所述聚交酯至葡聚糖以形成纳米颗粒而形成纳米颗粒,然后使所述葡聚糖的官能部分与PBA反应,以使基本上所有PBA定位在壳内/纳米颗粒的表面上。
在一些实施方式中,所述纳米颗粒的核基本上不含靶向部分。
在另一方面,提供了药物组合物,包括如本文中限定的纳米颗粒组合物和药学上可接受的载体。
在另一方面,提供了用于递送有效载荷至粘膜表面的粘膜粘合剂递送系统,所述递送系统包括如本文中限定的纳米颗粒组合物、药学上可接受的载体和有效载荷。
在另一方面,提供了治疗或预防疾病或病症的方法,包括给药有效量的如本文中限定的纳米颗粒组合物或药物组合物给受试者。
在另一方面,提供了如本文中限定的纳米颗粒组合物或药物组合物用于治疗能够通过将治疗剂给药至粘膜位点而治疗的疾病的用途。
在另一方面,提供了如本文中所述的纳米颗粒组合物在制造用于治疗能够通过将治疗剂给药至粘膜位点而治疗的疾病的药物中的用途。
在另一方面,提供了如本文中所述的纳米颗粒组合物或药物组合物,用于治疗能够通过将治疗剂给药至粘膜位点而治疗的疾病。
在另一方面,提供了商业包装,包括如本文中所述的纳米颗粒组合物或药物组合物和用于治疗疾病的说明书。
在另一方面,提供了制备用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物的方法,所述方法包括:
a)制备包括亲水部分和疏水部分的两亲性大分子,所述亲水部分包括多个官能部分;b)在合适的条件下组装多个所述大分子,以形成具有疏水核和亲水壳的纳米颗粒;和c)缀合所述疏水部分上至少一部分所述官能部分至粘膜靶向部分,从而提供表面官能化的纳米颗粒。
在结合附图阅读了以下的具体实施方式的描述后,本公开的其它方面和特征对于本领域普通技术人员而言将是显而易见的。
附图说明
参考附图,现在将仅以实例的方式描述本公开的实施方式。
图1是在嵌段共聚物合成的各个步骤的NMR谱图:a)I.葡聚糖6kDa(D2O)、II.葡聚糖-NH-Et-NH-Boc(D2O)、III.葡聚糖-NH-Et-NH2(D2O)、IV.PLA 20kDa(DMSO-d6)、V.葡聚糖-Et-PLA或PLA20-Dex6(DMSO-d6)的质子NMR;b)嵌段共聚物I.PLA 20kDa、II.葡聚糖6kDa、III.确认葡聚糖和PLA的缀合的Dex-Et-PLA(PLA20-Dex6)的碳NMR。
图2显示葡聚糖-b-PLA NP的粒径和形态:a)PLA和葡聚糖的MW对用MW为10kDa(红色)、20kDa(绿色)和50kDa(蓝色)的PLA和MW为1.5kDa、6kDa和10kDa的葡聚糖由九种不同聚合物形成的NP的大小的影响。黑色条表示每种嵌段共聚物的粒径的标准偏差;b)PLA20-Dex6NP(比例尺为100nm)的TEM图像以展示纳米颗粒的球形形状。
图3是在NP中封装的药物的图:a)使用纳米沉淀的Dex-b-PLA和PLGA-PEGNP中的阿霉素封装效率,和b)相应载药量wt%。实心灰色柱是PLA20-Dex6NP,实心白色柱是PLA20-Dex10NP,具有对角线图案的柱是PLGA-PEG NP(n=3;平均值±S.D)。
图4是在37℃下PBS中进行的Dex-b-PLA和PLGA-PEG NP的体外阿霉素累积释放曲线的图。实心方形(■)是PLA20-Dex10,实心圆形(●)是PLA20-Dex6,实心三角形(▲)是PLGA-PEG NP(n=3;平均值±S.D)。
图5是血液中Dex-b-PLA和PLGA-PEG NP的浓度相对于理论给药剂量的溶血活性的图。绵羊红细胞中VBS用作阴性对照,去离子水用作阳性对照。实心灰色柱是PLA20-Dex6NP,实心白色柱是PLA20-Dex10NP,具有对角线图案的柱是PLGA-PEG NP(n=3;平均值±S.D)。
图6是图示以30mg/kg静脉注射给药大鼠的葡聚糖-b-PLA和PLGA-PEG NP药代动力学曲线的图。使用[3H]-PLA-放射性标记的纳米晶体监测血液中NP浓度。实心方形(■)是PLA20-Dex10,实心圆形(●)是PLA20-Dex6,实心三角形(▲)是PLGA-PEG NP(n=5,平均值±S.D)。
图7是图示注射后24小时大鼠中各个器官中的葡聚糖-b-PLA和PLGA-PEGNP的生物分布的图。实心灰色柱是PLA20-Dex6NP,实心白色柱是PLA20-Dex10NP,具有对角线图案的柱是PLGA-PEG NP(n=5,平均值±S.D)**:p<0.01。
图8是使用微粒在眼粘膜上进行粘膜粘附以规避清除机制如眼泪稀释和眼泪翻转的示意图。粘膜粘合剂遍及纳米颗粒载体的表面存在。
图9是PBA改性的葡聚糖-b-PLA NP粘膜粘附到在眼粘膜上存在的唾液酸残基上,以规避清除机制如眼泪稀释和眼泪翻转的示意图。
图10是在纳米颗粒的表面上具有变化的靶向部分的粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒的结构的示意图。多个靶向部分缀合至纳米颗粒的表面的位点的存在为靶向提供高度的可调性。
图11是显示使用两步法用PBA表面改性的NP一个实施方式的示意图:高碘酸盐氧化葡聚糖,和用PBA的胺基缀合氧化的葡聚糖上的醛基。
图12a说明1H NMR证实在Dex-b-PLA聚合物链上的存在PBA。图12b说明Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP的球形形态。
图13说明1H NMR证实在Dex-b-PLA聚合物链上存在半胱胺,这将在NP的表面上暴露硫醇基。
图14说明使用PAS染色法测量的用PBA表面改性之后Dex-b-PLA NP的增强的粘膜粘附性能。
图15和16说明Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP负载至多13.7wt/wt%的药物环孢霉素A的性能,以及其在体外实验中以持续的方式释放它们直至5天的性能。
图17说明Dex-b-PLA NP包封各种生物活性试剂的能力。将奥洛他定和阿霉素包封在Dex-b-PLA NP中。将多佐胺、布林唑胺和游霉素包封在Dex-b-PLA_PBANP中。
图18说明在体外实验中Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP以持续的方式释放多佐胺(用在治疗青光眼中)至多18小时的能力。NP能够负载至多2.8wt/wt%多佐胺。
图19说明Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP在体外实验中以持续的方式释放布林唑胺(用在治疗青光眼中)至多11天的能力。NP能够负载至多6.54wt/wt%布林唑胺。
图20说明Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP在体外实验中以持续的方式释放游霉素(用在治疗眼霉菌感染中)至多24小时的能力。NP能够负载至多3.88wt/wt%游霉素。
图21是纳米颗粒载体穿过泪液脂质层分离的示意图。
图22说明这些各种类型的纳米颗粒载体能够获得穿过泪液脂质层的高百分比部分。
图23说明示例性NP制剂的相容性,显示对于兔子的眼表面上没有短期毒性作用。通过每日裂隙灯检查使用7个不同的类别对在给药NP制剂一次后NP治疗的眼睛和对照眼睛(对侧的眼睛)进行分级(不舒适,结膜发红,结膜肿胀,眼睑肿胀,流出物,角膜混浊,和渗流)。级别显示,相较于对照眼睛,NP治疗的眼睛中的每个分类的严重性没有显著增加。
图24显示在给药兔子示例性NP制剂后一周角膜、球结膜和睑板部结膜的组织病理学分析。结果表明NP制剂后良好地保持了眼组织的结构和形态学,没有观察到发炎迹象。
图25说明了示例性NP制剂的相容性,显示在每周给药直至12周之后对于兔子的眼表面上没有长期毒性作用。通过裂隙灯检查使用7个不同的类别(不舒适、结膜发红、结膜肿胀、眼睑肿胀、流出物、角膜混浊和渗流)类似地评估NP治疗的眼睛和对照眼睛(对侧的眼睛)之间的眼表面的慢响应。级别显示,贯穿研究的持续期间,相较于对照眼睛,NP治疗的眼睛中的每个分类的严重性没有显著差别。
图26比较了在每周给药兔子含有封装环孢霉素A的NP的制剂之后NP药物治疗的眼睛和对照眼睛(对侧的眼睛)之间的眼表面的慢响应。通过每日裂隙灯检查直至4周获得7个不同类别的级别(不舒适、结膜发红、结膜肿胀、眼睑肿胀、流出物、角膜混浊和渗流)。级别显示,贯穿研究的持续期间,相较于对照眼睛,NP治疗的眼睛中的每个分类的严重性没有显著差别。
具体实施方式
一般而言,本公开涉及粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒递送系统。所述纳米颗粒由包括亲水部分和疏水部分的两亲性大分子(例如嵌段共聚物)形成。疏水部分包括多个能够缀合至靶向部分(例如粘膜靶向部分)的官能团。在水性环境中,亲水部分形成纳米颗粒的壳,提供可以通过以靶向部分的期望表面密度涂布纳米颗粒而官能化的表面。可调节纳米颗粒的大小和靶向部分的表面密度,而基本上不损害颗粒的稳定性。纳米颗粒用于递送各种有效载荷至受试者中的粘膜位点并且能够提供有效载荷的持续释放。纳米颗粒显示良好的负载能力和负载效率。
本公开还涉及用于制备粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒的组分,以及涉及其的组合物、方法、工艺、商业包装、试剂盒和用途。
大分子
本公开的纳米颗粒一般通过联合或组装两亲性大分子而形成。大分子由至少疏水部分和至少一个亲水部分组成。大分子可包括缀合至亲水聚合物的疏水聚合物。这种大分子能够自组装以根据本领域技术人员熟知的方法(包括纳米沉淀法)形成纳米颗粒。
如本文使用的“聚合物”是指包括通过共价键连接的一个或多个重复单元(例如单体)的分子结构。重复单元可以是相同的,或在一些情况中,可以在聚合物中存在多于一种类型的重复单元。聚合物可以从天然来源获得,或者其可化学合成。在一些情况中,聚合物是生物聚合物,如多糖、多肽或多核苷酸。生物聚合物可包括天然存在的单体或其衍生物或类似物,例如,衍生物或类似物包括改性的糖、核苷酸或氨基酸。本领域技术人员已知数种这样的改性。在一些情况中,聚合物是合成聚合物,如聚交酯(PLA)、聚乙交酯(PGA)或聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(PLGA)或聚(ε-己内酯)(PCL)。
如果在聚合物中存在多于一种类型的重复单元,那么该聚合物称为“共聚物”。可以以任何形式布置形成共聚物的重复单元。例如,重复单元可以以无规方式、以交替方式或以“嵌段”布置。如本文使用的,“嵌段共聚物”包括两者或多种不同的嵌段或区域,例如至少第一嵌段包括第一聚合物,并且第二嵌段包括第二聚合物。应当理解,在本上下文中,术语“第一”和“第二”不描述特定顺序或元素的数量,而仅是描述性的。嵌段共聚物可具有两个(“二嵌段共聚物”)、三个(“三嵌段共聚物”)或更多个不同的嵌段。
嵌段共聚物可化学合成或可以是聚合物缀合物。如本文使用的,“聚合物缀合物”描述通常通过共价连接两个或多个聚合物在一起而已经彼此连接的两个或多个聚合物。因此,聚合物缀合物可包括第一聚合物和第二聚合物,其已经缀合在一起以形成嵌段共聚物,其中第一聚合物是嵌段共聚物的第一嵌段,并且第二聚合物是嵌段共聚物的第二嵌段。当然,本领域普通技术人员将理解,在一些情况下,嵌段共聚物可包含多个嵌段的聚合物。例如,嵌段共聚物可包括第一嵌段—其包括第一聚合物,第二嵌段—其包括第二聚合物,以及第三嵌段—其包括第三聚合物或第一聚合物等。此外,应当注意,在一些情况中,嵌段共聚物也可以由其它嵌段共聚物形成。例如,第一嵌段共聚物可缀合至另一聚合物以形成含有多个类型的嵌段的新的嵌段共聚物。可通过本领域中已知的任何方式缀合聚合物,并且聚合物可任选地通过合适的连接部分而连接。
两亲性嵌段共聚物通常具有疏水部分和亲水部分,或至少相对亲水的部分和相对疏水的部分—当两部分相对于彼此考虑时。亲水聚合物是通常吸引水的种类,而疏水聚合物是通常排斥水的种类。例如,通过制备聚合物样品并测量其与水的接触角(通常,亲水聚合物具有小于60°的接触角,而疏水聚合物具有大于约60°的接触角),可以鉴别亲水或疏水聚合物。在一些情况下,可相对于彼此测量两种或多种聚合物的亲水性,即,第一聚合物可以比第二聚合物更亲水。
在一些实施方式中,大分子是包括疏水部分和亲水部分的共聚物。在一些实施方式中,大分子是包括第一亲水聚合物和第二疏水聚合物的二嵌段共聚物。这种结构通常用于形成用于将关注的疏水试剂封装在如在生理条件下的水性环境中的纳米颗粒,因为疏水部分将掩盖纳米颗粒的核区域中的疏水剂,而亲水部分将通过朝向水性环境定位而形成纳米颗粒的壳。
在一个实施方式中,大分子是葡聚糖-b-PLA(Dex-b-PLA)二嵌段共聚物,其可任选地在葡聚糖部分上被一个或多个靶向部分(例如粘膜靶向部分)官能化。
在一些实施方式中,大分子是包括第一亲水聚合物、第二疏水聚合物和第三亲水聚合物的三嵌段共聚物。这种结构通常用于形成将关注的亲水剂包封在如在生理条件下的水性环境中的纳米颗粒。
因为大分子将暴露于身体组织,优选大分子包括生物相容性聚合物,例如,当给药活的受试者时,聚合物不诱导显著的不利响应,例如,可以给药其而不引起明显的炎症、刺激和/或免疫系统的急性排斥反应。
在一些实施方式中,生物相容性聚合物是生物可降解的,例如,如当暴露于身体组织时,聚合物能够在生理环境中化学地和/或生物学地降解。例如,聚合物可以是当暴露于水时(例如,例如受试者内)自发地水解的种类,当暴露于热时(例如,在约37℃的温度下)聚合物可降解。聚合物的降解可以以各种速率发生,这取决于使用的聚合物或共聚物。例如,聚合物的半衰期(50%的聚合物降解成单体和/或其他非聚合物部分的时间)根据聚合物可为小时、天、周、月或年的顺序。聚合物可生物地降解,例如,通过酶活性或细胞机器(machinery),在一些情况下,例如,通过暴露于溶菌酶(例如具有相对低的pH)。在一些情况中,聚合物可裂解成细胞可再次使用或处理而对细胞没有明显毒性作用的单体和/或其它非聚合物部分(例如,聚交酯可水解以形成乳酸,聚乙交酯可水解以形成乙醇酸,等等)。
生物可降解聚合物非限制性实例包括但不限于:多糖、多核苷酸、多肽、聚(交酯)(或聚(乳酸))、聚(乙交酯)(或聚(乙醇酸))、聚(原酸酯)、聚(己内酯)、聚赖氨酸、聚(乙烯亚胺)、聚丙烯酸、聚氨酯、聚酐、聚酯、聚(三亚甲基碳酸酯)、聚(乙烯亚胺)、聚丙烯酸、聚氨酯、聚(β氨基酯)等,以及这些和/或其它聚合物的共聚物或衍生物,例如,聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(PLGA)。
在某些实施方式中,共聚物可包含聚(酯-醚),例如,具有由酯键(例如R—C(O)—O—R′键)和醚键(例如R—O—R′键)连接的重复单元的聚合物。在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒可进一步包括能够减少免疫原性的聚合物,例如,聚(亚烷基二醇),如聚乙二醇(“PEG”)。然而,应限制PEG在纳米颗粒中的量,以实质上不损害纳米颗粒的可调性,与每条聚合物链仅具有反应官能团的PEG相比,这通过选择每单体单元具有多个官能团的主链的聚合物(例如多糖)来增强。在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒组合物不含PEG。
大分子的疏水部分通常包括疏水聚合物,例如,疏水聚合物选自聚酯、聚原酸酯、聚碳酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚苯并咪唑、聚氨酯、聚脲、聚硫化物、聚醚、聚砜、酚醛和氨基塑料、甲壳质和脂多糖、胆固醇、蛋白多糖及其组合。在水性环境中,例如在生理条件下,疏水部分将基本上形成纳米颗粒的核。
在一些实施方式中,大分子的疏水部分包括生物相容性聚合物,例如,选自聚交酯(PLA)、聚乙交酯(PGA)、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(PLGA)、聚(ε-己内酯)(PCL)及其组合。这些聚合物也是生物可降解的。在PLGA聚合物中,丙交酯与乙交酯的比可变化。在一些实施方式中,大分子的疏水部分包括聚交酯(PLA)。在一些实施方式中,大分子的疏水部分包括聚乙交酯(PGA)。在一些实施方式中,大分子的疏水部分包括聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(PLGA)。在一些实施方式中,大分子的疏水部分包括聚(ε-己内酯)(PCL)。
在一些实施方式中,疏水部分是包括2个或更多个重复单元的聚合物。亲水部分可包括,例如,2至200,000个重复单元,这取决于期望的疏水部分的大小。
在一些实施方式中,所述疏水部分的分子量在约100g/mol至约2,000,000g/mol的范围内。在一些实施方式中,所述疏水部分的分子量在约500g/mol至约200,000g/mol的范围内。在一些实施方式中,所述疏水部分的分子量在约1,000g/mol至约100,000g/mol的范围内。单位“g/mol”在该情况中是指在与靶向部分缀合之前每摩尔大分子的疏水部分的重量。
在一些实施方式中,所述疏水部分的分子量为约0.1kDa至约2000kDa。在一些实施方式中,所述疏水部分的分子量为约0.5kDa至约200kDa。在一些实施方式中,所述疏水部分的分子量为约1kDa至100kDa。这些值表示在与靶向部分缀合之前的范围。
大分子的亲水部分通常包括具有多个能够连接至靶向部分的反应性官能团的聚合物。例如,聚合物可包括由多个单体单元组成的主链,每个单体单元具有多个可用于缀合至靶向部分的官能团。例如,每个单体单元可具有2、3、4或5个官能团。在一些实施方式中,每个单体单元具有4个官能团。例如,这些中,官能团可独立地选自OH基、硫醇基、酮基、胺基和羧酸基等。例如,葡聚糖聚合物中的糖部分可具有4个可用于缀合至靶向部分的OH基(见方案1)。
可控制官能部分缀合至靶向部分的比例,以实现靶向。在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒的表面上至少10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%、98%、99%或100%的官能部分缀合至靶向部分。
与例如传统的在每个PEG链末端仅具有一个反应性官能团的PEG基纳米颗粒相比,选择每单体单元具有多个官能部分的亲水聚合物允许增强纳米颗粒的可调性。此外,在一些实施方式中,本公开的亲水聚合物比PEG聚合物更亲水,使大分子的亲水部分在纳米颗粒形成期间更少可能地朝向纳米颗粒的核定向。因为靶向部分典型地将缀合至亲水部分,所以这产生为了靶向其中基本上所有的靶向部分都在纳米颗粒的表面上的纳米颗粒。在这样的实施方式中,纳米颗粒的核基本上没有靶向部分(即纳米颗粒的核中基本上没有靶向部分)。
在一些实施方式中,具有多个官能团的大分子的亲水部分包括选自多糖、多核苷酸、多肽或其组合的聚合物。多糖、多核苷酸或多肽可基于天然存在的单体或其衍生物或类似物。本领域技术人员已知这些衍生物和类似物,并且可以容易获得或合成。在一些实施方式中,优选多糖(例如如葡聚糖),因为每个单体单元有多个官能团。
在一些实施方式中,大分子的亲水部分包括“多糖”,例如单糖单元通过配糖键连接在一起的聚合物。可根据本公开使用任何合适的多糖。在一些实施方式中,多糖由4-至8-碳环单体(例如5-碳环单体)组成。单体环可以是杂环,例如,在单体环中包括一个或多个N、O或S原子。多糖可以是“同多糖”,其中多糖中所有的单糖为相同类型,或是“杂多糖”,其中存在多于一种类型的单糖。在一些实施方式中,多糖是“同多糖”。在一些实施方式中,多糖是“杂多糖”。在一些实施方式中,多糖是线性多糖。在一些实施方式中,多糖是支链多糖。在一些实施方式中,多糖具有可为缀合目的而改性的还原末端。在一些实施方式中,多糖是具有还原末端的同多糖。
在一些实施方式中,多糖由葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖或其组合组成。
在一些实施方式中,多糖选自葡聚糖、壳聚糖、藻酸盐、透明质酸、肝素、硫酸软骨素、果胶、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、环糊精、羧甲基纤维素或具有硫醇基官能团缀合至聚合物主链的多糖。
在一些实施方式中,多糖是葡聚糖、藻酸盐、透明质酸、壳聚糖、环糊精或羧甲基纤维素。在一些实施方式中,多糖是葡聚糖。
在一些实施方式中,亲水部分包括多核苷酸,例如核苷酸的聚合物。如本文使用的,“核苷酸”是指包括糖部分、磷酸基和碱(通常含氮)的分子。典型地,核苷酸包括一种或多种碱连接至糖-磷酸基主链(碱仅连接至糖部分而没有磷酸基,为“核苷”)。核苷酸内的糖可以是,例如,核糖(“核糖核酸”或“RNA”),或脱氧核糖(“脱氧核糖核酸”或“DNA”)。在一些情况中,聚合物可同时包括核糖和脱氧核糖。碱的实例包括但不限于天然存在的碱(例如,腺苷或“A”、胸苷或“T”、鸟苷或“G”、胞苷或“C”、或尿苷或“U”)。核苷酸可以是天然存在的核苷酸或其衍生物或类似物。本领域技术人员已知几种衍生物和类似物。
在一些实施方式中,亲水部分包括多肽,例如氨基酸的聚合物。氨基酸可以是天然存在的氨基酸或其衍生物或类似物。本领域技术人员已知几种衍生物和类似物。在一些实施方式中,核苷酸中至少一部分(例如大于50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%、98%、99%、100%)的核苷酸具有能够缀合至靶向部分的反应性官能团的侧链。
在一些实施方式中,亲水部分是包括2个或更多个重复单元的聚合物。亲水部分可包括,例如,2至100,000个重复单元,这取决于期望的纳米颗粒大小。
在一些实施方式中,所述亲水部分的分子量范围为约100g/mol至约1,000,000g/mol。在一些实施方式中,所述亲水部分的分子量范围为约500g/mol至100,000g/mol。在一些实施方式中,所述亲水部分的分子量范围为约1,000g/mol至约50,000g/mol。单位“g/mol”在这种情况中是指每摩尔大分子的亲水部分在与靶向部分缀合之前的重量。
在一些实施方式中,所述亲水部分的分子量范围为约0.1kDa至约1,000kDa。在一些实施方式中,所述亲水部分的分子量范围为约0.5kDa至100kDa。在一些实施方式中,所述亲水部分的分子量范围为约1kDa至50kDa。这些值表示在与靶向部分缀合之前的范围。
大分子中疏水聚合物与亲水聚合物的相对量可以是提供所得纳米颗粒的期望特性的任何合适的比。在一些实施方式中,所述疏水部分的分子量大于亲水部分的分子量。在一些实施方式中,所述亲水部分的分子量大于所述疏水部分的分子量。
在一些实施方式中,疏水部分的分子量与亲水部分的比(疏水部分:亲水部分)为约0.1:1至100:1。在一些实施方式中,分子量比为约0.5:1至约50:1。在一些实施方式中,分子量比为约1:1至约10:1。在一些实施方式中,分子量比为约1:1至约5:1、约1:1至约4:1、约1:1至约3:1、或约1:1至约2:1。在一些实施方式中,分子量比为约5:1、4:1、3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4或1:5。这些值表示在与靶向部分缀合之前的比。本领域技术人员将能够基于所选择的特定聚合物和待封装的关注的试剂确定合适的比。
