CN103168596A - Sowing high-yield cultivation method for wheat in arid land - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a sowing high-yield cultivation method for wheat in arid land and belongs to the technical field of cultivation of food crops in the arid land. The sowing high-yield cultivation technical method for the wheat in the arid land includes the following steps: a plowing layer is deepened through deep plowing, and accumulation of rainfall is increased; all applied fertilizer serves as base fertilizer by being combined with the deep plowing and is applied into soil deeply; after soil preparation, ridges are not formed, and flat-planting is conducted with equal line spacing. The sowing high-yield cultivation method for the wheat in the arid land is suitable for Shandong province and Huang-Huai-Hai winter wheat dry farming areas. The yield-increasing potential of the wheat in the arid land can be fully exploited, and the fertilizer and water utilization efficiency is improved. The cost is lowered, and the land output is increased. The agricultural water is saved, and the yield of the wheat in the arid land is improved. Good economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits are generated. In June 2012, experts from units such as China Agricultural University and the provincial agricultural technology extension master station conduct yield prediction and acceptance check to arid land wheat high-yield demonstration fields of the sowing high-yield cultivation method. As is shown by on-site repeating survey by the experts, the average yield per mu of ten mu of high-yield tackling fields achieves 703.5 kilograms, and therefore a new record for the average yield per mu of the wheat in the arid land in the country is set.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the culture technique of nonirrigated farmland cereal crops, belong to agricultural technology field, exactly refer to a kind of dry land wheat sowing high-yield culture technique.
Background technology
Dry land wheat refers to rely on the natural precipitation cultivated wheat in arid, semiarid zone.The regional wheat little precipitation in the time of infertility of this class lacks irrigation conditions, and wheat growth is entirely by natural precipitation, and it is close how much the height of its output and annual precipitation of growth reach the in good time Degree of Accord Relation of precipitation.The dry land wheat of China mainly is distributed in West of The Northeast China, North of North China, northwest, the Inner Mongol and Qinghai-Tibet Platean.These regional wheat precipitation in the time of infertility are the 150-250 millimeter, if the corresponding tillage and cultivation measure of field suiting measures to different conditions ground employing, dry land wheat also can obtain high yield.
Since the seventies, Qingdao Agricultural University's (former Laiyang Agricultural College) adheres to carrying out the seed selection of dry land wheat new varieties and the research of view of water technology always.The mode that seminar utilizes biotechnology and traditional breeding method to combine, the principle complementary according to proterties and minor-polygene is recombinated, the success seed selection has become serial dry land wheat new varieties " blue or green wheat No. 6 " and " blue or green wheat No. 7 ", respectively at 2006 and the authorization by the Shandong Province Crop breed audit committee in 2007, carried out simultaneously the research of new varieties corresponding cultivation techniques.In recent years, the dry land wheat high yield typical case constantly occur, and illustrates that dry land wheat has larger yield potential, therefore, improves by breed improvement and culture technique, and making dry land wheat obtain general high yield can realize.
