JP4609296B2 - 高温半田及び高温半田ペースト材、及びそれを用いたパワー半導体装置 - Google Patents

高温半田及び高温半田ペースト材、及びそれを用いたパワー半導体装置 Download PDF

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JP4609296B2
JP4609296B2 JP2005350105A JP2005350105A JP4609296B2 JP 4609296 B2 JP4609296 B2 JP 4609296B2 JP 2005350105 A JP2005350105 A JP 2005350105A JP 2005350105 A JP2005350105 A JP 2005350105A JP 4609296 B2 JP4609296 B2 JP 4609296B2
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Prior art keywords
solder
semiconductor device
power semiconductor
temperature
solder material
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JP2007152385A (ja
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良一 梶原
和利 伊藤
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Hitachi Ltd
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Hitachi Ltd
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Priority to JP2005350105A priority Critical patent/JP4609296B2/ja
Priority to CN2006101642379A priority patent/CN1978122B/zh
Priority to US11/633,419 priority patent/US7879455B2/en
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C13/00Alloys based on tin
    • C22C13/02Alloys based on tin with antimony or bismuth as the next major constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • B23K35/025Pastes, creams, slurries
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/26Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
    • B23K35/262Sn as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
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    • Y10T428/12493Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12528Semiconductor component
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12708Sn-base component

Description

本発明は、280℃以上の高い融点が要求される鉛フリー半田材料と、該鉛フリー半田材料を用いたパワー半導体装置に関する。
従来、パワー半導体装置のデバイスと外部電極との接合には、鉛が90%以上で他にSn、Agなどを数%含む280℃以上の融点を示す高融点鉛半田が使われていた。近年は、環境を有害物質の汚染から守ることが重要となってきており、電子装置の組立部材から鉛を除去することが求められている。しかし現状、鉛入り高温半田にそのまま置き換え可能な、鉛を使わない高温半田は開発されていない。可能性のある材料の侯補としてZn−Al系やSn−Sb系、Bi−Ag系の高温半田が知られている。このような材料の例が特許文献1に記載されている。
また、自動車搭載用等のパワー半導体装置では、ヒートシンク/セラミック配線基板/パワー半導体デバイスの積層接合構造で、ヒートシンク/セラミック配線基板の接合にはSn−Pb共晶半田、セラミック配線基板/パワー半導体デバイスの接合には高鉛半田が使われている。鉛不使用化に対して、共晶半田はSn−Ag−Cu半田等の代替材料侯補が検討されているが、高鉛半田の代替材料侯補が無い状態である。
また、一般のパワー半導体装置や高周波半導体装置では、2次実装時のリフロー処理時に高温仕様では260℃の温度が加わる。現状では、このリフロー温度に耐えられかつ温度サイクル信頼性に優れる高鉛半田の代替材料は見出されていない。
特開2003−290976号公報((0006)段落から(0012)段落の記載。)
パワー半導体の実装に用いられる高温半田に要求される性質として、以下の7項目が上げられる。これらが満たされないと半導体装置の組立てにそのまま適用することが難しい。その性質としては、1)濡れ性:半田材料が半導体デバイスの電極材料や外部接続用の金属部材に対して濡れ性に優れること、2)接合温度:ダイボンディングのプロセス温度が400℃以下さらに望ましくは360℃以下であることから、液相温度が370℃以下であること、3)耐熱温度:半導体装置をさらに大きな装置に2次実装するときの260℃のリフロー加熱や200℃あるいは250℃の高温環境での使用に耐える耐熱性を有すること、4)歪緩和機能:半導体デバイスを外部接続用の金属部材に接合したときの加熱冷却に伴う熱歪を半田接合部が緩和して、熱応カによる半導体デバイスの破損を防いでくれること、5)熱疲労寿命:半導体デバイスの発熱によって引き起こされる温度変動に対して半田接合部の熱疲労寿命が十分長いこと、6)高温信頼性:半田材と半導体デバイスの電極や金属部材との間で化合物の成長に伴うクラックやボイド形成、大幅な強度低下を引き起こさないこと、7)加工性:半田材が半導体装置の量産組立てに適用可能な形状に加工できることである。