靶向
本文描述的大分子缀合至靶向部分,以使当形成纳米颗粒时靶向部分位于纳米颗粒的表面上,从而表面官能化纳米颗粒。靶向部分和粘膜位点处的目标之间的相互作用引导纳米颗粒至特定位点和/或与没有靶向部分的纳米颗粒相比增加纳米颗粒在特定位点处的停留时间。可以选择任何合适的靶向部分。靶向部分的实例包括但不限于:小分子、多核苷酸、多肽、多糖、脂肪酸、脂类和抗体。
靶向部分可以是粘膜靶向部分。如本文使用的,“粘膜靶向部分”是能够结合至在粘膜位点处表达的目标的靶向部分。在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒可包括多于一种类型的粘膜靶向部分。例如,可用两个或多个不同的靶向部分官能化个体大分子,或可由两种或多种大分子形成纳米颗粒,每个大分子用不同的靶向部分进行官能化。
如本文使用的术语“结合”,是指相应对的分子或其部分之间呈现相互亲和力或结合能力的相互作用,通常是由于特异性或非特异性结合或相互作用,包括但不限于生物化学、生理学、静电和/或化学相互作用。在一些情况中,靶向部分能够选择性结合至在粘膜位点处表达的目标,例如,在粘膜位点处表达的分子、受体或残基。如本文使用的“选择性结合”是指可以是小分子或大分子的靶向部分能够优先结合至或识别特定目标或目标的子集至基本上高于其它的程度。例如,目标可以是优先表达在粘膜位点的生物物质,如在上皮细胞的表面上表达的粘蛋白或受体或糖蛋白或多糖或残基。在一些情况中,结合是高亲和力结合,如共价结合、范德华力或氢键结合。优选地,结合是共价结合。例如,在一些情况中,目标可具有与靶向部分反应的官能团,并且在特定构型中,允许共价结合靶向部分。
在一些实施方式中,靶向部分能够结合至碳水化合物残基,其含有顺式二醇基,例如,半乳糖、N-乙酰基半乳糖胺、N-乙酰基-葡糖胺、海藻糖和唾液酸。例如,这种碳水化合物残基可存在于粘蛋白上。在一些实施方式中,碳水化合物残基是唾液酸残基。在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是能够结合唾液酸残基上的顺式二醇基的硼酸衍生物。在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物。
在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是能够结合至半胱氨酸部分的硫醇基的硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物。例如,半胱氨酸部分可存在于粘蛋白上。在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是硫醇衍生物,如半胱胺。在一些实施方式中,靶向分子是能够与粘膜上的半胱氨酸部分形成二硫键的半胱胺衍生物。在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是能够结合至粘膜上的糖蛋白的羟基的丙烯酸酯衍生物。丙烯酸酯衍生物包括但不限于甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸乙酯和二丙烯酸酯。在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是选自甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸乙酯和二丙烯酸酯的丙烯酸酯衍生物。
在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物。
在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是包括PLA的大分子的疏水部分;包括葡聚糖的亲水部分;和包括PBA的靶向部分。在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是为PLA的疏水部分;亲水部分是葡聚糖,并且靶向部分是PBA。
在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是生物学部分。生物学部分的非限制性实例包括肽、蛋白质、酶、核酸、脂肪酸、激素、抗体、碳水化合物、肽聚糖、糖肽,等等。在一些情况中,生物学部分可以相对大,例如,对于肽、核酸,等等。例如,生物学部分可具有至少约1,000Da、至少约2,500Da、至少约3000Da、至少约4000Da或至少约5,000Da等的分子量。在一些情况中,相对大的靶向部分可用于细胞之间的区分。例如,在一些情况中,较小的靶向部分(例如小于约1000Da)对于某些靶向应用(例如粘膜靶向应用)可能不具有充足的特异性。相反,较大分子量靶向部分可提供高得多的靶向亲和力和/或特异性。例如,靶向部分可提供更小的解离常数,例如,更紧密的结合。然而,在其他实施方式中,靶向部分可相对小,例如,具有小于约1,000Da或小于约500Da的分子量。
纳米颗粒
本公开的另一方面涉及通常由大分子(例如以上所述的大分子)的联合形成的纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒显示有效的靶向和粘附,以及在粘膜位点处持续释放有效载荷。
在合适的条件下,大分子能够组装以形成核壳型纳米颗粒,其中纳米颗粒的核与壳相比相对疏水。备选地,在不同条件下,纳米颗粒的核与壳相比可相对亲水。壳提供纳米颗粒的表面,其可包括期望的表面密度的靶向部分,以用靶向部分涂布纳米颗粒。
纳米颗粒可具有大体球形形状(即颗粒大体呈现为球形)。由于其大体球形形状并且在纳米颗粒内形成腔体,这样的纳米颗粒也可称为“纳米球”或“纳米囊泡”。将理解,例如在膨胀或收缩时,颗粒可以采用非球形结构。
形成的纳米颗粒具有小于约1000nm(1微米)的平均粒径。在一些实施方式中,平均粒径小于约500nm、小于约300nm、小于约200nm、小于约150nm、小于约100nm、小于约50nm、小于约30nm、小于约10nm、小于约3nm,或在一些情况中小于约1nm。在一些情况中,优选颗粒小于150mn,例如,相较于更大的颗粒,这样的颗粒能够更好地穿过泪层。
在一些实施方式中,平均粒径在约0.1nm和约1000nm、约1nm和约500nm、约1nm和约300nm、约1nm和约200nm、约1nm和约150nm、约1nm和约100nm、约1nm和约50nm、约10nm和约150nm、约10nm和约100nm、约10nm和约75nm、约10nm和约60nm、和约10nm和约50nm、或约20和约40nm之间。
如本文使用的,“粒径”是指形成的纳米颗粒的总体的平均特征尺寸,其中,颗粒的特征尺寸是与颗粒具有相同体积的完美球的直径。例如,纳米颗粒的总体可包括至少20个颗粒、至少50个颗粒、至少100个颗粒、至少300个颗粒、至少1,000个颗粒、至少3,000个颗粒、至少5,000个颗粒、至少10,000个颗粒或至少50,000个颗粒。本发明的各个实施方式均涉及这样的颗粒的总体。
在一些实施方式中,颗粒可分别为大体相同的形状和/或大小,在该情况中总体是“单分散”。例如,颗粒可具有粒径分布,使不超过约5%或约10%的颗粒具有比颗粒的平均粒径大约10%的粒径,并且在一些情况中,使得不超过约8%、约5%、约3%、约1%、约0.3%、约0.1%、约0.03%、或约0.01%具有比颗粒的平均粒径大约10%的粒径。在一些情况中,不超过约5%的颗粒具有比颗粒的平均粒径大约5%、约3%、约1%、约0.3%、约0.1%、约0.03%或约0.01%的粒径。
在一些实施方式中,颗粒具有形成纳米颗粒的表面的内核和外壳,其中壳的成分不同于核,即,至少一种聚合物或部分可存在于壳内,但不存在核内(或反之亦然),和/或至少一种聚合物或部分以不同的浓度存在于核内和/或壳内。
在一些情况中,颗粒的核比颗粒的壳更疏水。在一些情况中,药物或其它有效载荷可疏水,并且因此容易与相对疏水的颗粒内部连结。药物或其它有效载荷因此可包含在颗粒的内部中,这可因此屏蔽围绕颗粒的外部环境(或反之亦然)。存在于颗粒的表面上的靶向部分可允许颗粒定位在特定靶向位点,例如,粘膜位点。在一些情况中,药物或其它有效载荷然后可从颗粒释放,并允许与特定靶向位点相互作用。
本公开的再一方面涉及具有多于一种聚合物或大分子存在的纳米颗粒。例如,在一些实施方式中,颗粒可包含多于一种的不同大分子,并且可独立地控制两种(或更多种)大分子的比,这允许控制颗粒的性能。例如,第一大分子可以是包括靶向部分的生物相容性聚合物缀合物,如嵌段共聚物,并且第二大分子可包括生物相容性聚合物但没有靶向部分,或者第二大分子可包含与第一大分子不同的生物相容性聚合物。因此,控制聚合物颗粒中这些大分子的量可用于控制颗粒的各种物理、生物、或化学性能,例如,颗粒的大小(例如通过改变一种或两种聚合物的分子量)、表面电荷(例如通过控制聚合物的比,如果聚合物具有不同的电荷或端基)、表面亲水性(例如,如果聚合物具有不同的分子量和/或亲水性)、靶向部分的表面密度(例如通过控制两种或多种聚合物的比)等。
可调节的纳米颗粒
本文所述的纳米颗粒是高度可调节的。
例如,通过调节分子量和/或疏水部分和/或亲水部分的组成,可调节纳米颗粒的大小。选择的特定靶向部分,以及纳米颗粒的表面上靶向部分的表面密度,也将影响粒径。
应注意,增加亲水和/或疏水聚合物组分的大小不总是导致较大的粒径。例如,在一些情况中,较长的聚合物链可以更具柔性并且能够折叠以产生更密实的颗粒,而较短的聚合物链可局限于更线性的结构。相对于线性聚合物,选择支链聚合物也可影响粒径。本领域技术人员将能够选择合适的聚合物用于特定的应用。
大分子的亲水部分在水性环境中将形成纳米颗粒的壳。选择亲水部分以使其具有多个缀合至靶向部分的官能部分。官能部分缀合至靶向部分的比例至少部分地可由添加至缀合反应的靶向部分的量控制。一般而言,亲水部分上存在的官能部分越多,纳米颗粒的可调性程度越高。一般而言,相较于每PEG链仅具有一个官能部分的PEG基纳米颗粒或其它类似聚合物,本文公开的纳米颗粒因此更加可调节。
通过调节靶向部分的表面密度,可控制靶向的程度。由于在亲水部分上存在多个官能部分,所以可用本文公开的纳米颗粒获得靶向部分高的表面密度。有利地,本领域技术人员能够控制靶向的程度,而基本上不损害纳米颗粒递送系统的稳定性。在一些实施方式中,可以确定最佳密度,其中,获得最大靶向的,而基本上不损害纳米颗粒的稳定性。
在一些实施方式中,大部分(例如至少50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%、98%、99%或100%)的粘膜靶向部分位于纳米颗粒的表面上。应理解,在一些情况中,当纳米颗粒形成时,一部分粘膜靶向部分可位于纳米颗粒的核内,这取决于纳米颗粒的组分和使用的方法。例如,使用一步法时,可能一些靶向部分可朝向颗粒的核定位。
选择具有沿聚合物主链的多个官能部分的亲水聚合物使分子的亲水部分比其它聚合物(例如PEG)更亲水,因此亲水部分更可能朝向水性环境定位。因为靶向部分通常在形成纳米颗粒之后缀合至亲水部分,所以基本上所有靶向部分都位于与核相对的纳米颗粒的表面上。
在一些实施方式中,基本上所有(例如至少95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%)的粘膜靶向部分都位于纳米颗粒的表面上。定位基本上所有靶向部分至纳米颗粒的表面增强了靶向效率。选择具有沿聚合物的多个官能部分的亲水聚合物使分子的亲水部分比其它聚合物(例如仅具有一个官能部分的PEG)更亲水,因此亲水部分更可能朝向水性环境定位。因为靶向部分缀合至亲水部分,通常在形成纳米颗粒之后,基本上所有靶向部分都位于与核相对的纳米颗粒的表面上。
通过控制纳米颗粒上的靶向部分的表面密度,可调节纳米颗粒。本领域技术人员将能够精确地调节纳米颗粒用于特定应用,而基本上不损害纳米颗粒的稳定性。
在一些实施方式中,靶向部分的表面密度为约1个/nm2至15个/nm2、约1个/nm2至10个/nm2、约1个/nm2至5个/nm2、约1个/nm2至约15个/nm2、约3个/nm2至约12个/nm2、或约5个/nm2至约10个/nm2。
在一些实施方式中,靶向部分的表面密度为每nm2约1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、8、9、11、12、13、14或15个。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒的大小为大约10nm,纳米颗粒的表面上靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)的范围为每纳米颗粒约50个至约3,500个、约500个至约3500个或约1000个至约3500个。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒的大小为大约30nm,纳米颗粒的表面上靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)的范围为每纳米颗粒约50个至约30000个、约1000个至约30000个或约10000个至约30000个。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒的大小为大约50nm,纳米颗粒的表面上靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)的范围为每纳米颗粒约50个至约90000个、约3000个至约90000个或约30000个至约90000个。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒的大小为大约100nm,纳米颗粒的表面上靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)的范围为每纳米颗粒约50个至约350000个、约10000个至约350000个或约100000个至约350000个。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒的大小为大约150nm,纳米颗粒的表面上靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)的范围为每纳米颗粒约50个至约800000个、约30000个至约800000个或约300000个至约800000个。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒的大小为大约200nm,纳米颗粒的表面上靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)的范围为每纳米颗粒约50个至约1,500,000个、约60000个至约1,500,000个或约600000个至约1,500,000个。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒的大小为大约250nm,纳米颗粒的表面上靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)的范围为每纳米颗粒约50个至约2,500,000个、约100,000个至约2,500,000个或约1,000,000个至约2,500,000个。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒的大小为大约300nm,纳米颗粒的表面上靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)的范围为每纳米颗粒约50个至约3,500,000个、约150,000个至约3,500,000个或约1,500,000个至约3,500,000个。
在一些实施方式中,可通过在官能化步骤(一步或多步)期间的反应中添加的靶向部分的量调节靶向部分的表面密度。
在一些实施方式中,可通过反应中添加的苯硼酸的量调节纳米颗粒表面上苯硼酸衍生物的密度,以控制纳米颗粒的粘膜粘附性能的程度。
在一些实施方式中,可通过反应中添加的半胱胺衍生物的量调节纳米颗粒表面上半胱胺衍生物的密度,以控制纳米颗粒的粘膜粘附性能的程度。
在一些实施方式中,可通过反应中添加的丙烯酸酯衍生物的量调节纳米颗粒表面上丙烯酸酯衍生物的密度,以控制纳米颗粒的粘膜粘附性能的程度。
本领域技术人员可以确定表面官能团的最佳密度,以实现粘膜粘附的程度和纳米颗粒的胶体稳定性之间的平衡。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒分散在水性介质中。例如,水性介质可以是生理相容性水性介质。
控制释放
如本文使用的控制释放系统是指能够递送有效载荷(例如治疗剂、诊断剂、预后剂、预防剂)至身体组织(例如粘膜)的纳米颗粒递送系统,其中以预先设计或控制的方式释放有效载荷。例如,可以以恒定的方式在预定的时间段内释放活性剂,可以以循环的方式在预定的时间段内释放活性剂,或者环境条件或外部事件可触发活性剂的释放。控制释放聚合物系统可包括生物相容性聚合物,并且在一些情况中,聚合物是生物可降解的。在一些情况中,本文公开的纳米颗粒是控制释放递送系统的一部分。本文公开的纳米颗粒显示有效载荷的持续释放。
粘膜靶向部分辅助保持纳米颗粒在粘膜位点,即,与没有靶向部分的相同的纳米颗粒较长的时间,以实现粘膜位点处有效载荷的控制递送。所述控制递送可包括持续递送。
在一些实施方式中,有效载荷从纳米颗粒释放至少24、36、48、60、72、84、或96小时的持续时段。在一些实施方式中,有效载荷从纳米颗粒释放的至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8天的持续时段。在一些实施方式中,有效载荷从纳米颗粒释放至少1周的持续时段。在一些实施方式中,有效载荷从纳米颗粒释放至少1月的持续时段。
在一些实施方式中,至少50%的有效载荷在第一个24小时内释放。在其它实施方式中,至少10%的有效载荷在第一个6小时内释放。
有效载荷
各种有效载荷可负载到本文描述的纳米颗粒中。如本文使用的,“有效载荷”可以是递送到粘膜位点的任何关注的试剂,例如,治疗剂(例如药物)、诊断剂、预防剂、显像剂或其组合。在一些实施方式中,有效载荷是关注的单个试剂。在其它实施方式中,有效载荷包括多于一种关注的试剂,例如,关注的两种或更多种试剂的组合。在一些实施方式中,有效载荷包括2、3或4种关注的试剂。例如,有效载荷可包括选自治疗剂、诊断剂、预防剂、显像剂及其组合的两种或更多种关注的试剂。
当与有效载荷结合时,本文描述的纳米颗粒用作粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒递送系统,用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点。在一些实施方式中,有效载荷主要地封装在纳米颗粒的核内。“主要地”意思是多于60%、70%、80%、90%、95%或99%的有效载荷封装在纳米颗粒的核内。应理解,根据纳米颗粒的组成和有效载荷,一部分有效载荷也可分布在纳米颗粒壳内和/或纳米颗粒的表面上。
在一些实施方式中,有效载荷包括疏水试剂。例如,有效载荷可为疏水治疗剂、疏水诊断剂、疏水预防剂或疏水显像剂。在一个实施方式中,有效载荷是疏水治疗剂。在一个实施方式中,有效载荷是疏水诊断剂。在一个实施方式中,有效载荷是疏水预防剂。在一个实施方式中,有效载荷是疏水显像剂。纳米颗粒中疏水化合物的封装是由于疏水试剂和形成纳米颗粒的核的共聚物的疏水部分之间的相互作用。
在一些实施方式中,有效载荷包括亲水试剂。例如,有效载荷可以是亲水治疗剂、亲水诊断剂、亲水预防剂或亲水显像剂。在一个实施方式中,有效载荷是亲水治疗剂。在一个实施方式中,有效载荷是亲水诊断剂。在一个实施方式中,有效载荷是亲水预防剂。在一个实施方式中,有效载荷是亲水显像剂。将理解,纳米颗粒的组成可改变以包封亲水有效载荷,例如,可使用包括第一亲水嵌段、第二疏水嵌段和第三亲水嵌段的三嵌段共聚物。本领域技术人员熟知这样的改变。
发现本文描述的纳米颗粒具有良好的负载能力和效率。在实施例中展示了使用示例性Dex-b-PLA(任选地用PBA表面官能化)纳米颗粒的各种药物的负载能力。在一些实施方式中,本文公开的纳米颗粒比报道的传统PEG基聚合物具有更高的负载能力。自然地,负载能力将受纳米颗粒的组成和有效载荷的选择的影响。
在一些实施方式中,负载能力在约1至约40%wt/wt、约1至约30%wt/wt、约1至约20%、1至约10%、约1%至约8%、约1%至约6%、约1%至约5%、约1%至约3%、或约1%至约2%范围内。在此,负载能力(%)计算为包封的药物的分子量除以乘以100的纳米颗粒的总重量。纳米颗粒的总重量是指包括靶向部分和包封的药物的纳米颗粒的重量。
在一些实施方式中,负载能力至多约40%、至多约30%wt/wt.、至多约20%、至多约10%、至多约8%、至多约6%、至多约5%、至多约3%、至多约2%、或至多约1%。
在一些实施方式中,有效载荷具有约0.001kDa至100kDa、约0.01kDa至50kDa、约0.1kDa至10kDa的分子量。
在一些实施方式中,有效载荷具有约0.01nm至约300nm、约0.01nm至约100nm、约0.01nm至约50nm的直径。
潜在合适的治疗剂的非限制性实例包括抗菌剂、镇痛剂、抗炎剂、IOP降低剂、抗刺激剂、凝固改性剂、利尿剂、拟交感神经剂、减食欲剂、抗酸剂和其它肠胃病药剂;杀寄生虫药剂、抗抑郁药、抗高血压药、抗胆碱能药、兴奋剂、抗激素、中枢兴奋剂和呼吸兴奋剂、药物拮抗剂、调血脂药、排尿酸药、强心苷类、电解质类、麦角及其衍生物、祛痰剂、安眠药和镇静药(sedative)、抗糖尿病剂、多巴胺剂、止吐药、肌肉松弛剂、拟副交感神经剂、抗痉挛剂、抗组织胺药、β-受体阻断剂、泻剂、抗心律不齐药、造影剂、放射性药剂、抗过敏药、镇静剂(tranquilizer)、血管扩张剂、抗病毒剂、和抗肿瘤剂或细胞抑制剂或具有抗癌性能的其它试剂,或其组合。其它合适的治疗剂可选自避孕药和维生素以及微量营养素和大量营养素。另外的其它实例包括抗感染药如抗生素和抗病毒剂;镇痛剂和镇痛剂组合物;减食欲剂;驱虫药;抗关节炎药;平喘药;抗痉挛剂;抗抑郁药;抗利尿药;止泻剂;抗组织胺药;抗炎药;抗偏头痛药制剂;止恶心药;抗肿瘤剂;抗帕金森病药;止痒剂;抗精神病药;退烧药、抗痉挛药;抗胆碱能药;拟交感神经剂;黄嘌呤衍生物;包括钙通道阻滞剂和β-受体阻断剂的心血管制剂,例如心得乐和抗心律不齐药;抗高血压药;利尿剂;包括总冠状动脉、外围和大脑的血管扩张剂;中枢神经系统兴奋剂;咳嗽和感冒制剂,包括解充血剂;激素,例如雌二醇和其它类固醇,包括皮质类固醇;安眠药;免疫抑制剂;肌肉松弛剂;副交感神经药;精神兴奋剂;镇静药;和镇静剂;和天然来源的或基因工程蛋白质、多糖、糖蛋白、或脂蛋白。
