CN104425055A - 金属粒子膏糊、使用了其的固化物及半导体装置 - Google Patents

金属粒子膏糊、使用了其的固化物及半导体装置 Download PDF

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CN104425055A
CN104425055A CN201410452753.6A CN201410452753A CN104425055A CN 104425055 A CN104425055 A CN 104425055A CN 201410452753 A CN201410452753 A CN 201410452753A CN 104425055 A CN104425055 A CN 104425055A
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metal
paste
stuck
particle
metallic
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CN104425055B (zh
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平塚大祐
井口知洋
内田雅之
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Toshiba Corp
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Toshiba Corp
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • B23K35/025Pastes, creams, slurries
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
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    • B22F1/054Nanosized particles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract

根据本发明,可提供含有极性溶剂、和分散在上述极性溶剂中且包含第一金属的粒子的金属粒子膏糊。在上述极性溶剂中,溶解有与上述第一金属不同的第二金属。本发明还提供了使用了该金属粒子膏糊的固化物及半导体装置。

Description

金属粒子膏糊、使用了其的固化物及半导体装置
本申请基于2013年9月10日提出的日本专利申请第2013-187709号而主张优先权,将其全部内容引用于此作为参考。
技术领域
这里记载的实施方式通常涉及金属粒子膏糊、使用了其的固化物、及半导体装置。
背景技术
软钎料在电子设备中作为将电子部件与基板接合的材料被使用,一直在进行无铅化。然而,在使用时达到高温的功率器件的接合部中适用的软钎料的情况下,无铅化是困难的。近年来,一直在开发与Si相比能够进行更高温下的工作的宽禁带半导体,预测设备的工作温度达到300℃左右。因此,对接合材料要求更高的耐热性。
目前,希望通过利用了热或电磁波的金属粒子的烧结接合来提高接合材料的耐热性。例如,提出将活性高的金属纳米粒子用容易被热分解的有机物被覆而提高了稳定性的膏糊。此外,提出通过使用金属纳米粒子来将被接合构件间以高强度进行接合的方法。进而,提出使用金属纳米粒子在基板上形成微细的布线图案的方法。
通过使用以往的金属粒子膏糊并实施200~350℃左右的热处理而形成的接合部是由具有微细的孔隙的多孔质的金属形成的固化物。由于该固化物可以说是在中途停止烧结的状态,所以在放置于固化温度或比其高温的环境下的情况下,在接合部内进行金属的扩散。因此,迄今为止报道了在接合部与芯片的界面附近、或接合部与电极的界面附近微细的孔隙凝聚而导致组织劣化。
若着眼于高温环境下的劣化机制为金属的扩散,则通常在金属组织的晶界中分散微量的第二元素,利用钉扎效果来谋求组织的稳定化是有效的。为了体现出钉扎效果,第二元素的种类没有特别限制,倒是在晶界中均匀地分散较重要。报道了为了使用金属粒子膏糊得到使第二元素均匀地分散在晶界中的组织,将由作为基本的第一金属形成的微细粒子与由第二金属形成的微细粒子混合的方法。
