CN102917835A - 接合材料、接合材料的制造方法以及接合结构的制造方法 - Google Patents

接合材料、接合材料的制造方法以及接合结构的制造方法 Download PDF

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CN102917835A
CN102917835A CN2011800258357A CN201180025835A CN102917835A CN 102917835 A CN102917835 A CN 102917835A CN 2011800258357 A CN2011800258357 A CN 2011800258357A CN 201180025835 A CN201180025835 A CN 201180025835A CN 102917835 A CN102917835 A CN 102917835A
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layer
system layer
grafting material
main component
metal
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CN102917835B (zh
Inventor
山口拓人
冈本正英
池田靖
黑田洋光
黑木一真
秦昌平
小田佑一
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Proterial Ltd
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Hitachi Cable Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0233Sheets, foils
    • B23K35/0238Sheets, foils layered
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B3/00Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences ; Rolling of aluminium, copper, zinc or other non-ferrous metals
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • B23K1/00Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K1/0016Brazing of electronic components
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/28Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 950 degrees C
    • B23K35/282Zn as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/28Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 950 degrees C
    • B23K35/286Al as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/302Cu as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23K35/383Selection of media, e.g. special atmospheres for surrounding the working area mainly containing noble gases or nitrogen
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/017Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of aluminium or an aluminium alloy, another layer being formed of an alloy based on a non ferrous metal other than aluminium
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/018Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of a noble metal or a noble metal alloy
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C22F1/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/08Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of copper or alloys based thereon
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    • C22F1/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/16Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of other metals or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/165Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of other metals or alloys based thereon of zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
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Abstract

本发明的目的在于,对于半导体元件与框架或基板的接合、或者金属板与金属板的接合,使用不使用铅的材料并且确保高可靠性。作为半导体元件与框架或基板的接合材料,通过使用Zn系金属层101由Al系金属层102a、102b夹持,并且Al系金属层102a、102b的外侧由X系金属层103a、103b(X=Cu、Au、Ag、Sn)夹持的层压材料作为接合材料,即使在高氧气浓度氛围中,表面的X系金属层也会在该接合材料熔融的时刻之前保护Zn和Al免遭氧化,可以保持该接合材料作为焊料的润湿性、接合性,可以确保接合部的高可靠性。

Description

接合材料、接合材料的制造方法以及接合结构的制造方法
技术领域
本发明涉及接合材料及其制造方法,还涉及使用该接合材料的接合结构的制造方法。
背景技术