药物的进一步非限制性实例包括噻吗洛尔、倍他索洛尔、美替洛尔、多佐胺、布林唑胺、甲氮酰胺、乙酰唑胺、阿法根、适利达、比马前列素、曲伏前列素、奥洛他定、酮替芬、阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、伐昔洛韦、阿霉素、丝裂霉素、顺铂、柔红霉素、博莱霉素、放线菌素D、新制癌菌素、卡波铂、赛特铂(stratoplatin)、阿糖胞苷。其它实例包括开搏通、福辛普利、普拉固、厄贝沙坦、波立维、头孢齐尔、头孢羚氨苄/羟氨苄头孢菌素、氨曲南、惠妥滋、泽瑞特、马斯平、依托泊甙、铂尔定、顺氯氨铂、紫杉醇、UFT、布斯帕、奈法唑酮、酒石酸布托啡诺制剂NS、雌二醇、格华止(百时美施贵宝公司);希克劳、罗拉碳头孢、地红霉素、百忧解、达尔丰、帕尔马克司、再普乐、优泌乐、爱希、健择、雷洛昔芬(Eli Lily);依那普利/苯酯丙脯酸、洛伐他汀、辛伐他丁、赖诺普利/佐得普利、波依定、科素亚/海捷亚、法莫替丁、奥美拉唑、普立马辛、诺氟沙星、重组乙型肝炎疫苗(Recombivax HB)、水痘病毒疫苗(Varivax)、青眼露/XE、舒净露、保列治、福善美、信尼麦、茚地那韦、非那雄胺、万络、顺尔宁、利扎曲坦、依维菌素(Merck&Co.);大扶康、优立新、舒普深、希舒美、特洛芬、硝苯地平XL、卡度雷、络活喜、多非利特、吡罗昔康、舍曲林、卓乐定、利糖妥片XL、仙特明、依立曲坦、万艾可、屈洛昔芬、安理申、立普妥(辉瑞);头孢泊肟酯、甲磺酸地拉韦啶、西多福韦、健豪宁、格列本脲/Glyn./Glyb.、达肝素、全甲基氢化泼尼松龙、赞安诺/阿普唑仑、尼麦角林、海乐神/三唑仑、替拉扎特、卡麦角林、瑞波西汀、普拉克索、表阿霉素、亚德里亚霉素、开普拓、美诺立尔、甲羟孕酮、凯威捷、托特罗定、雌激素阴道环、喜朗、适利达、落健(Pharmacia&Upjohn);吉非贝齐、额克汝匹(Accrupil)、苯妥英纳、康耐、加巴喷丁、劳斯纯(Loestrin)、地尔硫卓、雌二醇贴剂、艾思欧斯泰普(Estrostep)、曲格列酮、立普妥、头孢地尼、炔雌醇、苏拉明或克林沙星(Warner Lambert)。
可包括在本发明的颗粒中的治疗剂的进一步非限制性实例包括对乙酰氨基酚酯、酸醋丁洛尔、乙酰氧肟酸、醋奋乃静、阿昔洛韦、肾上腺类皮质激素、别嘌呤醇,阿普唑仑、氢氧化铝、金刚烷胺、安贝氯铵、阿米洛利、对氨基苯甲酸钾、异戊巴比妥、阿莫西林、安非他明、氨苄青霉素、雄激素、麻醉剂、抗凝剂、抗痉挛剂二酮型、抗甲状腺药、食欲抑制剂、阿司匹林、阿替洛尔、阿托品、阿扎他定、巴氨西林、巴氯芬、倍氯米松、颠茄、苄氟噻嗪、过氧化苯甲酰、苄噻嗪、苯托品、倍他米松、乌拉胆碱、比哌立登、比沙可啶、溴隐亭、溴苯海拉明、溴苯那敏、布克立嗪药、布美他尼、白消安、仲丁巴比妥、布他哌嗪、咖啡因、碳酸钙、开搏通、卡马西平、羧苄青霉素、卡比多巴及左旋多巴、卡比沙明抑制剂、碳酸酐酶、卡立普多、丙酰奋乃静、cascara、头孢克洛、头孢羟氨苄、头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、氯苯达诺、水合氯醛、苯丁酸氮芥、氯霉素、利眠宁、氯喹、氯噻嗪、氯烯雌醚、扑尔敏、6×氯丙嗪、氯磺丙脲、氯普噻吨、氯噻酮、氯唑沙宗、消胆胺、甲氰咪呱、西诺沙星、氯马斯汀、环奎二苯酯、克林霉素、氯贝丁酯、克罗米酚、可乐定、氯拉卓酸、氯唑西林、秋水仙碱、考来替泊、缀合的雌激素、避孕药、可的松、色甘酸、环青霉素、环扁桃酯、赛克利嗪、环苯扎林、环磷酰胺、环噻嗪、赛克立明、赛庚啶、达那唑、丹蒽醌、丹曲林、氨苯砜、右旋安非他命、地塞米松、右氯苯那敏药、右美沙芬、地西泮、双氯青霉素、双环胺、己烯雌酚、二氟尼柳、洋地黄、地尔硫卓、茶苯海明、二甲茚定、苯海拉明、地芬尼多、地芬诺酯和atrophive、二苯拉林(diphenylopyraline)、双嘧达莫(dipyradamole)、丙吡胺、二硫龙、双丙戊酸(divalporex)、多库酯钙、多库酯钾、多库酯钠、抗敏安、屈大麻酚麻黄素、肾上腺素、二氢麦角毒甲磺酸盐、麦角新碱、麦角胺、红霉素、酯化雌激素、雌二醇、雌激素、雌酮、雌酮硫酸酯哌嗪(estropipute)、利尿酸、氯乙基戊烯炔醇、乙炔基雌二醇、爱普杷嗪、乙琥胺、乙妥英、非诺洛芬、富马酸亚铁、葡萄糖酸亚铁、硫酸亚铁、黄酮哌酯、氟卡胺、氟奋乃静、氟泼尼龙、氟西泮、叶酸、呋塞米、吉非贝齐、格列吡嗪、格列本脲、格隆铵、金化合物、灰黄霉素、愈创甘油醚、胍那苄、胍那决尔、胍乙啶、哈拉西泮、氟哌啶醇、海他西林、环己烯巴比妥、肼苯哒嗪、氢氯噻嗪、氢化可的松(皮质醇)、氢氟甲噻、羟氯喹、羟嗪、莨菪碱、布洛芬、吲达帕胺、吲哚美辛、胰岛素、iofoquinol、铁多糖、异他林、异烟肼、异丙胺异丙肾上腺素、异维甲酸、异克舒令、高岭土和果胶、酮康唑、乳果糖、左旋多巴、洁霉素、碘塞罗宁、复方甲状腺素、锂、洛哌丁胺、劳拉西泮、氢氧化镁、硫酸镁、三硅酸镁、马普替林、美克洛嗪、甲氯灭酸的结合碱、甲孕酮、甲灭酸、美法仑、美芬妥因、甲苯比妥、眠尔通、巯嘌呤、美索达嗪、间羟异丙肾上腺、美他沙酮、甲基苯丙胺、安眠酮、美沙比妥、乌洛托品、甲氧西林、美索巴莫、甲氨蝶呤、甲琥胺、methyclothinzide、甲基纤维素、甲基多巴、甲基麦角新碱、哌醋甲酯、甲泼尼龙、麦角新碱、胃复安、美托拉宗、美托洛尔、甲硝唑、米诺地尔、米托坦、单胺氧化酶抑制剂、纳多洛尔、奈夫西林、萘啶酸、萘普生、麻醉镇痛剂、新霉素、新斯的明、烟酸、尼古丁、硝苯地平、硝酸盐、呋喃妥因、诺米芬新、炔诺酮、炔诺酮醋酸盐、甲基炔诺酮、布酚宁、制霉菌素、奥芬那君、苯唑西林、奥沙西泮、氧烯洛尔、羟甲唑啉、羟布宗、胰脂肪酶、泛酸、罂粟碱、对氨基水杨酸、帕拉米松、止痛剂(paregoric)、匹莫林、青霉胺、青霉素、青霉素五、戊巴比妥、奋乃静、非那西丁、非那吡啶、非尼拉敏、苯巴比妥、酚酞、苯丙香豆素、苯琥胺、保泰松、苯肾上腺素、苯丙醇胺、苯托沙敏、苯妥英(phenyloin)、毛果芸香碱、吲哚洛尔、哌乙嗪、吡罗昔康、泊洛沙姆、聚卡波非钙、泊利噻嗪、钾补充剂、普拉西泮、哌唑嗪、泼尼松龙、泼尼松、扑米酮、丙磺舒、普罗布考、普鲁卡因胺、甲基苄肼、丙氯拉嗪、普环啶、普马嗪、异丙嗪、普鲁本辛、普萘洛尔、伪麻黄碱、补骨脂素、syllium、吡啶斯的明、吡哆醇(pyrodoxine)、吡拉明、扑蛲灵、炔雌醚、喹乙宗、uinidine、奎宁、雷尼替丁、萝芙木生物碱、核黄素、利福平、利托君、alicylates、东莨菪碱、司可巴比妥、番泻叶、sannosides A&B、二甲基硅油、碳酸氢钠、磷酸钠、氟化钠、安体舒通、硫糖铝、磺胺西汀、磺胺甲噁唑、柳氮磺胺吡啶、苯磺唑酮、磺胺异噁唑、舒林酸、他布比妥、羟基安定、特布他林、特非那定、terphinhydrate、四环素、噻菌灵、硫胺素、硫利达嗪、替沃噻吨、甲状腺球蛋白、甲状腺、甲状腺素、替卡西林、噻吗洛尔、tocamide、妥拉磺脲、甲苯磺丁脲、托美汀曲唑酮、维甲酸、去炎松、氨苯蝶啶、三唑仑、三氯甲噻嗪、三环抗抑郁药、tridhexethyl、三氟啦嗪、三氟丙嗪、苯海索、异丁嗪、三甲氧苯扎明、甲氧苄啶、tripclennamine、曲普利啶、丙戊酸、维拉帕米、维生素A、维生素B12、维生素C、维生素D、维生素E、维生素K、黄嘌呤,等等。
作为另一实例,如果靶向部分靶向癌细胞,那么有效载荷可以是抗癌药如20-epi-1,25二羟维生素D3,4-甘薯苦醇、5-乙炔基尿嘧啶、9-二氢紫杉醇、阿比特龙、阿西维辛、阿柔比星、盐酸阿考达唑、阿克罗宁、酰基富烯(acylfulvene)、腺环戊醇(adecypenol)、阿多来新、阿地白介素、全-tk拮抗剂、六甲蜜胺、氨莫司汀、二霉素、阿美蒽醌醋酸盐、2.4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(amidox)、氨磷汀、氨鲁米特、氨基乙酰丙酸、氨柔比星、安吖啶、阿那格雷、阿那曲唑、穿心莲内酯、血管生成抑制剂、拮抗剂D、拮抗剂G、安雷利克斯、安曲霉素、抗背部化形态发生蛋白-1、抗雌激素、抗肿瘤酮、反义寡核苷酸、阿非迪霉素甘氨酸盐、凋亡基因调节剂、细胞凋亡调节剂、脱嘌呤核酸、ARA-DP-DL-PTBA、精氨酸脱氨酶、天冬酰胺酶、曲林菌素、苯胺丫啶(asulacrine)、阿他美坦、阿莫司汀、axinastatin1、axinastatin 2、axinastatin 3、阿扎胞苷、阿扎司琼、阿扎毒素、重氮酪氨酸、氮替派、含氮霉素、巴卡亭III衍生物、balanol、巴马司他、benzochlorins、苯佐替派、benzoylstaurosporine、β-内酰胺衍生物、β-alethine、betaclamycin B、桦木酸、BFGF抑制剂、比卡鲁胺、双蒽生、双蒽生盐酸盐、bisaziridinylspermine、双奈法德、双奈法德二甲磺酸酯、bistratene A、比折来新、博莱霉素、博莱霉素硫酸盐、BRC/ABL拮抗剂、breflate、布喹那钠、溴匹立明、布多替钛、白消安、丁硫氨酸亚砜胺、放线菌素C、卡泊三醇、钙感光蛋白C、卡鲁睾酮、喜树碱衍生物、金丝雀痘IL-2、卡培他滨、卡醋胺、卡贝替姆、卡波铂、甲酰胺-氨基-三唑、羧胺三唑、carest M3、卡莫司汀、卡恩700、软骨衍生的抑制剂、卡柔比星盐酸盐、卡折来新、酪蛋白激酶抑制剂、澳粟精胺、杀菌肽B、西地芬戈、西曲瑞克、苯丁酸氮芥、二氢卟酚、氯喹喔啉磺酰胺、西卡前列素、西罗霉素、顺铂、顺式-卟啉、克拉屈滨、氯米芬类似物、克霉唑、collismycin A、collismycin B、考布他汀A4、考布他汀类似物、conagenin、crambescidin 816、克立那托、克立那托甲磺酸盐、cryptophycin8、cryptophycin A衍生物、curacin A、cyclopentanthraquinones、环磷酰胺、cycloplatam、cypemycin、阿糖胞苷、阿糖胞苷十八烷基磷酸盐、细胞溶解因子、cytostatin、达卡巴嗪、达昔单抗、更生霉素、柔红霉素盐酸盐、地西他滨、脱氢膜海鞘素B、地洛瑞林、右异环磷酰胺、右奥马铂、右雷佐生、右维拉帕米、地扎呱宁、地扎呱宁甲磺酸盐、地吖醌、膜海鞘素B、didox、二乙基去甲精胺、二氢-5-氮杂胞苷、dioxamycin、二苯螺莫司汀、多西他赛、二十二醇、多拉司琼、去氧氟尿苷、阿霉素、阿霉素盐酸盐、屈洛昔芬、屈洛昔芬柠檬酸盐、屈他雄酮丙酸盐、屈大麻酚、偶氮霉素、倍癌霉素SA、依布硒、依考莫司汀、依达曲沙、依地福新、依决洛单抗、依氟鸟氨酸、依氟鸟氨酸盐酸盐、榄香烯、依沙芦星、乙嘧替氟、恩洛铂、恩普氨酯、依匹哌啶、表柔比星、表柔比星盐酸盐、爱普列特、厄布洛唑、红细胞基因治疗载体系统、依索比星盐酸盐、雌莫司汀、雌莫司汀类似物、雌莫司汀磷酸钠、雌激素兴奋剂、雌激素拮抗剂、依他硝唑、依托泊苷、依托泊苷磷酸盐、氯苯乙嘧胺、依西美坦、法倔唑、盐酸法倔唑、法扎拉滨、芬维A胺、非格司亭、非那雄胺、夫拉平度、氟卓斯汀、氟尿苷、fluasterone、氟达拉滨、磷酸氟达拉滨、fluorodaunorunicin盐酸盐、氟尿嘧啶、fluorocitabine、福酚美克、福美坦、磷喹酮、福司曲星、福司曲星钠、福莫司汀、莫特沙芬钆、硝酸镓、加洛他滨、加尼瑞克、明胶酶抑制剂、吉西他滨、吉西他滨盐酸盐、谷胱甘肽抑制剂、hepsulfam、heregulin、六亚甲基二乙酰胺、羟基脲、金丝桃素、伊班膦酸、伊达比星、伊达比星盐酸盐、艾多昔芬、伊决孟酮、异环磷酰胺、伊莫福新、伊洛马司他、咪唑并吖啶酮、咪喹莫特、免疫兴奋肽、胰岛素样生长因子-1受体抑制剂、干扰素激动剂、干扰素α-2A、干扰素α-2B、干扰素α-N1、干扰素α-N3、干扰素β-IA、干扰素γ-IB、干扰素、白细胞介素、碘苄胍、碘阿霉素、异丙铂、伊立替康、伊立替康盐酸盐、伊罗普拉、依索拉定、isobengazole、isohomohalicondrinB、伊他司琼、jasplakinolide、kahalalide F、片螺-N三乙酸盐、兰瑞肽、兰瑞肽醋酸、leinamycin、来格司亭、香菇多糖硫酸酯、leptolstatin、来曲唑、白血病抑制因子、白细胞α干扰素、醋酸亮丙瑞林、亮丙瑞林/雌激素/孕酮、亮丙瑞林、左旋咪唑、利阿唑、利阿唑盐酸盐、线性多胺类似物、亲脂二糖肽、亲脂铂化合物、lissoclinamide 7、洛铂、蚯蚓磷脂、洛美曲索、洛美曲索钠、洛莫司汀、氯尼达明、洛索蒽醌、洛索蒽醌盐酸盐、洛伐他汀、洛索立宾、勒托替康、莫特沙芬镥、lysofylline、裂解肽、美坦辛、mannostatin A、马立马司他、马索丙考、maspin、基质溶解酶抑制剂、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂、美登素、盐酸氮芥、醋酸甲地孕酮、醋酸美伦孕酮、美法仑、美诺立尔、merbarone、巯嘌呤、美替瑞林、蛋氨酸酶、氨甲喋呤、氨甲喋呤钠、胃复安、氯苯氨啶、美乌替派、微藻蛋白激酶C抑制剂、MIF抑制剂、米非司酮、米替福新、米立司亭、错配双链RNA、米丁度胺、米托卡星、丝裂红素、丝裂吉菌素、米托胍腙、二溴卫矛醇、丝裂马菌素、丝裂霉素、丝裂霉素类似物、米托萘胺、丝裂帕菌素、米托坦、迈托毒素、成纤维细胞生长因子-皂草素、米托蒽醌、米托蒽醌盐酸盐、莫法罗汀、莫拉司亭、单克隆抗体、人绒毛膜促性腺激素、单磷酸脂类A/分支杆菌细胞壁SK、莫哌达醇、多个耐药基因的抑制剂、多个肿瘤抑制剂1基治疗剂、芥末抗癌剂、mycaperoxide B、分枝杆菌细胞壁提取物、霉酚酸、myriaporone、N-乙酰基地那林、那法瑞林、nagrestip、纳洛酮/喷他佐辛、napavin、naphterpin、那托司亭、奈达铂、奈莫柔比星、奈立膦酸、中性肽链内切酶、尼鲁米特、nisamycin、一氧化氮调节剂、硝基氧抗氧化剂、nitrullyn、诺考达唑、诺加霉素、N-取代的苯甲酰胺、O6-苄基鸟嘌呤、奥曲肽、okicenone、寡核苷酸、奥那司酮、昂丹司琼、oracin、口服细胞因子诱导剂、奥马铂、奥沙特隆、奥沙利铂、oxaunomycin、亚磺酰吡啶、紫杉醇、紫杉醇类似物、紫杉醇衍生物、palauamine、棕榈酰利索新(palmitoylrhizoxin)、帕米膦酸、人参炔三醇、帕诺米芬、parabactin、帕折普汀、培门冬酶、培得星、佩里霉素、戊氮芥、多硫酸戊聚糖钠、喷司他丁、pentrozole、培洛霉素硫酸盐、潘氟隆、过磷酰胺、紫苏醇、phenazinomycin、苯乙酸盐、磷酸酶抑制剂、溶链菌、毛果芸香碱盐酸、哌泊溴烷、哌泊舒凡、吡柔比星、吡曲克辛、吡罗蒽醌盐酸盐、placetin A、placetin B、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂、铂络合物、铂化合物、铂-三胺缀合物、普卡霉素、普洛美坦、卟吩姆钠、紫菜霉素、松龙苯芥、丙卡巴肼盐酸盐、丙基双吖啶酮、前列腺素J2、前列腺癌抗雄激素、蛋白酶体抑制剂、基于蛋白A的免疫调节剂、蛋白激酶C酶抑制剂、蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂、嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶抑制剂、嘌呤霉素、嘌呤霉素盐酸盐、红紫素、吡唑呋喃菌素、吡唑啉吖啶、吡哆酰基化血红蛋白聚氧乙烯缀合物、RAF拮抗剂、雷替曲塞、雷莫司琼、RAS法尼基蛋白转移酶抑制剂、RAS抑制剂、RAS-GAP抑制剂、去甲基化瑞替普汀、铼RE186依替膦酸钠、根霉素、利波腺苷;核糖酶、RII维甲酰酚胺、RNAi、洛太米特、罗希吐碱、罗莫肽、罗喹美克、rubiginone B1、ruboxyl、沙芬戈、沙芬戈盐酸盐、saintopin、sarcnu、sarcophytol A、沙莫司亭、SDI1模拟物、司莫司汀、衰老衍生抑制剂1、感知寡核苷酸、信号转导抑制剂、信号转导调节剂、辛曲秦、单链抗原结合蛋白、sizofuran、索布佐生、硼卡钠、苯乙酸钠、solverol、生长调节素结合蛋白、索纳明、磷乙酰天冬氨酸钠、膦门冬酸、稀疏霉素、穗霉素D、螺旋锗盐酸盐、螺莫司汀、螺铂、脾脏五肽、spongistatin1、角鲨胺、干细胞抑制剂、干细胞分裂抑制剂、stipiamide、链黑菌素、链脲佐菌素、基质降解酶抑制剂、sulfinosine、磺氯苯脲、强效的血管活性肠肽拮抗剂、suradista、苏拉明、苦马豆素、合成糖胺聚糖、他利霉索、他莫司汀、他莫昔芬甲碘化物、牛碘莫司汀、他扎罗汀、替可加兰钠、替加氟、tellurapyrylium、端粒酶抑制剂、替洛蒽醌盐酸盐、替莫泊芬、替莫唑胺、替尼泊苷、替罗昔隆、睾内酯、tetrachlorodecaoxide、tetrazomine、thaliblastine、沙利度胺、硫咪嘌呤、噻可拉林、硫鸟嘌呤、塞替派、促血小板生成素、血小板生成素模拟物、胸腺法新、胸腺生成素受体拮抗剂、胸腺曲南、促甲状腺激素、噻唑呋林、本红紫素乙基锡、替拉扎明、二氯二茂钛、拓扑替康盐酸盐、topsentin、托瑞米芬、托瑞米芬柠檬酸盐、全能干细胞因子、翻译抑制剂、曲托龙乙酸酯、维生素A酸、三乙酰基尿苷、曲西立滨、曲西立滨磷酸盐、三甲曲沙、三甲曲沙葡糖醛酸酯、曲普瑞林、托烷司琼、妥布氯唑盐酸盐、妥罗雄脲、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂、UBC抑制剂、乌苯美司、尿嘧啶氮芥、尿烷亚胺、泌尿生殖窦衍生的生长抑制因子、尿激酶受体拮抗剂、伐普肽、variolinB、维拉雷琐、藜芦明、verdins、维替泊芬、长春碱硫酸盐、长春新碱硫酸盐、长春地辛、长春地辛硫酸盐、长春匹定硫酸盐、长春甘酯硫酸盐、长春罗辛硫酸盐、长春瑞滨、长春瑞滨酒石酸盐、长春罗定硫酸盐、vinxaltine、长春利定硫酸盐、vitaxin、伏氯唑、扎诺特隆、折尼拉汀、亚苄维C、净司他丁、净司他丁斯酯、或佐柔比星盐酸盐。在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是阿霉素。
在一些实施方式中,治疗剂是用于治疗或预防影响眼睛的疾病或病症的试剂(例如眼科用药)。眼科用药的非限制性实例包括润滑剂、缓和剂、抗生素、抗病毒药(例如阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、伐昔洛韦)、抗过敏药(例如抗组织胺药,如奥洛他定)、IOP降低剂、抗刺激剂、乙酰唑胺、阿法根、安他唑啉、阿司匹林、阿托品、氮卓斯汀、杆菌肽、倍他索洛尔、比马前列素、包括玉蜀黍黄素叶黄素的植物性药、番茄红素、溴莫尼定、布林唑胺、碳酰胆碱、卡替洛尔、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、柯绕迈棱(cromalyn)、环孢霉素(包括环孢霉素前体药物和环孢霉素衍生物)、其它免疫调节剂、达哌唑、地塞米松、双氯芬酸、地匹福林、多佐胺、肾上腺素、红霉素、氟米龙、氟比洛芬、庆大霉素、青光眼药剂(例如前列腺素、碳酸酐酶抑制药、肾上腺素或α-拮抗剂、β-受体阻断剂)、短杆菌肽、后马托品、氢化可的松、东莨菪碱,酮咯酸、布洛芬、酮替芬、拉坦前列腺素、左布诺洛尔、左卡尼汀、左氧氟沙星、氯替泼诺、甲羟松、醋甲唑胺、美替洛尔、萘甲唑啉、游霉素、奈多罗米、新霉素、甲氮酰胺、神经保护剂、非甾类抗炎药物、尼波菲尼克(nepafanec)、氟哌酸、氧氟沙星、奥洛他定、羟甲唑啉、吡嘧司特、苯吡胺、苯肾上腺素、毛果芸香碱、聚维酮、氢化泼尼松、丙美卡因、东莨菪碱、丁卡因、类固醇、磺胺醋酰、四氢唑啉、高渗的眼泪、噻吗洛尔、妥布霉素、曲伏前列素、三氟尿苷、甲氧苄氨嘧啶、托吡卡胺、乌诺前列酮、适利达和锌。前体药物和相关的化合物、以及新的活性药物成分可与本文描述的递送系统一起使用。
在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是选自以下的眼药制剂:环孢菌素A、噻吗洛尔、倍他索洛尔、美替洛尔、多佐胺、布林唑胺、游霉素、甲氮酰胺、乙酰唑胺、阿法根、适利达、比马前列素、曲伏前列素、奥洛他定、酮替芬、阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、伐昔洛韦。在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是环孢霉素A、游霉素、奥洛他定、布林唑胺或多佐胺。
在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是用于治疗青光眼的眼科用药,如用于减少青光眼的迹象和/或症状的试剂,例如,用于降低与高眼压有关的眼内压力的试剂。在一些实施方式中,治疗剂是青光眼药,如前列腺素、碳酸酐酶抑制药、肾上腺素或α激动剂或β-受体阻断剂。在一些实施方式中,治疗剂是多佐胺、布林唑胺、溴莫尼定、噻吗洛尔或拉坦前列素。
在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是用于治疗过敏性结膜炎的眼科用药,如用于减少过敏性结膜炎的迹象和/或症状的试剂。在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是奥洛他定。
在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是用于治疗干燥性角结膜炎(KCS)或“干眼症”的眼科用药,如用于减少KCS的迹象和/或症状的试剂。在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是环孢霉素A。
在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是环孢霉素A。在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是多佐胺。在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是游霉素。在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是奥洛他定。
在一些实施方式中,治疗剂是抗生素,例如,氟喹诺酮、万古霉素、头孢菌素、庆大霉素、红霉素、阿奇霉素、磺胺药、杆菌肽、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星或氧氟沙星。
在一些实施方式中,治疗剂是抗病毒药,例如,阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、伐昔洛韦。
在一些实施方式中,治疗剂是抗过敏药,例如,抗组织胺药。在一个实施方式中,治疗剂是奥洛他定。
在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒组合物包括给药到眼的前表面的治疗剂。
在一些实施方式中,将眼药制剂配制成用于给药至眼表面的剂形,如滴剂、药膏或凝胶。在一些实施方式中,将眼药制剂配制成用于经接触镜给药至眼睛的剂形。
诊断剂