これらの中で最も重要な性質は濡れ性、接合温度、耐熱温度である。歪緩和機能や高温信頼性や熱疲労寿命は接合構造やメタライズの工夫によってある対策できる余地があり、また加工性は半田の形態と組立プロセスを含めて工夫し、対策が可能である。
従来技術のZn−Al系半田は、接合温度と耐熱温度で必要な性質を有しているものの、NiやCuに対して濡れ性が悪い。また、従来技術のSn−Sb2元系半田は、濡れ性は良いものの、接合温度と耐熱温度を両方同時に満足できない。さらに従来技術のBi−Ag系半田は、固相温度が262℃で耐熱温度が低いという問題がある。
一方、自動車搭載用等の従来のパワー半導体装置では、高温鉛半田の代替材料がなかったためパワー半導体装置の完全な鉛不使用化ができていない。最近の自動車機器等では新機種毎に使用する電流容量が増加して来ており、パワー半導体装置の小型化要求とが相まって、半導体デバイス1個当たりの通電容量を増加することが求められている。また、パワー半導体装置の設置場所が効率と居住空間の確保の点から、温度的に苛酷なエンジンルーム内に集約される方向にある。この場合、半導体デバイスの温度上昇と環境温度の上昇により接合部が受ける低温と高温の温度差が大きくなり、従来技術の高鉛半田を用いたパワー半導体装置では熱歪の増大によって温度サイクル寿命が低下する問題がある。
また、従来のパワー半導体装置や高周波半導体装置では、ダイボンディングやセラミック基板に受動素子を搭載する接合に用いる半田として、鉛不使用でかつ260℃の耐熱性を有しかつ温度サイクルや高温高湿信頼性を有する代替材料が見出されていないため、完全な鉛不使用化を達成できない問題がある。
本発明の目的は、高温半田に必要な性質であるNiやCuに対する濡れ性に優れ、接合温度≦400℃、できれば接合温度≦370℃で、耐熱温度≧280℃を満足し、さらにはCuやNiに対して温度サイクル寿命と高温信頼性に優れる半田を提供することである。
本発明の目的は、上記の半田を、不活性雰囲気あるいは還元雰囲気下、かつ350℃〜400℃の接合条件で、NiやCuに対する濡れ性を損なわず、接合部に容易に供給可能で、接合後に接合部に残る残溢を極力無くすことが可能な半田ペースト材料を提供することである。
本発明は、260℃リフロー耐性、200℃−1000h以上の耐熱信頼性と、温度サイクル信頼性が高く、鉛を使用しないパワー半導体装置を提供することである。
本発明のパワー半導体装置は、42wt%<Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%で5wt%≦Ag<20wt%で3wt%≦Cu<10wt%でかつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%の組成からなる半田で、半導体素子や金属電極部材を接合した。
本発明によれば、NiやCuに対する濡れ性に優れ、接合温度≦400℃、できれば接合温度≦370℃で、かつ耐熱温度≧280℃を満足し、CuやNiに対して温度サイクル寿命と高温信頼性に優れる鉛を含有しない高温半田を提供できる。
また、本発明の鉛を含有しない高温半田ペーストは、不活性雰囲気あるいは還元雰囲気下での接合で、NiやCu、に対する濡れ性を損なわず、接合部に容易に供給可能で、接合後に接合部に残る残溢を極力無くして無洗浄化が可能である。
また、本発明のパワー半導体装置は、鉛を使うことなく260℃リフロー耐性、200℃−1000h以上の耐熱信頼性と高い温度サイクル信頼性を有する。
以下、本発明の実施例を図面を用いて詳細に説明する。
本実施例の高温半田材料は、Sn、Sb、Ag、Cuを主要構成元素とし、42wt%≦Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%で、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%で3wt%≦Cu<10wt%、かつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%の組成を有し、残りが他の不可避的不純物元素から構成される高温半田材料とした。さらに、前記組成の高温半田材料に0.01wt%〜5.0wt%のNi、Ge、Ga、0.005wt%〜0.5wt%のPの何れか1種以上を添加した。
前記組成の合金を種々試作して固相と液相温度を調べた結果、固相線温度はSnとSbとの組成比で決まり、前記組成範囲では280℃以上であることと、さらにAgやCuを添加すると固相線温度はほとんど低下せず、液相線温度のみを低下させることが可能であり、前記の組成では液相線温度が370℃以下となることを見出した。その測定結果を図7、図8、図9に示す。これらの図はSn−Sb−Ag−Cuの4元合金で特定の元素の比率が変わった時の固相と液相線温度を示し、図7はSb/(Sn+Sb)の比率、図8はAgの含有量、図9はCuの含有量で整理した結果である。
図7に示すように、42wt%≦Sb/(Sn+Sb)の条件で、固相温度は280℃以上になっている。一方、液相温度は、図8、図9に示すようにSb/(Sn+Sb)=48wt%で、AgやCuの添加量を増すにつれて低下している。図16に示すSn−Sb2元状態図から分かるように、Sb/(Sn+Sb)=48wt%では、Ag、Cuを含有しない場合の液相温度422℃であるが、Agを10wt%以上、あるいはCuを8wt%以上添加すると図8、図9に示すように液相温度が370℃になった。また、Sb/(Sn+Sb)=42wt%では、5wt%≦Agかつ、3wt%≦Cuかつ、5wt%≦(Ag+Cu)の条件で、液相温度≦370℃が満足されることも確認した。