随着对环境的意识提高,已经开始对被指出对人体存在有害性的铅进行限制。在欧洲,实施了限制汽车中使用铅的ELV指令(End-of Life Vehiclesdirective,与报废汽车相关的指令)、禁止电机·电子设备中使用铅的RoHS(Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical andelectronic equipment,电气和电子设备中限制使用某些有害物质)指令。以前,在电机·电子设备的部件的电气接合中使用的作为接合材料的焊料中含有铅。焊料根据熔点可分为高温、中温、低温3个种类,而中温焊料中的Sn-Ag-Cu系焊料、Sn-Cu系焊料等,低温焊料中的Sn-Bi系焊料、Sn-In系焊料等已经被开发、实用化,符合ELV指令、RoHS指令。但是,关于高温焊料,因为使用铅的含有率为85重量%以上的高铅焊料,且未开发出无铅的替代材料,所以不在上述ELV指令、RoHS指令的对象之内。另外,高铅焊料含有85重量%以上的铅作为构成成分,与RoHS指令所禁止的Sn-Pb共晶焊料相比对环境的负荷大。所以期待开发高铅焊料替代材料。
将高耐热接合的适用例示于图1。图1为表示半导体装置的结构的剖面图。图2为说明由再熔融的焊料所引起的溢料(flash)的剖面图。
如图1所示,半导体装置20如下制造,即,通过焊料(接合材料)3将半导体元件1接合(芯片接合)在框架2上,通过金属线4将引线5的内部引线与半导体元件1的电极进行引线接合(wire bonding)后,利用密封用树脂6或非活性气体进行密封。
该半导体装置20通过Sn-Ag-Cu系的中温无铅焊料而被回流焊接在印刷基板上。Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅焊料的熔点较高,为约220℃,为了在回流接合时接合(芯片接合)部不会再熔融,半导体元件1的芯片接合可使用具有290℃以上熔点的高铅焊料作为焊料。
因为现在已开发出的Sn-Ag-Cu系焊料等中温无铅焊料的熔点为约220℃,所以在用于半导体元件1的芯片接合的情况下,在将半导体装置20回流接合在印刷基板上时,焊料会熔融。利用树脂对接合部周围进行了塑模的情况下,如果内部的焊料熔融,则会由于熔融时的体积膨胀而如图2所示,发生焊料3从密封用树脂6与框架2的界面漏出的称为“溢料”的现象,或者,即使没有漏出也起到类似漏出的作用,其结果,有时凝固后在焊料中形成大的空隙7而成为不良品。作为替代材料的候补,从熔点方面出发报道了Au-Sn、Au-Si、Au-Ge等Au系焊料,Zn、Zn-Al等Zn系焊料以及Bi、Bi-Cu、Bi-Ag等Bi系焊料。
然而,Au系焊料含有80重量%以上的Au作为构成成分,从成本方面考虑在通用性上有困难,而且是硬且脆的硬焊料。Bi系焊料硬且脆,并且热导率为约9W/m·K,比现有的高温焊料低,难以适用于要求高散热性的功率半导体装置及功率模块等。此外,Zn及Zn-Al等Zn系焊料虽然具有约100W/m·K的高热导率,但因其容易氧化而导致在氧气浓度高的氛围中无法得到充分接合。而且是较硬的合金,在接合时也担心半导体元件破裂。
作为解决Zn-Al系焊料的问题、即不易润湿及硬的接合材料,“专利文献1”公开了使用依次层叠Zn条、Al条、Zn条,并通过轧制法进行包覆而制作的包覆材料的方法。由此,可以通过表面的Zn系层来确保润湿性,并能够通过内层柔软的Al系层而赋予应力缓冲能力,确保接合可靠性。另外,因为Zn及Al的熔点分别为420℃、660℃,通过Zn与Al的反应而生成的Zn-Al共晶(Zn-6Al)的熔点也为382℃,所以接合材料为高熔点,具有高耐热性。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2008-126272号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2009-125753号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的课题
在专利文献1中记载的技术中,关于使用依次层叠Zn条、Al条、Zn条,并通过轧制法进行包覆而制作的包覆材料的接合,通过使用与Al相比不易氧化的Zn保护易于氧化的Al,从而抑制Al的氧化,确保了作为焊料的润湿性。尽管如此,Zn还是位于最表面,Zn成为具有氧化膜的状态。
Zn的氧化膜即使在氢气氛围中也无法还原除去。在有氧化膜的状态下即使接合半导体元件,在接合部仍会残留氧化膜。该情况下,机械强度降低或热传导被阻碍,从而担心半导体元件的可靠性会降低等。因此,为了得到充分的接合,例如,需要经过等离子清洗等工序而除去初期的Zn氧化膜后,在将氧气浓度抑制为低水平的氛围中实施接合。
在该情况下,Zn的过度的氧化得到抑制,能够实现高可靠的接合。但是,将氧气浓度抑制在低水平的接合装置在抽真空时需要时间等,功率半导体封装体的量产性会降低。而且等离子清洗工序也很繁杂。
另一方面,在“专利文献1”中,公开了在金属盖上包覆有Zn和Al的结构,即,金属盖/Al/Zn结构。在这样的结构中,也需要像上述那样将氧气浓度抑制在低水平。
就专利文献2中记载的材料而言,在由Zn单质或以Zn为主要成分并含有Al的Zn合金构成的Zn(-Al)系焊料箔的两面上层叠有Cu等易还原金属,从而形成了抑制Zn和Al氧化的结构。但是,Zn是在加热时,Cu等易还原金属易熔入的金属。所以,如果加热由Cu层保护的Zn(-Al)系焊料箔,则在200℃左右的低温下,Cu熔入Zn中而导致Zn、Al在箔表面露出。
由于露出于表面的Zn及Al迅速氧化,因Zn及Al氧化膜的影响而导致焊料的润湿性及接合性下降。专利文献1中只有Zn露出于表面,而专利文献2中由于形成更坚固的氧化膜的Al也露出,所以接合性下降较大。
因此,即使使用“专利文献2”中公开的接合材料,如果不将氛围中的氧气浓度抑制在低水平,也不能充分接合。即,即使在由Zn或Zn合金构成的Zn系焊料表面上形成防止Zn氧化的易还原金属保护膜,也会由于通过200℃左右的低温加热,易还原金属熔入Zn中,其保护效果消失而存在无法防止Zn、Al氧化的问题。
本发明的课题为提供一种提高接合性及接合可靠性的接合材料以及使用该接合材料的半导体装置的制造方法。
用于解决课题的方法
对本申请公开的发明中代表性的内容的概要进行简单说明,如下所示。
(1)一种接合材料,其特征在于,其为在Zn系层的第1主面上依次层叠有第一Al系层和第一X系层的接合材料,所述X系层以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分。
(2)一种接合结构的制造方法,其特征在于,通过在第1被接合构件与第2被接合构件之间配置(1)的接合材料,并加热所述接合材料,从而接合所述第1被接合构件和所述第2被接合构件。
发明的效果
根据本发明,可以防止接合材料的氧化,即使在氧气存在的氛围中也可以进行可靠性高的接合。
另外,通过本发明的接合材料进行接合的接合结构可以使空隙率在10%以下,还可以充分确保接合强度。另外,空隙率如图3所示,定义为在作为接合部的焊料3的平面方向上,用空隙7的总面积除以焊料3的平面方向的面积所得的值。
附图说明
图1为表示半导体装置的结构的图。
图2为在图1的半导体装置中,说明由再熔融的焊料引起的溢料以及由溢料形成的空隙的图。
图3为表示空隙率的定义的接合部的平面图。
图4为表示在用于实施本发明的方式中五层层叠的接合材料的剖面的图。
图5为在用于实施本发明的方式中,通过包覆轧制来制作Al/Zn/Al三层层叠结构的情况下,说明包覆轧制的图。
图6为在用于实施本发明的方式中,通过三层层压材料与X系金属条的包覆轧制来制作X/Al/Zn/Al/X五层层压材料的情况下,说明包覆轧制的图。
图7为在用于实施本发明的方式中,通过三层层压材料的X系金属镀敷来制作X/Al/Zn/Al/X五层层压材料的情况下,说明镀敷工序的图。
图8为在用于实施本发明的方式中,通过利用三层层压材料的溅射而除去氧化膜的工序和通过X系金属的蒸镀进行的成膜来制作X/Al/Zn/Al/X五层层压材料的情况下,说明成膜工序的图。
图9为表示在用于实施本发明的方式中,将被接合材料金属板和Zn/Al/X层压材料接合所得的接合材料一体型金属板的剖面的图。