在另一实施方式中,有效载荷是诊断剂。例如,有效载荷可以是荧光分子;气体;金属;在正电子发射层描记术(PET)、计算机辅助断层摄影术(CAT)、单光子发射计算机化断层显像、x射线、荧光学和磁共振成像(MRI)中使用的可商购的显像剂;或造影剂。MRI中用作造影剂的合适材料的非限制性实例包括钆螯合物以及铁、镁、锰、铜和铬。用于CAT和x射线成像的材料的实例包括但不限于碘基材料。
放射性核素
作为另一实例,有效载荷可包括放射性核素,例如,用作治疗剂、诊断剂或预后剂。在使用的放射性核素中,γ发射体、正电子发射体和X-射线发射体适于诊断和/或治疗,而β发射体和α发射体也可用于治疗。用于与本发明的各个实施方式使用的合适的放射性核素包括但不限于,123I、125I、130I、131I、133I、135I、47Sc、72As、72Sc、90Y、88Y、97Ru、100Pd、101mRh、119Sb、128Ba、197Hg、211At、212Bi、212Pb、109Pd、111In、67Ga、68Ga、67Cu、75Br、77Br、99mTc、14C、13N、15O、32P、33P或18F。放射性核素可包含在纳米颗粒中(例如,作为单独的种类),和/或成为形成纳米颗粒的大分子或聚合物的一部分。
药物组合物
本公开的另一方面涉及包括如本文中限定的纳米颗粒组合物和药学上可接受的载体的药物组合物。可以药学领域中熟知的方法制备药物组合物,并且可以通过各种给药途径给药,这取决于是否期望局部或全身作用和待治疗的区域。
在一些实施方式中,将药物组合物给药至受试者中期望的粘膜位点。药物组合物可以通过任何合适的给药途径给药至期望的粘膜位点。在一些实施方式中,给药途径是非肠胃外的,如局部的。如本文使用的,局部的给药可包括,例如,经口、眼、耳、鼻、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、直肠、阴道、尿道、阴茎、子宫等给药至粘膜。应理解,给药治疗剂至粘膜位点可提供局部和/或全身效果,例如,根据经粘膜将试剂吸收到循环中的能力。
用于局部给药的药物组合物和制剂通常包括药膏、洗剂、乳脂、凝胶、滴剂、栓剂、喷雾、液体和粉末等。对于局部给药至内脏的粘膜,可使用口服剂形,如液体、乳液、片剂、囊片或胶囊。可以使用传统的药物载体、赋形剂和稀释剂。
在一些实施方式中,以适于局部或经皮给药的剂形给药组合物。适于局部或经皮给药本文公开的药物组合物的剂形的非限制性实例包括药膏、糊剂、乳脂、洗剂、凝胶、粉末、溶液、悬浮液、乳液、喷雾、吸入剂或贴剂(patche)。通常,组合物在无菌条件下与药学上可接受的载体混合,并且可需要任何需要的防腐剂或缓冲剂。
在一些实施方式中,组合物为适于口服给药的剂形。例如,这样的剂形可用于给药至口、食道、胃或肠粘膜位点。根据目标粘膜位点,组合物可或不可吞咽。例如,剂形可以为漱口剂。在一些实施方式中,口服剂形为液体剂形,如悬浮液、溶液或乳液。在一些实施方式中,剂形为固体剂形,如粉末、片剂、胶囊或囊片。
在一些实施方式中,组合物为适于直肠或阴道给药的剂形。在一些实施方式中,用于直肠或阴道给药的组合物为栓剂的形式。在一些实施方式中,用于直肠或阴道给药的组合物为液体的形式,如灌注剂或灌肠剂。在一些实施方式中,用于直肠或阴道给药的组合物为乳脂、药膏或凝胶的形式,其任选地采用涂药器涂覆。
在一些实施方式中,组合物为适于鼻或肺给药的剂形。在一些实施方式中,鼻或肺给药的剂形为喷雾或吸入剂。在一个实施方式中,剂形为喷雾。在一个实施方式中,剂形为吸入剂,其可通过吸入器给药。
在一些实施方式中,组合物为适于眼或耳给药的剂形,即给药至眼睛或耳朵。在一些实施方式中,眼或耳给药的剂形为滴剂。在一些实施方式中,组合物为适于眼给药的剂形,如滴剂、凝胶或药膏。例如,可将这种滴剂、凝胶或药膏施加至眼睛的前表面。
肠胃外的给药途径包括静脉内、动脉内、皮下、腹膜内、肌肉内或注射或输注;或颅内,例如,鞘内或心室内给药。肠胃外的给药可为单个弹丸剂量的形式,或可以是例如通过连续灌注泵。
在一些实施方式中,期望肠胃外的途径,因为其避免了接触可见于消化道中的消化酶。根据这些实施方式,纳米颗粒组合物可通过注射(例如,静脉内、皮下或肌肉内、腹膜内注射)、直肠、阴道、局部(如通过粉末、乳脂、药膏或滴剂)或通过吸入(如通过喷雾)给药。
可注射制剂,例如,可根据已知技术使用合适的分散剂或润湿剂和悬浮剂配制无菌可注射水性或油性悬浮液。无菌可注射制剂还可以是在非毒性的肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌可注射溶液、悬浮液或乳液,例如,作为1,3-丁二醇中的溶液。在可接受的媒介和溶剂中,可使用水、林格氏溶液(Ringer's solution)、U.S.P.和等渗氯化钠溶液。此外,无菌不挥发性油通常用作溶剂或悬浮介质。为此目的,可使用任何温和的不挥发性油,包括合成的甘油单酯或双酸甘油二酯。此外,脂肪酸(例如油酸)用于可注射的制备中。在一个实施方式中,将本发明的缀合物悬浮在包括1%(w/v)羧甲基纤维素钠和0.1%(v/v)TWEENTM80的载体流体中。例如,通过过滤通过细菌滞留过滤器,或通过并入在使用前可溶于或分散于无菌水或其他无菌可注射介质中的无菌固体组合物形式的无菌试剂,可无菌化可注射制剂。
除了本公开的纳米颗粒递送系统之外,药膏、糊剂、乳脂和凝胶可包含赋形剂,例如动物和植物脂肪、油、蜡、石蜡、淀粉、黄蓍胶、纤维素衍生物、聚乙二醇、有机硅、斑脱土、硅酸、滑石和氧化锌,或其混合物。
除了本发明的有创造性的缀合物之外,粉末和喷雾可包含赋形剂如乳糖、滑石、硅酸、氢氧化铝、硅酸钙和聚酰胺粉末,或其混合物。喷雾可另外包含惯用的发射药如氯氟代烃。
用于口服给药的药物组合物可以是液体或固体。适于口服给药本发明的组合物的液体剂形包括药学上可接受的乳液、微乳液、溶液、悬浮液、糖浆和酏剂。除了包封的或未包封的缀合物,液体剂形可包含本领域中常用的惰性稀释剂如,例如,水或其它溶剂、增溶剂和乳化剂如乙醇、异丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甲基甲酰胺、油(特别地,棉籽、花生、玉米、胚芽、橄榄、蓖麻和芝麻油)、甘油、四氢呋喃醇、聚乙二醇和山梨聚糖的脂肪酸酯,和它们的混合物。除了惰性稀释剂,该口服组合物还可以包括佐剂、润湿剂、乳化剂和悬浮剂、甜味剂、调味剂和芳香剂。如本文使用,术语“佐剂”是指是任何免疫应答的非特异性调节剂的化合物。在某些实施方式中,佐剂刺激免疫应答。可根据本发明使用任何佐剂。本领域中是已知大量佐剂化合物(Allison Dev.Biol.Stand.92:3-11,1998;Unkeless等人,Annu.Rev.Immunol.6:251-281,1998;和Phillips et al.Vaccine 10:151-158,1992)。
用于口服给药的固体剂形包括胶囊、片剂、囊片、丸剂、粉末和颗粒剂。以这种固体剂形,包封的或未包封的缀合物与至少一种惰性的药学上可接受的赋形剂或载体混合,如柠檬酸钠或磷酸二钙和/或(a)填料或增量剂如淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇和硅酸,(b)粘结剂如,例如,羧甲基纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、蔗糖和阿拉伯胶,(c)保湿剂,例如甘油,(d)崩解剂如琼脂、碳酸钙、马铃薯或木薯淀粉、藻酸、某些硅酸盐和碳酸钠,(e)溶液阻燃剂如石蜡,(f)吸收促进剂,例如季铵化合物,(g)润湿剂,例如,十六醇和单硬脂酸甘油酯,(h)吸附剂,例如高岭土和斑脱土粘土,和(i)润滑剂如滑石、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、固体聚乙二醇、月桂基硫酸钠,和它们的混合物。在胶囊、片剂和丸剂的情况下,剂形还可以包括缓冲剂。
在使用这种赋形剂(例如乳糖或奶糖以及高分子量聚乙二醇等)软的和硬的填充明胶的胶囊中,类似类型的固体组合物也可以用作填料。也可以用药物配制领域中熟知的涂层和壳(例如肠衣和其它涂层)来制备片剂、糖衣丸、胶囊、丸剂和颗粒剂的固体剂形。
剂量
应理解,根据待治疗的患者,医师可以确定确切剂量的纳米颗粒或其组分,例如治疗剂。一般而言,调节剂量和给药以提供有效量的本发明的缀合物给正在治疗的患者。如本文使用,“有效量”是指得到期望的生物响应所需的量。如本领域普通技术人员理解的,有效量可以根据这些因素而改变,如期望的生物学终点、待递送的药物、目标组织、给药途径等。可以考虑的其它因素包括疾病状态的严重程度;正在接受治疗的患者的年龄、体重和性别;饮食,给药的时间和频率;药物组合物;反应敏感性;对治疗的耐受性/响应。
可将本文描述的组合物配制成单位剂形,以便于给药以及剂量的均匀性。如本文使用的表述“单位剂形”是指适用于待治疗的患者的物理上独立的单位。然而,将理解,本发明的组合物的总的每日剂量可由医师决定。对于任何组合物,治疗上有效的剂量可最初在细胞培养试验或在动物模型(通常是小鼠、兔子、狗或猪)中进行评估。动物模型也用于获得期望的浓度范围和给药途径。这样的信息可然后用于确定在人类中有用的剂量和给药途径。可以通过细胞培养或实验动物中的标准药学程序来确定治疗效率和缀合物的毒性,例如ED50(剂量在50%的人群中治疗有效)和LD50(剂量在50%的人群中致死)。毒性效果与治疗效果的剂量比是治疗指数,并且其可以表达为比LD50/ED50。呈现大的治疗指数的药物组合物在一些实施方式中可以是有用的。从细胞培养试验和动物研究中获得的数据可用于配制用于人类使用的剂量范围。
试剂盒和商业包装
本公开还提供试剂盒或商业包装中的任何上述组合物,任选地具有使用说明书或通过如前所述的任何合适的技术给药任何本文描述的组合物的说明。“说明书”可以限定推广的组分,并且典型地在本发明的组合物的包装上包括书面说明或与其相关。说明书还可包括以任何方式提供的任何口头的或电子的说明书。“试剂盒”通常限定包括本发明的任何一种组合物或组合物的组合以及说明书的包装,但也可以包括本发明的组合物和以临床专业人员将清楚地认识到说明书与具体组合物相关的方式与组合物结合提供的任何形式的说明书。
本文描述的试剂盒也可以包含一种或多种容器,其可包含如前所述的本发明的组合物和其它成分。在一些情况下,试剂盒也可以包括用于混合、稀释和/或给药本发明的组合物的说明书。试剂盒还可以包括具有一种或多种溶剂、表面活性剂、防腐剂和/或稀释剂(例如生理盐水(0.9%NaCl)或5%葡聚糖)的其它容器,以及用于混合、稀释或给药样品中的组分的容器或给药需要这种治疗的受试者的容器。
可以任何合适的形式(例如作为液体溶液或作为干燥的粉末)提供为试剂盒的组分。当提供的组合物为干燥的粉末时,可以通过添加合适的稀释剂(其也可以被提供)而重新构建组合物。在其中使用液体形式的组合物的实施方式中,可以浓缩液体形式或待用。稀释剂将取决于组合物的组分和使用方式或给药方式。用于药物组合物的合适的稀释剂是熟知的,例如如前所述,并且可在文献中查到。稀释剂将取决于缀合物和使用方式或给药方式。
在另一方面,本公开还包括促进(promotion)本文描述的纳米颗粒递送系统的给药。在一些实施方式中,本发明的一种或多种组合物通过给药本发明的组合物的何一种而促进了对多种如本文描述的那些疾病的预防或治疗。如本文使用,“促进”包括经商的所有方法,包括教育方法,医院和其他临床教学活动,医药行业活动——包括医药销售,和任何广告或其他促销活动——包括与本发明的组合物有关的任何形式的书面、口头和电子通信。
治疗和使用方法
本文公开的纳米颗粒组合物可用于治疗或预防任何能够通过控制递送治疗剂至粘膜位点被治疗的疾病或病症。如本文使用的“治疗”包括预防、减轻或缓解疾病或病症的一种或多种迹象和/或症状。纳米颗粒组合物提供治疗剂的控制释放和表面官能化,用于靶向和保留纳米颗粒在粘膜位点,以便可获得在粘膜位点处的持续释放。
在一些实施方式中,提供了通过给药有效量的如本文中限定的组合物或其组分治疗受试者中的疾病或病症的方法。在其它实施方式中,提供了如本文中限定的组合物或其组分用于治疗和/或预防疾病或病症中的用途。在其它实施方式中,提供了如本文中限定的组合物或其组分用于制造治疗和/或预防疾病或病症的药物中的用途。在其它实施方式中,提供了本文公开的组合物或其组分用于制造治疗和/或预防疾病或病症的药物。在其它实施方式中,提供了如本文中限定的组合物或其组分用于治疗疾病或病症。
在一些实施方式中,待治疗的疾病或病症是能够通过递送治疗剂至粘膜位点如口、眼、耳、鼻、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、直肠、阴道、尿道、阴茎或子宫的粘膜位点而治疗的疾病或病症。在一些实施方式中,待治疗的疾病或病症是侵袭口、眼、耳、鼻、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、直肠、阴道、尿道、阴茎或子宫的疾病或病症。在一些实施方式中,待治疗的疾病或病症是侵袭口、眼、耳、鼻的疾病或病症。在一些实施方式中,待治疗的疾病或病症是侵袭直肠、阴道、尿道、阴茎或子宫的疾病或病症。在一些实施方式中,待治疗的疾病或病症是侵袭食道、胃、小肠或大肠的疾病或病症。
在一些实施方式中,待治疗的疾病或病症是侵袭眼睛的疾病或病症。非限制性实例包括:磨损、棘阿米巴角膜炎、光化性角化病、急性过敏性睑结膜炎、过敏性结膜炎、腺病毒性角结膜炎、虹膜缺损、特应性角结膜炎、细菌性结膜炎、细菌性角膜炎、带状角膜病变、基底细胞癌、贝尔氏麻痹(Bell’s palsy)、睑缘炎、大泡性角膜病、泪小管炎、肉瘤样囊肿、白内障、霰粒肿、衣原体结膜炎、气候性滴状角膜病、粘连、结膜上皮内瘤样病变、结膜淋巴瘤、结膜乳头状瘤、结膜色素性病变、结膜瘢痕、结膜炎、结膜松弛症和球结膜水肿、角膜胶原交联、角膜水肿、角膜移植–板层角膜移植、角膜移植排斥、角膜浸润、鳄鱼皮样囊肿、结晶性角膜病变、眼睑囊肿、泪囊炎、陷凹、树枝状溃疡、皮肤松弛和眼睑皮肤松弛症、后弹力膜破裂、盘状角膜炎、盘状角膜炎、干燥性角结膜炎、晶状体异位、睑外翻、眼内炎、睑内翻、睑赘皮和内眦赘皮、眼球上的迷芽瘤、溢泪、巩膜炎、上皮和纤维长入、上皮基底膜营养不良、暴露性角膜炎、眼睑外伤、丝状角膜病变、滤过泡、闪光灼伤、眼睑松弛综合征、滤泡性结膜炎、福克斯氏内皮营养不良(Fuchs’endothelial dystrophy)、福克斯氏异色性虹膜睫状体炎(Fuchs’heterochromic iridocyclitis)、真菌性角膜炎、巨乳头性结膜炎、急性闭角型青光眼、淋菌性结膜炎、颗粒状角膜营养不良、血管瘤、单纯疱疹性角膜炎、单纯疱疹性睑角膜结膜炎、眼部带状疱疹、麦粒肿–内部和外部、前房出血–钝性外伤、前房积脓、感染结晶性角膜病变、间质性角膜炎、虹膜角膜发育不全、虹膜角膜内皮病变、虹膜囊肿、虹膜炎、铁纹、圆锥角膜、圆锥角膜形成墩、球形角膜、格基质营养不良、白瞳症、虱子(lice)、角膜缘干细胞缺乏、脂质性角膜病变、黄斑基质营养不良、边缘性角膜炎、米斯曼氏营养不良(meesmann’s dystrophy)、黑色素瘤–眼结膜及眼睑、黑色素瘤和虹膜痣、膜和假膜性结膜炎、传染性软疣、角膜侵蚀性溃疡、先天性鼻泪管阻塞、神经营养性角膜病变、痣–眼睑、眼部疤痕性类天疱疮、新生儿眼炎、血管翳和假翼状累肉、透明边缘变性、角膜穿孔、周边溃疡性角膜炎、持续性角膜上皮缺损、小水疱病、睑裂黄斑、后囊混浊、后发多形性营养不良、眶前蜂窝织炎、晶状体囊的假鳞片样脱皮、翼状胬肉、上睑下垂和假性上睑下垂、泪小点狭窄、化脓性肉芽肿、复发性角膜糜烂综合征、赖斯—巴克勒氏营养不良(Reis-Buckler’s dystrophy)、潴留囊肿和淋巴管扩张症、类风湿性关节炎、酒渣鼻性角膜炎、萨尔兹曼结节状变性(Salzmann nodulardegeneration)、巩膜炎、皮脂腺细胞癌、脂溢性角化病、鳞状细胞癌–眼睑、史蒂文斯—约翰逊氏综合征(Stevens-Johnson syndrome)、结膜下出血、浅层点状角膜病变、上缘角膜结膜炎、粘连、泰伦氏角膜边缘变性(Terrien’s marginaldegeneration)、希杰森氏浅层点状角膜病变(Thygeson’s superficial punctatekeratopathy)、毒性角膜病变、沙眼、倒睫、假性倒睫、双行睫、乱睫、拔毛症、葡萄膜炎、春季角结膜炎、维生素A缺乏、涡角膜病变、睑黄瘤。
在一些实施方式中,疾病或病症是眼部的疾病或病症,是青光眼、干燥性角结膜炎或过敏性结膜炎、霉菌感染、病毒感染或细菌感染。在一些实施方式中,眼部的疾病或病症是青光眼、干燥性角结膜炎或过敏性结膜炎。在一些实施方式中,眼部的疾病或病症是霉菌感染、病毒感染或细菌感染。
在一些实施方式中,给药环孢霉素A用于治疗干燥性角结膜炎。在一些实施方式中,给药奥洛他定用于治疗过敏性结膜炎。在一些实施方式中,给药布林唑胺、溴莫尼定或多佐胺用于治疗青光眼。
在一些实施方式中,在眼睛表面上局部给药组合物用于治疗与眼睛的前段相关的疾病。
在一些实施方式中,在眼睛表面上局部给药组合物,用于治疗与眼睛的后段相关的疾病。在一些实施方式中,鼻内给予组合物用于靶向鼻粘膜。在一些实施方式中,经口给药组合物用于靶向口腔粘膜。在一些实施方式中,静脉内给药组合物用于靶向胃肠粘蛋白,用于治疗与肠相关的疾病。在一些实施方式中,阴道给药组合物以靶向阴道粘膜。在一些实施方式中,直肠给药组合物用于靶向直肠粘膜。
在一些实施方式中,待治疗的疾病或病症选自以下的一种或多种:获得性血管性水肿、肠病性肢端皮炎、急性浆液性结膜炎、结肠腺瘤性息肉病、腺病毒感染、腺病毒相关的感冒、过敏性哮喘、过敏性接触性唇炎、过敏性鼻炎、过敏症、牙龈淀粉样变性病和结膜精神发育迟滞、镇痛哮喘综合征、安德森三征、出血性大疱性心绞痛、角结膜炎、哮喘、喘息性支气管炎、萎缩性舌炎、萎缩性鼻炎、衰减家族性息肉病、白塞氏病(Behcet's disease)、良性游走性舌炎、良性黏膜类天疱疮、黑毛舌、布罗迪堆积(Brodie pile)、支气管炎、大疱性类天疱疮、念珠菌病、口腔溃疡、碳婴综合征(carbon baby syndrome)、心脏肥大(cariomegaly)、粘膜炎、卡他性或粘液脓性结膜炎、中央乳头萎缩、宫颈息肉、唇炎、剥脱性唇炎、腺性唇炎、肉芽肿性唇炎、胆囊炎、瘢痕性结膜炎、由于随机睫毛取向造成的睫状体不协调、纤毛运动障碍、结肠炎、结直肠腺瘤性息肉病、结直肠息肉、结膜炎木质化、结膜炎伴假膜、冠状病毒相关的感冒、科斯特洛综合征、柯萨奇病毒相关的感冒、克罗恩氏病(Crohn's disease)、息肉-色素沉着-脱发-爪甲营养不良综合征(cronkhite-Canada syndrome)、囊性纤维化、膀胱炎、皮肤口炎、剥脱性龈炎、右位心支气管扩张鼻窦炎、药物性唇溃疡、十二指肠溃疡、先天性角化不良、津泽—科尔—英格曼的先天性角化不良(dyskeratosis congenitaof Zinsser-Cole-Engman)、埃可病毒相关的感冒、外胚层发育不良、小肠结肠炎、嗜酸性膀胱炎、流行性卡波西氏肉瘤(epidemic kaposi's sarcoma)、牙龈瘤、缝龈瘤、发疹性血管瘤、发疹性舌乳头炎、粘膜红斑病、食道溃疡、食管炎、外源性哮喘、家族性腺瘤性息肉病、家族性肠息肉病、家族鼻纤毛(familial nasal acilia)、家族性息肉病、芬威克溃疡、裂纹舌、流行性感冒、滤泡性结膜炎、毛囊错构瘤、食物过敏有关的哮喘、福代斯氏病(Fordyce's disease)、加德纳综合征(Gardnersyndrome)、胃食道反流有关的慢性咳嗽、胃糜烂、胃反流、胃溃疡、胃炎、胃炎、胃食道反流性疾病、巨乳头状结膜炎、淋病、分泌生长激素的垂体腺瘤、毛状粘膜白斑、嗜血杆菌B型流感、出血性结膜炎、出血性直肠结肠炎、疱疹、人乳头瘤病毒、纤毛不能移动综合征、包涵体性结膜炎、A型流感、B型流感、间质性膀胱炎、口腔内牙齿窦、内源性哮喘、侵袭性念珠菌病、刺激性结膜炎、先天性厚甲症、卡波西样血管内皮瘤、角膜结膜炎、咽角化病、咽喉反流、麻风病、脑白质病、粘膜白斑、粘膜白斑伴胼胝和食道癌、脂肪肉芽肿病、逻辑综合征、下食管溃疡、淋巴细胞性结肠炎、淋巴瘤、粘膜相关性淋巴组织、重型口腔溃疡、恶性消化性溃疡、梅罗氏综合征(Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome)、膜性结膜炎、口腔溃疡、粘蛋白癌、粘液囊肿、粘液表皮样、粘液表皮样癌、遗传性粘膜上皮发育不良、头皮白痂病类型(Witkop type)、粘膜利什曼病、粘膜扁平苔癣、粘膜鳞状细胞癌、粘膜炎、口腔粘膜的粘液囊肿、特征性红斑、鼻息肉、坏死性结肠炎、坏死性牙周疾病、烟碱口腔炎、新生儿眼炎、口腔克罗恩氏病(oral Crohn'sdisease)、口腔菜花样乳头状瘤病、口腔皮脂腺异位颗粒、鹅口疮、口腔溃疡、正粘病毒相关的感冒、奥-朗-韦三氏综合征(Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome)、全结肠炎、乳头状结膜炎、副流感、副粘病毒有关的感冒、粒细胞缺乏性哮喘、天疱疮、落叶型天疱疮、寻常性天疱疮(pemphigus volgaris)、良性消化性溃疡(Penignpeptic ulcer)、寻常型天疱疮(penphigus vulgaris)、消化性溃疡、复发性坏死性粘膜腺、周期性发热、咽结膜发热、睑裂斑、浆细胞唇炎、普莱斯牟坎托马(plasmoacanthoma)/浆细胞牙龈炎、原发性纤毛运动障碍、直肠炎伪膜性肠炎、伪真菌营养体粘液瘤(pseudomycoma peritonei)、黏膜牛皮癣、精神疾病相关的腹腔疾病、翼状胬肉、结膜翼状胬肉、化脓性结膜炎、复发性瘢痕性口疮、反流性喉炎、顽固性腹腔疾病、鼻炎、鼻孢子虫病、里特综合征、罗斯坦哮喘、水杨酸盐敏感性哮喘、先天性角化不良白内障综合征、鼻窦炎、舍格伦综合征、春季粘膜炎、口炎性腹泻、史蒂文斯—约翰逊氏综合征、吻合口溃疡、口腔炎、上缘角膜结膜炎、萨顿病、猪流感、系统性念珠菌病、高原氏病(Takahara's disease)、淋病、真菌性口炎、小号手疣、粘膜的结核性疾病、溃疡性结肠炎、溃疡性结膜炎、溃疡性直肠乙状结肠炎、厄本-施洛瑟-斯庞综合征综合征(urban Schosser Spohnsynfrome)、阴道念珠菌病、血管运动性鼻炎、前庭乳头瘤病、文森特氏心绞痛(Vincent's angina)、外阴阴道牙龈综合征、白色海绵状痣、黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎、口干症。
受试者
受试者可以是人类或非人类的动物。在一些实施方式中,受试者是哺乳动物。哺乳动物的非限制性实例包括人、狗、猫、马、驴、兔子、牛、猪、绵羊、山羊、大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠、仓鼠和灵长类动物。在一些实施方式中,受试者是人。
制备方法
在另一方面,本公开提供了用于制备用于形成粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒递送系统的大分子的方法。大分子典型地是两亲性共聚物,特别是嵌段共聚物,将其缀合至多个粘膜靶向部分。大分子能够在合适的条件下进行组装以形成纳米颗粒,即,核壳型纳米颗粒。在水性环境中,纳米颗粒具有疏水核和亲水壳,壳提供纳米颗粒的表面,纳米颗粒的表面涂布有期望的量(即表面密度)的粘膜靶向部分,用于控制靶向和粘附纳米颗粒。