Existing dry land wheat type of seeding mainly contains furrow work, trench sowing, ridge culture, no-tillage seeding mode, but these planting patternss all do not have than quantum jump aspect output at present.The patent No. is that 200910254609.0 patent of invention discloses a kind of Winter Wheat in Rainfed ridge and covers trench sowing cultivation and fertilizer practice, is included in wheat seedbed preparation basal dressing; Ridging after site preparation and fertilization is completed, row spacing 35-40cm, well cover the white plastic film on the ridge; Two distance between the ridges, i.e. ditch bandwidth reservation 30-35cm; Sow wheat in ditch, line-spacing 15-20cm, seeding quantity is 150-225kg/ha; Within the time of infertility of wheat growth, do not take off film, keep soil surface ribbon film to cover; Spring soil begin to thaw, before wheat begins to turn green, in the wheat Nitrogen Top Dressing of in the ranks ditching; 30-45 kilogram/hectare; The rear a kind of farm tools of in time harrowing topdresses; After harvesting wheat, the plastic film that covers on the ridge keeps, and stalk is all gone back the field, is covered in the inter-drain of ridge, is used for promoting Summer Rainfall to infiltrate, reduce the soil water evaporation loss.Although this technology can improve grain number per spike and thousand kernel weight, increase wheat yield, owing to adopting the ditch broadcast mode, make workload strengthen, also can cause early stage colony number less, and this technology is used overlay film for a long time, can cause environmental pollution, also improve accordingly cost.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the deficiency of existing culture technique, provide a kind of intensive cultivation, dry land wheat free from environmental pollution to sow high yield technique.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: a kind of dry land wheat sowing high-yield cultivating method said method comprising the steps of:
The first step selects wheatland also to determine the type of wheatland;
Second step, the wheat seed of selection drought-resistant variety;
In the 3rd step, seed is carried out seed coating technology process;
The 4th step is to the wheatland basal dressing: adopt " one bombards " fertilization method, with fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer is disposable applies.
In the 5th step, carry out farming according to the wheatland type: during 2 years triple-croppings, deep plough when winter slack, rotary tillage before wheat cultivation; 1 year two when doing, soil moisture content was deep ploughed when well no there is not tillage pan on the ground of deep ploughing for many years again, date of seeding arid, shallow plowing when topsoil has the loss of moisture dangerous; The thin massif of soil layer drought unfertile land utilizes that machinery high yield ditch excavates, mechanical subsoiling or mechanical trench sowing machinery dry farming technology, carries out farming when the winter slack in conjunction with crop rotation;
The 6th step, select date of seeding, determine the amount of broadcasting, adopt flat planting technology sowing wheat: adopt the sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil of flat planting technology in the time of daily mean temperature 14-18 ℃, ridging not, seeding method are 20 centimetres of size row sowings that wait line-spacings or 18～23 centimetres, the every mu of amount of broadcasting 8-10 kilogram, seed level 3-5 centimetre, sow evenly, do not replay, sowing and suppression are worked continuously;
In the 7th step, carry out field management: the method for field management comprises Measures on Soil Moisture Conservation, chemical control technique measure, pest control measure, weeding measure, the measure and in good time gather in the crops measure of topdressing.
Preferably, in described the 4th step, mu application of organic fertilizers 2500-3500 kilogram, purity nitrogen 12-16 kilogram, pure phosphorus 5-6 kilogram, pure potassium 8-13 kilogram.
Preferably, described fertilizer covers by the preceding crop stalk and applies, continuously 3-5.
Preferably, in described the 5th step, during deep ploughing, tilling depth is 25-30cm.
Preferably, in described the 7th step, Measures on Soil Moisture Conservation focuses on suppression, and is inferior to drawing hoe, suppresses when after planting the topsoil soil moisture content is poor, be beneficial to emerge, in many times of precipitation in early spring, draw early the hoe soil moisture conservation during topsoil good conditions for soil moisture, autumn and winter sleet is few, table soil becomes dry and clod should be suppressed when many, or uproots behind first town.
Preferably, in described the 7th step, the described measure of topdressing is: when occurring taking off fertile phenomenon, borrow moisture in the soil to topdress.