图10为在实施本发明的方式中,说明半导体装置(半导体模块)的结构的图。
图11表示表1,是表示本发明的接合材料的构成例的表。
图12表示表2,是对表1所示的层压材料及比较材料实施润湿性试验、接合试验,表示接合材料的评价结果的表。
图13表示表3,是表示本发明的接合材料一体型金属板的接合材料侧的构成例的表。
图14为在实施本发明的方式中,说明需要密封的半导体装置的结构的图。
图15为表示在Cu层与Al层之间形成有CuAl系金属间化合物层的状态的剖面图。
图16为在实施本发明的方式中,表示将Sn/Al/Zn/Al/Sn五层层压材料在275~365℃加热保持并进行接合的情况下的接合过程的情况的接合示意图。
图17为280℃下的Al-Cu-Sn三元状态图。
图18为290℃下的Al-Cu-Sn三元状态图。
图19表示表4,是表示本发明的接合材料的构成例的表。
具体实施方式
以下,基于附图对本发明的实施方式进行详细说明。另外,在用于说明实施方式的所有附图中,原则上对同一构件赋予同一符号,并省略其反复说明。
图4表示在用于实施本发明的方式中的接合材料的剖面。在图4中,接合材料为在中央存在Zn系金属层101(也仅简略为Zn、Zn系层),在其两面上存在Al系金属层102a、102b(也仅简略为Al、Al系层),再在其两面上存在X系金属层103a、103b(X=Cu、Au、Ag、Sn)(也仅简略为X、X系层)的具有层结构的层压材料。Al系层是以Al为主要成分(含有最多的成分)的层,期望是Al为90重量%以上,反之杂质在10重量%以下的Al合金(也可以为单质)。另外,Zn系层以Zn为主要成分,期望是Zn为90重量%以上,反之杂质在10重量%以下的Zn合金(也可以为单质)。另外,X系层为以Cu、Au、Ag、Sn中的任意一种为主的单质层或合金层。即,X系层为例如,Cu为90重量%以上、或Au为90重量%以上、或Ag为90重量%以上、或Sn为90重量%以上等的层。
说明将本发明的X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料作为接合材料的基本原理。首先,将层压材料夹入被接合材料并加热。当层压材料的温度超过380℃时,在层压材料的Zn/Al界面发生共晶熔解反应,Zn和Al熔解,成为Zn-Al熔液。表层的X熔入Zn-Al熔液中,层压材料全体熔融。然后,Zn-Al-X熔液与被接合材料反应,接合。
层压材料表面的X作为用于防止Al和Zn的氧化的保护层起作用。选择Cu、Au、Ag、Sn系金属作为X系金属层的理由是因为它们是易还原金属。这里,易还原金属是指,在含有氢等的还原氛围中,自身的氧化膜可以容易地还原,或通过助焊剂(flux)、等离子清洗等处理可以容易地除去氧化膜的金属。参考《金属デ一タブツク》、日本金属学会编、改订第2版、丸善、p90等,作为表示各种元素氧化的难易度的指标的氧化物的标准生成自由能为Au>Ag>Cu>Sn>Zn>Al的顺序(越小越容易氧化)。即,Zn和Al的氧化物的标准生成自由能非常小,容易被氧化。对于易被氧化的Zn和Al,通过用与这些金属相比标准生成自由能大的金属,即X(Au、Ag、Cu、Sn)来保护,可以防止Zn和Al的氧化。
此外,本发明中,利用了X与Zn相比难固溶于Al(难熔入)的性质。例如,参考《金属デ一タブツク》、日本金属学会编、改订第2版、丸善、p24-29,计算作为熔入难易度指标的扩散系数。在380℃,Cu、Au、Ag、Sn向Zn中的扩散系数分别为2.6×10-14、1.2×10-14、6.0×10-14、1.2×10-14m2/s。另一方面,Cu、Au、Ag、Sn向Al中的扩散系数分别为1.2×10-15、4.2×10-15、6.1×10-15、5.4×10-18m2/s,与Zn的情况相比,是小一个数量级以上的值。即,理论上可知Cu、Au、Ag、Sn与Zn相比更难熔入Al中。
实验也确认,当加热X/Zn-Al合金/X层压材料时,X迅速熔入Zn中,在表面上露出Zn和Al,但在加热X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料时,X几乎不熔入Al中。所以,在加热X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料至380℃以上的温度,层压材料全体熔融的瞬间之前,X系金属层一直保护Al/Zn/Al层压材料表面。本发明的结构中,由于可以通过X系层来抑制Zn和Al的氧化,因此即使在氛围中的氧气浓度高的情况下,X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料也可以保持良好的润湿性,发挥作为接合材的优异功能。在用于半导体元件接合的情况下,能够几乎不产生空隙地进行接合。
图4中,优选Zn系层中Zn的含量、以及Al系层中Al的含量、X系层中X的含量分别为90重量%~100重量%。将Zn、Al、X设为90重量%以上的理由是,不会因为杂质元素而使熔融温度上升。
例如,含有Mn作为杂质元素的情况下,虽然熔点仅降低少许,但有使接合层硬度变硬的效果,成为半导体元件破裂的主要原因。但是,Ga、Ge、Mg、In、Sn、Cu等元素含有10重量%以下的情况下,可得到降低熔点的效果。这种情况下,半导体元件不易破裂,因此也可以是以10重量%以下的比例混入的合金。
本发明的X/Al/Zn/Al/X接合材料可以通过包覆轧制法,使镀敷法、蒸镀法等与包覆轧制法组合进行制造,但各方法的使用顺序不影响层压材料作为焊料的性能。如后段所述,相对于Zn系层、Al系层的层厚,X系层为较薄的层。因此,Zn系层和Al系层的层叠更优选通过适合于厚膜制造的包覆轧制法来进行。Al系层和X系层的层叠可以使用包覆轧制法,但也可以使用可以较薄地成膜的镀敷法、蒸镀法来层叠。以下,描述具体的制造事例。
例如,如图5所示,可以通过在Zn系层101a的两侧重叠2个Al系层102a并进行包覆轧制而制作成Al/Zn/Al层压材料11后,如图6所示,重叠X系层103a、具有由Al/Zn/Al构成的层结构的层压材料105、X系层103a,进行包覆轧制,从而制造X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料10。
另外,可以通过包覆轧制法而制作Al/Zn/Al层压材料11后,如图7所示,通过将Al/Zn/Al层压材料11浸泡在镀槽302中,在Al表面形成X系镀层103,从而制造X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料10。另外,对Al表面的镀敷优选在通过锌酸盐处理进行Zn置换后进行X系镀敷。另外,锌酸盐处理是指通过Zn来置换Al表面上所形成的氧化物的处理。通过锌酸盐处理,在Al表面上形成的Zn在镀槽中被除去。
此外,可以不使用镀敷,而是如图8所示,在真空中通过溅射而除去Al/Zn/Al层压材料11表面的Al氧化膜后,通过蒸镀X来形成X系层,从而制造X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料10。
另外,例如,可以在通过包覆轧制法、镀敷法、或者蒸镀法而制作Al系层和X系层接合而成的X/Al层压材料后,重叠X/Al层压材料、Zn系层、X/Al层压材料,并进行包覆轧制,从而制造X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料10。同样,也可以重叠X/Al层压材料、Al/Zn/Al层压材料、X/Al层压材料并进行包覆轧制。另外,通过镀敷法在Al系层上层叠X系层的情况下,也可以在Al系层的两面上形成X系层而制成X/Al/X层压材料。这种情况下,如果重叠X/Al/X层压材料和Zn系层和X/Al/X层压材料并进行轧制,则成为X/Al/X/Zn/X/Al/X层压材料。由于内部的X熔入相邻的Zn系层中,因此作为接合材料不产生问题。