本文公开的大分子可以通过本领域技术人员已知的任何合适的方法制造,例如,使用合适的缀合技术。起始材料(包括疏水聚合物和亲水聚合物)可购自各个商业供应商。当期望时,可以由本领域技术人员制备起始材料。例如,当期望聚合物包括改性的主链残基时。以下描述用于制备用于形成粘膜粘合剂递送系统的大分子的示例性方法。
在一些实施方式中,提供了制备纳米颗粒组合物的方法。
在一些实施方式中,在一系列的步骤中进行所述方法,如,制备两亲性大分子、形成纳米颗粒以及缀合至靶向部分(即用期望表面密度的靶向部分涂布纳米颗粒的表面)。备选地,包括多个官能团的亲水部分可首先连接至期望量的靶向部分,然后缀合官能化的亲水部分至疏水聚合物—其可为疏水纳米颗粒的形式(即用官能化的亲水聚合物涂布疏水纳米颗粒的表面)。当将疏水聚合物改性用于缀合时,聚合物的一端通常将变得更加亲水(例如存在羧基)。这样的聚合物可组装,以形成在水性介质中的疏水纳米颗粒。以控制顺序制备纳米颗粒产生表面官能化的纳米颗粒,其中基本上所有(例如超过90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%)的靶向部分位于由大分子的亲水部分形成的纳米颗粒的表面上。
在一个实施方式中,制备用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物的方法包括制备包括亲水部分和疏水部分的两亲性大分子,亲水部分包括多个官能部分;b)在合适的条件下组装多个所述大分子,以形成具有疏水核和亲水壳的纳米颗粒;和c)缀合至少一部分在疏水部分上的所述官能部分至粘膜靶向部分,从而提供表面官能化的纳米颗粒。
在一些实施方式中,a)包括缀合亲水聚合物至疏水聚合物,以形成二嵌段共聚物。
在一些实施方式中,亲水聚合物是葡聚糖,并且疏水聚合物是PLA。
在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是苯硼酸衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物。在一些实施方式中,靶向部分是苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物。
在一些实施方式中,步骤b)在步骤c)之前进行。然而,在其它实施方式中,步骤c)在步骤b)之前进行。
在一些实施方式中,通过引入反应中的粘膜靶向部分的量控制纳米颗粒上粘膜靶向部分的表面密度。
在一些实施方式中,方法包括在多聚体和合适连接键(linker)的之间的还原胺化(animation)。在一些实施方式中,在N-保护基-亚乙基二胺的胺端和每单体单元具有多个官能团的多聚体(例如多糖、多核苷酸或多肽)的还原端之间发生反应。可以使用任何合适的N-保护基。在一些实施方式中,N-保护基是叔丁氧基羰基(BOC)。
如以下进一步描述,每单体单元具有多个官能团的亲水聚合物的选择能够调节所得纳米颗粒,以控制粒径、靶向和/或粘附在粘膜位点。在一些实施方式中,亲水聚合物是多糖。在一些实施方式中,亲水聚合物是葡聚糖。因此,在一些实施方式中,反应发生在N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺和葡聚糖聚合物的还原端的醛基之间。反应可在存在还原剂(例如NaCNBH3)的情况下在合适的溶剂(如硼酸盐缓冲溶液)中进行,。搅拌混合物足够的时间段以完成反应,例如,约24至120小时。在一个实施方式中,搅拌混合物约24、48、72、96或120小时。在一些实施方式中,在室温下进行该步骤。在一些实施方式中,在黑暗中进行该步骤。
然后可以冲洗混合物,以除去任何未反应的分子或催化剂。在一个实施方式中,在冲洗步骤中使用甲醇。任选择地在继续加工之前干燥末端改性的葡聚糖。
然后除去保护基,随后在合适的溶剂中缀合胺封端的多聚体至疏水聚合物,以提供两亲性大分子。在一个实施方式中,盐酸和三乙基胺用于除去保护基。例如,可使用甲醇冲洗大分子,以除去未反应的聚合物。
在合适的溶剂中进行缀合胺封端的多聚体至疏水聚合物。在一个实施方式中,溶剂是DMSO、丙酮或乙腈。可以使用催化剂以促进反应。在一个实施方式中,催化剂是EDC和硫代-NHS。
然后可冲洗混合物,以除去任何未反应的分子或催化剂。在一个实施方式中,在冲洗步骤中使用甲醇。可使用另外的冲洗步骤,以除去未反应的聚合物。在一个实施方式中,未反应的聚合物是葡聚糖。最后的混合物溶解在合适的溶剂中,离心并收集所得上清液。在一个实施方式中,合适的溶剂是丙酮或乙腈。干燥最后的产物。在一个实施方式中,使用真空干燥器来干燥产物。
在另一方面,本公开提供制备用于形成粘膜粘合剂纳米颗粒递送系统的纳米颗粒的方法。可使用本领域技术人员已知的技术形成本文描述聚合物或大分子为纳米颗粒。来自大分子的颗粒形成的几何形状可取决于因素(例如形成大分子的聚合物的大小和组成)。此外,还如以下讨论的,在一些情况中,颗粒可包括感兴趣的试剂,如治疗剂、诊断剂或显像剂。例如,在一些实施方式中,纳米颗粒可包含治疗剂,如药物。在形成颗粒的过程中可将感兴趣的试剂包含到颗粒中,例如,通过在包含用于形成颗粒的聚合物的溶液中包含试剂,和/或试剂可在其形成后包含到颗粒中。
此外,方法可利用不同于上述聚合物或大分子的另外的聚合物或大分子。如前所述,第一大分子和第二(或更多)大分子可以以不同的比例结合在一起,以产生包括第一大分子和第二(或更多)大分子的颗粒,注意,在一些实施方式中,期望具有带有多个官能团的亲水部分存在于纳米颗粒的壳中,用于调节纳米颗粒经官能团的连接靶向粘膜靶向部分,如能够形成高亲和力结合至粘膜位点处的目标的靶向部分。
在一些实施方式中,靶向部分在形成纳米颗粒之后缀合至大分子。
本公开还提供了在使用本文描述的两亲性大分子形成的纳米颗粒的表面上缀合的靶向部分的方法。在一些实施方式中,缀合在亲水部分(例如亲水聚合物的主链)官能团和靶向部分的官能团之间。在一些实施方式中,催化剂,例如EDC,用于缀合反应。在一些实施方式中,在缀合反应之前将聚合物主链的官能团改性为其它类型的官能团。在一个实施方式中,NaIO4用于将羟基氧化为醛基。例如,可使用甲醇冲洗混合物,以除去未缀合的靶向部分。在一些实施方式中,使用渗析除去未反应的分子。
在一些情况中,方法可包括缀合多于一种类型的靶向部分。可通过调节反应混合物中材料的量来控制所得纳米颗粒上的靶向部分的表面密度。
在一些实施方式中,缀合和纳米颗粒形成可作为一步反应发生,例如,根据美国专利号8,323,698中描述的一步反应。然而,与如上所述的多个控制顺序相比,这样一步反应将导致纳米颗粒具有可检测量的位于纳米颗粒的核内的靶向部分,从而降低颗粒的靶向效率。
本领域普通技术人员可至多使用常规实验来确定具体反应条件。
方法的实施方式
制备葡聚糖-b-PLA(Dex-b-PLA)嵌段共聚物的示例性方法在以下实施例1中描述(Verma,2012)。简言之,合成Dex-b-PLA的示例性方法可分为三个阶段:葡聚糖和N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺之间的还原胺化,去保护Boc基团,和缀合胺改性的葡聚糖端基与羧基封端的PLA。还原胺化可通过将Dex溶解于硼酸盐缓冲液中并将其与N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺和NaCNBH3在黑暗条件下混合约72小时来进行。反应后,用甲醇冲洗混合物并在真空干燥器中干燥。然后将样品溶解于DI-H2O中并用盐酸和三乙基胺处理用于去保护Boc基团。用EDC和硫代-NHS作为催化剂在DMSO中进行缀合胺封端的葡聚糖和PLA约4小时。用甲醇冲洗最终产物数次。冲洗样品进一步溶解于丙酮中并离心。小心地提取上清液,以与游离的未反应的葡聚糖(已经沉淀)分离。最终,含有Dex-b-PLA的上清液在真空干燥器中干燥。
因此,在一些实施方式中,提供了制备Dex-b-PLA大分子的方法,方法包括:1)葡聚糖和N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺之间的还原胺化,2)Boc基团的去保护,和3)缀合末端改性葡聚糖与PLA(方案1)。合成的第一个步骤涉及葡聚糖的还原端上的醛基和N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺交联剂的氨基之间的还原胺化。将还原剂NaCNBH3添加至硼酸盐缓冲溶液中,在黑暗条件下室温下搅拌混合物72小时。然后在甲醇中冲洗混合物,以除去任何未反应的分子或催化剂。在真空下干燥端基改性的葡聚糖过夜。将干燥的葡聚糖再次溶解在去离子水中(DI-H2O)。Boc基团的去保护首先通过添加HCl持续1小时以分开Boc基团和保护的胺部分之间的酰胺键而进行。然后,添加TEA以提高溶液的pH直至9,以去质子化去保护的NH3 +端基。然后使用甲醇冲洗混合物两次,并在真空下干燥。在D2O中制备干燥产物的NMR样品。将胺封端的葡聚糖和羧基封端的PLA20(Mw~20kDa,6g,0.3mmol)溶于DMSO中。通过添加催化剂EDC(120mg,0.773mmol)和硫代-NHS(300mg,1.38mmol)并让反应在室温下进行4个小时来促进两种聚合物之间的缀合。使所得的Dex-b-PLA沉淀并使用过量的甲醇纯化两次。为了除去游离的葡聚糖,将混合物溶于丙酮(30mL)中以形成浑浊的悬浮液。以4000rpm将其离心10分钟并小心地提取上清液。用空气吹扫上清液以除去溶剂,然后在真空中干燥过夜以获得最终的共聚物。
为了官能化聚合物,可将Dex-b-PLA溶解于DMSO(30mg/ml)中,并在温和搅拌下缓慢添加至水中。通过添加60mg的NaIO4并搅拌一小时来进行高碘酸盐氧化葡聚糖表面。然后,添加甘油以终止未反应的NaIO4。将各种量的PBA(即40mg的Dex-b-PLA_40PBA)以及NaCNBH3添加至混合物24小时。所有反应均在黑暗中进行。然后通过改变冲洗介质4次而在水中渗析混合物24小时,以除去任何未反应的溶质。
可使用本领域技术人员已知的包括以下详细讨论的那些技术将本文描述的聚合物或大分子形成为纳米颗粒。来自聚合物或大分子的颗粒形成的几何形状可取决于因素(例如形成颗粒的聚合物)。此外,还如以下讨论的,在一些情况下,颗粒可包括感兴趣的亲水试剂或疏水试剂,这取决于颗粒的结构。例如,纳米颗粒可包含药物或其它治疗剂。在形成颗粒的过程中可将亲水或疏水试剂包含到颗粒中,例如,通过在包含用于形成颗粒的聚合物的溶液中包含试剂,和/或试剂可在其形成后包含到颗粒中。
使用纳米沉淀法制备Dex-b-PLA NP:在恒定的搅拌下以逐滴的方式将1mL在DMSO中的Dex-b-PLA(10mg/mL)添加至10mL的DI-H2O中,以形成NP。搅拌其30分钟,然后通过取3mL样品到聚苯乙烯试管中制备动态光散射(DLS)样品。使用90Plus粒径分析仪(Brookhaven,λ=659nm,90°)分析NP的大小。从结果中使用体积平均多模尺寸分布(MSD)平均直径。
此外,方法可利用可不同于上述聚合物或大分子的另外的聚合物或大分子。如前所述,第一大分子和第二大分子可以以不同的比例结合在一起,以产生包括第一大分子和第二大分子的颗粒。
在一些情况下,方法可包括用多于一种类型的靶向部分缀合。可通过调节反应混合物中材料的量来控制所产生的纳米颗粒上靶向部分的表面密度。
备选地,反应可作为一步反应发生,即,不使用中间介质(例如N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺或马来酰亚胺)进行缀合,如US8,323,698中描述的。然而,这种方法导致纳米颗粒具有一部分靶向部分位于颗粒的核内。因此,典型地,多步法将用于获得更高的靶向效率。
本领域普通技术人员可至多使用常规实验来确定具体反应条件。
具体实施方式
在一些实施方式中,提供了用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,大分子包括:疏水部分,包括选自聚交酯、聚乙交酯、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(ε-己内酯)或其组合的生物相容性聚合物;亲水部分,包括选自多糖、多核苷酸、多肽或其组合的生物相容性聚合物,亲水部分包括多个官能部分;和选自苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物的粘膜靶向部分,其中所述亲水部分的至少一部分官能部分缀合至粘膜靶向部分。
在一些实施方式中,提供了用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,大分子的每个包括:选自聚交酯、聚乙交酯、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(ε-己内酯)或其组合的疏水生物相容性聚合物,疏水聚合物形成纳米颗粒的核;选自多糖、多核苷酸、多肽或其组合的亲水生物相容性聚合物,具有多个官能部分,亲水部分形成纳米颗粒的壳;至少一部分官能部分缀合至选自苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物的粘膜靶向部分。
在一些实施方式中,提供了用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,大分子包括:包括聚交酯的疏水部分;具有多个官能部分的亲水部分,所述亲水部分包括葡聚糖;和为苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物的粘膜靶向部分,其中所述亲水部分的至少一部分官能部分缀合至粘膜靶向部分。
在一些实施方式中,提供了用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,大分子的每个包括缀合至具有多个官能部分的亲水葡聚糖聚合物的疏水聚交酯聚合物,至少一部分所述官能部分缀合至苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物。
在一些实施方式中,大分子是葡聚糖-p-PLA。在一些实施方式中,官能化大分子是葡聚糖-p-PLA_PBA。
在一些实施方式中,通过缀合聚交酯至葡聚糖以形成大分子,然后形成纳米颗粒,然后通过缀合至少一部分葡聚糖的官能部分至PBA衍生物以获得期望的PBA衍生物的表面密度来表面官能化纳米颗粒,来形成纳米颗粒。
如在此定义和使用的所有定义都应当理解为在词典定义、通过引用结合于此的文件中的定义和/或被定义术语的普通含义之上加以控制。
如本文在说明书和权利要求书中使用的不定冠词“一个”和“一种”应理解为意指“至少一个(种)”,除非清楚地相反表示。
在上面的权利要求书和说明书中,所有连接词如“包括”、“包含”、“带有”、“具有”、“含有”、“涉及”、“保持”、“由……形成”、“由……构成”等理解为开放式的,即,意味着包括但不限于。
仅连接词“由……组成”和“基本上由……组成”应分别为封闭式的或半封闭式的连接词。
以下实施例意图说明本公开的某些示例性实施方式。然而,本公开的范围不限于以下实施例。
实施例
实施例1.Dex-b-PLA的合成和表征
1.1材料
酸封端的聚(D,L-交酯)(PLA,Mw~10、20和50kDa)和PLGA-PEG(PLGAMw~40kDa,PEG Mw~6kDa)购自Lakeshore Biomaterials(美国亚拉巴马州Birmingham)。通过将PLA溶于二甲亚砜(DMSO)中并在甲醇中沉淀以去除残余的单体来纯化PLA。葡聚糖(Dex,Mr~1.5、6和10kDa)、盐酸(HCl)、三乙胺(TEA)、N-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-N-乙基碳二亚胺(EDC)和氰基硼氢化钠(NaCNBH3)购自Sigma Aldrich(Oakville,ON,加拿大),并且使用时不需要进一步纯化。N-羟基硫代琥珀酰亚胺(硫代-NHS)和N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺购自CNH Technologies(美国马萨诸塞州)。通过在阿霉素-HCl水溶液中添加TEA(2M当量)去质子化阿霉素-HCl(MW=580Da,Intatrade GmBH,Bitterfield,德国),并且使用二氯甲烷(DCM)(Chittasupho,2009)提取疏水形式的阿霉素。通过混合硼酸和氢氧化钠制备浓度为0.05M、pH为8.2的硼酸盐缓冲液。绵羊全血(在Alsever中)购自Cedarlane(Burlington,ON,加拿大)。佛罗拉缓冲溶液(VBS,5×)购自Lonza Walkersville Inc(美国马里兰州,Walkersville)。氚[3H]-PLA-放射性标记的纳米晶体购自PerkinElmer(美国马萨诸塞州波士顿)。
1.2合成Dex-b-PLA
线性嵌段共聚物的合成分成三个阶段:1)葡聚糖和N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺之间的还原胺化,2)Boc基团的去保护,和3)缀合端基改性的葡聚糖与PLA(方案1)。合成的第一个步骤涉及葡聚糖的还原端上的醛基和N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺交联剂的氨基之间的还原胺化。在典型的反应中,将Dex6(Mr~6kDa,6g,1mmol)溶解于15ml的硼酸盐缓冲溶液(0.05M,pH 8.2)与4g(2.5mmol)的N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺中。将还原剂NaCNBH3(1g,15mmol)添加至硼酸盐缓冲溶液,在黑暗条件下室温下搅拌混合物72小时。然后在甲醇中冲洗混合物,以除去任何未反应的分子或催化剂。端基改性的葡聚糖在真空下干燥过夜。通过在D2O中溶解葡聚糖(30mg/mL)而制备H NMR样品。干燥的葡聚糖再次溶解在去离子水中(DI-H2O)中。Boc基团的去保护首先通过添加HCl(~4M)持续1小时以分开Boc基团和保护的胺部分之间的酰胺键进行。然后,添加TEA以提高溶液的pH直至9,以去质子化去保护的NH3 +端基团。然后使用甲醇冲洗混合物两次,并在真空下干燥。在D2O(30mg/mL)中制备干燥产品的NMR样品。胺基封端的葡聚糖和羧基封端的PLA20(Mw~20kDa,6g,0.3mmol)溶解在DMSO中。通过添加催化剂EDC(120mg,0.773mmol)和硫代-NHS(300mg,1.38mmol)并让反应在室温下进行4个小时来促进两种聚合物之间的缀合。使所得Dex-b-PLA沉淀并使用过量的甲醇纯化两次。为了除去游离的葡聚糖,将混合物溶于丙酮(30mL)中以形成浑浊的悬浮液。以4000rpm将其离心10分钟并小心地提取上清液。用空气吹扫上清液以除去溶剂,然后在真空中干燥过夜,以获得最终的共聚物。制备在DMSO-d6中浓度为30mg/mL的NMR样品用于质子NMR,以及在DMSO-d6中浓度为150mg/mL的NMR样品用于碳NMR。
方案1.合成Dex-b-PLA嵌段共聚物。a)合成葡聚糖-NH-Et-NH-Boc。条件:室温及黑暗下NaCNBH3在硼酸盐缓冲(pH 8.2)中72小时。b):合成葡聚糖-NH-Et-NH2。条件:HCl/TEA室温下分别在DI-H2O中1小时。c):合成葡聚糖-NH-Et-NH-PLA。条件:EDC/硫代-NHS室温4小时。
1.3使用核磁共振(NMR)表征Dex-b-PLA
使用H NMR谱(Bruker 300MHz)验证Dex-b-PLA合成的各个阶段。还使用C NMR谱(Bruker 300MHz)验证最终聚合物缀合。在任何改性之前,将葡聚糖溶于D2O(30mg/mL)中,将酸封端的PLA溶于CDCl3(5mg/mL)中用于制备NMR样品。如之前合成方法中提及,将头两步的终产物溶于D2O中,而最终产物Dex-b-PLA溶于DMSO-d6中,用于NMR分析。
1.4通过纳米沉淀形成Dex-b-PLA NP
用纳米沉淀法制备Dex-b-PLA NP:在恒定的搅拌下以逐滴的方式将1mL在DMSO中的Dex-b-PLA(10mg/mL)添加至10mL的DI-H2O中,以便形成NP。搅拌其30分钟,然后通过取3mL样品到聚苯乙烯比色杯中而制备动态光散射(DLS)样品。使用90Plus粒径分析仪(Brookhaven,λ=659nm,90°)分析NP的大小。从结果中使用体积平均多模尺寸分布(MSD)平均直径。
1.5透射电子显微镜
使用具有60kV加速电压和六硼化镧灯丝(LaB6)的透射电子显微镜(TEM,Philips CM10)进一步验证Dex-b-PLA NP的粒径和形态。使用300目的福尔瓦涂层铜网格(Canemco&Marivac)用于该实验。如上所述使用纳米沉淀法制备NP在水中的悬浮液。将NP悬浮液滴放在网格上,简单地用磷钨酸水溶液染色网格。在周围环境下干燥具有NP悬浮液的铜网格过夜,然后在TEM下成像。
1.6结果和讨论
使用H NMR分光仪分析Dex-b-PLA嵌段共聚物的合成。如图1a I中所示,4.86ppm多重态归于葡聚糖重复单元的碳1上的质子。3.14ppm的多重态归于非还原端的碳5上的质子,这两个多重态之间的积分比用于确认葡聚糖的MW。通过在除去未反应的游离N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺之后1.3ppm峰(Boc基团)的存在来确认葡聚糖和N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺的还原胺化反应(图1a II)。通过1.3ppm峰的消失来验证随后的去保护Boc基团暴露葡聚糖上的–NH2端基(图1a III)。这显示,在使用HCl和TEA的去保护步骤之后,1.3ppm峰完全消失了。在缀合–NH2封端的葡聚糖与COOH-封端的PLA(图1a IV)之后,通过在丙酮中沉淀而除去过量的游离的葡聚糖分子。最终产物显示对应于葡聚糖(在4.86ppm多重态)和PLA(在5.2ppm多重态)的峰,这确认了两种聚合物的缀合(图1a V)。通过碳NMR也确认了PLA和葡聚糖的线性端端缀合(图1b)。166.81ppm处的峰归于PLA上的碳,其连接至亚乙基二胺连接键的胺端基,而169ppm峰是PLA主链上的羰基碳(图1b)。
图2中显示了使用九种Dex-b-PLA嵌段共聚物的制剂的NP的大小和形态。改变PLA和葡聚糖的MW导致产生具有范围从15nm至70nm的不同大小的NP。如图2a所示,提高PLA的MW而增加了粒径,而提高葡聚糖的MW则减小了粒径。由PLA形成的NP核预计随着PLA链的MW增加而尺寸增加,如前所述(Riley1999;Riley 2001),并且在本文中通过由MW为10kDa、20kDa和50kDa的PLA构成的NP证实。推测葡聚糖MW对NP大小的影响可能是由于葡聚糖在NP表面上的构造。Zahr等人发现,亲水链,如PEG,在MW为5kDa或更大将能够“折下”到颗粒表面上,产生蘑菇状构造(Zahr 2006)。类似地,这种现象可以解释为什么具有较长葡聚糖链的NP导致较小的流体动力学直径。相较于具有较长链长度的那些,较短的葡聚糖链长度具有较小的自由度,并限于线性结构。由PLA20-Dex6(MWPLA~20kDa,MW葡聚糖~6kDa)构成的NP的TEM图像确认了颗粒呈现球形结构(图2b)。
