CN102783328A - Dry land wheat region fallow period water storage and soil moisture preservation cultivation method - Google Patents
Dry land wheat region fallow period water storage and soil moisture preservation cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN102783328A CN102783328A CN2012101685346A CN201210168534A CN102783328A CN 102783328 A CN102783328 A CN 102783328A CN 2012101685346 A CN2012101685346 A CN 2012101685346A CN 201210168534 A CN201210168534 A CN 201210168534A CN 102783328 A CN102783328 A CN 102783328A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a dry land wheat region fallow period water storage and soil moisture preservation cultivation method. According to the method, after a former stubble of wheat is harvested, fertilizers are applied during the rain in early and middle July, then, deep soil turning is carried out so that ground surface fertilizers and straws are totally returned to the land, the concave-convex uneven state of the ground is maintained, the harrowing soil moisture preserving is carried out in early and middle August, and meanwhile, once chemical weeding is carried out. Compared with the prior art, the technology provided by the invention has the advantages that 0 to 300cm of soil moisture preserving quantity can be increased before the winter wheat seeding, and the soil organic matter fertilizer power can be enhanced. The technology provided by the invention has the advantages that the operation is simple, the practicability is high, the water preserving effect is obvious, the cultivation, the fertilization and the straw field returning are integrated, the organic combination of the agricultural machinery and the agricultural technology is realized, the coordinated cooperation of the cultivation moisture preservation and the fertilization water storage is realized, and the goals of wheat fallow period summer rain deep storage and season crossing utilization are reached. The method provided by the invention is widely applied to loess plateau dry land wheat regions. Compared with the traditional cultivation technology, the method has the advantage that under the average year production conditions, the wheat yield can be improved by more than 20 percent.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to crops farming technique field, relate in particular to the time out that is fit to nonirrigated farmland, the loess plateau Mai Qu methods of cultivation of retaining and conserveing soil moisture.
Background technology
Drought and water shortage is one of key factor of restriction dry land wheat output, and for a long time, dry farming cultivation mainly adopts seeding method such as plastic mulching to reduce runoff and moisture invalid evaporation, improves retention capacity of soil and soil moisture, finally improves output.But unique moisture source of dry land wheat is a natural precipitation; And the rainfall of nonirrigated farmland, loess plateau Mai Qu is to concentrate on the 7-9 month basically; It is the time out of nonirrigated farmland Mai Qu; This phase is that soil moisture is replenished, convalescence, and the rich of soil moisture owed before the water yield of this phase soil storage was determining dry land wheat to broadcast, and was the key factor that influences the dry land wheat output fluctuation.The subject matter that exists in the dry land wheat production is: fertilizer less investment soil fertility is low, and the soil water storage water retention capacity is low, causes WUEL not high; Evening straw-returning time, can not in time rot, not reaching this season increases organic effect, influences seeding quality simultaneously; Though the time out rainfall is more relatively, account for more than 60% of annual rainfall, summer temp is high, and the evaporation from topsoil loss is many, does not reach the purpose that Fu Yuchun uses; Dry land wheat be basically sow while there is sufficient moisture in the soil or etc. rain sowing, so the sowing time is early or late, cross planting early enough before the winter prosperous length and cross late sowing seedling seedling a little less than generation is almost all arranged every year.Mai Qu mainly promotes " four morning more than the three " technology of retaining and conserveing soil moisture in the nonirrigated farmland, loess plateau at present, and " four early " is exactly stubble-cleaning morning, and the guarantor that breaks ground shows moisture in the soil, early deep ploughs, and the rain of receiving is store dark moisture in the soil, and morning is plough carefully, breaks the native even moisture in the soil alive of turning up soil, and morning, band was harrowed, and based oneself upon the autumn drought and received moisture in the soil; " more than three " are exactly, how shallow plough, and many thin ploughs are raked the soil level more, and this technology has played important function for improving dry land wheat output.But; After getting into 21 century; Crops produce the new situation of the matter energy input that occurs is strengthened, agricultural machinery working hardware is strengthened and the farmland human input weakens " two powers one are weak "; Because of the variation of rural laborer and agricultural machanization, " four morning more than three ", applying of the technology of retaining and conserveing soil moisture received severe challenge.Therefore, to the present situation of under the new situation " two powers one weak ", due putting carried out the research that is fit to the new farming technique that wheat district, nonirrigated farmland time out retains and conserve soil moisture with vowing.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is deficiency to prior art; A kind of methods of cultivation of retaining and conserveing soil moisture that are fit to wheat district, nonirrigated farmland time out more are provided, reach improve soil structure, improve the content of organic matter, increase edaphon quantity, effectively improve the soil water storage water retention capacity, the purpose of raising crop yield.