另外,可以通过在重叠X系层、Al系层、Zn系层并通过包覆轧制法进行接合而制作X/Al/Zn层压材料后,将X/Al/Zn层压材料和X/Al/Zn层压材料以Zn相对的方式重叠并进行包覆轧制,从而制作X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料。换句话说,可以通过对第1包覆材料的第一Zn系层侧和第2包覆材料的第二Zn系层侧进行包覆轧制而形成接合材料,所述第1包覆材料是在所述第一Zn系层的一面上依次层叠第一Al系层和由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成的第一X系层而得到的,所述第2包覆材料是在所述第二Zn系层的一面上依次层叠第二Al系层和由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成的第二X系层而得到的。
另外,通过在X/Al/Zn层压材料之间夹持Zn系层,即重叠X/Al/Zn层压材料、Zn系层、X/Al/Zn层压材料并进行包覆轧制,可以制造X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料10。
而且,可以通过由第1包覆材料的第一Al系层侧和第2包覆材料的第二Al系层侧夹持Zn系层,并进行包覆轧制来形成接合材料,所述第1包覆材料是在所述第一Al系层的一面上层叠由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成的第一X系层而得到的,所述第2包覆材料是在所述第二Al系层的一面上层叠由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成的第二X系层而得到的。
并且,也可以不将包覆轧制分割为多次,而是重叠X系层、Al系层、Zn系层、Al系层、X系层,并一次性进行包覆轧制。
如以上那样,X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料10不论层叠方法、层叠顺序如何,都可以适用各种方法。虽然层叠方法的区别体现为金属的结晶粒径和自然氧化膜的残存状况的区别,但是这些区别不对层压材料作为焊料的性能构成影响。因此,任何方法都可以制造适合作为焊料的材料。另外,也可以在各工序之间实施适当次数的冷轧和清洗,并调整层压材料的总厚度。并且,在实施包覆轧制的情况下,从提高层间的密合度的观点考虑,优选轧制后的层压材料的总厚度为投入前的板材的总厚度的一半以下。
另外,在X为Cu及Au的情况且使X/Al/Zn/Al/X的制造条件适当的情况下,可以在X层与Al层间生成Cu-Al金属间化合物、或者Al-Au金属间化合物。这里,使制造条件适当的情况是指存在加热X层和Al的界面的工艺的情况。具体来说,在由轧制形成X/Al/Zn/Al/X的情况下,X层和Al层的界面被加热。如果轧制率大,则界面的温度上升也大。通过轧制而使界面温度上升到200℃左右的情况下,可以容易地形成上述金属间化合物。另一方面,通过蒸镀、溅射而形成X层的情况下,无法期待界面的温度上升,也不发生金属间化合物的形成。
图15表示X为Cu的情况下,在Cu/Al界面形成的Cu-Al金属间化合物的TEM像。这样,通过在X/Al界面形成10~300nm左右厚度的金属间化合物,从而即使化合物层X长时间加热,也可以防止Al在表面上露出的现象。并且,由于Cu-Al化合物在Zn-Al熔融时会迅速熔入Zn-Al中,因此不会阻碍接合。
另外,对于X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料的结构,从层压材料熔融时生成充分的液相、提高润湿性的目的出发,优选层压材料的总厚度为20μm以上。并且,为了降低接合部的热阻、确保可靠性,优选层压材料的总厚度为300μm以下。另外,优选(所述Zn系层的膜厚)/(所述Al系层的合计的膜厚)为1/60~1/3、(所述X系层的膜厚)/(所述Zn系层和所述Al系层的合计的膜厚)为0.0002/1~0.02/1。或者,为了在382~420℃的接合温度范围内使层压材料全体均匀熔融,Al系层、Zn系层、Al系层的层厚比有必要为Al:Zn:Al=1:6:1~1:60:1的比率。此外,从熔融组织的均匀性观点考虑,更优选Al:Zn:Al=1:8:1~1:30:1的范围。
此外,X系层为了具有防止Zn和Al氧化的功能,需要一定程度以上的厚度。另一方面,X系层熔融在Zn系层和Al系层反应并熔融后的Zn-Al合金内,构成Zn-Al-X合金,但优选将元素X对Zn-Al合金的硬度、熔点所造成的影响限制在最小限度内。所以,X系层有必要比Zn系层和Al系层薄。优选(所述X系层的膜厚)/(所述Zn系层和所述Al系层的合计的膜厚)为0.0002/1~0.02/1。或者,优选层厚比为(Al+Zn+Al):(X+X)=1:0.0002~0.2的比率。并且,更优选(Al+Zn+Al):(X+X)=1:0.0005~0.1的范围。
使用这样制作的X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料,进行半导体装置的内部的芯片接合。例如,如图1所示,在具有半导体元件1和接合所述半导体元件1的框架2、一端作为外部端子的引线5、接合所述引线5的另一端与所述半导体元件1的电极的金属线4、对所述半导体元件1及所述金属线4进行树脂密封的树脂6的半导体装置20中,在所述半导体元件1与所述框架2的接合材料3中使用由所述的X/Al/Zn/Al/X构成的层结构的层压材料10。
为了充分进行由Zn系层和Al系层的相互扩散引起的共晶熔解反应,使接合界面整体充分被接合,接合条件设为接合温度为385℃以上,接合时间为2min以上,负重为0.1kPa以上。对于接合氛围,设定为N2+4%H2还原氛围、N2+4%H2+100ppmO2还原氛围。像这样实施接合的情况下,接合结构成为半导体元件/Zn-Al-X合金/框架。
对元素X的特征进行描述。X为Cu的情况下,层压材料的结构成为Cu/Al/Zn/Al/Cu。将该层压材料作为焊料使用的情况下,半导体元件和基板通过Zn-Al-Cu合金被接合。关于接合氛围,即使在氧气浓度低的氮气氛围中也可以接合,但优选在含有氢气的还原氛围中进行接合。还原氛围的情况下,Cu表面的自然氧化膜在加热时被氢气还原。因此,Cu/Al/Zn/Al/Cu层压材料在没有氧化皮膜的状态下熔融,可以在作为焊料的润湿性高的状态下接合。即,可以实现缺陷少的高可靠性的接合结构。
接下来,对X为Au的情况进行描述。这种情况下,层压材料成为Au/Al/Zn/Al/Au。将该层压材料作为焊料使用的情况下,半导体元件和基板通过Zn-Al-Au合金被接合。Au为不生成氧化物的元素。所以,接合氛围可以自由选择氮气氛围、氢气氛围等。无论在哪种氛围下,Au/Al/Zn/Al/Au层压材料都在没有氧化皮膜的状态下熔融,可以在作为焊料的润湿性高的状态下接合。即,可以实现缺陷少的高可靠性的接合结构。另外,因为Au价格贵,因此Au/Al/Zn/Al/Au的制造不使用包覆轧制,而优选通过蒸镀或镀敷而成膜为薄的Au层。
接下来,对X为Ag的情况进行描述。这种情况下,层压材料成为Ag/Al/Zn/Al/Ag。将该层压材料作为焊料使用的情况下,半导体元件和基板通过Zn-Al-Ag合金被接合。Ag是一种在室温下生成氧化物,但在约150℃以上的温度区域内会自还原,氧化物分解的金属。所以,接合氛围可以自由选择氮气氛围、氢气氛围等。无论在哪种氛围下,Ag/Al/Zn/Al/Ag层压材料都在没有氧化皮膜的状态下熔融,可以在作为焊料的润湿性高的状态下接合。即,可以实现缺陷少的高可靠性的接合结构。