使用简单的体相纳米沉淀法合成了尺寸在50nm以下的Dex-b-PLA NP。PLGA-PEG嵌段共聚物用作商业基准,其遵循相同的过程形成尺寸为133.9±6.1nm的NP。PLGA-PEG的粒径与先前文献值一致(Dhar 2009)。PLGA-PEG NP已经可以获得较小粒径,但其要求微流控装置的辅助以增强控制(Karnik 2008)。另一方面,可以简单地通过改变组成的聚合物(例如图2a中示例)的MW来控制Dex-b-PLA NP的粒径。
实施例2.阿霉素经纳米沉淀法在Dex-b-PLA NP中的包封和体外
使用纳米沉淀法完成阿霉素在Dex-b-PLA NP中的包封。Dex-b-PLA和阿霉素均溶于DMSO(7mg/mL的Dex-b-PLA浓度,改变药物浓度)中。以逐滴的方式在搅拌下将1mL的DMSO溶液添加至10mL水中,并持续搅拌另外的30分钟。通过注射器式滤器(孔径=200nm)过滤水中的NP,以除去药物聚集体,然后通过超滤过滤管(MWCO=10kDa,Millipore)过滤,以除去悬浮液中任何剩余的游离药物。将含有包封的阿霉素的过滤的NP再悬浮并稀释在DMSO中。因此,通过使用Epoch多体积分光光度计系统(Biotek)在480nm获得溶液的吸收度,通过测量阿霉素在混合物中的浓度来计算聚合物基质中的载药量(wt%)。经三重测定获得测量值(n=3,平均值±S.D)。使用聚合物由相同程序测量吸收度,而不使用药物作为基线。通过使用获得的标准校准,将吸收度与阿霉素在DMSO中的浓度关联。对于PLGA-PEG,使用相同的程序包封阿霉素,用于对比分析。使用两个等式(等式1和等式2)计算包封效率(%)和载药量(wt%)。
包封效率(%)=包封的药物的质量/初始药物给料的质量×100%(1)
载药量(wt%)=包封的药物的质量/纳米颗粒的质量×100%(2)
基于如图2中所示的尺寸调节,选择PLA20-Dex10(MWPLA~20kDa,MW葡聚糖~10kDa)和PLA20-Dex6用于分析使用阿霉素作为模型疏水药物的包封效率和载药量(图3)。PLA20-Dex10和PLA20-Dex6的粒径分别为20.5nm和30.1nm。通过纳米沉淀法将阿霉素化合物包含到NP中。发现葡聚糖基NP、PLA20-Dex10和PLA20-Dex6NP包封大量的阿霉素,最大负载分别为21.2wt%和10.5wt%。在40%初始负载获得最大负载,并且由于颗粒的聚集,初始负载的进一步增加未增加NP中的载药量。推测PLA20-Dex10,与PLA20-Dex6相比具有较长葡聚糖链,在纳米沉淀过程中可能具有更多阿霉素微弱连结在NP表面上或包封在NP表面附近。在纳米沉淀之后通过进行超滤(MWCO=10kDa)使该作用最小化,确保了从NP悬浮液除去非特异性地结合的药物。发现用作对照的PLGA-PEG NP中的最大载药量为7.1wt%。发现对于PLGA-PEG NP,在纳米沉淀过程中过量的初始负载引起更多的药物沉淀和颗粒聚集,而Dex-b-PLA NP甚至在其最大的载药量下显示可忽略的尺寸增加。利用PLA20-Dex10NP获得的最大阿霉素负载比文献中报道的使用PEG基NP获得的最大值高很多,对于聚(ε-己内酯)-PEG共聚物(Shuai 2004;He 2010),变化超4.3~11.2%,对于泊洛沙姆407和PEG水凝胶系统(Missirlis 2006),变化超过8.7%,并且对于PEG-聚(β-苄基-L-天冬氨酯)基NP(Kataoka 2001),变化超过18%。增加的载药量最可能是由于葡聚糖相比于PEG(Alpert 1990)更大的亲水性,然后其减少了来自嵌段共聚物的葡聚糖链连接在NP的疏水核中的可能性。使用Dex-b-PLA系统的包封效率和总的药物有效载荷与可商购的脂质体系统相当,例如FDA批准的具有12.5%的载药量,以及具有7.9%的柔红霉素负载(Drummond 1999)。当以50mg/m2给药时,阿霉素在制剂中的浓度转变成6.25mg/m2(Drummond 1999;Safra2000)。使用仅30mg/m2的PLA20-Dex10NP—阿霉素制剂,理论上可获得相同生理浓度的阿霉素。
实施例3.阿霉素从Dex-b-PLA NP的体外释放
使用在前述实施例中描述的程序,制备并过滤包封药物的NP,以除去未包封的药物聚集体。收集NP—药物悬浮液的纯化的样品,以测量最大吸收度并且将其用作100%释放点。然后,将NP—药物悬浮液注入Slide-a-Lyzer渗析盒(MWCO=20kDa,Fisher Scientific)中,并在温和搅拌下在37℃对200mL的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS,pH 7.4)进行渗析。在预定时间间隔,提取1mL的释放介质,并添加相同体积的新鲜的新PBS至释放介质。提取的释放介质用于在480nm以三重测定(n=3,平均值±S.D)进行UV-Vis吸收度测量。替换释放介质数次,以保持阿霉素在介质中的浓度低于3μg/mL,并保持低于阿霉素在PBS中的溶解度。也预期替换介质防止释放的阿霉素粘附到烧杯的玻璃壁上或磁力搅拌棒上。还用相同的程序获得来自PLGA-PEG的释放阿霉素,用于对比分析。还使用相同的程序观察到释放游离的阿霉素,没有任何聚合物,并且使用游离阿霉素释放数据与包封效率数据归一化全部三个从NP的释放曲线。该归一化导致仅包封的阿霉素的释放曲线。所有试验在暗黑环境中进行,并且烧杯用密封膜密封以防止PBS的蒸发。
在37℃于pH 7.4的PBS缓冲液中进行阿霉素从NP的体外释放。如图4中显示,阿霉素从NP释放的曲线的特征为初始的突释,然后是持续释放阶段。在纳米沉淀程序中突释区域可能对应于药物非特异性结合到NP的表面上,或包封的药物接近NP的表面。在初始的24小时内PLA20-Dex6和PLA20-Dex10NP呈现突释区域,分别释放至多48%和74%。阿霉素随后从PLA20-Dex6和PLA20-Dex10NP的持续释放阶段以类似的释放速率从NP释放持续192小时。持续释放阶段可对应于药物从NP的核的扩散释放。在使用PLGA-PEG NP的对照研究中,阿霉素的突释阶段放在头6小时内,而稳态释放阶段持续长达96小时,类似于先前报道(Esmaeili 2008)。
实施例4.溶血实验
通过使用超滤过滤管(MWCO=10kDa)并在4100rpm下离心30分钟来纯化Dex-b-PLA NP。通过该过程获得NP的浓度范围。然后这些NP在37℃下用红细胞浓度为1×108个细胞/mL的200μL的绵羊红细胞温育一个小时,以获得1mL的每个样品的最终体积。通过测量在415nm处的吸收度并使用在500nm处的吸收度作为基线,计算溶血百分比。以三重测定进行测量(平均值±S.D)。在此,VBS溶液用作阴性对照,并且去离子水用作阳性对照。还以类似的方式制备和测试PLGA-PEG NP,用于对比。
先前的工作已经考虑NP的溶血小于5%为生物相容性(Dobrovoiskaia 2008)。已经证实在PLGA-PEG NP的情况下由表面活性剂稳定的PLGA NP严重溶血至80%,并且通过使用亲水PEG表面来显著地减少溶血(Kim 2005)。预期使用葡聚糖类NP制剂获得相同的结果,因为葡聚糖衍生物(例如二乙基氨基乙基-葡聚糖具有低的(~5%)溶血(Fischer 2003)。测试先前配制的嵌段共聚物NP在各种浓度(1~10mg/mL)下的溶血活性。显示所有配制的NP没有显著溶血(<5%)直至血液中浓度为10mg/mL(图5)。PLA20-Dex6和PLA20-Dex 10二者的溶血是类似的,因为其具有相同的组分聚合物。为了比较,(阿霉素的脂质体制剂)通常以50mg/m2的剂量给药(Safra 2000)。对于普通人(身体表面积1.79m2(Sacco2010),血液体积5L),该剂量转换为血液中0.018mg/mL的浓度(Kusnierz-Glaz1997)。测试的PLA-b-Dex NP的血液相容性浓度(10mg/mL)比给药的剂量高得多。这表明PLA-b-Dex NP是用于静脉内给药的安全的系统。
实施例5.Dex-b-PLA NP的药物动力学和生物分布
为了确保给药大鼠的所有的放射性与颗粒相关,在NP形成之前在甲醇中冲洗并纯化氚[3H]-PLA-放射性标记的纳米晶体。Albino Wistar大鼠,体重在200和250g之间,禁食过夜但自由给与水。在NaCl 0.9%中制备200μL的NP制剂并将其以大约30mg/kg的剂量静脉内注射到尾静脉。通过在指定的时间间隔控制后肢隐静脉的出血,将血液(大约200μL)收集在肝素化的微量离心管中。为了表征NP的生物分布,在NP注射后在24小时使大鼠安乐死。通过心脏刺穿从每个小鼠抽取大约200μL的血液。如之前所述,从每只动物收获包括心、肺、肝、脾和肾的器官(Gu 2008)。在Wallac 1414液体闪烁计数器中分析组织和血液中的3H含量。
通过测量NP制剂中包含的氚[3H]-PLA-放射性标记的纳米晶体的量来表征NP循环的体内半衰期。图6显示静脉内给药之后在预定的时间间隔血液循环中的NP浓度。注意,血液中的时间依赖性NP浓度通过两个不同斜率的区域来表征。第一个区域(开始~18个小时)对应于开始从血液循环清除NP,而第二个区域表示NP的最终清除。前一个区域描述了在血管中和血管外组织中分布的NP体积,而末端半衰期涉及NP从身体的系统清除阶段(Yang 2009)。表1总结了三种NP的初始半衰期(t1/2)、末端半衰期(tz1/2)、90%的NP的血液保持时间(t0.9)以及AUC(Gaucher 2009)。在注射后24小时,使大鼠安乐死,从动物收获主要器官以评估NP的生物分布(图7)。观察到所有三种NP在肝脏中具有最大累积,并且每个NP的分布百分比是类似的。观察到PLGA-PEG NP比两种Dex-b-PLA NP在脾中具有更高的累积(p<0.01)。NP在所有其它器官中的累积低于5%,在每个器官中NP的累积量类似。
尽管所有三种类型的NP显示类似的tz1/2值,相较于由PLGA-PEG构成的模型NP,PLA20-Dex10和PLA20-Dex6NP二者显示显著更高的t1/2、t0.9和AUC值。先前的研究主要集中于NP的tz1/2值,而本发明的发明人抽取t0.9值是为了比较目的。观察到PEG-b-PLA NP的t0.9值仅为约2小时(Gaucher 2009),聚乙烯吡咯烷酮类BP为6小时(Gaur 2000),壳聚糖类NP为约8小时(He 2010)。不仅t0.9为38.3小时的Dex-b-PLA NP强于这些NP,它们也与60nm PEG-b-PCL系统(Lee 2010)和liposomes(Allen 1991)相当,二者具有超过48小时的t0.9值。在该研究中,相较于PLGA-PEG NP,在Dex-b-PLA NP中观察到更长的血液循环,据信部分是由于大小的差异。Rehor等人最近的研究显示,相较于直径为100nm的更大的NP,直径为40nm的NP具有更长的循环半衰期(Rehor 2008)。假定Dex-b-PLA NP—其具有比PLGA-PEG NP更小的尺寸—具有增加的曲率—其可减少蛋白质吸附,这又可以导致更慢的RES的清除速率。这可进一步由PLA20-Dex10比PLA20-Dex6更长的血液循环时间得到支持,因为前者具有更小的粒径。除了其对于蛋白质吸附的尺寸效应,也假定葡聚糖表面上丰富的羟基可在NP周围诱导充足的水化层,以限制蛋白质吸附(Portet 2001)。已经报道了在组织(例如脾)中的累积速率随着粒径的增加而增加(Li 2008),这与当前的发现一致。还已经观察到聚乙二醇化的颗粒中的PEG涂层可以增加脾中的累积(Peraccia 1999),而NP表面上葡聚糖链的中性(Chouly 1996)和柔性(Passirani1998)可引起更低的蛋白质吸附,导致更低的脾累积。预期Dex-b-PLA NP具有低的补体激活,如对于葡聚糖-聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)NP观察到的,其行为类似于可溶的葡聚糖(Passirani 1998)。Dex-b-PLA NP在脾中的更低的累积与更低的补体激活可有助于其更长的血液循环(Meerasa 2011)。NP药物载体的长循环半衰期在癌症治疗中是关键的参数,因为其增加由于EPR效应在癌组织处累积的可能性:粒径低于100nm直接促进NP在肿瘤位点中的累积,因为肿瘤周围的脉管孔大小为至少100nm(Cho 2008)。本文研发的尺寸可调的Dex-b-PLA系统提供了聚合物平台,用于系统地研究NP大小对于各种体内特征的作用,如生物相容性、血液清除率、肿瘤累积和生物分布,并且为进一步临床评估筛选候选物。
表1.PLA20-Dex10、PLA20-Dex6和PLGA-PEG NP的血液药物动力学参数
t1/2:初始半衰期;tz1/2:末端半衰期;t0.9:90%的NP的血液保持时间;AUC:曲线下的面积(%剂量·小时)
使用学生t-检测进行统计分析,用p<0.01评估统计显著性。
实施例6.合成和表征Dex-b-PLA-BLA NP
6.1 合成Dex-b-PLA
如在实施例1中描述,进行Dex-b-PLA的合成(还参见Verma,2012)。简言之,合成Dex-b-PLA的程序分成三个阶段:葡聚糖和N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺之间的还原胺化,去保护Boc基团,和缀合胺改性的葡聚糖端基团与羧基封端的PLA。还原胺化可通过将Dex溶解于硼酸盐缓冲液中并将其与N-叔丁氧羰基乙二胺和NaCNBH3在黑暗条件下混合72小时来进行。反应后,用甲醇冲洗混合物并在真空干燥器中干燥。然后将样品溶解于DI-H2O中,并用盐酸和三乙基胺处理用于去保护Boc基团。用EDC和硫代-NHS作为催化剂在DMSO中进行缀合胺封端的葡聚糖和PLA 4小时。用甲醇冲洗最终产物数次。将冲洗样品进一步溶解于丙酮中并离心。小心地提取上清液,以与已经沉淀的游离的未反应葡聚糖分离。最终,含有Dex-b-PLA的上清液在真空干燥器中干燥。
6.2 用PBA表面官能化Dex-b-PLA NP
将Dex-b-PLA溶解于DMSO(30mg/ml)中,并在温和搅拌下缓慢添加至水中。通过添加60mg的NaIO4并搅拌一小时来进行葡聚糖表面的高碘酸盐氧化。然后,添加甘油以终止未反应的NaIO4。加入各种量的PBA(即40mg的Dex-b-PLA_40PBA)以及NaCNBH3到混合物中24小时。所有反应均在黑暗中进行。然后通过改变冲洗介质4次而在水中渗析混合物24小时,以除去任何未反应的溶质。
6.3 表征Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP
使用1H NMR谱(Bruker 300MHz)验证用PBA改性的表面。将Dex-b-PLA_PBA聚合物溶于DMSO-d6(25mg/ml)中,用于1H NMR表征。用Epoch多体积分光光度计系统(美国Biotek)在291nm对Dex-b-PLA_PBA进行UV-Vis吸收测量,以便量化连接到葡聚糖链的PBA的量。具有相同浓度的Dex-b-PLA溶液用作基线,用于UV-vis吸收研究。还使用90Plus粒径分析仪(Brookhaven,λ=659nm,90°)分析纳米沉淀法制备的Dex-b-PLA_PBA的NP,获得体积平均多模尺寸分布(MSD)平均直径。使用具有60kV加速电压和六硼化镧灯丝(LaB6)的TEM(Philips CM10)进一步验证确认Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP的粒径和形态。300目福尔瓦涂层铜网格(Canemco&Marivac)用于该实验。如上所述使用纳米沉淀法制备NP在水中的悬浮液。将NP悬浮液滴放在网格上,简单地用磷钨酸水溶液(水中2w/v%)染色网格。在周围环境下干燥具有NP悬浮液的铜网格过夜,然后在TEM下成像。
Dex-b-PLA_PBA的NMR谱显示了对应于PLA(在5.2ppm多重态)和葡聚糖(在4.86ppm多重态)的峰,同时也显示了在6.6ppm和6.9ppm的多重态峰,这对应于PBA的苯基中的碳2至6的质子(图12a)。测量291nm处的UV吸收以相对于葡聚糖单体量化NP上PBA的量。增加初始反应混合物中PBA的量成比例地提高了葡聚糖表面上最终PBA缀合(表2),Dex-b-PLA_320PBA NP获得的最高密度为34.6mol%(等于每10个葡聚糖单体约3.5个缀合的PBA)。
也使用1H NMR谱证实半胱胺缀合在Dex-b-PLA NP表面上(图13)。对应于在半胱胺的碳1和2上的质子的峰显示为接近2.7ppm的多重峰。然而,未来需要更高分辨率的NMR表征来进一步区分来自聚合物其它噪音峰的峰。
使用实施例1中描述的程序分析纳米颗粒的大小和形态。NP的大小在25至28nm范围内,小于47.9nm的未改性的NP。不受理论的束缚,推测粒径减小归因于PBA分子使得葡聚糖链更不亲水,使其在PLA颗粒核的周围形成更密实的壳。TEM图像确认球形形态,这是由于形成了两亲性嵌段共聚物的核-壳结构(图12b)。获得的Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP的大小比通常用PEG类嵌段共聚物(例如PLGA-PEG)获得的尺寸更小(Karnik,2008)。我们推测对于粘膜粘附可能更期望更小的NP,因为其提供用于与粘膜相互作用的更大的表面积。
实施例7 药物包封在Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP中
使用如在0中描述的程序测量环孢霉素A(CycA)在Dex-b-PLA和Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP中的包封。在初始进料的40wt/wt%处获得CycA的最大包封:包封的Dex-b-PLA NP至多10.8wt/wt%,而包封的Dex-b-PLA_40PBA和Dex-b-PLA_320PBA分别至多11.2和13.7wt/wt%(图15)。13.7wt/wt%包封等于在28μL制剂中2.38μg的CycA(这与商业可得的的给药体积相同),而商品含有14μg。因此,可以通过简单地调节制剂中聚合物和药物的浓度来获得治疗有关的剂量。
也已经研究了在Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP中包封其它类型的生物活性剂(图17)。在一个实施方式中,生物活性剂是多佐胺,其通常用于治疗青光眼。在另一实施方式中,生物活性剂是布林唑胺,其也用于治疗青光眼。为抗真菌剂的游霉素也用作在Dex-b-PLA_NP中包封的生物活性剂。在其它实施方式中,也研究了在PLA-Dex NP中包封抗癌药阿霉素和抗组织胺药奥洛他定。
使用纳米沉淀法完成环孢霉素A(CycA)在Dex-b-PLA NP中的包封。Dex-b-PLA和CycA二者均溶于DMSO中(Dex-b-PLA浓度7mg/mL,改变药物浓度)。以逐滴的方式在温和搅拌下将1mL的DMSO溶液添加至10mL DI-H2O中,并持续搅拌另外的30分钟。通过注射器式滤器(孔径=200nm)过滤水中的NP,以除去药物聚集体,然后使用超滤过滤管(MWCO=10kDa,Millipore)离心,以进一步除去悬浮液中任何剩余的游离药物。将含有包封的CycA的过滤的NP重悬浮并稀释在乙腈中。因此,通过使用高效液相色谱(HPLC,Thermo Scientific)测量CycA在混合物中的浓度来计算聚合物基质中的载药量(wt/wt%)。经三重测定获得测量值(n=3,平均值±S.D)。使用聚合物由相同程序测量吸收度,而不使用药物作为基线。使用获得的标准校正,将测量值转化为CycA的浓度。
使用相同的方法完成多佐胺、布林唑胺和游霉素在Dex-b-PLA NP中的包封。使用多体积分光光度计系统(美国Biotek)代替HPLC进行这些药物的表征。
实施例8 药物从Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP体外释放
使用在0中描述的程序分析CycA从Dex-b-PLA NP体外释放的现象。Dex-b-PLA和Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP(Dex-b-PLA_40PBA和Dex-b-PLA_320PBA)二者显示总的释放点在大约120小时(图16),这显著比显示至多48小时持续释放的先前研究—其涉及CycA从微米颗粒或纳米颗粒的体外释放(Li,2012;Shen,2010;Shen,2010;Yuan,2006)—更长。此外,释放速率可潜在地比要求每天给药两次的商业产品显著改善。而Dex-b-PLA NP显示持续释放速率至多120小时,Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP显示稍微不同的释放速率的两个区域。在头48小时,Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP以比Dex-b-PLA NP更快的速率释放CycA,这可能是由于包封在稍微更疏水表面附近的Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP中的CycA的释放。随后的比Dex-b-PLA NP更慢的释放速率可能是由于从Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP的核释放药物,这需要扩散通过更密实的葡聚糖表面。当PBA改性NP制剂的体积缩小到的给药体积(28μL)时,CycA释放速率在μg/天的范围内,这类似于CycA在中的每日给药剂量。因此,可以通过改变PBA改性NP的浓度和/或CycA的量来优化制剂,以获得临床上有效的释放速率和量。
通过在预定时间间隔使用高效液相色谱(HPLC)量化在STF中的CycA而分析在STF中在35℃下从PBA改性和未改性的Dex-b-PLA NP二者体外释放CycA的现象。使用在先前章节中描述的方法,制备包封药物的NP—Dex-b-PLA和Dex-b-PLA_PBA二者,并过滤以除去未包封的药物聚集体。收集NP-药物悬浮液的纯化样品,以测量最大吸收并且将其用作100%释放点。然后,将NP-药物悬浮液注入Slide-a-Lyzer渗析盒(截留分子量=20kDa,Fisher Scientific,加拿大)中,并在搅拌下在35℃对200mL的模拟泪液(STF)进行渗析。在预定时间间隔,提取1mL的释放介质,并添加相同体积的新鲜的新STF至释放介质中。使用HPLC法(n=3,平均值±S.D)表征提取的释放介质。替换释放介质数次,以保持CycA在介质中的浓度低于其在水中的溶解限度。也预期替换介质以防止释放的CycA粘附到烧杯的玻璃壁上或磁力搅拌棒上。烧杯用封口膜密封以防止水的蒸发。