然而,由于通常微细粒子凝聚而形成二次粒子,所以得到使由第一金属形成的微细粒子与由第二金属形成的微细粒子均匀地混合而成的金属粒子膏糊是非常困难的。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的课题是提供由于金属的扩散被阻止而孔隙的凝聚得到抑制、所以能够形成热稳定性优异的布线或电极的金属粒子膏糊、即使在高温环境下劣化也得到抑制的固化物、及使用了这些电极等的半导体装置。
为了解决上述课题,作为实施方式,金属粒子膏糊包含:极性溶剂;和分散在上述极性溶剂中并包含第一金属的粒子,在上述极性溶剂中溶解有与上述第一金属不同的第二金属。
根据上述的构成,能够提供可形成热稳定性优异的布线、电极等的金属粒子膏糊、该金属粒子膏糊的固化物、及使用了它们的半导体装置。
附图说明
图1是一实施方式涉及的金属粒子膏糊的概念图。
图2是以往的金属粒子膏糊的概念图。
图3是使用了金属粒子膏糊的接合方法的流程图。
图4是实施例的金属粒子膏糊干燥物的电子显微镜照片。
图5是实施例的金属粒子膏糊干燥物的高倍率的电子显微镜照片。
图6是比较例的金属粒子膏糊干燥物的电子显微镜照片。
图7是表示试验片的概略的俯视图。
图8是表示试验片的概略的侧面图。
图9是表示芯片剪切试验强度的图。
图10是说明孔隙面积比的计算方法的图。
具体实施方式
实施方式的金属粒子膏糊含有极性溶剂、和分散在上述极性溶剂中并包含第一金属的粒子。在上述极性溶剂中溶解有与上述第一金属不同的第二金属。
以下,参照附图对本发明的实施方式进行说明。
图1是一实施方式涉及的金属粒子膏糊的概念图。一实施方式的金属粒子膏糊10含有第一金属和第二金属这两种不同的金属。在本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊10中,第一金属作为粒子1分散在极性溶剂4中,另一方面,第二金属溶解在极性溶剂4中。
使本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊固化而制成固化物,第一金属在该固化物中主要构成承担导电性及导热性的母相。如已经说明的那样,抑制构成固化物的母相的第一金属的扩散与该固化物的劣化的抑制有关。为了抑制第一金属的扩散,使与第一金属不同的第二金属均匀地存在于构成固化物的母相的第一金属的晶界中是有效的。本实施方式中使用的第二金属由于是与第一金属不同的金属,所以具有在固化物中抑制第一金属的扩散的作用。
并且,由于第二金属不作为粒子存在而溶解在极性溶剂中,所以在本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊中,能够使第二金属均匀地存在。在使本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊固化而得到的固化物中,第一金属构成母相,第二金属在固化工艺中在第一金属的粒子的表面析出。析出的第二金属为具有例如100nm以下的粒径的粒子。由于第二金属均匀地存在于膏糊中,所以固化物中的第二金属的析出也均匀。如上所述,与构成母相的第一金属不同的第二金属抑制第一金属的扩散。通过这种第二金属均匀地存在于第一金属的晶界附近,阻碍第一金属的扩散而抑制孔隙的凝聚的效果变得更高。其结果是,即使在高温环境下劣化也被抑制,所以能够得到具有稳定的组织的固化物。
另外,在以往的金属粒子膏糊中,如图2中所示的那样,包含第一金属的粒子(第一粒子)1与包含第二金属的粒子(第二粒子)2分散在溶剂3中。在包含第一及第二的两种粒子的以往的金属粒子膏糊12中,伴随着各粒子的凝聚的问题。并且,由于原理上无法实现以粒子尺寸以下的大小的分散,所以难以将第一粒子与第二粒子均匀地混合。因此,使用以往的金属粒子膏糊,未必可得到第二金属均匀地分散的固化物。
如上所述,在使用与构成粒子的金属(第一金属)不同种类的金属(第二金属)溶解于溶剂中的本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊而得到的固化物中,第一金属构成母相,第二金属在母相中均匀地存在。由于通过这种第二金属阻碍了第一金属的扩散,所以孔隙的凝聚被抑制。其结果是,即使在高温环境下劣化也被抑制,能够得到具有稳定的组织的固化物。