最后,对X为Sn的情况进行描述。这种情况下,层压材料成为Sn/Al/Zn/Al/Sn。将该层压材料作为焊料使用的情况下,半导体元件和基板通过Zn-Al-Sn合金被接合。另外,X为Sn的情况下,熔融行为与Cu、Au、Ag的情况不同。因为Zn、Al、Sn中,Sn的熔点最低,因此加热时Sn会在230℃熔融。即,Sn在室温至230℃之间,不使Al露出于表面,而是在230℃熔融时,实现与被接合材料的接合。在该状态下,如果加热至370℃左右,则Zn在Al层中扩散,到达Sn/Al界面,从而作为Zn-Al-Sn合金的层压材料整体熔融,半导体元件和基板通过Zn-Al-Sn合金被接合。因为Sn的效果,Zn-Al-Sn合金的熔点与Zn-Al合金相比降低。Sn的情况下优选在氧气浓度低的氮气氛围、氢气氛围中接合。但是,为了除去Sn的自然氧化膜,更优选使用利于助焊剂、等离子清洗等的除去工艺。通过除去Sn氧化膜,Sn/Al/Zn/Al/Sn层压材料在没有氧化皮膜的状态下熔融,可以在作为焊料的润湿性高的状态下接合。即,可以实现缺陷少的高可靠性的接合结构。
此外,X为Sn的情况下,可以通过改变加热方法而得到不同的接合结构。接合的示意图如图16所示。图16(a)表示准备Sn/Al/Zn/Al/Sn层压材料和被接合材料的状态。该接合通过在275~365℃保持1分钟以上而进行,但图16的例子中,表示了在300℃接合的情况。图16(b)表示用被接合材料夹持Sn/Al/Zn/Al/Sn层压材料,使温度上升在230℃的状态。该状态是Sn最先熔化,相邻的Al也开始向Sn中熔化的状态,表示形成了Sn-Al共晶液相的状态。即,这时,被接合材料夹持Al/Zn/Al层,并利用Sn-Al共晶液相进行了接合。如果进一步使温度上升,加热至300℃并保持,则Zn向Al层扩散,形成Zn在Al中固溶的Al固溶体。这时,Al成为固溶了50at.%左右Zn的固溶体。在加热至300℃的最初,Al固溶体与被接合材料之间存在Sn-Al的液相层。该状态为图16(c)。如果进一步保持为300℃,则Sn和Zn和Al都形成固溶体,液相层消失,成为被接合材料通过作为固相的、Al的固溶体被接合的状态。该状态为图16(d)。然后,进行冷却,则成为接合构件内存在Sn固溶体、Al固溶体、Zn固溶体等的状态。该状态为图16(e)。图16是温度为300℃时的例子,但275~365℃的情况下也产生同样的现象。
图17、图18表示Al-Zn-Sn三元状态图。具有如下特征:Zn的固溶量少的Al固溶体、Zn固溶体中Sn几乎不固溶,但在Al中固溶了50at.%左右Zn的Al固溶体中,Sn固溶30at.%左右。图17、图18分别表示280℃、290℃的状态,但这样的Al固溶体在275℃以上产生。即,由于在固溶了50at.%左右Zn的Al固溶体层中,Sn-Al共晶液相的Sn扩散,因此Sn-Al液相消失。这时,被接合材料被固溶了Zn和Sn的Al固溶体接合。另外,Zn层相对较厚的情况下,也有在接合层中央残留Zn层的情况。之后,将整体冷却,从而Al固溶体相分别变化为Al固溶体、Zn固溶体、Sn固溶体,完成接合。
对于该接合方法,如前所述,比起使层压材料全体熔融的接合方法,可以降低最大100℃接合温度,且可以减小对半导体元件施加的负荷。但是,虽然该接合法在275℃以上可以进行,但将实际的接合温度设为290℃以上时,由于Al固溶体层的Sn固溶量增加,因此可以缩短接合时间。另外,因为在接合层析出的柔软的Sn固溶体会缓和接合层的应力,因此接合可靠性提高。另外,在该接合方法的情况下,为了不多不少地使Al固溶体化,层厚比优选设为Al:Zn:Al=5:1:5~1:2:1的比例。
此外,X为Sn的情况下,为了防止在高湿度氛围下由Sn导致的Zn的晶界腐蚀现象,添加Mg是有效的。因此,也可以使用在Al、Zn中以10重量%为上限添加了Mg的Al-Mg合金、Zn-Mg合金。此外,也可以不是Sn/Al/Zn/Al/Sn五层层压材料,而是Sn/Al/Zn/Mg/Zn/Al/Sn七层层压材料。为七层结构的情况下,优选Mg层厚为总厚度的1/10以下。通过这些结构,可以实现接合温度的进一步降低以及耐腐蚀性的提高。如果Mg的添加量和Mg层厚在规定程度以上,则有时熔融后的Zn-Al-Sn-Mg合金会脆弱化,并且接合层的可靠性降低。
对半导体装置的制造方法进行描述。半导体装置如前所述,可以通过对框架和半导体元件使用本发明的X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料作为焊料进行制造。但是,在框架上加热X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料,并在该状态下使其熔融时,会形成Zn-Al-X合金,Zn-Al露出于表面。之后,即使设置半导体元件,也会成为隔着氧化膜的可靠性低的接合。为了防止这种现象,需要在该层压材料熔融之前在层压材料上设置半导体元件。优选在加热前将半导体元件设置在层压材料上的状态下进行加热。如果在层压材料熔融后设置半导体元件,则需要通过加入洗涤处理,即前后左右摇动半导体元件的处理,来除去氧化膜的工序。在这种情况下,框架侧的接合性也比使用Zn-Al合金焊料的情况更好。
此外,优选层压材料的尺寸(长×宽)比半导体元件的尺寸大。这种情况下,在接合时不会负荷负重,即只有半导体元件的自重,可以实现良好的接合。在使用比半导体元件尺寸小的层压材料的情况下,通过负荷0.1kPa以上的负重,在层压材料熔融时,Zn-Al-X合金在半导体元件的接合面整面上润湿展开,所以可以没有问题地进行接合。
关于半导体元件、基板等被接合材料的原材料,以及表面的金属化层,可以适用Cu、Al、Ni、Au、Ag、Pt、Pd、Ti、TiN、W、AlN、Al2O3、AlSiC,Fe-Ni、Fe-Co等Fe系合金等各种各样的金属、合金、陶瓷。但是,在被接合材料与熔融后的X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料反应,在其界面生成金属间化合物的状态下接合。期望生成的金属间化合物具有在高温下不易生长的特征。原因是,化合物的生长与机械式强度的降低相关,接合可靠性会恶化。所以,在被接合材料的表面,为了与Zn-Al-X合金的Al、Zn反应,生成在高温下稳定的化合物,优选实施Ni金属化层。
另外,当被接合材料表面的金属化层为Ni时,Ni本身的氧化成为问题,有损害润湿性的情况。因此,也可以在Ni之上层叠不易氧化的Au、Ag、Pt、Pd。即,优选在被接合材料的表面上实施Ni、Ni/Au、Ni/Ag等的金属化层。如果实施了这样的金属化层,则半导体元件为Si、SiC、GaAs、CdTe、GaN等无论什么样的半导体元件都可以接合。
关于基板,通过施加上述金属化层,从而对于粘贴有Cu、Al、42合金、CIC(铜殷钢铜,Copper Invar Copper)、或DBC(直接键合铜,Direct BondCopper)、DBA(直接键合铝,Direct BondAluminum)等金属的陶瓷基板(绝缘基板)等无论什么样的构件都可以实现可靠性高的接合。另外,如果对使用本发明的层压材料来接合施加了Ni金属化层的被接合材料的情况下的、接合后的结构进行详细记载,则成为被接合材料/Ni/Ni-Al系化合物/Zn-Al-X合金/Ni-Al系化合物/Ni/被接合材料。
上述的例子对半导体元件与基板的连接进行了说明,但这样的构成对于半导体与引线、半导体与散热基板、半导体与框架、半导体与绝缘基板、或半导体与一般的电极的接合,也可以适用。另外,上述说明的构成不限于半导体元件与基板的连接,一般来说,也可以适用于通过本实施例的连接构件将第1被连接构件与第2被连接构件进行连接的情况。例如,可以适用于金属板与金属板、金属板与陶瓷基板等的接合。