使用相同的方法完成多佐胺、布林唑胺和游霉素在Dex-b-PLA NP中的体外释放研究。使用多体积分光光度计系统(美国Biotek)代替HPLC进行这些药物的表征。
实施例9 粘膜粘附测试
9.1 体外粘膜粘附测试—ζ电势
使用在0中描述的程序,ζ电势测量用于分析粘蛋白颗粒和NP之间的相互作用。过去几个报道已经使用ζ电势来估计药物载体的粘膜粘合剂性能(Khutoryanskiy,2011;Shaikh,2011;Sogias,2008;du Toit 2011;Takeuchi,2005)。由于在糖单元的末端存在羧酸根(唾液酸)和硫酸酯,粘蛋白颗粒在生理pH下展示总体负电荷表面(Khutoryanskiy,2011)。通过粘附粘蛋白颗粒的唾液酸部分,Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP可屏蔽来自粘蛋白颗粒的表面的负电荷,并且还引起粘蛋白颗粒的聚集,因此增加总的表面电荷。与对照研究相比,仅Dex-b-PLA_160PBA(22.9mol%PBA)和Dex-b-PLA_320PBA NP(34.6mol%)显示显著的与粘蛋白颗粒的相互作用(表2)。与未改性的NP相比,在粘蛋白-NP相互作用方面,低的PBA表面官能化密度似乎没有显示出差别。因此期望使用具有大量表面官能团的NP,如葡聚糖基NP,以调节其中期望最大粘膜粘附的官能化密度。如果官能化PLGA-PEG NP的表面,每个PEG链使用一个官能团,那么可获得的最大PBA改性仅为0.44mol%(假定PEG的MW相同,即10kDa)。PBA官能化的量增加也增加NP-粘蛋白相互作用的程度,这允许通过在表面上饱和PBA而潜在增加粘蛋白-NP相互作用。然而,PBA的官能化使得葡聚糖表面更疏水,增加聚集NP的可能。因此,理想地,调节PBA官能化的量,以获得最佳粘蛋白-NP相互作用,而不损害NP胶体稳定性。
表2.未改性和改性Dex-b-PLA NP的PBA缀合效率和直径
a)PBA相对于葡聚糖单体的Mol%;b)NP悬浮液与粘蛋白悬浮液在PBS中混合
为了评估PBA改性Dex-b-PLA的粘膜粘合剂性能,测量ζ电势用于量化分析粘蛋白颗粒和Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP悬浮液之间的相互作用。通过搅拌过夜并将溶液随后超声处理10分钟(美国Branson Digital Sonifier 450),在pH 7.4PBS中制备1w/v%粘蛋白溶液。将200μL的在PBS中的0.7mg/ml Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP悬浮液添加至700μL的粘蛋白颗粒溶液。还通过添加200μL的PBS至粘蛋白颗粒溶液进行对照研究。使用Malvern ZetaSizer Nano ZS90(英国乌斯特郡,MalvernInstruments)确定具有NP悬浮液的粘蛋白颗粒和对照研究的ζ电势。
9.2 体外粘膜粘附测试—PAS染色方法
使用如上所述的体外PAS染色方法测量NP的粘膜粘附。相较于Dex-b-PLA和PLGA-PEG NP,Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP显示增加的粘蛋白吸附(表2)。随着PBA表面官能化的程度增加,Dex-b-PLA_10PBA、Dex-b-PLA_40PBA和Dex-b-PLA_160PBA NP显示线性增加的粘蛋白吸附,从0.575至0.605mg/mg的NP。然而,PBA表面官能化的进一步增加(即Dex-b-PLA_320PBA)降低吸附的粘蛋白的量。不希望受限于理论,可能具有PBA的NP表面的过量官能化使得葡聚糖变得更疏水。这将增加NP自聚集的电势,减少用于粘蛋白吸附的总的可用表面积。因此,理想地,调节PBA官能化的量以获得最佳的粘蛋白—NP相互作用,而不损害NP胶体稳定性。还有可能较小的NP由于其更大的总表面积而导致更高的粘蛋白吸附,如通过比较PLGA-PEG、Dex-b-PLA和Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP所显示。然而,因为每种类型的NP呈现不同的表面性能,所以趋势是不确定的。相较于涉及壳聚糖基NP和硫醇化的NP的先前研究—其在1小时温育下分别显示约0.25mg/mg和0.13mg/mg的NP(Lee,2006),Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP都具有显著更高的粘蛋白吸附。
将粘膜粘附计算为每mg的NP吸附的粘蛋白的量。将NP悬浮液(1ml)与1ml的粘蛋白溶液(在STF中1mg/ml)混合并在37℃下温育1小时。然后将混合物在15,000rpm下离心1小时,并使用过碘酸/Schiff(PAS)染色方法(Lee,2006)量化上清液中的游离粘蛋白。通过从初始粘蛋白浓度减去游离粘蛋白浓度,计算粘蛋白吸附。使用相同的程序确定粘蛋白标准(0.1、0.25和0.5mg/ml),以获得校准曲线。
实施例10 体内研究
10.1 使用Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP的急性响应研究
为分析NP制剂的短期生物相容性,将制剂给药兔子眼睛,同时将对侧的眼睛作为对照,并且每日裂隙灯检查直至7天,以分析眼表面。从0(无)到4(严重)分级成7个类别(不舒适、结膜肿胀、结膜发红、眼睑肿胀、流出物、角膜混浊和渗流),相较于相应的NP治疗的眼睛,对照眼睛显示总体更高的值(图23)。贯穿整个研究的过程,在任何兔子中都没有观察到结膜肿胀、角膜混浊和渗流。
三只雌兔(New Zealand Albino)用于本研究。在实验之前使兔子适应一周。使用如实施例4中描述的纳米沉淀法制备纳米颗粒,但没有药物。使用200nm注射器式滤器过滤纳米颗粒,并进一步使用UV照射生物安全柜(BSC)内部1小时进行消毒。一只眼睛用NP给药NP(28μl;19μg的Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP),而对侧的眼睛用作对照。在给药后0、1、8、24、48、72、96、120、144和168小时用裂隙灯检查,以评估7个不同的类别(注意0小时意思是给药之前)。这7个类别(不舒适、结膜发红、结膜肿胀、眼睑肿胀、流出物、角膜混浊和渗流)从0(无症状)到4(严重)分级。在168小时之后,使兔子安乐死,在福尔马林中收集眼组织,用于进一步的组织病理学分析。
10.2 眼组织的组织病理学分析
在裂隙灯检查期间之后,使兔子安乐死,收集眼组织(整个眼球以及上眼睑和下眼睑)用于组织病理学分析(0)。根据全部眼睛的角膜、球结膜和睑板部结膜的检查,观察NP治疗的眼睛和对照眼睛二者的常规的眼组织表面(图24)。所有眼睛显示前面部分具有保存完好的结构和形态。在眼睛的任何地方没有检查到发炎、改变的层完整性的迹象或存在残余的颗粒。还显示了足够数量的杯状细胞具有保存完好的形态。在NP治疗的眼睛和对照眼睛中都发现在睑板部结膜中偶尔存在上皮内和下皮下嗜酸性细胞,这表明该现象不是直接由给药NP制剂引起的。
在安乐死之后立即摘除并收集眼睛用于组织病理学评估。也解剖和收集整个上眼睑和下眼睑,用于评估睑板部结膜和下面软组织。处理整个眼球和眼睑的连续部分用于显微镜分析:在10%中性缓冲福尔马林中初始固定之后,将组织嵌入石蜡中,连续切成5μm厚的部分,并用苏木精和曙红(H&E)染色。使用亮视野显微镜(Leica DM1000,ICC50HD,Leica Microsystems Inc,Concord,ON)评估组织的切片。
10.3 使用Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP的长期响应研究
为分析NP制剂的长期生物相容性,将制剂给药兔子眼睛每周一次直至12周,同时将对侧的眼睛作为对照,并且类似于上述每日裂隙灯检查。类似于急性响应研究,在研究期间的任何点,在任何兔子中都没有观察到结膜肿胀、角膜混浊和渗流的迹象。总体而言,贯穿研究的持续时间(12周),在所有7个类别中NP治疗的眼睛和对照眼睛之间的值差别不大(图25)。
五只雌兔(New Zealand Albino)用于本研究。在实验之前使兔子适应一周。使用如实施例4中描述的纳米沉淀法制备纳米颗粒,但没有药物。使用200nm注射器式滤器过滤纳米颗粒,并进一步使用UV照射生物安全柜(BSC)内部1小时进行消毒。一只眼睛用NP给药(28μl;19μg的Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP)每周一次持续12周,而对侧的眼睛用作对照。在每周给药后0、1、24、48小时用裂隙灯检查以评估7个不同的类别(注意0小时意思是给药之前)。这7个类别(不舒适、结膜发红、结膜肿胀、眼睑肿胀、流出物、角膜混浊和渗流)从0(无症状)到4(严重)分级。在12周之后,使兔子安乐死,收集眼组织用于进一步的组织分析。
10.4 使用包封有环孢霉素A的Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP的长期响应研究
类似地,也使用裂隙灯检查包封有环孢霉素A的NP制剂的长期生物相容性。将同时含有Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP和环孢霉素A的制剂给药兔子眼睛,同时将对侧的眼睛作为对照。裂隙灯检查持续4周,显示在7个类别任何一个中NP治疗的眼睛和对照眼睛之间没有显著差异(图26)。
四只雌兔(New Zealand Albino)用于本研究。在实验之前使兔子适应一周。使用如实施例4中描述的纳米沉淀法用环孢霉素A制备纳米颗粒。使用200nm注射器式滤器过滤纳米颗粒,并进一步使用UV照射生物安全柜(BSC)内部1小时进行消毒。一只眼睛用NP给药(28μl;19μg的Dex-b-PLA_PBA NP和8μg的环孢霉素A)每周一次持续12周,而对侧的眼睛用作对照。在每周给药后0、1、24、48小时用裂隙灯检查,以评估7个不同的类别(注意0小时意思是给药之前)。这7个类别(不舒适、结膜发红、结膜肿胀、眼睑肿胀、流出物、角膜混浊和渗流)从0(无症状)到4(严重)分级。在12周之后,使兔子安乐死,收集眼组织用于进一步的组织分析。
实施例11 体外纳米颗粒穿过泪液脂质层分离
使用体外模型研究了不同类型的NP穿过泪液脂膜分离的能力。表面性能的类型似乎对纳米颗粒-药物缀合物穿过脂膜的分离百分比具有非常小的影响,其全部获得大约70%的分离。然而,需要进一步的研究以更好地模拟泪液中脂质层的结构和翻转现象。
使用先前报道的方法通过制备缀合的盐溶液(CSS)和脂类原料溶液(LSS)而制备具有脂质层的人造泪液(Lorentz,2009)。将LSS添加至2000倍体积的CSS中并在37℃超声浴30分钟。让混合物静置过夜以形成脂质层。使用如上所述的纳米沉淀法制备具有游霉素的纳米颗粒。将1ml的NP-游霉素制剂添加到2ml的CSS/LSS混合物上。然后将混合物在37℃温育10分钟。提取底部1.5ml的混合物而不破坏顶层,并在真空干燥器中干燥过夜。将沉淀物再次溶于DMSO中并进行UV-vis吸收,以计算游霉素的浓度。
讨论
本发明的发明人使用PLA和葡聚糖合成了模型线性嵌段共聚物(Dex-b-PLA),显示由Dex-b-PLA构成的NP可以自组装成核壳结构的小粒径NP,例如尺寸小于40nm,而不使用任何流动聚焦装置。其进一步显示,通过改变组分嵌段的分子量,可精确细微调节Dex-b-PLA NP的尺寸,例如在15~70nm之间(Verma,2012)。因为其高亲水性和生物相容性而选择葡聚糖—由1→6连接的α-D-吡喃葡糖基单元构成的天然多糖—作为模型亲水嵌段。葡聚糖在其主链上具有丰度的官能羟基。更高的表面官能团密度(与PEG相反,其每个链具有一个官能团)可改善表面官能化的效率,并且因此用葡聚糖基NP更容易获得期望的表面性能。葡聚糖涂布的NP在体外生理介质中显示优异的胶体稳定性,并在体内体循环中显示长的保留(Verma,2012;Albert,1990)。
在由葡聚糖-PLA颗粒和PEG-PLA颗粒构成的NP的结构中存在另一基本差异,这是由于葡聚糖相较于PEG更大的亲水性。相较于PEG,更亲水的葡聚糖较少可能随机连结在NP的疏水核中,这也可以解释在葡聚糖-PLA NP中比PLGA-PEG NP中包封的药物增加(Verma,2012)。
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在本文中引用的所有文献通过引用以其整体并入本文。
上述实施方式意图仅为实施例。本领域技术人员可实现具体实施方式的改变、改进和变化而不偏离本公开的仅由所附权利要求书限定的范围。
Claims (84)
1.用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,所述纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子包括:
疏水部分;
包括多个官能部分的亲水部分;和
粘膜靶向部分,
其中,所述亲水部分上至少一部分所述官能部分缀合到所述粘膜靶向部分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述亲水部分是每个单体单元包括2、3或4个官能部分的生物相容性聚合物。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的组合物,其中,所述亲水部分包括选自多糖、多核苷酸、多肽或其组合的生物相容性聚合物。
4.根据权利要求1~3中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述亲水部分包括多糖。
5.根据权利要求4所述的组合物,其中,所述多糖选自葡聚糖、壳聚糖、藻酸盐、透明质酸、肝素、硫酸软骨素、果胶、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、环糊精、羧甲基纤维素或具有缀合至所述聚合物主链的硫醇基官能团的多糖。
6.根据权利要求5所述的组合物,其中,所述多糖是葡聚糖、藻酸盐、透明质酸、壳聚糖、环糊精或羧甲基纤维素。
7.根据权利要求6所述的组合物,其中,所述多糖是葡聚糖。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述疏水部分包括选自聚酯、聚原酸酯、聚碳酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚苯并咪唑、聚氨酯、聚脲、聚硫化物、聚醚、聚砜、酚醛和氨基塑料、甲壳质、脂多糖、胆固醇、蛋白多糖或其组合的生物相容性聚合物。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述疏水部分包括选自聚交酯、聚乙交酯、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(ε-己内酯)或其组合的生物相容性聚合物。
10.根据权利要求9所述的组合物,其中,所述疏水部分包括聚交酯聚合物。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述靶向部分能够高亲和力地结合至粘膜位点处存在的目标。
12.根据权利要求11所述的组合物,其中所述高亲和力地结合是共价结合。
13.根据权利要求11或12的任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述目标是粘蛋白或受体或糖蛋白或多糖或在上皮细胞表面上表达的残基。
14.根据权利要求11~13中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述靶向部分是能够结合至碳水化合物残基的硼酸衍生物。
15.根据权利要求13所述的组合物,其中,所述碳水化合物残基是粘蛋白上的唾液酸残基。
16.根据权利要求14或15所述的组合物,其中,所述靶向部分是苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物。
17.根据权利要求11~13中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述靶向部分是能够结合至半胱氨酸部分的硫醇基的硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物,所述半胱氨酸部分例如为在粘蛋白上的半胱氨酸部分。
18.根据权利要求17所述的组合物,其中,所述靶向部分是硫醇衍生物,如半胱胺。
19.根据权利要求17所述的组合物,其中,所述靶向部分是丙烯酸酯衍生物,如甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸乙酯或二丙烯酸酯。
20.根据权利要求11~13中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述靶向部分是苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物。
21.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述疏水部分包括PLA;所述亲水部分包括葡聚糖;并且所述靶向部分包括PBA。
22.根据权利要求20所述的组合物,其中,所述疏水部分是PLA;所述亲水部分是葡聚糖,并且所述靶向部分是PBA。
23.一种葡聚糖-p-PLA嵌段共聚物,其中,葡聚糖上的至少一部分官能团缀合至能够与粘膜位点处的目标形成高亲和力缀合的靶向部分。
24.一种用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,所述纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子包括:
疏水部分,包括选自聚交酯、聚乙交酯、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(ε-己内酯)或其组合的生物相容性聚合物;
亲水部分,包括选自多糖、多核苷酸、多肽或其组合的生物相容性聚合物,所述亲水部分包括多个官能部分;和
粘膜靶向部分,选自苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物,
其中,所述亲水部分的至少一部分官能部分缀合至所述粘膜靶向部分。
25.一种用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,所述纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子的每个包括:
疏水生物相容性聚合物,选自聚交酯、聚乙交酯、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(ε-己内酯)或其组合,所述疏水聚合物形成所述纳米颗粒的核;
亲水生物相容性聚合物,选自多糖、多核苷酸、多肽或其组合,具有多个官能部分,所述亲水部分形成所述纳米颗粒的壳;至少一部分所述官能部分缀合至选自苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物的粘膜靶向部分。
26.一种用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,所述纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子包括:
疏水部分,包括聚交酯;
具有多个官能部分的亲水部分,所述亲水部分包括葡聚糖;和
为苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物的粘膜靶向部分,
其中,所述亲水部分的至少一部分官能部分缀合至所述粘膜靶向部分。
27.一种用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物,所述纳米颗粒包括多个两亲性大分子,所述大分子的每个包括缀合至具有多个官能部分的亲水葡聚糖聚合物的疏水聚交酯聚合物,至少一部分所述官能部分缀合至苯硼酸(PBA)衍生物。
28.根据权利要求26或27所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒通过如下形成:缀合所述聚交酯至所述葡聚糖以形成纳米颗粒,然后通过缀合所述葡聚糖的至少一部分官能部分至所述PBA衍生物来表面官能化所述纳米颗粒,以获得期望的PBA衍生物的表面密度。
29.根据权利要求26或27所述的组合物,其中,通过缀合所述聚交酯至所述葡聚糖以形成纳米颗粒,然后所述葡聚糖的官能部分与PBA反应以使基本上所有的PBA位于所述纳米颗粒的壳内/位于所述纳米颗粒的表面上。
30.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述亲水部分的分子量范围为约100g/mol至约1,000,000g/mol,约500g/mol至100,000g/mol,或约1,000g/mol至约50,000g/mol。
31.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述亲水部分的分子量范围为约0.1kDa至约1000kDa,约0.5kDa至约100kDa,或约1kDa至约50kDa。
32.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述疏水部分的分子量范围为100g/mol至约2,000,000g/mol,约500g/mol至约200,000g/mol,或约1,000g/mol至约100,000g/mol。
33.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述疏水部分的分子量范围为约0.1kDa至约2000kDa,约0.5kDa至约200kDa,或约1kDa至约100kDa。
34.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述疏水部分与所述亲水部分的分子量的比值为约0.1至100,约0.5至约50,或约1至约10。
35.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒的平均粒径为小于约500nm,小于约300nm,小于约200nm,小于约150nm,小于约100nm,小于约50nm,小于约30nm,小于约10nm,小于约3nm,或小于约1nm。
36.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒的平均粒径在约0.1nm和约1000nm、约1nm和约500nm、约1nm和约300nm、约1nm和约200nm、约1nm和约150nm、约1nm和约100nm、约1nm和约50nm、约10nm和约150nm、约10nm和约100nm、约10nm和约75nm、约10nm和约60nm、和约10nm和约50nm、或约20和约40nm之间。