在本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊中,第一金属只要是能够赋予导电性及导热性则贵金属及非贵金属中的任一者即可,没有特别限定。若考虑导电性及导热性,则第一金属优选选自由例如Au、Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh、Ir、Ag、Cu、Ni、Zn、Bi、Fe、Mo、Al、Cr及V等组成的组中。只要能够维持导电性及导热性,则第一金属也可以是金属氧化物等化合物或合金的形态。在使用选自Ag、Cu、及Au中的至少一种作为第一金属的情况下,所得到的固化物的导电性及导热性进一步提高。
只要是能够形成所期望的固化物的范围,则包含第一金属的粒子1的粒径没有特别限定,但粒径优选较小。粒径越变小则活性越被提高,而且粒子彼此的接触面积越增大。其结果是,所得到的固化物的导电性或导热性提高。在将含有包含这种第一金属的粒子的金属粒子膏糊用于被接合构件的接合的情况下,接合强度也提高。
第一金属的粒子的粒径可以设为例如1~10000nm。这里的粒径可以通过使用了透射型电子显微镜的观察来求出。包含第一金属的粒子的粒径更优选5~5000nm,进一步优选10~1000nm。包含第一金属的粒子的粒径进一步更优选为10~500nm,最优选为10~100nm。包含第一金属的粒子可以单独使用特定的粒径范围的粒子。或者,也可以将具有不同范围的粒径的多种粒子组合使用。
关于金属粒子膏糊中的包含第一金属的粒子的含量,也只要是能够形成所期望的固化物的范围内就没有特别限定。包含第一金属的粒子的含量越高,则越能够提高固化的初期的固体填充率。因此,在本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊中,包含第一金属的粒子的含量优选为30质量%以上且低于100质量%(例如低于99质量%)。特别优选为50质量%以上且低于100质量%(例如低于99质量%)。
在包含第一金属的粒子1的表面上,吸附或键合有具有亲水性基团的有机物。该有机物具有保护粒子的表面,同时提高极性溶剂中的粒子的分散稳定性的作用。由于通过亲水性基团,金属粒子在极性溶剂中的分散稳定性提高,所以能够抑制粒子的凝聚。作为亲水性基团,可列举出例如羟基、氨基及亚氨基等。
金属粒子膏糊中的有机物的含量没有特别限定,但为了增多金属粒子的含量,优选尽可能为少量。例如,优选为0.1~10质量%。存在于粒子表面的有机物的量可以通过热重量分析等进行确认。
另外,为了容易供给,在本实施方式中,包含第一金属的粒子与溶解有第二金属的极性溶剂混合而作为膏糊使用。通过使用极性溶剂,能够将第二金属良好地溶解。极性溶剂例如可以从以下的组中选择。
(a)醇类(例如,脂肪族醇类(庚醇、辛醇(1-辛醇、2-辛醇等)、癸醇(1-癸醇等)、月桂醇、十四烷醇、鲸蜡醇、十八烷醇、十六碳烯醇、油醇等饱和或不饱和脂肪族醇、脂环族醇类(例如,环己醇等环烷醇类;萜品醇、二氢萜品醇等萜烯醇类(例如,单萜烯醇等))、芳香脂肪族醇(例如,苄醇、苯乙醇等)、多元醇类(乙二醇、丙二醇、二乙二醇、二丙二醇等))
(b)二醇醚类(例如,乙二醇单甲基醚、乙二醇单乙基醚、乙二醇单丁基醚、二乙二醇单甲基醚、二乙二醇单乙基醚、二乙二醇单丁基醚、三乙二醇单丁基醚、丙二醇单甲基醚、二丙二醇单甲基醚、三丙二醇丁基醚等(聚)亚烷基二醇单烷基醚;2-苯氧基乙醇等(聚)亚烷基二醇单芳基醚等)
(c)二醇酯类(例如,醋酸卡必醇等(聚)亚烷基二醇醋酸酯等)
(d)二醇醚酯类(例如,乙二醇单乙基醚醋酸酯、乙二醇单甲基醚醋酸酯、二乙二醇单丁基醚醋酸酯、二乙二醇单乙基醚醋酸酯、丙二醇单甲基醚醋酸酯等(聚)亚烷基二醇单烷基醚醋酸酯)
(e)酯类(例如,醋酸苄酯、醋酸异冰片、苯甲酸甲酯、苯甲酸乙酯等)
(f)氨基化合物(单乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺、N-乙基二乙醇胺等)
(g)上述以外的脂肪族烃类(例如,十四烷、十八烷、七甲基壬烷、四甲基十五烷等饱和或不饱和脂肪族烃类)
(h)上述以外的芳香族烃类(例如,甲苯、二甲苯等))
此外,作为极性溶剂,也可以使用水。这些极性溶剂只要能够不分离而均匀地混合,也可以将2种以上组合使用。
本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊中,含有作为粒子分散的第一金属,同时含有与该第一金属不同的第二金属。由于使本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊固化而形成的固化物的母相由第一金属构成,所以金属粒子膏糊中的第二金属的量比第一金属少。若第二金属相对于第一金属以0.001原子%以上的量存在于膏糊中,就能够发挥在固化物中阻碍第一金属的扩散的效果。由于第二金属的量比第一金属少,所以即使在使用不具有充分高的电导率及热导率的金属作为第二金属的情况下,固化物的特性也不会较大地受损。