此外,也可以形成将本发明的层压材料和被接合材料通过包覆轧制进行一体化而成的接合材料一体型结构。具体来说,可以将X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料10与作为被接合材料121的金属基板(框架)、附有金属的陶瓷基板、金属盖、散热用基板等进行接合。所述被接合材料121要求具有在生成Zn和Al的共晶合金的温度下不熔融的特性,所以,优选构成构件的最低熔点在390℃以上。所述被接合材料121可以选择Fe系合金、Al系合金、Cu系合金等。
另外,在提供接合材料一体型结构时,没有必要形成被接合材料/X/Al/Zn/Al/X结构,如图9所示只要形成被接合材料/Zn/Al/X结构12就足够。但是,在被接合材料表面,优选实施所述的Ni、Ni/Au、Ni/Ag等的金属化层1212。例如,如果金属化层为Ni的情况,则其结构成为被接合材料母材/Ni/Zn/Al/X结构。在加热该结构12时,在382℃以上的温度下Zn-Al合金熔融,X熔入其中。通过使Zn-Al-X合金的Al与金属层1212的Ni形成稳定的金属间化合物层,可以防止被接合材料母材1211熔出到接合构件中。
通过这样使层压材料一体化,可以在接合时省略设置接合材料的工序。该结构中,如前所述,X的自然氧化膜被氢气等还原气体所还原,并且不易向Al系层内扩散,因此可以防止Al的氧化。另外,如图9所示,在成为被接合材料/Zn/Al/X结构12的接合材料一体型材料的情况下,对于层厚比,优选Zn:Al=3:1~60:1的比例,对于膜厚,优选(Zn+Al):X=1:0.0001~0.1。
另外,作为用于形成如图9所示的接合材料一体型材料的接合材料,可以不使用图4那样的5层的材料,而是使用Zn/Al/X结构那样的3层结构的材料。在3层结构中,只要将Zn系层侧与例如金属板进行包覆接合即可。
此外,对于要求半导体模块的高强度、高耐热、高热传导的主要的接合部,可以全部使用本发明的层压材料以及接合材料一体型金属板进行接合。即,可以制造如图10所示的半导体模块40。通过本发明的层压材料10将半导体元件1和绝缘基板41接合(或者,接合半导体元件1和接合材料一体型绝缘基板12),通过本发明的层压材料10将绝缘基板41和散热用金属基板431接合(或者,将绝缘基板41和本发明的接合材料一体型散热用金属基板12接合)。
此外,使用接合材料一体型金属片12作为金属线4的替代品,将半导体元件表面的电极与绝缘基板41、成为内部或外部端子的引线5接合。对于引线5,并非通过焊接、超声波接合而与绝缘基板41接合,而是引线本身为本发明的接合材料一体型引线12,也可以通过对该接合材料部分进行局部加热而进行接合。通过形成这样的结构,所有的接合部熔点都超过300℃,可以实现高可靠的半导体模块40。
另外,本发明的层压材料不限定为板状结构。例如,可以形成同心圆状的金属线结构。即,以Zn金属线作为心材,在其外周层叠Al层,在最外层上层叠X系层,从而可以发挥与所述板状的层压材料同样的耐氧化性能。
[实施例1~24]
对于以下所示的实施例中使用的本发明的层压材料,使用通过包覆轧制法、或镀敷法、或蒸镀法制作的材料。制作的轧制材的结构例如图11(表1)所示。此外,作为本发明的层压材料的比较,使用Zn/Al/Zn层压材料和Cu/Zn-Al/Cu层压材料。Zn/Al/Zn层压材料通过Zn、Al、Zn的包覆轧制来制造。Cu/Zn-Al/Cu层压材料通过Cu、Zn-Al合金、Cu的包覆轧制来制造。即使由包覆轧制以外的方法进行制造,材料作为焊料的特性也没有区别,得到了接合性同等的结果。
实施例1~24是对于图11(表1)中的层压材料No.1~24,研究了润湿性试验、可否接合的实施例。其结果如图12(表2)所示。对于润湿性试验,在Cu/Ni/Au基板上设置各层压材料,加热温度为385℃,保持时间为3min,氛围为N2氛围,对加热时的X系层的行为和润湿展开行为进行了研究。
将在各层压材料熔融之前X系层残存在表面的情况设为○,加热过程中X系层熔入Zn或Al中而消失的情况设为×。这是因为,X系层消失的情况下,Zn、Al氧化,因此认为不适合作为接合材料。X系层消失与否可通过目视进行评价。
此外,将熔融金属在各基板上润湿展开的情况设为○,没有润湿展开的情况设为×。润湿展开是作为接合材料的必要条件。对于润湿展开的情况,在接合材料熔融的情况下,熔融的面积比起最初的固体状态时的面积变大时设为○,熔融的面积比起最初的固体状态时的面积变小时设为×。
对于可否接合,使用各材料如图1所示进行半导体元件1的芯片接合并进行评价。该半导体装置20具有半导体元件1、接合该半导体元件1的框架2、一端为外部端子的引线5、接合该引线5的另一端和半导体元件1的电极的金属线4、对半导体元件1及金属线4进行树脂密封的密封用树脂6,半导体元件1和框架2由接合材料10(具有由X/Al/Zn/Al/X构成的层结构的层压材料)接合而构成。
在该半导体装置20的制造中,在实施了Ni或Ni/Ag或Ni/Au镀敷的Cu框架2上以5.5mm见方的尺寸供给接合材料10(Zn/X/Al/X/Zn层压材料),层叠大小为5mm见方的半导体元件1后,在接合温度为385℃以上、接合时间为2min以上、无负重的条件下,使用接合氛围分别为N2+10ppmO2氛围、N2+100ppmO2氛围、N2+4%H2+10ppmO2还原氛围、N2+4%H2+100ppmO2还原氛围的气体,并进行加热,从而接合。
接合后,通过金属线4将半导体元件1与引线5之间进行引线接合,在180℃通过密封用树脂6进行密封。对于制造的半导体装置20,通过超声波探伤测定接合部的空隙面积率。空隙率如图3所示,是在作为接合部的焊料3的平面方向上,用空隙7的总面积除以接合层的平面方向的面积所得的值。接合性是半导体装置可获得一定的可靠性的一般基准,接合层的空隙率为10%以下,半导体元件正常工作的情况设为○,除此以外设为×。综合评价在任何接合氛围中接合性都为○的材料设为○。另外,如果空隙率超过10%,则通过温度循环试验,裂纹从空隙周边优先扩展,有早期可靠性下降等问题。所以,可以通过减少空隙率来确保长期可靠性。
以下,表示评价结果。润湿性试验的结果为,层压材料No.1~24的X系层都没有在加热过程中消失,并且观察到湿润展开,判定为○。因为X系层未消失,因此认为Al在接合之前可保持不氧化的状态,润湿性没有劣化。此外,对于可否接合的研究结果,层压材料No.1~24在任何的氛围中空隙率都在10重量%以下时,可得到良好的接合,可否接合判定为○。增加详细调查,结果可知,也不存在接合层上残留有氧化膜等的缺陷。另外,也不存在半导体元件的破裂,半导体元件正常工作,综合判定为○。
另一方面,比较例1、2是使用Zn/Al/Zn包覆材料、以及Cu/Zn-Al/Cu包覆材料,对与上述同样的润湿性试验以及可否接合进行研究的例子。Zn/Al/Zn包覆材料的润湿性良好。认为是因为Zn/Al/Zn包覆材料中,Zn防止了Al的氧化。认为是因为Cu/Zn-Al/Cu包覆材料中,Cu防止了Zn和Al的氧化。
但是,Zn/Al/Zn包覆材料以及Cu/Zn-Al/Cu包覆材料都在刚熔融后的焊料表面上可看到氧化膜的形成,认为在加热中发生了氧化。这是因为,前者是初期的Zn氧化膜生长所得的膜,后者是在加热中Cu熔入Zn内部,在表面露出的Zn发生了氧化。
此外,在接合5mm见方的半导体元件时,不产生芯片破裂,可以接合。但是,通过超声波探伤对接合部的空隙进行测定时,对于Zn/Al/Zn包覆材料,在N2+10ppmO2氛围中空隙率在10%以下,可以得到良好的接合,评价为○。但是该氛围以外的氛围中,空隙率超过10%,评价为×。
另一方面,对于Cu/Zn-Al/Cu包覆材料,只要在N2、N2+H2的任何氛围中,氧气浓度都为10ppm以下,就可以得到空隙率10%以下的良好的接合,判定为○。但是,在氧气浓度超过100ppm的氛围中,空隙率超过10%。认为是因为通过Zn和Al在接合时的加热中发生氧化,其氧化膜残留在接合层内。因此,判定为×。