ところで、高温半田材料は、接合後に半導体デバイスヘ与える応カを小さくできる柔らかい材料であることが望ましい。試作した半田の硬さの測定結果を図10、図11、図12に示す。半田硬さの上限として、種々の材料と半導体デバイスを接合して評価した結果、ビッカース硬さで130Hv以下が実用上適することが分かった。
半田の成分としてAg、Cuの含有量を増やすことは液相温度を下げるために有効であるが、含有量が増すと半田が硬くなることが判明した。ビッカース硬さで130Hv以下の条件を満足する組成として、図10に示すようにAg<20wt%、また、図11に示すようにCu<10wt%が適正範囲であることを確認した。また、図12に示すように、Ni<2wt%であれば、ビッカース硬さで130Hv以下の条件を満足する。
図13は、Ag+Cuの含有量(wt%)で固相と液相温度およびビッカース硬さを整理した説明図である。硬さはAg+Cuの含有量に依存する傾向が強く、ビッカース硬さを130Hv以下にするには、Ag+Cu≦25wt%の範囲にする必要があることが分かった。
また、この4元系の半田で(1)46Sn−35Sb−11Ag−8Cu(Sb/(Sn+Sb)=43wt%)、(2)42Sn−40Sb−10Ag−8Cu(Sb/(Sn+Sb)=49wt%)、(3)38Sn−45Sb−9Ag−8Cu(Sb/(Sn+Sb)=54wt%)の4つの組成について、Cu箔、Niメッキ膜への濡れ性を360℃〜400℃の加熱処理条件で調べた。結果、Niメッキ膜への濡れ性については全ての加熱温度で半田組成の有意差がなく良好な濡れ性を確認できた。しかし、Cuに対する濡れ性は(1)46Sn−35Sb−11Ag−8Cu(Sb/(Sn+Sb)=43wt%)の半田のみが良好な濡れ性を示し、Sbの含有量が増すにつれ濡れ広がり面積が小さくなることが判明した。
図14に、高温半田(1)46Sn−35Sb−11Ag−8Cu(Sb/(Sn+Sb)=43wt%)と(2)42Sn−40Sb−10Ag−8Cu(Sb/(Sn+Sb)=49wt%)についての濡れ試験結果を示す。高温半田(2)42Sn−40Sb−10Ag−8Cu(Sb/(Sn+Sb)=49wt%)のCuに対する濡れが悪い理由は、半田に含まれるSbとCuとの反応が激しくなり、Cuが半田に食われて濡れ先端で高融点化が進むためであることが判明した。この結果、Cuに対する濡れの観点からは、Sbの含有量が少ない方が良好であることが判明した。
以上のように、高温半田材料を検討評価した結果、半田組成が、42wt%≦Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%で、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%、3wt%≦Cu<10wt%、かつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%であれば、Cu、Ni、Ni−Pに対する濡れ性が良好で、接合温度を350〜400℃の範囲で選択でき、耐熱温度を280℃以上と高くできる。
また、半田組成を、42wt%≦Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%で、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%、3wt%≦Cu<10wt%、かつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%とすれば、半田硬さをビッカース硬さで130Hv以下にすることができ、熱膨張差の異なる部材と接合したときの半導体デバイスに発生する熱応カを小さくできることが判明した。
さらに、高温放置信頼性に関しては、例えば250℃−1500hの試験において、Ni−Pメッキ膜を接合面に形成しておくと、半田との金属的反応が抑制され、Ni−Sn化合物等の成長が抑えられて信頼性が高いことも確認した。これは、Ni−Pが高温でも安定で半田のSnやSbとの反応が抑制されるためであることが判明した。すなわち、高温信頼性に関しても、本実施例の4元系半田が有効である。さらにこの4元系半田に0.01wt%〜5.0wt%のNi、Ge、Ga、0.005wt%〜0.5wt%のPの何れか1種以上を添加しても、濡れ性や耐熱温度、半田硬さなどを変えることがない。
以上詳述したように、本実施例によれば、高温半田材をSn、Ab、Ag、Cuを主要構成元素とし、42wt%≦Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%で、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%、3wt%≦Cu<10wt%、かつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%の組成を有し、残りが他の不可避的不純物元素から構成される合金としたことにより、高温半田に必要な性質であるNiやCuに対する濡れ性に優れ、接合温度≦400℃できれば接合温度≦370℃でかつ、耐熱温度≧280℃を満足し、さらにはCuやNiに対して温度サイクル寿命と高温信頼性に優れる半田材を提供できる。
本実施例では、不活性雰囲気あるいは還元雰囲気下、かつ350℃〜400℃の接合条件で、NiやCuに対する濡れ性を損なわず、接合部に容易に供給可能で、接合後に接合部に残る残溢を極力無くすことが可能な半田ペースト材料を提供するために、実施例1の高温半田と、C、O、Hのみの原子で分子が構成されるエチレングリコール群、アルコール群、グリセリン群から1種以上選択された材料とで構成された、液状またはクリーム状の有機材料を混合した高温半田ペースト材とした。さらに、高温半田の粒子サイズ(粒度)を0.05mmφ〜0.5mmφ、好ましくは0.1mmφ〜0.5mmφとし、大気圧(1気圧)での沸点が150℃〜400℃の有機材料を選択した。なお、粒子サイズ(粒度)はメッシュ状の篩で分粒した粒径であって、以下の説明でも同様である。