Preferably, described dry land wheat high yield sowing cultivation method is further comprising the steps of: in strong sprout before the cultivation winter, control group structure: control every mu of 15-20 of Basic Seedling ten thousand, Before winter main stalk blade 6-7 sheet, before winter, every mu of total tiller is counted 75-100 ten thousand, and spring, total tiller was counted 90-120 ten thousand, spike number 35-40 ten thousand.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1, intensive cultivation is with Tu Nashui.Between different year, deep ploughing combines with subsoiling, and the thickening active soil stratum increases soil and holds the moisture in the soil ability, admits rainwater, promotes to prick and Nutrient Absorption under wheat root;
2, culture fertility is with fertile water transfer.Promote straw-returning, heavy dressing fertilizer, steadily improve soil organic matter content, improvement soil is with fertile water transfer, preserve soil moisture with soil; Simultaneously, adopt dry land wheat deep fertilizer spraying technology, steady nitrogen, phosphorization, benefit potassium, transfer little, with fertilizer support soil, loam soil moisture conservation, the short seedling of rich water, Miao Zhuangen dark, with the root water transfer;
3, select breeding, with kind of a water-saving.Promote dry land wheat drought resisting high yielding variety, strict kind layout forbids to introduce the irrigated land kind; Outstanding cold-resistant and drought resisting, water saving and joint fertilizer combine, and select kind cold-resistant, drought-enduring, impoverishment tolerant; Go up highlightedly and underground, spike number and a grain number combine, select that leaf is little, stem is thin, root is dark, root is many, many fringes, middle grain, fast early-maturing variety is in the milk.
4, flat planting plantation increases colony.The dry land wheat main direction is to increase in early days colony, and the later stage increases a mu spike number, and flat planting can ensure enough seedlings, strain, fringe, grain number, can increase production 5% left and right than other planting patternss, simultaneously also need not whole furrow ridging, reduce operation sequence, and save labor.Simultaneously, can effectively increase the cover degree of wheatland in seedling stage, reduce ground invalid evaporation loss, improve the drought-resistant ability of wheat;
5, created dry land wheat high yield new record.In June, 2012, from China Agricultural University, the expert that economizes the units such as agricultural technology spread master station, the dry land wheat yielding Demonstration field of present technique has been carried out surveying producing checked and accepted.Through expert's repetition measurement demonstration on the spot, wherein ten mu of high yield tackling key problem field average yield per mus reach 703.5 kilograms, have created the new record of China's dry land wheat average yield per mu.
Embodiment
The specific embodiment of the present invention is as follows:
Embodiment:
A kind of dry land wheat high yield sowing cultivation method said method comprising the steps of:
The first step selects wheatland also to determine the type of wheatland: in the present embodiment, to select Laiyang City nonirrigated farmland, Shandong Province, belong to the Shajiang black soil drought fertilely.If 0.3 mu of experimental field.
Second step, according to wheatland type selecting wheat breed: should be noted that during seed selection, the thin low yield wheatland of drought, especially the kind of massif drought unfertile land plantation requires drought resistance good, can be barren-resistant, grow prolifically, and stronger frost resistance is arranged, should plant the anti-lean kind of drought resisting, such as: " blue or green wheat No. 6 ", " blue or green wheat No. 7 ", " naked oats No. 21 ", " tobacco grower No. 19 " etc.
In the present embodiment, the experimental field belongs to drought fertile ground, thus seed select drought resisting, wide suitable, yield potential is large, the individual plant productivity is high, take root dark, that cold resistance is strong, plant type is compact " blue or green wheat No. 6 ".
In the 3rd step, full " blue or green wheat No. 6 " seed of selecting is carried out seed coating technology process.
The 4th step is to the wheatland basal dressing: in the present embodiment, the experimental field is first applied 900 kilograms of fertilizers with the straw-returning technology, and adopt a fertilization method of bombarding to apply 4.5 kilograms of purity nitrogens to the experimental field, 3.6 kilograms of phosphorus pentoxides, 3.3 kilograms of potassium oxides.Institute's fertilise is entirely made base manure in conjunction with deep ploughing and is manured into soil, and the characteristics that fertilizer application is outstanding early, dark promote to prick under root system, increase absorption region, cultivate strong sprout.