由上,根据实施例1~24,通过将本实施方式中的接合材料10用于半导体装置20的芯片接合,X系金属层通过接合工艺,始终防止Zn和Al的氧化,因此除了氧气浓度低的还原氛围以外,即使在氧气浓度超过100ppm的还原氛围中,也可以得到空隙少的良好的接合。即,本发明的层压材料可以称为耐氧化性优良的焊料材料。
[实施例25]
实施例25中使用图11(表1)中记载的本发明的层压材料No.1~24,制造半导体装置20。基本实施内容与实施例1~24同样,但是相对于大小为5mm见方的半导体元件1,以4.5mm见方供给层压材料10,进行接合。这时,给予0.1kPa以上的负重,通过加热实施接合。以与实施例1~24同样的基准进行评价,结果层压材料No.1~24的任何一个不论接合氛围如何,空隙率都在10%以下,可以得到良好的接合。可知即使供给比半导体元件1面积小的材料,通过在接合时添加负重,焊料材料在半导体元件整面上也会润湿展开。
[实施例26]
实施例26是使用图13(表3)所示构成的层压材料No.25~48,制造需要图14所示的气体密封的半导体装置的例子。具体如图9所示,在金属板1211(金属盖)上实施Ni、Ni/Au、Ni/Ag的任意一种镀层1212后,包覆Zn/Al/X层压材料122,制造金属板/金属化层/Zn/Al/X结构12。图13(表3)所示的层压材料表示通过包覆轧制将金属板和Zn/Al/X接合后的Zn、Al、X各自的厚度。
如图14所示,半导体元件1和模块基板51使用层压材料No.1~24进行接合后,通过金属线4连接半导体元件1和引线5。之后,设置带有Zn/Al/X的金属板52,在接合温度为385℃以上420℃以下、接合时间为2min以上、负重0.1kPa的条件下,在接合氛围为N2+10ppmO2氛围、N2+100ppmO2氛围、N2+4%H2+10ppmO2还原氛围、N2+4%H2+100ppmO2还原氛围,并且,在置换为各个氛围后,进行了抽真空的氛围中,通过加热进行接合。其结果,在任何氛围中,都可以得到空隙率为10%以下的良好的接合,实现了可靠性高的气体密封结构。
[实施例27]
实施例27是使用图13(表3)中所示构成的接合材料一体型金属板,制造图1所示的半导体装置的例子。与实施例1~25不同,包覆金属板1211(引线框)和Ni层1212、和Zn/Al/X层压材料122,制造带有由金属板/Ni/Zn/Al/X结构构成的层压材料的引线框12。Ni层1211通过镀敷而形成在金属板上,也可以得到同样的效果。图13(表3)所示的层压材料表示通过包覆轧制将金属板和Ni和Zn/Al/X接合后的Zn、Al、X的各自的厚度。Ni层1212具有防止Zn、Al和引线框母材1211过度进行金属反应的功能。
在这样准备的带有接合材料的引线框12上设置半导体元件1,在接合温度为385℃以上、接合时间为2min以上,负重0.1kPa的条件下,在接合氛围为N2+10ppmO2氛围、N2+100ppmO2氛围、N2+4%H2+10ppmO2还原氛围、N2+4%H2+100ppmO2还原氛围中,通过加热进行接合。其结果,在任何氛围中,都可以得到空隙率在10%以下的良好的接合。
[实施例28]
实施例28是使用实施例1~24,制作基本与图1同样的半导体装置的例子。如图1所示,在用与实施例1~24相同的方法接合半导体元件1和框架2后,半导体元件1和引线5的连接不使用金属线4,而是用将本发明的接合材料一体化得到的薄板12接合该部位。
具体来说,如图9所示,准备通过包覆轧制在由Al或Cu构成的金属板1211上层叠Ni条、Zn条、Al条、X条所得的材料12,以及通过包覆轧制在Al或Cu上镀敷Ni而得的构件121上层叠Zn/Al/X层压材料122所得的材料12。在半导体元件1上表面的电极和引线5上设置该构件12,通过激光加热装置对该构件12进行局部加热,从而局部诱发Zn-Al共晶熔解反应,得到电极部和引线部的连接。
电极部和引线部的表面金属化层优选Ni、或Ni/Au、或Ni/Ag。将电极部和引线部连接后,对整体进行塑模,得到图1的半导体装置20。通过本发明的层压材料连接的电极部与引线部的各接合部可得到空隙率在10%以下的良好的接合状态。即使实施温度循环试验,该部位的龟裂进展也十分慢,可以实现高可靠的接合部。
[实施例29]
实施例29是制造如图10所示的半导体模块40的例子。半导体元件1的连接是焊料3a使用本发明的层压材料No.1~21,接合在附有金属的陶瓷基板41(绝缘基板)上。此外,对于在半导体元件1工作时发挥散热作用的散热用金属板431和所述绝缘基板41,使用作为焊料3b的本发明的层压材料No.22~24进行接合,制造半导体模块40。以下增加具体说明。
对功率模块的组装方法进行说明。功率模块一般在用焊料3a接合半导体元件1和绝缘基板41后,用其他的焊料3b接合绝缘基板41和散热用金属板431,进行制造。这时,如果因为接合绝缘基板41和散热用金属板431时的加热而导致接合半导体元件1和绝缘基板41的焊料3a再熔融,则模块的可靠性降低。为了防止焊料3a再熔融,焊料3b需要采用比焊料3a熔点低的材料。
所以,将接合后熔点大约为380℃的层压材料No.1~21适用为焊料3a,与实施例1~21同样,在接合温度为382℃以上、保持时间为2min以上、无负重、N2+4%H2氛围下,接合半导体元件和实施了Ni镀敷的绝缘基板41Ni/Cu/Si3N4/Cu/Ni,得到结构体42。进而,由作为散热用金属板的Cu/Ni基板431和结构体42夹持层压材料No.22~24,在接合温度为370℃、保持时间为2min、无负重、N2+4%H2氛围下进行接合,得到结构体43。层压材料No.22~24由于Sn的效果,即使将接合温度设为382℃以下也可以接合。因此,结构体42的Zn-Al-X接合部10可以不再熔融地进行接合。对于这样制造的结构体43,焊接引线5,并且,通过金属线4将半导体元件1上表面的电极和绝缘基板41上的金属电路412、引线5接合,得到半导体模块40。测定这样制造的半导体模块40的各接合部的空隙率,结果可知任何部位都为10%以下,可得到可靠性高的接合结构。
[实施例30]
准备图11中记载的各层压材料中的No.2及No.14的层压材料,和以与No.2及No.14相同的层构成,在Cu/Al界面及Au/Al界面生成金属间化合物层的No.2’、No.14’材。将全部的层压材料在熔点正下方的370℃加热并保持。其结果,直到表层的Cu或Au消失的时间为,No.2为10min、No14为2min、No.2’为20min、No.14’为4min。任何一个在实际的接合工艺中,表层都残存了充分的时间,耐氧化性没有问题。生成金属间化合物的No.2’、No.14’,表层的残存时间约为2倍,即使在加热速度极慢的情况下,Zn、Al也不氧化,可以接合。此外可知,在将No.2’、No.14’材加热至382℃以上,使层压材料全体熔融的情况下,界面的金属间化合物熔入Zn-Al浴中,不使接合性恶化。
[实施例31]
使用图19记载的Sn/Al/Zn/Al/Sn层压材料,接合半导体元件和框架,制造图1所示的半导体装置20。接合条件是接合温度为300℃,保持时间为5min,负重为1kPa,N2氛围。其结果为,虽然接合温度在Zn-Al共晶点以下,但因为Sn在低温熔融,所以可以接合。此外,可以实现空隙率在10%以下的接合结构。
[实施例32]
通过包覆轧制来制造图11记载的层压材料。将制造的包覆材料加工成宽1.0mm的带状,缠绕在卷轴上。将该带材料搭载在芯片接合机上,实施对引线框的接合。具体来说,在加热至382℃以上的引线框上接触带状的包覆材料,使其熔融,在引线框上供给Zn-Al-X焊料。接下来,经过被称为拍击(spank)的、使用长方形的治具敲打展开熔融焊料的工序,通过夹头在焊料上搭载芯片。在芯片搭载时,导入被称为洗涤(scrub)的、使芯片前后左右振动的工艺。该工艺中,使氛围中的氧气浓度在100ppm以下,生成的微量的Zn、Al氧化膜可以通过拍击及洗涤工艺除去。因此,空隙率在10%以下,可得到良好的接合。另一方面,作为比较,将Zn-Al合金加工为带状,尝试用同样的工艺进行接合。但是,因为Zn-Al的初期氧化膜非常坚固,因此在拍击及洗涤工艺中无法除去氧化膜。因此,接合部的空隙率超过30%,成为接合不良。