For solving the problem that the present invention proposes, the technical scheme that the present invention adopts is following:
The time out methods of cultivation of retaining and conserveing soil moisture in wheat district, nonirrigated farmland are meant that behind preceding stubble harvesting wheat July, early and middle ten days was met the rain applying fertilizer, ploughed deeply then; Make face of land fertilizer and stalk all go back the field; Keep ground relief, August, early and middle ten days was harrowed a kind of farm tools receipts moisture in the soil, and chemical weed control in case of necessity once.
Described fertilizer is meant that using 4000-5000 kilogram farmyard manure or every mu for every mu uses 100-200 kilogram refined organic fertilizer.
Described deep ploughing is meant with the big-powered tractor 25-30cm that deep ploughs.
Described straw-returning is meant that the stalk on the face of land is in deep ploughing, in all placing into the soil.
The inventor has carried out comparative test to the present invention's technology and " four morning more than three " technology.
Carry out the test of the dry land wheat time out technology of retaining and conserveing soil moisture 2009-2010 year in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province Qiu family mountain range village, experimental field be 40 mu.Test region annual rainfall in year July in July, 2009-2010 is 311.90mm, and July in 2009,9 days-September 18, daily rainfall was 173.1 mm; Adopting the planting patterns of doing in a year, experimental field is the summer public land, soil fertility: organic 8.65 g/kg, full nitrogen 0.74 g/kg, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 32.93 mg/kg, rapid available phosphorus 2.08 mg/kg.
Testing program: 1. the present invention is technological
July 9 experimental field was spilled into farmyard manure by 5000 kilograms/per mu sparing at 20 mu.Adopt big-powered tractor deep ploughing 40cm, the stalk on the face of land is in deep ploughing, in all placing into the soil.August 20, adopt rotovator to harrow a kind of farm tools and receive moisture in the soil, chemical weed control simultaneously once: 2. other 20 mu experimental field adopt " four early more than three " technological as the experimental control field.
Sowing on September 18, base is executed nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer, purity nitrogen 150 kg/hm
2, P
2O
5150 kg/hm
2, K
2O 150 kg/hm
2, basic seedling 315 * 10
4/ hm
2Strain, line-spacing 20cm, mechanical drilling.
Mensuration project and method: the 1. mensuration of soil water storage amount: respectively at handling back 0d, 10d, 25d, 45d, 70d (before broadcasting), 150d (surviving the winter the phase), 270d (shooting stage), 300d (flowering stage), 340d (maturing stage); Get 0-300 cm (every 20cm is a soil layer) soil sample with earth boring auger, adopt oven drying method to measure soil moisture.Soil water storage amount (mm)=[(wet soil weight-oven-dried soil is heavy)/oven-dried soil heavy * 100] * soil thickness (mm) * each soil layer unit weight.2. the mensuration of the soil organic matter:, the phase of surviving the winter preceding respectively at broadcasting, shooting stage, flowering stage, maturing stage adopt potassium bichromate-sulfuric acid oxidation method to measure the 0-20cm soil organic matter content.3. maturing stage species test: maturing stage observation unit's area spike number, every fringe average particle number and thousand kernel weight, every sub-district are got 20 strains and measure biological yield.4. the mensuration of grain protein and constituent content thereof: get the 50g seed, after the miniature high-speed Universalpulverizer grinds, use H
2SO
4-H
2O
2The nitrogenous rate of-indophenol blue colorimetric method for determining seed, nitrogenous rate * 5.7 are protein content.The mensuration of grain protein component adopts continuous extraction to carry out.5. the mensuration of output: measure output behind the mechanical harvest.