Should be noted that when fertilising:
1. fertilizer and chemical fertilizer compounding application.Single organic fertilizer or list all can increase output, culture fertility to fertilize.But with fertilizer and chemical fertilizer compounding application better effects if, the input of fertilizer can cover to complete by the preceding crop stalk.For example in front stubble corn field covering wheat straw.Continuous three to five years, obviously improve the soil organic matter, improve soil permeability, increase soil porosity, improve water retention;
2. azophoska is used in conjunction with.Due to the imbalance of nonirrigated farmland most nitrogen phosphorus nutrient, generally execute the production-increasing function of the production-increasing function heavy rain nitrogen fertilizer application of phosphate fertilizer, and nitrogen phosphorus compounding application effect is remarkable.Therefore, the dry land wheat fertilising must coordinate by nitrogen phosphorus, and strengthens the proportion of phosphate fertilizer, and the N/P ratio mass ratio is advisable with 1:1.As in carbon ammonium and superphosphate, often execute 1 kilogram of carbon ammonium and will be used in conjunction with 1 kilogram of superphosphate.Poor potassium area potassium application has outstanding effect of increasing production, compounding application potash fertilizer;
3. rationally determine fertilizing amount.The nonirrigated farmland that throughout the year soil layer is thick increases the output increase of increasing economic efficiency with fertilizing amount in certain fertilising scope.For increasing fertility of land, the fertilizer of using should make soil nutrient accumulate to some extent except satisfying this season volume increase needs.For this reason, must execute a little fertilizer when beginning to develop nonirrigated farmland low yield wheatland more.Except fertilizer, soil thickness reaches the ground more than 1 meter, and mu is executed each 50～75 kilograms of carbon ammonium and superphosphate makes this season can obtain high yield, and the higher fertilizing amount of economic benefit, use sufficient.Need 10～15 kilograms of potassium applications.The production-increasing function of nonirrigated farmland fertilizer is restricted by precipitation and soil water storage amount.The ground that soil layer is thin, the soil water storage capacity is little, and the potentiality of getting fat volume increase are little, and suitably Shaoshi is fertile.Dry year during the soil moisture wretched insufficiency, is also answered Shaoshi;
4. adopt the fertilization method of " bombards ".Can not water in the nonirrigated farmland, the weak effect that topdresses is advocated whole fertilizer, comprises that fertilizer nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer etc. make base fertilizer and once apply when ploughing.Fertilising like this, method is easy, and effect of increasing production is good.At the higher nonirrigated farmland high yield wheatland of soil fertility, adopt " one bombards " fertilising, before the winter, wheat seeding may present prosperous long trend.Should note controlling colony before the winter when therefore, fertilizing amount is more.
In the 5th step, carry out farming according to the wheatland type: deep ploughed when the winter slack in above-mentioned experimental field, tilling depth is 25-30 centimetre, breaks tillage pan, grading after rake, and rotary tillage prior to seeding.
For the selection of tillage control measure, during general 2 years triple-croppings, should deep plough when winter slack, rotary tillage before wheat cultivation.When doing, there was obvious tillage pan on the ground that soil moisture content is not better deep ploughed again for many years, should deep plough or subsoiling in 1 year two; Date of seeding, is arid, and topsoil has the dangerous appropriate to the occasion shallow plowing of the loss of moisture.Promote the mechanical dry farming technology such as the excavation of machinery high yield ditch, mechanical subsoiling, mechanical trench sowing as for the massif drought unfertile land emphasis that soil layer is thin.The production-increasing function that adopts large plough deep ploughing or excavation high yield ditch to add deep plough level is affirmed by practice already.The tillage control measure that these are special generally should carry out when the winter slack in conjunction with crop rotation.The utilization that before the dry land wheat sowing, soil cultivation will be paid attention to suppressing.After suppression, the topsoil degree of packing is suitable, and macrovoid diminishes, the attenuation of dry ground layer, and the table moisture in the soil improves, thereby emergence rate is improved, increase yield significantly.