Sn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田は材料的に硬い性質があり、箔やワイヤ形状への加工が難しい。このため、接合部に半田を供給する形態が難しい。通常は、半田の粉末とフラックスを混合した半田ぺーストが硬い半田の接合面への供給形態として知られているが、半田付けの接合温度が350℃〜400℃の高温域で使えるペーストは開発されていない。また、裸チップ状態の半導体デバイスを接合する場合は、還元雰囲気中でフラックスを用いないクリーンな接合が一般的である。これは、腐食作用のあるフラックスによって半導体デバイスの電極などが損傷を受けることを防ぐためである。
そこで本実施例では、半田の供給が容易なペースト状態に加工して、不活性あるいは還元雰囲気中の接合を行った。ペースト化のため、室温付近では液状あるいはクリーム状を保ち、加熱過程で揮発消失し、かつ金属に対して不活性な有機材料であるトリエチレングリコールやテトラエチレングリコールを選択し、粒度0.1mmφ の半田粒子と混合してペースト化し、CuやNiに対する濡れ試験を実施した。その結果、図15に示すようにCuやNiに対して良好な濡れ性が得られることを確認した。
ペースト化のための有機材料としては、金属に対して不活性で環境に影響を与えず人体に対して有害でないという観点からC、O、Hだけの元素で構成される材料を選定し、室温では安定した液状で保管性がよく、加熱過程で容易に揮発・消失して濡れ性に影響を与えないという観点から大気圧(1気圧)下の沸点が150℃〜400℃が望ましいことを確認した。
図2に、本実施例の高温半田ペースト材の構成を示す。ペーストは粒子状の高温半田粒1と液状の有機溶剤2で構成されている。図3は、本実施例のペースト材料の仕様と特性測定結果を示す。評価項目は、良好な接合が可能な最低温度と、半田が溶融しない耐熱温度と、半田の粒度と半田/有機溶剤の体積比率とに依存したディスペンサーからの供給性(供給性は連続供給の可否と量の制御性で判定)と、有機溶剤にトリエチレングリコール、テトラエチレングリコール、ペンタエチレングリコールを用いたときのCuとNiに対する濡れ性との4項目である。なお、濡れ性は接合温度と同じ温度に還元雰囲気中で加熱して評価した。
その結果、半田組成がSb/(Sn+Sb)≧49wt%の組成の場合(No.1、No.2)には、有機溶剤の如何によらずCuに対する濡れ性が悪く評価:×であった。また、半田組成がSb/(Sn+Sb)=40.7wt%の場合(No.4)には、濡れ性は良好であったが、耐熱性が230℃以下で評価:×であった。半田組成がSb/(Sn+Sb)=43wt%(No.3、No.5)と45wt%(No.6)の場合には、接合温度≦380℃、耐熱温度≧300℃、半田粒度が0.2mmφ〜0.3mmφかつ固液比率が3/7で半田供給性が良好、トリエチレングリコール及びテトラエチレングリコールを用いた時に、CuとNiに対する濡れ性が良好という結果が得られており、全ての項目で必要条件を満足し、判定:○であった。
半田の粒度に関しては、0.01mmφ〜0.05mmφ(No.10)と細かい場合には濡れ性が悪く判定:×であり、0.05mmφ〜0.1mmφ(No.11)の場合には濡れ性がやや劣り判定:△であった。一方、半田粒が0.5mmφ〜0.7mmφ(No.14) と0.7mmφ〜1.0mmφ(No.15) の場合には、供給半田量の制御精度が悪くなり判定:△及び×であった。
また、固液比率に関しては固体比率が7/3と多い場合にはディスペンサーからの供給性が悪く判定:×で、液体比率が1/9と多い場合には半田量の制御性が悪く判定:△であった。半田粒度として供給性と濡れ性の両方を満足できるのは0.1mmφ〜0.5mmφであった。また、固液比率として3/7≦固体/液体≦6/4の範囲が適することが分かった。
本実施例によれば、半田組成を43wt%≦Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦45wt%とすれば半田接合温度を380℃以下にすることができ、かつ耐熱温度を300℃以上にできる。また、有機溶剤にトリエチレングリコール、テトラエチレングリコールを用い、半田粒度を0.1mmφ〜0.5mmφにし、固体と液体の体積比率を3/7〜6/4にすれば、半田の供給性を確保しつつ還元雰囲気中での濡れ性を確保できることが分かった。なお、有機溶剤が、大気圧(1気圧)での沸点が150℃から400℃で、構成する元素がC、H、Oのみからなるアルコール類やグリセリン類、エステル類であってもよい。この高温半田をパワー半導体装置の組立てに適用すれば、量産組立てが可能で、高温信頼性に優れた鉛不使用のパワー半導体装置を提供できる。また、この半田は従来技術の鉛半田に比べて降伏強度が高いため、温度サイクル信頼性も向上できる。
以上詳述したように、本実施例によれば、高温半田材と、C、O、Hのみから構成されるエチレングリコール群、アルコール群、グリセリン群、から1種以上選択された材料で構成された、液状またはクリーム状の有機材料を混合して高温半田ペースト材としたことにより、上記の半田材料を不活性雰囲気あるいは還元性雰囲気下での接合において、NiやCuに対する濡れ性を損なわず、絶後うぶに容易に供給可能で、接合後に接合部に残る残渣を極力無くして無線浄化が可能な高温半田ペースト材を提供できる。また、ロジンと有機酸と溶剤から構成された液状あるいはクリーム状の有機材料を、本発明の高温半田材と混合して高温半田ペースト材としても、不活性雰囲気中で良好なはんだ接合性を維持でき、残渣が不活性となるため無洗浄化が可能な高温半田ペースト材を提供できる。
図1は、本実施例によるパワー半導体モジュールの断面構造の例を示す。図1において、Si半導体チップに形成したIGBTやダイオード、パワーMOSFETなどのパワー半導体デバイス11はセラミック基板12に搭載され、さらにヒートシンク17に搭載されている。パワー半導体デバイス11とセラミック基板12は金属回路パターン13を介して実施例1によるSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田16によって接合されている。セラミック基板12とヒートシンク17は、金属ベタパターン15を介してSn−Ag−Cuの中温半田18(融点:217℃〜222℃)で接合されている。パワー半導体デバイスの主電流電極及び制御電極は、セラミック基板12上の別の金属回路パターン14にAlワイヤ21によって結線されている。