Result of the test
(1) the technological raising with " four morning more than three " compared with techniques of the present invention broadcast preceding and each 0-300cm breeding time (is a soil layer with 20cm) soil water storage amount, still can increase 13.83mm until flowering stage.Particularly outstanding is to have improved 0-300cm soil water storage amount total amount 71.37mm before adopting technology of the present invention to broadcast, and has improved 19.46% than " four Zao more than three " technology, in the nonirrigated farmland produces, very positive meaning is arranged.Result of the test is seen table 1.
Table 1 the present invention technology and prior art to the influence of each of 0-300cm soil water storage amount breeding time
Soil water storage amount * 100 % of rate %=(the soil water storage amount of the soil water storage amount-conventional art of the time out technology of retaining and conserveing soil moisture)/conventional art
(2) the present invention and " four early more than three " compared with techniques can improve each of 0-20cm soil organic matter content breeding time, finally can improve 0.23%.Therefore, adopt technology of the present invention that soil organic matter fertility is increased.Result of the test is seen table 2.
Table 2 the present invention technology and prior art to the influence of each of 0-20cm soil organic matter content breeding time
Soil organic matter content * 100 % of rate %=(soil organic matter content of the soil organic matter content-conventional art of the time out technology of retaining and conserveing soil moisture)/conventional art
(3) technology of the present invention is than " four Zao more than three " technological spike number and the grain number per spike that has mainly improved dry land wheat, and test shows that spike number has improved 7.18%, and grain number per spike has improved 11.23%, and theoretical yield has improved 19.27%, and actual production has improved 16.50%.Result of the test is seen table 3.
Table 3 the present invention technology and the influence of prior art to output and formation thereof
(4) the present invention has improved wheat quality with " four morning more than three " compared with techniques; Especially increase significantly with protein content; The present invention's technology grain protein content is 15.53%; The grain protein content that contrasts " four morning more than three " technology is 14.82%, and the present invention's technology " four morning more than three " technology has improved 0.71 percentage point.
Beneficial effect of the present invention
(1) the present invention can increase 0-300cm soil water storage amount before the winter wheat sowing than prior art.Soil water storage amount before the present invention broadcasts through raising; Increase soil moisture, created advantage for proper seeding, efficiently solve dry land wheat take advantage of rain and cross planting early enough and cause rain sowing such as prosperous Miao He before the winter to cause before the winter a little less than the problem of seedling; Can cultivate strong sprout before the winter, reduce the loss that drought, freeze disaster cause.Through improving each of topsoil reservoir storage, and the phase increase rate of surviving the winter is bigger breeding time, helps that period of seedling establishment is early sent out seedling, early tillered, long root early, can slow down the drought impact between breeding time to a certain extent.Through improving the reservoir storage of each of deep subsoil soil breeding time, improved the soil environment of wheat growth, can promote to prick under the root system, absorb the deep layer nutrient, improve nutrientuse efficiency, lay a solid foundation for improving dry land wheat output.
(2) the present invention can increase soil organic matter fertility.Through shifting to an earlier date deep placement fertilizer and straw-returning, impel the abundant after-ripening of stalk to rot, improved the supply level of soil organic nutrient greatly; Effectively improved the root system microenvironment; Simultaneously time out deep placement fertilizer can improve the phase of surviving the winter, heading stage, the nitrogenous rate of maturing stage plant, can improve each of plant nitrogen accumulation breeding time, can improve and bloom-ripe Nitrogen Absorption ratio; Can improve and spend preceding nitrogen volume of traffic and spend the back accumulation; Can significantly increase grain protein content, can increase spike number, spike length, spikelet number, grain number per spike, fringe grain weight and economic coefficient, lay a good foundation for obtaining high yield.
(3) technology of the present invention is simple to operate, and is practical, and the retaining effect is obvious; The collection farming straw-returning of fostering and apply fertilizer is an one; Realized the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy, the farming water conservation with foster and apply fertilizer the Coordinated Interaction of retaining, reached wheat and made time out volt rain and hold and stride the purpose of utilizing season deeply.
(4) the present invention adaptable across the nonirrigated farmland, loess plateau Mai Qu, more traditional farming technique wheat yield can improve more than 20% under long-term working condition.