另外,第二金属相对于第一金属的量(原子%)通常可以基于各金属的种类及含量来算出。
由于如上所述在固化物中第一金属构成母相,所以在金属粒子膏糊中,与第二金属相比第一金属的量较多量地含有。由于第一金属构成固化物的母相,所以该第一金属的电导率及热导率优选比第二金属优异。
作为第二金属,例如,可以从碱土类金属、Au、Pt、Pd、Ag、Cu、Cr、Ni、Nb、Mo、Sn、Bi、In、Sb、Ge、Co、Zn、Ti、Al、V、Y、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zr、及W等中选择使用与第一金属不同的金属。
在使用氧化性非贵金属作为第二金属的情况下,该第二金属在固化中发生氧化,熔点上升而稳定性提高。在固化物中,氧化的第二金属在由第一金属构成的母相中稳定地存在。其结果是,即使在更高温的条件下也能够抑制第一金属的扩散。进而,由于在第二金属形成了氧化物的情况下,其硬度也变高,所以强度等机械特性也能够进一步提高。之前列举的金属中,碱土类金属、Cu、Cr、Ni、Nb、Mo、Sn、Bi、In、Sb、Ge、Co、Zn、Ti、Al、V、Y、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zr、及W符合氧化性非贵金属。
即使第二金属为非氧化性的情况,在使用与第一金属形成金属间化合物的金属作为第二金属的情况下,也能够抑制第一金属的扩散。在固化物中形成金属间化合物,熔点上升而稳定性提高。所形成的金属间化合物在由第一金属构成的固化物的母相中稳定地存在,即使在更高温的条件下也能够抑制第一金属的扩散。进而,由于在由第一金属与第二金属形成金属间化合物的情况下硬度也变高,所以强度等机械特性也能够进一步提高。作为这样的组合,可列举出例如选自Ag、Cu、Ni、Au、Pd中的至少1种与Sn的组合。
只要是可溶于极性溶剂中、且能够形成所期望的固化物,则第二金属的含量没有特别限定。即使在金属粒子膏糊中的第二金属的量相对于溶解度稍过量的情况下,也确认到在固化物中抑制第一金属的扩散的效果。第二金属的量越少则在极性溶剂中越容易溶解,对固化物的强度、导电性及导热性造成的影响也越小。
第二金属的含量过量地高时,超过在极性溶剂中的溶解度而产生溶解残渣。若在金属粒子膏糊中产生第二金属的溶解残渣,则无法使第二金属均匀地分散在固化物中的第一金属的晶界中。在最差的情况下,发现在固化物中产生粗大粒子或粗大空隙等缺陷。粗大粒子通过第二金属凝聚并析出而形成,粗大的空隙通过第二金属的原料(络合物、有机金属化合物或盐)中包含的有机成分在固化中气化而生成。
由于存在粗大粒子或粗大空隙,有可能引起固化物的强度、导热性及导电性的降低。因此,金属粒子膏糊中的第二金属的添加量优选为溶解度以下,以在极性溶剂中完全溶解。另外,第二金属相对于极性溶剂的溶解度可以作为物性值从文献等中获得。
为了在不损害固化物的强度、导热性及导电性的情况下充分地得到目标效果,第二金属的量优选为相对于第一金属为0.001原子%以上、且相对于极性溶剂的溶解度以下的量。
本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊可以通过例如将包含第一金属的粒子、第二金属的原料和极性溶剂混合来调制。如上所述作为第二金属的原料,可列举出包含第二金属的络合物、有机金属化合物、或盐。在使用络合物作为第二金属的原料的情况下,第二金属以络合离子的状态存在于金属粒子膏糊中,在使用有机金属化合物或盐作为第二金属的原料的情况下,第二金属以有机金属离子、或金属单质的离子的状态存在于金属粒子膏糊中。
第二金属的原料的热分解温度优选为固化温度的上限即400℃以下。没有特别限定,但由于在极性溶剂中的溶解性优异,所以作为第二金属的原料优选金属的羧酸盐,例如为Ni的羧酸盐等。
在混合时,可以首先使包含第一金属的粒子分散到极性溶剂中,在所得到的分散液中添加第二金属的原料。或者,也可以将第二金属的原料溶解到极性溶剂中,使包含第一金属的粒子分散到所得到的溶液中,调制本实施方式所述的金属粒子膏糊。