ヒートシンク17には、外部取り出しリード24を一体モールドした樹脂ケース22が取り付けられ、その内部にゲル状シリコーン樹脂23が充填されている。また、樹脂ケース22と一体化したヒートシンク17は、高熱伝導樹脂20を介して放熱フィン19に熱的に結合されている。セラミック基板12の材質はAlNまたはSi34で構成され、金属回路パターン13および金属ベタパターン15はCu製でその表面にNi−Pメッキが施されている。パワー半導体デバイス11の裏面電極は、Ti/Ni/Auのメタライズが施されて接合に供されている。
本実施例によれば、パワー半導体デバイス11の接合に実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田16を用い、セラミック基板12とヒートシンク17間をSn−Ag−Cuの中温半田18で接合しているため、半導体装置の完全鉛不使用化が図れる。また、両者の溶融温度に差があるため階層半田接合が可能で接合組立てが容易になる。
本実施例では、パワー半導体デバイスの裏面電極と、外部と接続する金属電極部材を、実施例1の高温半田材で接合した。セラミック基板を用いるパワー半導体装置では、さらに、Cuで形成されたセラミック基板上の金属回路パターンの表面にNi−Pメッキを施し、パワー半導体デバイスの裏面電極の最表面に無電解Ni−PメッキあるいはNi−P/Auメッキを施した。またさらに、パワー半導体デバイスの主電流電極の最表面にNi−PメッキあるいはNi−P/Auメッキを施した電極構造とし、セラミック基板の回路パターンと主電流が流れる電極間を低熱膨張率の複合部材で結線し、それぞれの接合部を実施例1の高温半田材で接合した。
半導体デバイスの裏面電極は表層が通常はTi/Ni/AuあるいはCr/Ni/AuあるいはV/Ni/Cuで構成されており、外部と接続する金属電極部材はCu、あるいはCuにNiメッキあるいはNi−Pメッキした部材が使われている。前記実施例1の半田は、上記部材に対して濡れ性に優れるため接合が容易に行え、また半田の固相温度が280℃以上と高いため、260℃リフロー耐性があり、完全に鉛不使用化を図ったパワー半導体装置を実現できる。
また、セラミック基板を用いるパワー半導体装置では、セラミック基板の熱膨張率が3.0ppm〜4.6ppmと低いため、半導体デバイスを搭載しても接合部に大きな熱歪を発生しない。また接合面をNi−Pメッキ膜とすると、250℃−1500hrの高温保持においても実施例1の高温半田との接合界面にNi−Sn化合物が数μm以上の厚さには成長せず、クラックやボイド等の成長も無く、高い高温信頼性が得られた。また、接合界面には大きな熱歪が発生しないため、温度差が大きい温度サイクルが加わっても半田材料が疲労破壊を生じることもなく、高い温度サイクル信頼性が得られた。本実施例では、このように高い耐熱信頼性と高い温度サイクル信頼性を有する完全鉛不使用化を図ったパワー半導体装置を提供できる。またさらには、半導体デバイスの主電流電極とセラミック基板の金属パターン間を低熱膨張部材で結線し、実施例1の高温半田で接合したことにより、いずれの接合部においても大きな熱歪が発生せず、パワー半導体装置として非常に高い信頼性を得ることができる。
以下、本実施例を詳しく説明する。図4は、本実施例のパワー半導体モジュールの断面構造を示す。図4において、Si半導体チップに形成したIGBTやダイオード、パワーMOSFETなどのパワー半導体デバイス31はセラミック基板32に搭載され、さらにヒートシンク37に搭載されている。パワー半導体デバイス31とセラミック基板32は金属回路パターン33を介して、実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田36によって接合されている。セラミック基板32とヒートシンク37は、金属ベタパターン35を介してSn−Ag−Cuの中温半田38(融点:217℃〜222℃)で接合されている。パワー半導体デバイス31の主電流電極及び制御電極はセラミック基板32上の別の金属回路パターン34に低熱膨張率のCu/Fe−Ni/Cu複合リード41で結線し、Sn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田43、44で接合している。また、外部取り出し用リード42は、セラミック基板32上の金属回路パターン34にSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田45で接合されている。ヒートシンク37上のセラミック基板32とパワー半導体デバイス31と接続用のCu/Fe−Ni/Cu複合リード41は、モールド樹脂46で覆われている。ヒートシンク37と放熱フィン39は高熱伝導樹脂40で接着されている。セラミック基板32の材質はAlNまたはSi34で構成され、金属回路パターン34および金属ベタパターン35はCu製でその表面にNi−Pメッキが施されている。パワー半導体デバイス31の裏面電極はTi/Ni/Auのメタライズが施されて接合に供されている。また、パワー半導体デバイス31の主電流電極及び制御電極は、Al電極の上にNi−Pメッキが施されている。
本実施例によれば、セラミック基板32とパワー半導体デバイス31の裏面電極の接合と、低熱膨張リードを介したパワー半導体デバイス31の主電流電極および制御用電極とセラミック基板32の回路パターン間の接合と、外部取り出しリードとセラミック基板32との接合にSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田を用い、セラミック基板32とヒートシンク37の接合にSn−Ag−Cuの中温半田を用いているため、半導体装置の完全鉛不使用化が図れる。