Embodiment 1
2010-2011 year, the demonstration area was 1000 mu in Wenxi County, the Shanxi Province Qiu family mountain range village demonstration dry land wheat time out technology of retaining and conserveing soil moisture.Adopting the planting patterns of doing in a year, experimental field is the summer public land, soil fertility: organic 8.67 g/kg, full nitrogen 0.75 g/kg, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 33.52mg/kg, rapid available phosphorus 2.14 mg/kg.On July 8th, 2010 was spilled into farmyard manure by 5000 kilograms/per mu sparing on the demonstration area.Adopt big-powered tractor deep ploughing 45cm, the stalk on the face of land is in deep ploughing, in all placing into the soil.On August 20th, 2010, to adopt rotovator to harrow a kind of farm tools and receive moisture in the soil, chemical weed control simultaneously is once.Sowing on September 16th, 2010, on June 15th, 2011 gathered in the crops, and measuring theoretical yield is 412 kilograms/mu, and selected at random 5 mu of model field actual productions in flakes are 401 kilograms/mu, and the raising the output of local dry land wheat on a large scale is more than 20%.
Embodiment 2
2010-2011 year, the demonstration area was 500 mu in model village, Hongdong County, the Shanxi Province demonstration dry land wheat time out technology of retaining and conserveing soil moisture.Adopting the planting patterns of doing in a year, experimental field is the summer public land, soil fertility: organic 8.52 g/kg, full nitrogen 0.69 g/kg, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 31.32mg/kg, rapid available phosphorus 2.08 mg/kg.On July 10th, 2010 was spilled into farmyard manure by 4000 kilograms/per mu sparing on the demonstration area.Adopt big-powered tractor deep ploughing 40cm, the stalk on the face of land is in deep ploughing, in all placing into the soil.August 22, to adopt rotovator to harrow a kind of farm tools and receive moisture in the soil, chemical weed control simultaneously is once.On flat June 13rd, 2011 gathered in the crops, and measuring theoretical yield is 394 kilograms/mu, and selected at random 3 mu of model field actual productions in flakes are 380 kilograms/mu, and the raising the output of local dry land wheat on a large scale is more than 20%.
Claims (5)
1. the time out methods of cultivation of retaining and conserveing soil moisture in nonirrigated farmland wheat district is characterized in that July, early and middle ten days was met the rain applying fertilizer behind preceding stubble harvesting wheat; Plough deeply then, make face of land fertilizer and stalk all go back the field, keep ground relief; August, early and middle ten days was harrowed a kind of farm tools receipts moisture in the soil, and chemical weed control in case of necessity once.
2. the time out methods of cultivation of retaining and conserveing soil moisture in wheat district, nonirrigated farmland according to claim 1 is characterized in that described fertilizer is meant that every mu is used 4000-5000 kilogram farmyard manure.
3. the time out methods of cultivation of retaining and conserveing soil moisture in wheat district, nonirrigated farmland according to claim 1 is characterized in that described fertilizer is meant that every mu is used 100-200 kilogram refined organic fertilizer.
4. the time out methods of cultivation of retaining and conserveing soil moisture in wheat district, nonirrigated farmland according to claim 1 is characterized in that described deep ploughing is meant with the big-powered tractor 25-30cm that deep ploughs.
5. the time out methods of cultivation of retaining and conserveing soil moisture in wheat district, nonirrigated farmland according to claim 1 is characterized in that described straw-returning is meant that the stalk on the face of land is all placed into the soil in deep ploughing.
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| CN112602396A (en) * | 2020-12-15 | 2021-04-06 | 宁夏大学 | Saline-alkali soil salt-reducing and yield-increasing cultivation method |
| CN114375784A (en) * | 2022-01-10 | 2022-04-22 | 山西农业大学小麦研究所 | Nitrogen-storage recarburization cultivation method for dry-land wheat field in summer idle period |
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| CN112602396A (en) * | 2020-12-15 | 2021-04-06 | 宁夏大学 | Saline-alkali soil salt-reducing and yield-increasing cultivation method |
| CN114375784A (en) * | 2022-01-10 | 2022-04-22 | 山西农业大学小麦研究所 | Nitrogen-storage recarburization cultivation method for dry-land wheat field in summer idle period |
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Application publication date: 20121121 |