本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊也可以通过将使包含第一金属的粒子分散到极性溶剂中而得到的膏糊与第二金属的原料混合来调制。例如,作为包含第一金属的粒子的Ag纳米粒子分散到作为极性溶剂的萜品醇中而得到的膏糊已知作为适合布线形成或接合用途的金属纳米粒子膏糊。
本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊可以用于例如半导体装置中的被接合构件的接合中。
被接合构件的材质没有特别限定,可以使用金属材料、塑料材料、或陶瓷材料等。金属材料可以从例如Au、Ag、Cu、及Al、Fe、不锈钢等中选择。塑料材料可以从例如聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚碳酸酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、尼龙、及环氧树脂等中选择。陶瓷材料可以从例如玻璃、氧化铝、氮化铝、氮化硅、氮化镓、氧化镓、氧化镁、碳化硅、氮化硼、莫来石、金刚石及氧化铍等中选择。
也可以在由上述的材质构成的构件的表面上设置包含选自由Au、Pt、Pd、Ag、Cu、Sn、及Ni组成的组中的至少一种的金属的薄膜。
此外,作为被接合构件,也可以使用半导体元件。特别是在使用Au、Pt、Pd、Ag、Cu、及Ni等耐热性高的金属作为第一金属的情况下,不仅可以使用硅,而且可以使用碳化硅或氮化镓、氧化镓、及金刚石等功率器件元件作为被接合构件。通过适用于功率器件元件的接合中,从而使热电阻降低,由此能够实现冷却器的简化。由此,可以谋求装置的小型化,设计自由度也提高。
适用于半导体元件中时也同样地可以在这些构件的表面上设置包含选自由Au、Pt、Pd、Ag、Cu、Sn、及Ni组成的组中的至少一种的金属的薄膜。
在接合时,如图3的流程图中所示的那样,首先,将金属粒子膏糊适用于一个被接合构件上而形成膏糊层,在其上层叠另一个被接合构件。金属粒子膏糊可以通过印刷或涂布等进行适用。接着,通过使金属粒子彼此接合而经由由固化物形成的接合层将2个被接合构件接合。
金属粒子彼此可以通过例如加热、加压进行接合。加热温度没有特别限定,但在将功率器件元件进行接合的情况下,优选设为芯片上的有机绝缘膜可耐受的温度以下。通常,若为400℃以下,则有机绝缘膜的热稳定性受损的可能性少。另外,也可以利用超声波冲击、电磁波冲击、化学反应等无加热地将金属粒子彼此进行接合。
此外,为了通过加压使金属粒子的接触点增多而促进接合,加压力优选为5MPa以上,但不限于此。也可以利用超声波、电磁波及化学反应等无加压地将金属粒子彼此进行接合。
根据情况,有时因金属粒子膏糊中的极性溶剂而使金属粒子彼此的接合受到阻碍。在适用膏糊后,在利用烧结等开始金属粒子的接合之前预先除去溶剂,由此可以避免这种不良情况。具体而言,预先将本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊干燥而制作干燥物。干燥物也可以制作于可剥离的支撑片材上。在本说明书中,将金属粒子膏糊中的极性溶剂实质上被除去的状态称为“干燥”。
例如,以适合接合部的尺寸及形状将金属粒子膏糊成型,将其放置而除去极性溶剂,由此可得到干燥物。可以在常温下放置,但在低温下进行加热的情况下,能够缩短除去极性溶剂所需要的时间。通过经由所得到的干燥物将电子部件配置在基板上,在规定的温度下进行加热,能够将电子部件接合在基板上。在可剥离的支撑片材上所制作的干燥物可以转印到基板的规定的区域中,用于布线的形成。
在制作干燥物时,也可以在金属粒子膏糊中配合粘合剂或增塑剂。这种情况下,能够提高干燥物的成型性或可塑性。
作为粘合剂,可以使用选自以下的组中的树脂等。即,为各种改性聚酯树脂(例如,聚酯树脂、氨基甲酸酯改性聚酯树脂、环氧基改性聚酯树脂、及丙烯酸改性聚酯树脂等)、聚醚氨基甲酸酯树脂、聚碳酸酯氨基甲酸酯树脂、丙烯酸氨基甲酸酯树脂、氯乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、苯氧基树脂、丙烯酸树脂、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛树脂、聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、聚酰胺、改性纤维素类(例如,硝化纤维素、纤维素-醋酸酯-丁酸酯(CAB)、及纤维素-醋酸酯-丙酸酯(CAP)等)、乙烯基系树脂(例如,醋酸乙烯酯、及聚偏氟乙烯等)、纤维素系树脂(例如,乙基纤维素、及硝化纤维素等)、及石蜡等。