また、本実施例によれば、Sn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田とSn−Ag−Cuの中温半田両者の溶融温度に差があるため、階層半田接合が可能で接合組立てが容易となる。さらに、半導体デバイスの主電流電極及び制御用電極部の接合がAlワイヤのボンディングではなく、低熱膨張部材の接合となっているため、パワー半導体デバイス31との熱膨張差を小さくできて、この電極接合部の温度サイクル信頼性を向上できる。その結果、パワー半導体装置全体の信頼性を大幅に改善できる。また、パワー半導体デバイス31の上下の電極接合部の耐熱性を大幅に向上できるため、パワー半導体デバイス31の許容温度を高めることができ、その結果、通電可能な許容電流を向上でき、装置の寸法を変えないで大容量化が図れる。
以上詳述したように、本実施例によれば、パワー半導体デバイスの裏面電極と、外部と接続する金属電極部材を、42wt%≦Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%で、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%、3wt%≦Cu<10wt%、かつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%の組成を有するSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系の高温半田材で接合した構造としたことにより、260℃リフロー耐性、200℃−1000h以上の耐熱信頼性と高い温度サイクル信頼性を有する完全鉛不使用化を図ったパワー半導体装置を提供できる。
図5は、本実施例の高周波モジュールの断面説明図であり、実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu高温半田を適用した例を示す。図5において、セラミック基板53の上には受動素子51、52と高周波半導体デバイス60が搭載されている。受動素子51、52は、セラミック基板53の回路端子54、56に実施例1の高温半田58、59で接合されている。受動素子51、52の電極端子表面にはNi/Auメッキが施され、セラミック基板53の回路端子にもNi/Auメッキが施されている。高周波半導体デバイス60にはCuバンプ61が形成されており、その表面にSnメッキが施されて接合に供されている。接合は、Cuバンプ61表面のSnを溶融させてAu−Sn共晶反応を利用して接合している。接合温度は300℃以上に加熱している。このため、Au−Sn共晶接合部62には、Cuが拡散混入して接合されている。セラミック基板53のデバイス搭載側は樹脂63で覆われて保護された構造になっている。
組立手順は、まずセラミック基板53に実施例1の高温半田ペーストを印刷供給し、次に受動素子51、52を搭載してから、N2 雰囲気中で360℃に加熱して半田接合する。次に、大気中に取り出した後、高周波半導体デバイス60をフリップチップ搭載する。フリップチップ接合法は、パルスヒートの熱圧着法である。最後にトランスファーモールドによってセラミック基板の片面に樹脂63を被せている。
以上詳述したように、本実施例によれば、受動素子部品やダイオード部品など高周波半導体デバイスの接合に、42wt%≦Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%で、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%、3wt%≦Cu<10wt%、かつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%の組成を有するSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系の高温半田材で接合した構造としたことにより、260℃リフロー耐性を有する完全鉛不使用化を図った電子部品を提供できる。
本実施例によれば、接合材料に鉛不使用の高温半田材料を使用しているため、環境負荷の少ない高周波モジュールを提供できる。また、高周波モジュール内の接合部が全て280℃以上の高融点材料で構成されているので、本モジュールを電子装置に実装する時に260℃に再加熱されることがあっても、モジュール内の短絡や断線といった問題を生じず、260℃リフロー耐性の高い高周波モジュールを提供できる。さらには、各接合部は接合強度が高く耐食性がある材料で接合されており、しかも硬質の樹脂63で覆われているので、温度サイクル信頼性、高温高湿信頼性に優れた高周波モジュールを提供できる。
図6は、本実施例のパワー半導体パッケージの断面説明図であって、実施例1の高温半田を適用した例を示す。図6において、半導体デバイス71が熱膨張率8ppm〜12ppmのCu/Fe−Ni合金/Cu積層板からなる応力緩衝板73を介してCu製あるいはCuを主成分とする合金製のダイパッド72に実施例1の高温半田74、75によってダイボンディングされている。すなわち、半導体デバイス71の裏面電極を接続する金属電極パターン部材であるダイパッド72接合面に、実施例2の半田ペーストを供給し、その上に応力緩衝板73を配置し、さらにその上に実施例2の半田ペーストを供給し、半導体デバイス71を位置決めして搭載し、その後に100℃〜300℃の高温環境下で液状あるいはクリーム状の有機材料を予め揮発・分解させて乾燥・除去し、次に還元雰囲気中で350℃〜400℃に昇温して高温半田材を溶融させてダイボンディングする。
半導体デバイス71の裏面電極の表面にはTi、or V、or Ta/Ni/Au、or Agが3層に積層して形成されている。応力緩衝板73とダイパッド72の表面は、メッキ無しのCuあるいは、Niメッキを施してある。半導体デバイス71上面の電極と外部取り出し用のリード端子76間はAlワイヤ78で結線されている。半導体デバイス71とAlワイヤ78とダイボンデイング部の全体及びダイパッド72とリード端子76の一部を覆うように樹脂79がモールドされている。
本実施例によれば、接合材料に鉛不使用の半田を使用しているため、環境負荷の少ないパワー半導体パッケージを提供できる。また、接合材料が高い強度で硬い材質であるため、従来技術では接合材の部分で負担していた熱歪を、半導体デバイス71やダイパッド72に分散でき、同時に、半導体デバイス71とダイパッド72間にCu/Fe−Ni/Cu低熱膨張材の応力緩衝板73を挟んだため、半導体デバイス71に加わる熱応力を低減でき、チップ割れを防止できると同時に接合材料の熱疲労寿命を大幅に伸ばすことが可能となり、生産性を落とすことなく高い信頼性のパワー半導体パッケージを提供できる。