以上,基于由本发明人作出的发明的实施方式进行了具体的说明,但本发明不限定于上述实施方式,在不脱离其要旨的范围内可以有各种各样的变更,这是不言而喻的。
即,在上述说明中,关于本发明的适用,例举了一般形状的半导体装置的芯片接合材料、引线接合材料、密封用材料、绝缘基板的接合材料等为例子进行说明,但除此以外,可以适用作各种各样结构的接合材料。作为适用例,可举出如交流发电机用二极管、IGBT模块、RF模块等前端模块、汽车用功率模块、LED、锂离子电池的保护电路用MOSFET、DBC基板、DBA基板等。此外,还可以适用作为Al合金用的焊锡材料、钎焊薄板(brazing sheet)。
符号说明
1:半导体元件、2:框架、3,3a,3b:焊料、4:金属线、5:引线、6:密封用树脂、7:空隙、10:X/Al/Zn/Al/X层压材料、101:Zn系金属层、102,102a,102b:Al系金属层、103,103a,103b:X系金属层、11:Al/Zn/Al层压材料、12:接合材料一体型金属板、121:金属板(被接合材料)、122:Zn/Al/X层压材料、1211:被接合材料(金属板)、1212:被接合材料表面金属化层、20:半导体装置、301:滚轮、302:镀槽、303:溅射装置、304:蒸镀装置、40:半导体模块、41:绝缘基板、411:陶瓷板、412:陶瓷板表面的金属板、42:半导体元件与绝缘基板的接合体、43:半导体元件与绝缘基板与散热用金属板的接合体、431:散热用金属板、50:密封结构半导体装置、51:模块基板、52:带有接合材料的金属盖、521:金属盖。

Claims (19)

1.一种接合材料,其特征在于,其为在由含有Zn作为主要成分的金属构成的Zn系层的第1主面上依次层叠有由含有Al作为主要成分的金属构成的第一Al系层和第一X系层的接合材料,所述X系层由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的接合材料,其特征在于,在所述Zn系层的与第1主面相反侧的第2主面上依次层叠有由含有Al作为主要成分的金属构成的第二Al系层和第二X系层,所述第二X系层由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述Zn系层的与第1主面相反侧的第2主面与基板接合。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任意一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述Zn系层为含有90~100重量%Zn的以Zn为主要成分的单质层或合金层。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任意一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述第1或第二Al系层为含有90~100重量%Al的以Al为主要成分的单质层或合金层。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任意一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述第1或第二X系层为含有90~100重量%Cu的以Cu为主要成分的单质层或合金层。
7.根据权利要求1至3中任意一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述第1或第二X系层为含有90~100重量%Au的以Au为主要成分的单质层或合金层。
8.根据权利要求1至3中任意一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述第1或第二X系层为含有90~100重量%Ag的以Ag为主要成分的单质层或合金层。
9.根据权利要求1至3中任意一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,所述第1或第二X系层为含有90~100重量%Sn的以Sn为主要成分的单质层或合金层。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任意一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,(所述Zn系层的膜厚)/(所述Al系层的合计的膜厚)为1/60~1/3,(所述X系层的膜厚)/(所述Zn系层和所述Al系层的合计的膜厚)为0.0002/1~0.02/1。
11.根据权利要求1至9中任意一项所述的接合材料,其特征在于,(所述X系层的膜厚)/(所述Zn系层和所述Al系层的合计的膜厚)为0.0002/1~0.02/1。
12.一种接合材料的制造方法,其特征在于,通过对第1包覆材料的第一Zn系层侧和第2包覆材料的第二Zn系层侧进行包覆轧制来形成接合材料,所述第1包覆材料是在所述第一Zn系层的一面上依次层叠第一Al系层和由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成的第一X系层而得到的,所述第2包覆材料是在所述第二Zn系层的一面上依次层叠第二Al系层和由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成的第二X系层而得到的。
13.一种接合材料的制造方法,其特征在于,通过由第1包覆材料的第一Al系层侧和第2包覆材料的第二Al系层侧夹持Zn系层,并进行包覆轧制来形成接合材料,所述第1包覆材料是在所述第一Al系层的一面上层叠由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成的第一X系层而得到的,所述第2包覆材料是在所述第二Al系层的一面上层叠由以Cu、Au、Ag或Sn中的任意一种为主要成分的金属构成的第二X系层而得到的。
14.一种接合结构的制造方法,其特征在于,通过在第1被接合构件与第2被接合构件之间配置权利要求1至11中任意一项所述的接合材料,并加热所述接合材料,从而接合所述第1被接合构件和所述第2被接合构件。
15.根据权利要求14所述的接合结构的制造方法,其特征在于,所述加热的条件为,在275℃至365℃保持1分钟以上,之后使接合结构的温度降低。
16.根据权利要求14所述的接合结构的制造方法,其特征在于,所述第1被接合构件为半导体元件,所述第2接合构件为框架、绝缘基板、引线或电极。
17.根据权利要求6所述的接合材料,其特征在于,在所述第一X系层与所述第一Al系层之间、或者在所述第二X系层与所述第二Al系层之间形成有由CuAl构成的金属间化合物。
18.根据权利要求7所述的接合材料,其特征在于,在所述第一X系层与所述第一Al系层之间、或者在所述第二X系层与所述第二Al系层之间形成有由AuAl构成的金属间化合物。
19.根据权利要求9所述的接合材料,其特征在于,将所述第一Al系层和所述Zn系层和所述第二Al系层的膜厚比设为(第一Al系层膜厚)、(Zn系层膜厚)、(第二Al系层膜厚)的情况下,(第一Al系层膜厚):(Zn系层膜厚):(第二Al系层膜厚)=5:1:5至1:2:1。
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