上述那样的粘合剂可以单独使用,只要不分离,也可以将2种以上混合使用。
增塑剂可以从例如二羧酸酯、磷酸酯、聚酯、环氧基化植物油、聚醚多元醇、邻苯二甲酸酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、聚乙二醇、及甘油等组成的组中选择。此外,增塑剂也可以单独使用,只要不分离,也可以将2种以上混合使用。
粘合剂及增塑剂的量与其它的有机物一起优选为0.1~10质量%以下。
另外,在干燥物中,以包含第一金属的粒子作为域(一次粒子),形成聚集体(凝聚体)。在聚集体的表面上,均匀地形成第二金属析出而形成的粒径为100nm以下左右的粒子。干燥物的状态可以通过电子显微镜进行观察。
在使用本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊而得到的接合层中,第二金属在组织内析出,阻碍第一金属的扩散。因此,孔隙的凝聚受到抑制,所得到的接合层具有优异的热稳定性。接合层中的第二金属不一定需要构成粒子。只要第二金属在组织内析出,就能够发挥所期望的效果。
接合层的组织内的第二金属的分布状态没有特别限定。在本实施方式中,在构成固化物的母相的第一金属的晶界附近,使第二金属均匀地分散而抑制第一金属的扩散,由此得到稳定的组织。第二金属优选存在于包含第一金属的固化物组织的晶界及晶界附近。所谓晶界附近,没有特别限定,但优选以任意的晶界作为基点,相对于与晶界邻接的粒子为其粒径的1/10以下的范围。在第二金属存在于这样的范围内的情况下,可充分发挥抑制第一金属的扩散的效果。因此,本实施方式对于第一金属的扩散抑制是有效果的。
第二金属的分布状态并不限定于此。在以任意的晶界作为基点,相对于与晶界邻接的粒子为其粒径的1/10以下的范围外,也可以存在第二金属。此外,接合层的组织中的第二金属只要维持接合层的导电性及导热性,则也可以是金属氧化物等化合物或合金的形态。
本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊也可以为了在电子基板上形成布线或放热部而使用。在本实施方式的金属粒子膏糊中,第二金属溶解在极性溶剂中,该第二金属在形成由固化物构成的布线时析出到布线组织内。在所得到的布线中,由于第一金属的扩散被阻止而孔隙的凝聚受到抑制,所以成为热稳定性优异的布线。
此外,在将本实施方式所述的金属粒子膏糊用于电极的形成的情况下,能够得到热稳定性优异的电极。
本实施方式所述的金属粒子膏糊通过含有包含第一金属的粒子、和溶解有与上述第一金属不同的第二金属且分散有包含上述第一金属的粒子的极性溶剂,能够形成即使在高温环境下劣化也被抑制的固化物。
<实施例>
以下,对金属粒子膏糊的具体例子进行说明。
1.金属粒子膏糊的调制
使用Ag作为第一金属,使用Ni作为第二金属,调制金属粒子膏糊。作为第一金属的粒子,含有粒径为20nm左右的Ag粒子,该Ag粒子分散在作为极性溶剂的萜品醇中。膏糊中的Ag粒子的量为80质量%左右。
作为第二金属的Ni以羧酸盐的形式使用。按照第二金属(Ni)的量达到规定的值的方式,将Ni的羧酸盐添加到Ag纳米粒子膏糊中来调制多种金属粒子膏糊。各膏糊中的第二金属(Ni)的量如下述表1中所示。
表1
在样品No.7~9的金属粒子膏糊中,确认到Ni的羧酸盐的溶解残渣。因此,添加量为0.2原子%以上时,可以说Ni的羧酸盐超过溶解度而被过量地添加。
将所得到的金属粒子膏糊涂布到基材上,通过在100℃下加热30分钟而使极性溶剂蒸发来制作干燥物。用电子显微镜观察所得到的干燥物,结果在含有Ni的羧酸盐的样品No.2~9的干燥物中,确认到分散有5~20nm左右的粒子。该粒子为Ni的羧酸盐析出而形成的粒子。
作为一个例子,将样品No.9的干燥物的电子显微镜照片示于图4中。在图4中,示出包含第一金属的粒子的聚集体(凝聚体),可知该聚集体是以粒径为500nm以下的粒子作为域(一次粒子)而形成的。此外,黑色的三角形的标记是指析出的Ni羧酸盐的微细的粒子。
图5是更高的倍率下的电子显微镜照片。可知析出的Ni羧酸盐的微细的粒子清楚地出现在聚集体的表面上,该粒子的粒径为100nm以下。
在图6中,示出样品No.1的干燥物的电子显微镜照片。倍率与图4的情况相同。可知在不含有Ni羧酸盐的情况下,没有产生Ni羧酸盐的微细的粒子。