図17に、セラミックコンデンサーを本発明による高温半田で実装した電子部品の断面構造図を示す。図17において、高誘電率材料を金属電極で挟んだ構造を内部に有するセラミックコンデンサー81の両端には、表面にNiめっき膜が形成された接続用の電極端子82、83が形成されている。その電極端子に、外部に接続するための金属リード部材84、85が本発明による高温半田86、87で接続されている。
金属リード部材の素材はCu合金で、表面に約5μm厚さのNiめっきが施されている。高温半田の組成は、Sn-35Sb−10.8Ag−8.7Cuである。金属リードの一部と接合部およびコンデンサー本体は、熱硬化型の絶縁樹脂88でモールドされている。
組立は、ロジン系のフラックスと粒径0.02mm〜0.05mmに調整した本発明の高温半田の粉を混合して作製したペーストを電極端子にディスペンサーから塗布し、金属リード部材を位置合わせして、縦方向にセットし、窒素雰囲気のコンベア炉で余熱温度180℃、ピーク温度380℃に急速加熱して接合し、組立てている。その後、洗浄工程でフラックス残渣を洗浄除去して、射出成型機でモールドしている。なお、図18に作製したSn−Sb−Ag−Cu合金の機械的特性を示す。図18に示すように、No.3の35Sb合金が高温200℃における強度と伸びが高く、機械的に最も優れた組成であることが分かる。このNo.3の35Sb合金は、200℃の高温で伸びが大きいため、接合後の冷却過程で熱応力が緩和される効果が大きく、Sb量の少ない合金の方が、接合品の残留応力を小さくできる。
本実施例に拠れば、接合材料としての高融点のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu合金を用いて電極端子とリード部材を接合しているので、260℃リフロー耐性を有する鉛フリーの電子部品を提供できる。また、接合材料の破断強度が高く常温では降伏しないため、温度サイクル信頼性が高い電子部品を提供できる。
図19は、半導体ダイオードを本発明による高温半田で実装した電子部品の断面構造を示す。図19では省略しているが、ダイオードデバイス91の上下の電極は3μm圧のAl蒸着膜の上に2μm厚の無電解Ni−Pめっきを施した構成としている。図19において、Cu合金で構成した上下の金属リード92、93は、Sn−35Sb−10.8Ag −8.7Cu 合金の高温半田94、95でダイオードデバイス91の上下の電極にそれぞれ接合されている。金属リードの一部とダイオードデバイス91との接合部はエポキシ封止樹脂96でモールドされて保護されている。図19では省略しているが、封止樹脂から出ている金属リード部にはCu合金の表面にSnCuめっきが施されている。
本実施例に拠れば、接合材料として高融点のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu合金を用いて電極と金属リードとを接合しているので、260℃リフロー耐性を有する鉛フリーの電子部品を提供できる。また、ダイオードデバイス91の電極の下地にAl蒸着膜を形成しているため、金属リードおよび高温半田材とSiのダイオードデバイスとの熱膨張差で生じる熱歪が、これらの部材と比べて柔らかいAl蒸着膜の変形で吸収されるため、デバイスや接合部に加わる熱応力を低減でき、デバイスの損傷や接合部の熱疲労を防いで高い信頼性の電子部品を提供できる。
実施例3のパワー半導体モジュールの断面構造の説明図。 実施例2の高温半田ペースト材の構成の説明図。 実施例2の高温半田ペースト材の仕様と特性測定結果。 実施例4のパワー半導体モジュールの断面構造の説明図。 実施例5の高周波モジュールの断面構造の説明図。 実施例6のパワー半導体パッケージの断面構造の説明図。 実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系合金の固相・液相線温度のSb/(Sn+Sb)比率依存性の説明図。 実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系合金の固相・液相線温度のAg濃度依存性の説明図。 実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系合金の固相・液相線温度のCu濃度依存性の説明図。 実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系半田硬さのAg濃度依存性の説明図。 実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系半田硬さのCu濃度依存性の説明図。 実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系半田硬さのNi濃度依存性の説明図。 実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田の固相・液相線温度と硬さの(Ag+Cu)濃度依存性の説明図。 実施例1のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田のCu及びNiに対する濡れ試験結果の説明図。 実施例2のSn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田ペーストのCu及びNiに対する濡れ試験結果の説明図。 Sn−Sb合金の2元状態図。 実施例7の電子部品の断面構造の説明図。 実施例7で作製したSn−Sb−Ag−Cu合金の機械的特性の説明図。 実施例7の電子部品の断面構造の説明図。
符号の説明