37.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,基本上所有所述粘膜靶向部分都在所述纳米颗粒的表面上。
38.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒具有可调节的所述粘膜靶向部分的表面密度,以获得可调节的所述纳米颗粒对所述粘膜位点的靶向。
39.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的表面密度范围为约1个/nm2至15个/nm2、约1个/nm2至10个/nm2、约1个/nm2至5个/nm2、约1个/nm2至约15个/nm2、约3个/nm2至约12个/nm2、或约5个/nm2至约10个/nm2。
40.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的表面密度为约1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、8、9、11、12、13、14或15个/nm2。
41.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒的大小为约10nm,并且所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的密度范围为每个纳米颗粒约50个至约3,500个、约500个至约3500个、或约1000个至约3500个。
42.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒大小为约30nm,并且所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的密度范围为每个纳米颗粒约50个至约30000个、约1000个至约30000个、或约10000个至约30000个。
43.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒大小为约50nm,并且所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的密度范围为每个纳米颗粒约50个至约90000个、约3000个至约90000个、或约30000个至约90000个。
44.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒大小为约100nm,并且所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的密度范围为每个纳米颗粒约50个至约350000个、约10000个至约350000个、或约100000个至约350000个。
45.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒大小为约150nm,并且所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)范围为每个纳米颗粒约50个至约800000个、约30000个至约800000个、或约300000个至约800000个。
46.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒大小为约200nm,并且所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的密度为每个纳米颗粒约50个至约1,500,000个、约60000个至约1,500,000个、或约600000个至约1,500,000个。
47.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒大小为约250nm,并且所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的密度范围为每个纳米颗粒约50个至约2,500,000个、约100,000个至约2,500,000个、或约1,000,000个至约2,500,000个。
48.根据权利要求38所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒大小为约300nm,并且所述纳米颗粒的表面上的靶向部分的密度(即表面密度)范围为每个纳米颗粒约50个至约3,500,000个、约150,000个至约3,500,000个、或约1,500,000个至约3,500,000个。
49.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒通过将其中基本上所有的所述靶向部分定位在所述纳米颗粒的表面上的方法来形成。
50.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,还包括有效载荷。
51.根据权利要求50所述的组合物,其中,所述有效载荷是治疗剂、诊断剂、预防剂或显像剂。
52.根据权利要求50所述的组合物,其中,所述有效载荷是疏水治疗剂、诊断剂、预防剂或显像剂。
53.根据权利要求50所述的组合物,其中,所述有效载荷是治疗剂。
54.根据权利要求50所述的组合物,其中,所述有效载荷选自抗菌剂、镇痛剂、抗炎剂、IOP降低剂、抗刺激剂、凝固改性剂、利尿剂、拟交感神经剂、减食欲剂、抗酸剂和其它肠胃病药剂;杀寄生虫药剂、抗抑郁药、抗高血压药、抗胆碱能药、兴奋剂、抗激素、中枢兴奋剂和呼吸兴奋剂、药物拮抗剂、调血脂药、排尿酸药、强心苷类、电解质类、麦角及其衍生物、祛痰剂、安眠药和镇静药、抗糖尿病剂、多巴胺剂、止吐药、肌肉松弛剂、拟副交感神经剂、抗痉挛剂、抗组织胺药、β-受体阻断剂、泻剂、抗心律不齐药、造影剂、放射性药剂、抗过敏药、镇静剂、血管扩张剂、抗病毒剂、和抗肿瘤剂或细胞抑制剂或具有抗癌性能的其它试剂,或其组合;其它合适的治疗剂可选自避孕药和维生素以及微量营养素和大量营养素,另外的其它实例包括抗感染药如抗生素和抗病毒剂;镇痛剂和镇痛剂组合物;减食欲剂;驱虫药;抗关节炎药;平喘药;抗痉挛剂;抗抑郁药;抗利尿药;止泻剂;抗组织胺药;抗炎药;抗偏头痛药制剂;止恶心药;抗肿瘤剂;抗帕金森病药;止痒剂;抗精神病药;退烧药、抗痉挛药;抗胆碱能药;拟交感神经剂;黄嘌呤衍生物;包括钙通道阻滞剂和β-受体阻断剂的心血管制剂,例如心得乐和抗心律不齐药;抗高血压药;利尿剂;包括总冠状动脉、外围和大脑的血管扩张剂;中枢神经系统兴奋剂;咳嗽和感冒制剂,包括解充血剂;激素,例如雌二醇和其它类固醇,包括皮质类固醇;安眠药;免疫抑制剂;肌肉松弛剂;副交感神经药;精神兴奋剂;镇静药;和镇静剂;和天然来源的或基因工程蛋白质、多糖、糖蛋白、或脂蛋白。
55.根据权利要求50所述的组合物,其中所述有效载荷选自噻吗洛尔、倍他索洛尔、美替洛尔、多佐胺、布林唑胺、甲氮酰胺、乙酰唑胺、阿法根、适利达、比马前列素、曲伏前列素、奥洛他定、酮替芬、阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、伐昔洛韦、阿霉素、丝裂霉素、顺铂、柔红霉素、博莱霉素、放线菌素D、新制癌菌素、卡波铂、赛特铂、阿糖胞苷、开搏通、福辛普利、普拉固、厄贝沙坦、波立维、头孢齐尔、头孢羚氨苄/羟氨苄头孢菌素、氨曲南、惠妥滋、泽瑞特、马斯平、依托泊甙、铂尔定、顺氯氨铂、紫杉醇、UFT、布斯帕、奈法唑酮、酒石酸布托啡诺制剂NS、雌二醇、格华止(百时美施贵宝公司);希克劳、罗拉碳头孢、地红霉素、百忧解、达尔丰、帕尔马克司、再普乐、优泌乐、爱希、健择、雷洛昔芬、依那普利/苯酯丙脯酸、洛伐他汀、辛伐他丁、赖诺普利/佐得普利、波依定、科素亚/海捷亚、法莫替丁、奥美拉唑、普立马辛、诺氟沙星、重组乙型肝炎疫苗、水痘病毒疫苗、青眼露/XE、舒净露、保列治、福善美、信尼麦、茚地那韦、非那雄胺、万络、顺尔宁、利扎曲坦、依维菌素;大扶康、优立新、舒普深、希舒美、特洛芬、硝苯地平XL、卡度雷、络活喜、多非利特、吡罗昔康、舍曲林、卓乐定、利糖妥片XL、仙特明、依立曲坦、万艾可、屈洛昔芬、安理申、立普妥(辉瑞);头孢泊肟酯、甲磺酸地拉韦啶、西多福韦、健豪宁、格列本脲/Glyn./Glyb.、达肝素、全甲基氢化泼尼松龙、赞安诺/阿普唑仑、尼麦角林、海乐神/三唑仑、替拉扎特、卡麦角林、瑞波西汀、普拉克索、表阿霉素、亚德里亚霉素、开普拓、美诺立尔、甲羟孕酮、凯威捷、托特罗定、雌激素阴道环、喜朗、适利达、落健;吉非贝齐、额克汝匹、苯妥英纳、康耐、加巴喷丁、劳斯纯、地尔硫卓、雌二醇贴剂、艾思欧斯泰普、曲格列酮、立普妥、头孢地尼、炔雌醇、苏拉明或克林沙星。
56.根据权利要求50所述的组合物,其中所述有效载荷是眼科用药。
57.根据权利要求56所述的组合物,其中所述眼科用药选自润滑剂、缓和剂、抗生素、抗病毒药(例如阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、伐昔洛韦)、抗过敏药、乙酰唑胺、阿法根、安他唑啉、阿司匹林、阿托品、氮卓斯汀、杆菌肽、倍他索洛尔、比马前列素、包括玉蜀黍黄素叶黄素的植物性药、番茄红素、溴莫尼定、布林唑胺、碳酰胆碱、卡替洛尔、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、柯绕迈棱、环孢霉素、环孢霉素前体药物和环孢霉素衍生物、其它免疫调节剂、达哌唑、地塞米松、双氯芬酸、地匹福林、多佐胺、肾上腺素、红霉素、氟米龙、氟比洛芬、庆大霉素、青光眼药剂(例如前列腺素、碳酸酐酶抑制药、肾上腺素或α-拮抗剂、β-受体阻断剂)、短杆菌肽、后马托品、氢化可的松、东莨菪碱、酮咯酸、布洛芬、酮替芬、拉坦前列腺素、左布诺洛尔、左卡尼汀、左氧氟沙星、氯替泼诺、甲羟松、醋甲唑胺、美替洛尔、萘甲唑啉、游霉素、奈多罗米、新霉素、甲氮酰胺、神经保护剂、非甾类抗炎药物、尼波菲尼克、氟哌酸、氧氟沙星、奥洛他定、羟甲唑啉、吡嘧司特、苯吡胺、苯肾上腺素、毛果芸香碱、聚维酮、氢化泼尼松、丙美卡因、东莨菪碱、丁卡因、类固醇、磺胺醋酰、四氢唑啉、高渗的眼泪、噻吗洛尔、妥布霉素、曲伏前列素、三氟尿苷、甲氧苄氨嘧啶、托吡卡胺、乌诺前列酮、适利达和锌,以及其药学上可接受的盐、酯和前体药物。
58.根据权利要求56所述的组合物,其中所述眼科用药是噻吗洛尔、倍他索洛尔、美替洛尔、多佐胺、环孢霉素、布林唑胺、甲氮酰胺、乙酰唑胺、阿法根、适利达、比马前列素、曲伏前列素、奥洛他定、酮替芬、阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦或伐昔洛韦。
59.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中所述有效载荷主要包封在所述纳米颗粒的核内。
60.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒的负载能力在约1至约30%wt/wt、约1至约20%、1至约10%、约1%至约8%、约1%至约6%、约1%至约5%、约1%至约3%、或约1%至约2%范围内。
61.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒的负载能力至多约40%、至多约30%wt/wt、至多约20%、至多约10%、至多约8%、至多约6%、至多约5%、至多约3%、至多约2%、或至多约1%。
62.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述纳米颗粒分散在水介质中。
63.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述有效载荷能够从所述纳米颗粒释放持续至少24、36、48、60、72、84或96小时的时段。
64.根据权利要求1~62中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述有效载荷能够从所述纳米颗粒释放至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8天的持续时段。
65.根据权利要求1~62中任一项所述的组合物,其中,所述有效载荷能够从所述纳米颗粒释放至少1个星期的持续时段。
66.一种药物组合物,包括如前述权利要求中任一项限定的纳米颗粒组合物和药学上可接受的载体。
67.用于递送有效载荷至粘膜表面的粘膜粘合剂递送系统,所述递送系统包括前述权利要求中任一项限定的纳米颗粒组合物;药学上可接受的载体;和有效载荷。
68.一种治疗或预防疾病或病症的方法,包括对受试者给予有效量的如前述权利要求中任一项所限定的纳米颗粒组合物或药物组合物。
69.根据权利要求68所述的方法,其中,所述疾病或病症是侵袭眼睛的疾病或病症。
70.根据权利要求69所述的方法,其中,所述侵袭眼睛的疾病或病症是选自以下的任何一种或多种:磨损、棘阿米巴角膜炎、光化性角化病、急性过敏性睑结膜炎、过敏性结膜炎、腺病毒性角结膜炎、虹膜缺损、特应性角结膜炎、细菌性结膜炎、细菌性角膜炎、带状角膜病变、基底细胞癌、贝尔氏麻痹、睑缘炎、大泡性角膜病、泪小管炎、肉瘤样囊肿、白内障、霰粒肿、衣原体结膜炎、气候性滴状角膜病、粘连、结膜上皮内瘤样病变、结膜淋巴瘤、结膜乳头状瘤、结膜色素性病变、结膜瘢痕、结膜炎、结膜松弛症和球结膜水肿、角膜胶原交联、角膜水肿、角膜移植–板层角膜移植、角膜移植排斥、角膜浸润、鳄鱼皮样囊肿、结晶性角膜病变、眼睑囊肿、泪囊炎、陷凹、树枝状溃疡、皮肤松弛和眼睑皮肤松弛症、后弹力膜破裂、盘状角膜炎、盘状角膜炎、干燥性角结膜炎、晶状体异位、睑外翻、眼内炎、睑内翻、睑赘皮和内眦赘皮、眼球上的迷芽瘤、溢泪、巩膜炎、上皮和纤维长入、上皮基底膜营养不良、暴露性角膜炎、眼睑外伤、丝状角膜病变、滤过泡、闪光灼伤、眼睑松弛综合征、滤泡性结膜炎、福克斯氏内皮营养不良、福克斯氏异色性虹膜睫状体炎、真菌性角膜炎、巨乳头性结膜炎、急性闭角型青光眼、淋菌性结膜炎、颗粒状角膜营养不良、血管瘤、单纯疱疹性角膜炎、单纯疱疹性睑角膜结膜炎、眼部带状疱疹、麦粒肿–内部和外部、前房出血–钝性外伤、前房积脓、感染结晶性角膜病变、间质性角膜炎、虹膜角膜发育不全、虹膜角膜内皮病变、虹膜囊肿、虹膜炎、铁纹、圆锥角膜、圆锥角膜形成墩、球形角膜、格基质营养不良、白瞳症、虱子、角膜缘干细胞缺乏、脂质性角膜病变、黄斑基质营养不良、边缘性角膜炎、米斯曼氏营养不良、黑色素瘤–眼结膜及眼睑、黑色素瘤和虹膜痣、膜和假膜性结膜炎、传染性软疣、角膜侵蚀性溃疡、先天性鼻泪管阻塞、神经营养性角膜病变、痣–眼睑、眼部疤痕性类天疱疮、新生儿眼炎、血管翳和假翼状累肉、透明边缘变性、角膜穿孔、周边溃疡性角膜炎、持续性角膜上皮缺损、小水疱病、睑裂黄斑、后囊混浊、后发多形性营养不良、眶前蜂窝织炎、晶状体囊的假鳞片样脱皮、翼状胬肉、上睑下垂和假性上睑下垂、泪小点狭窄、化脓性肉芽肿、复发性角膜糜烂综合征、赖斯—巴克勒氏营养不良、潴留囊肿和淋巴管扩张症、类风湿性关节炎、酒渣鼻性角膜炎、萨尔兹曼氏结节状变性、巩膜炎、皮脂腺细胞癌、脂溢性角化病、鳞状细胞癌–眼睑、史蒂文斯—约翰逊氏综合征、结膜下出血、浅层点状角膜病变、上缘角膜结膜炎、粘连、泰伦氏角膜边缘变性、希杰森氏浅层点状角膜病变、毒性角膜病变、沙眼、倒睫、假性倒睫、双行睫、乱睫、拔毛症、葡萄膜炎、春季角结膜炎、维生素A缺乏、涡角膜病变、睑黄瘤。
71.根据权利要求69所述的方法,其中,所述侵袭眼睛的疾病或病症是KCS、青光眼或过敏性结膜炎。
72.根据权利要求68所述的方法,其中,所述疾病或病症选自以下的任何一种或多种:获得性血管性水肿、肠病性肢端皮炎、急性浆液性结膜炎、结肠腺瘤性息肉病、腺病毒感染、腺病毒相关的感冒、过敏性哮喘、过敏性接触性唇炎、过敏性鼻炎、过敏症、牙龈淀粉样变性病和结膜精神发育迟滞、镇痛哮喘综合征、安德森三征、出血性大疱性心绞痛、角结膜炎、哮喘、喘息性支气管炎、萎缩性舌炎、萎缩性鼻炎、衰减家族性息肉病、白塞氏病、良性游走性舌炎、良性黏膜类天疱疮、黑毛舌、布罗迪堆积、支气管炎、大疱性类天疱疮、念珠菌病、口腔溃疡、碳婴综合征、心脏肥大、粘膜炎、卡他性或粘液脓性结膜炎、中央乳头萎缩、宫颈息肉、唇炎、剥脱性唇炎、腺性唇炎、肉芽肿性唇炎、胆囊炎、瘢痕性结膜炎、由于随机睫毛取向造成的睫状体不协调、纤毛运动障碍、结肠炎、结直肠腺瘤性息肉病、结直肠息肉、结膜炎木质化、结膜炎伴假膜、冠状病毒相关的感冒、科斯特洛综合征、柯萨奇病毒相关的感冒、克罗恩氏病、息肉-色素沉着-脱发-爪甲营养不良综合征综合征、囊性纤维化、膀胱炎、皮肤口炎、剥脱性龈炎、右位心支气管扩张鼻窦炎、药物性唇溃疡、十二指肠溃疡、先天性角化不良、津泽—科尔—英格曼的先天性角化不良、埃可病毒相关的感冒、外胚层发育不良、小肠结肠炎、嗜酸性膀胱炎、流行性卡波西氏肉瘤、牙龈瘤、缝龈瘤、发疹性血管瘤、发疹性舌乳头炎、粘膜红斑病、食道溃疡、食管炎、外源性哮喘、家族性腺瘤性息肉病、家族性肠息肉病、家族鼻纤毛、家族性息肉病、芬威克溃疡、裂纹舌、流行性感冒、滤泡性结膜炎、毛囊错构瘤、食物过敏有关的哮喘、福代斯氏病、加德纳综合征、胃食道反流有关的慢性咳嗽、胃糜烂、胃反流、胃溃疡、胃炎、胃炎、胃食道反流性疾病、巨乳头状结膜炎、淋病、分泌生长激素的垂体腺瘤、毛状粘膜白斑、嗜血杆菌B型流感、出血性结膜炎、出血性直肠结肠炎、疱疹、人乳头瘤病毒、纤毛不能移动综合征、包涵体性结膜炎、A型流感、B型流感、间质性膀胱炎、口腔内牙齿窦、内源性哮喘、侵袭性念珠菌病、刺激性结膜炎、先天性厚甲症、卡波西样血管内皮瘤、角膜结膜炎、咽角化病、咽喉反流、麻风病、脑白质病、粘膜白斑、粘膜白斑伴胼胝和食道癌、脂肪肉芽肿病、逻辑综合征、下食管溃疡、淋巴细胞性结肠炎、淋巴瘤、粘膜相关性淋巴组织、重型口腔溃疡、恶性消化性溃疡、梅罗氏综合征、膜性结膜炎、口腔溃疡、粘蛋白癌、粘液囊肿、粘液表皮样、粘液表皮样癌、遗传性粘膜上皮发育不良、头皮白痂病类型、粘膜利什曼病、粘膜扁平苔癣、粘膜鳞状细胞癌、粘膜炎、口腔粘膜的粘液囊肿、特征性红斑、鼻息肉、坏死性结肠炎、坏死性牙周疾病、烟碱口腔炎、新生儿眼炎、口腔克罗恩氏病、口腔菜花样乳头状瘤病、口腔皮脂腺异位颗粒、鹅口疮、口腔溃疡、正粘病毒相关的感冒、奥-朗-韦三氏综合征、全结肠炎、乳头状结膜炎、副流感、副粘病毒有关的感冒、粒细胞缺乏性哮喘、天疱疮、落叶型天疱疮、寻常性天疱疮、良性消化性溃疡、寻常型天疱疮、消化性溃疡、复发性坏死性粘膜腺、周期性发热、咽结膜发热、睑裂斑、浆细胞唇炎、普莱斯牟坎托马/浆细胞牙龈炎、原发性纤毛运动障碍、直肠炎伪膜性肠炎、伪真菌营养体粘液瘤、黏膜牛皮癣、精神疾病相关的腹腔疾病、翼状胬肉、结膜翼状胬肉、化脓性结膜炎、复发性瘢痕性口疮、反流性喉炎、顽固性腹腔疾病、鼻炎、鼻孢子虫病、里特综合征、罗斯坦哮喘、水杨酸盐敏感性哮喘、先天性角化不良白内障综合征、鼻窦炎、舍格伦综合征、春季粘膜炎、口炎性腹泻、史蒂文斯—约翰逊氏综合征、吻合口溃疡、口腔炎、上缘角膜结膜炎、萨顿病、猪流感、系统性念珠菌病、高原氏病、淋病、真菌性口炎、小号手疣、粘膜的结核性疾病、溃疡性结肠炎、溃疡性结膜炎、溃疡性直肠乙状结肠炎、厄本-施洛瑟-斯庞综合征、阴道念珠菌病、血管运动性鼻炎、前庭乳头瘤病、文森特氏心绞痛、外阴阴道牙龈综合征、白色海绵状痣、黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎、口干症。
73.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的纳米颗粒组合物或药物组合物用于治疗能够通过将治疗剂给药至粘膜位点而治疗的疾病的用途。
74.如本文所述的纳米颗粒组合物或药物组合物,用于治疗能够通过将治疗剂给药至粘膜位点而治疗的疾病。
75.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的纳米颗粒组合物在制造用于治疗能够通过将治疗剂给药至粘膜位点而治疗的疾病的药物中的用途。
76.一种商业包装,包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的纳米颗粒组合物或药物组合物和用于治疗疾病的说明书。
77.根据权利要求73至73中任一项所述的用途、组合物或商业包装,其中所述疾病如在权利要求70或72中所限定。
78.一种制备用于递送有效载荷至粘膜位点的纳米颗粒组合物的方法,所述方法包括:
a)制备包括亲水部分和疏水部分的两亲性大分子,所述亲水部分包括多个官能部分;
b)在合适的条件下组装多个所述大分子,以形成具有疏水核和亲水壳的纳米颗粒;和
c)缀合所述疏水部分上至少一部分所述官能部分至粘膜靶向部分,
从而提供表面-官能化的纳米颗粒。
79.根据权利要求78所述的方法,其中,步骤a)包括缀合亲水聚合物至疏水聚合物,以形成二嵌段共聚物。
80.根据权利要求78或79所述的方法,其中,所述亲水聚合物是葡聚糖,并且所述疏水聚合物是PLA。
81.根据权利要求78~80中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述靶向部分为苯硼酸衍生物、硫醇衍生物或丙烯酸酯衍生物。
82.根据权利要求81所述的方法,其中,所述靶向部分是苯硼酸衍生物。
83.根据权利要求78~82中任一项所述的方法,其中,步骤b)在步骤c)之前进行。
84.根据权利要求78~83中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述纳米颗粒上的所述粘膜靶向部分的表面密度由引入所述反应中的粘膜靶向部分的量控制。
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EP2863892A4 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
US20150320694A1 (en) | 2015-11-12 |
US9993439B2 (en) | 2018-06-12 |
KR102177557B1 (ko) | 2020-11-11 |
CN104507458B (zh) | 2018-05-22 |
KR20150023042A (ko) | 2015-03-04 |
CA2877051A1 (en) | 2013-12-27 |
JP2015520197A (ja) | 2015-07-16 |
CA2877051C (en) | 2021-09-21 |
EP2863892B1 (en) | 2017-11-08 |
EP2863892A1 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
JP6275707B2 (ja) | 2018-02-07 |
WO2013188979A1 (en) | 2013-12-27 |
US20140005379A1 (en) | 2014-01-02 |
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