2.芯片剪切试验
使用表1中记载的金属粒子膏糊制作试验片,进行芯片剪切试验。首先,准备贴有Cu的陶瓷基板,利用在丙酮中的超声波洗涤及在盐酸中的酸洗实施前处理。另外,Cu膜作为电极使用。接着,进行水洗,干燥而除去Cu电极上的氧化膜。在该Cu电极上使用0.05mm厚的金属掩模,以4mm见方的图案印刷金属粒子膏糊。
将金属粒子膏糊的图案在100℃下干燥30分钟后,在印刷图案的中央配置3mm见方的SiC芯片。在所使用的SiC芯片的背面最表面上,设置Au电极。通过采用芯片焊接在氮气氛中、以300℃/5MPa加热加压5分钟,从而将芯片接合到基板上来制作试验片。
将所得到的试验片的俯视图及侧视图分别示于图7及图8中。如图示的那样,在试验片9中,在贴有Cu的陶瓷基板7上,经由接合层6而配置SiC芯片5。
通过芯片剪切试验(试验速度为0.2mm/秒)测定试验片的接合强度。将其结果以不含有Ni羧酸盐的样品No.1的值进行标准化并示于图9中。由图9可知,在接合层中含有0.001原子%以上的第二金属(Ni)的样品No.3~9具有比样品No.1~2高的强度。
3.高温放置试验
实施与上述同样的处理,准备除去了Cu电极表面的氧化膜的贴有Cu的陶瓷基板。在该贴有Cu的陶瓷基板上,使用与上述同样的金属掩模以8mm见方的图案印刷金属粒子膏糊。将其在100℃下干燥30分钟后,在印刷图案的中央配置7mm见方的SiC芯片。在所使用的SiC芯片的背面最表面上,设置Au电极。通过采用芯片焊接在氮气氛中、以300℃/5MPa加热加压5分钟而进行接合来制作试验片。
报道了在包含金属粒子的接合层中,因微细的孔隙从接合层的中央向芯片或基板电极侧凝聚,孔隙发生偏向而产生劣化。为了对接合层的劣化进行定量化,观察接合层的截面组织。截面组织的观察在高温放置试验的前后,在研磨加工后通过电子显微镜来实施。
参照图10,对孔隙的偏向的计算方法进行说明。在图10中,示出贴有Cu的陶瓷基板上的Cu电极13与SiC芯片5之间的接合层6的概略图。如图示的那样,将接合层6沿中央二等分而分成SiC芯片5侧的上侧层6a和Cu电极13侧的下侧层6b,求出各组织中包含的微小的孔隙的面积率。孔隙面积率(%)如下所述定义。
(孔隙面积率)≡(孔隙的面积)/((孔隙的面积)+(金属的面积))×100
截面组织中的孔隙及金属的面积使用市售的图像处理软件将截面组织照片二值化后,由各自的像素数算出。
将关于上侧层6a及下侧层6b的孔隙面积率分别设为S6a及S6b,如下所述求出孔隙面积比。
(孔隙面积比)=S6b/S6a
该孔隙面积比的值越接近1,则接合层6中的孔隙越没有偏向地存在。在高温放置试验前(初期),使用任一金属粒子膏糊的试验片中孔隙面积比均为1。
接着,将各试验片载置在加热至300℃的烘箱内,实施100小时的高温放置试验。对试验后的试验片的截面进行研磨加工,对其通过电子显微镜进行观察,利用上述的方法求出孔隙面积比。
对于各试验片,将高温放置试验后的孔隙面积比与试验前(初期)的孔隙面积比一起汇总于下述表2中。
表2
如上述表2中所示的那样,任一试验片在高温放置试验前(初期),芯片侧及电极侧的孔隙面积比均大致为1。无论作为第二金属的Ni的浓度如何,接合层中的孔隙都没有偏向。
然而,在高温放置试验后,样品No.1~2的孔隙面积比减少至0.5。可知在使用不含有第二金属的金属粒子膏糊(样品No.1)、及第二金属的含量为0.0002原子%的金属粒子膏糊(样品No.2)的情况下,在所得到的接合层的SiC芯片5侧,存在电极13侧的大致2倍的孔隙。这样的孔隙产生大的偏向时,劣化变得显著。
与此相对,在样品No.3~9中,高温放置试验后的孔隙面积比为0.7~0.8,比上述的0.5大。可知它们中的孔隙的偏向比样品No.1、2小。样品No.3~9中的Ni添加量为0.001原子%以上。若孔隙面积比为0.7以上,则因孔隙发生偏向而引起劣化的可能性小。如此,显然可以通过本实施方式来抑制劣化。
在一实施方式中,例举出分别包含Ag及Ni作为第一金属及第二金属的金属粒子膏糊进行了说明,但并不限定于此。通过使用包含第一金属的粒子分散在极性溶剂中、且与第一金属不同的第二金属溶解在极性溶剂中的本实施方式所述的金属粒子膏糊,可得到与上述同等的效果。
虽然已描述了实施方式,但这些实施方式仅作为例子给出,并非意图限制发明的范围。实际上,这里所描述的新颖实施方式可以以各种其它的形式来体现;此外,在不脱离本发明精神的范围内可以对这里所描述的实施方式的形式进行各种省略、替代及修改。所附权利要求及其等效物意图涵盖落入本发明的范围及精神中的这些形式或变形。