1…高温半田粒、2…有機溶剤、11、31…パワー半導体デバイス、12、32、53…セラミック基板、13、14、33、34…金属回路パターン、15、35…金属ベタパターン、16、36、43、44、45…Sn−Sb−Ag−Cu系高温半田、17、37…ヒートシンク、18、38…中温半田、19、39…放熱フィン、20、40…高熱伝導樹脂、21、78…Alワイヤ、22…樹脂ケース、23…ゲル状シリコーン樹脂、24…外部取り出しリード、41…Cu/Fe−Ni/Cu複合リード、42…外部取り出し用リード、46…モールド樹脂、51、52…受動素子、54、56…回路端子、58、59、74、75、86、87、94、95…高温半田、60…高周波半導体デバイス、61…Cuバンプ、62…Au−Sn共晶接合部、63、79…樹脂、71…半導体デバイス、72…ダイパッド、73…応力緩衝板、76…リード端子、81…セラミックコンデンサー、82、83…電極端子、84、85…金属リード部材、88…絶縁樹脂、91…ダイオードデバイス、92、93…金属リード、96…エポキシ封止樹脂。

Claims (14)

  1. Snと、Sbと、Agと、Cuとを主要構成元素とした半田材において、
    該半田材の組成が、42wt%<Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%であって、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%であり、3wt%≦Cu<10wt%であって、かつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%であり、残りが他の不可避的不純物元素から構成されることを特徴とする半田材。
  2. 請求項1に記載の半田材において、前記半田材が0.01wt%〜2.0wt%のNiを有することを特徴とする半田材。
  3. 半田材と有機材料とを含む半田ペーストにおいて、
    該半田ペーストが含有する半田材が、Snと、Sbと、Agと、Cuとを主要構成元素とし、
    該半田材の組成が、42wt%<Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%であって、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%であり、3wt%≦Cu<10wt%であって、かつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%であり、残りが他の不可避的不純物元素から構成され、
    前記有機材料が、Cと、Oと、Hのみの元素で構成されることを特徴とする半田ペースト。
  4. 請求項3記載の半田ペーストにおいて、
    前記半田材が、メッシュ状の篩いで分粒した粒径が100〜500μmであり、前記有機材料の沸点が150〜400℃であることを特徴とする半田ペースト。
  5. 請求項3または請求項4の何れかに記載の半田ペーストにおいて、
    前記有機材料が、エチレングリコール群、アルコール群、グリセリン群から1種以上選択された材料で構成されていることを特徴とする高温半田ペースト。
  6. パワー半導体デバイスを半田材を介して金属導体に接続したパワー半導体装置において、
    前記パワー半導体デバイスと前記金属導体とが、Snと、Sbと、Agと、Cuとを主要構成元素として、42wt%<Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%で、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%で3≦Cu<10wt%でかつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%であり、残りが他の不可避的不純物元素から構成される半田材を介して接合されていることを特徴とするパワー半導体装置。
  7. 請求項6に記載のパワー半導体装置において、
    前記パワー半導体デバイスが裏面電極を備え、
    前記金属導体がセラミック配線基板上に配置した金属回路パターンであって、
    該セラミック配線基板上の金属回路パターンと該パワー半導体デバイスの裏面電極とが、前記半田材を介して接合され、
    前記パワー半導体デバイスの前記金属回路パターン側の主電流電極と、制御用電極と、セラミック配線基板の金属回路パターンとの間を、ワイヤあるいはリード状の電気接続導体で結線したことを特徴とするパワー半導体装置。
  8. 請求項7に記載のパワー半導体装置において、
    前記セラミック基板の金属回路パターンがCuで形成され、該金属回路パターンの表面がNi−Pメッキされていて、
    前記パワー半導体デバイスの裏面電極の最表面が、Ni−PメッキあるいはNi−P/Auメッキされていることを特徴とするパワー半導体装置。
  9. 請求項6に記載のパワー半導体装置において、
    前記パワー半導体デバイスと前記金属導体とが、CuとFe−Ni合金とCuとを積層した複合材料板を介して、前記半田材で接合されていることを特徴とするパワー半導体装置。
  10. 請求項9に記載のパワー半導体装置において、前記金属導体が、ダイパッドであることを特徴とするパワー半導体装置。
  11. 請求項1に記載の半田材の微粒子と、ロジンと有機酸と有機溶剤とを含む液状またはクリーム状の有機材料とを、混合したことを特徴とする半田ペースト。
  12. 受動素子あるいは半導体素子の第1の電極と外部導出用の第1の金属リード部材、および第2の電極と第2の金属リード部材とが、42wt%<Sb/(Sn+Sb)≦48wt%で、5wt%≦Ag<20wt%であり、3wt%≦Cu<10wt%であって、かつ5wt%≦Ag+Cu≦25wt%であり、残りが他の不可避的不純物元素から構成される半田材、あるいは前記組成に0.001wt%〜2.0wt%のNiを添加した組成の半田材で接合された構造になっていることを特徴とする電子部品。
  13. 請求項12に記載の電子部品において、前記電極が最表層あるいは表層2層目にNi層あるいはNiP層が形成されていることを特徴とする電子部品。
  14. 請求項12記載の電子部品において、前記金属リード部材が、Cu含有量99.9wt%以上、ビッカース硬さ(Hv)60以下のCu材料で構成されていることを特徴とする電子部品。
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