Claims (20)

1.一种金属粒子膏糊,其包含:
极性溶剂;和
分散在所述极性溶剂中且包含第一金属的粒子,在所述极性溶剂中,溶解有与所述第一金属不同的第二金属。
2.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,相对于所述第一金属,含有0.001原子%以上的所述第二金属。
3.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述第一金属选自由Au、Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh、Ir、Ag、Cu、Ni、Zn、Bi、Fe、Mo、Al、Cr及V组成的组中。
4.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述包含第一金属的粒子具有1~10000nm的粒径。
5.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述包含第一金属的粒子占所述金属膏糊的30质量%以上且低于100质量%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述第二金属选自由碱土类金属、Ag、Cu、Cr、Ni、Nb、Mo、Sn、Bi、In、Sb、Ge、Co、Zn、Ti、Al、V、Y、Zr、Hf、Be、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zr及W组成的组中。
7.根据权利要求6所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述第二金属为氧化性非贵金属。
8.根据权利要求6所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述第二金属与所述第一金属形成金属间化合物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述第二金属的量为相对于所述极性溶剂的溶解度以下。
10.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述第二金属以金属单质的离子或有机金属的离子的形式含有。
11.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述第二金属以有机金属化合物或盐的形式添加。
12.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述第一金属的电导率比所述第二金属的电导率大。
13.根据权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊,其中,所述第一金属的热导率比所述第二金属的热导率大。
14.一种干燥物,其特征在于,其是将权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊干燥而形成的,包含所述第二金属析出而成的粒子。
15.根据权利要求14所述的干燥物,其中,所述包含第一金属的粒子形成凝聚体,各个粒子的粒径为500nm以下,所述第二金属析出而成的粒子的粒径为100nm以下。
16.根据权利要求14所述的干燥物,其中,进一步包含粘合剂。
17.一种固化物,其特征在于,其是使权利要求1所述的金属粒子膏糊固化而成的固化物,在所述第一金属的晶界及晶界附近存在所述第二金属。
18.一种固化物,其特征在于,其是使权利要求14所述的干燥物固化而成的固化物,在所述第一金属的晶界及晶界附近存在所述第二金属。
19.一种半导体装置,其包含:
具有布线的基板;和
通过接合部而设置在所述基板上的电子部件和/或电极,
所述布线、所述接合部及所述电极中的至少1个中包含权利要求17所述的固化物。
20.一种半导体装置,其包含:
具有布线的基板;和
通过接合部而设置在所述基板上的电子部件和/或电极,
所述布线、所述接合部及所述电极中的至少1个中包含权利要求18所述的固化物。
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