The 6th step, select date of seeding, determine the amount of broadcasting, adopt flat planting technology sowing wheat: adopt the sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil of flat planting technology in the time of daily mean temperature 14-18 ℃, at Shandong Province's Laiyang City, October 10, daily temperature satisfied condition, so October 10, " blue or green wheat No. 6 " seed is carried out flat planting, ridging not, adopt 25 centimetres to wait the line-spacing plantation, seeding quantity is 7.5 kg/acres, seed level 3-5 centimetre, sows evenly, do not replay, sowing and suppression are worked continuously.
In the 7th step, in strong sprout before the cultivation winter, control group structure: control every mu of 15-20 of Basic Seedling ten thousand, Before winter main stalk blade 6-7 sheet, before the winter, every mu of total tiller is counted 75-100 ten thousand, and spring, total tiller was counted 90-120 ten thousand, spike number 35-40 ten thousand.
In the 8th step, carry out field management: carry out field management to the experimental field vegetative period different according to wheat, comprises Measures on Soil Moisture Conservation, chemical control technique measure, pest control measure, weeding measure, the measure and in good time gather in the crops measure of topdressing.The dry land wheat field management is take soil moisture conservation as main, and Measures on Soil Moisture Conservation focuses on suppression, and is inferior to drawing hoe.Should suppress when after planting the topsoil soil moisture content is relatively poor, be beneficial to emerge.Wheatland management in early spring in the more time of precipitation, should be drawn the hoe soil moisture conservation early when the topsoil soil moisture content is better; Autumn and winter sleet is less, and table soil becomes dry and clod should be suppressed when more, or uproots behind first town.Pay attention to giving birth to the middle and later periods field management, if there is taking off fertile phenomenon, can borrow moisture in the soil to topdress when condition is suitable.Can take the circumstances into consideration to spray the foliage fertilizers such as fulvic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate between the pustulation period, to delay senility, promote kernel grouting, improve grain heavy.Strengthen the prevention and control of middle and later periods damage by disease and insect and crop smothering, the pest damages such as Upland Wheat Field two spotted spider mite, aphid are serious, should in time prevent and treat.To go out in conjunction with a stroke hoe and cut weeds.Wax ripeness latter stage middle and later periods, results in good time.
For verifying technique effect of the present invention, when the experimental field adopts cultivation method of the present invention to cultivate, separately offer experimental field two and experimental field three, trench sowing, row spacing 80 ㎝, high 15 ㎝ in ridge are adopted in experimental field two, plant 3 row wheats in ditch, the little line-spacing of wheat is 15 ㎝, and wide row space is 50 ㎝, and the average row distance is 26.7 ㎝; Experiment field three adopts furrow to do, the wide 2m of furrow, and the furrow back of the body 40 ㎝ plant 9 row wheats in furrow, and the average line-spacing of wheat is 26.7 ㎝.Three experimental field seeding quantitys are 7.5 kg/acres, and seed level 3-5 centimetre, sow evenly, not replay, sowing and suppression are worked continuously.
In the present embodiment, blue or green wheat No. 6 were all sowed October 10 in three experimental field, and flat planting is carried out according to the inventive method in experimental field one, adopted 25 centimetres to wait the line-spacing plantation; To test field two trench sowings, row spacing 80 ㎝ plant 3 row wheats in high 15 ㎝ in ridge, ditch, and the little line-spacing of wheat is 15 ㎝, and wide row space is 50 ㎝, and the average row distance is 26.7 ㎝; Do through testing field three furrow, the wide 2m of furrow, the furrow back of the body 40 ㎝ plant 9 row wheats in furrow, and the average line-spacing of wheat is 26.7 ㎝.Every experimental field seeding quantity is 7.5 kg/acres, and seed level 3-5 centimetre, sow evenly, not replay, sowing and suppression are worked continuously.
Three experimental field are only having seeding method different, and all farming under identical condition of other conditions can draw the contrast effect that produces because of Different sowing ways:
| Group | Test is processed | Thousand kernel weight (g) | Grain number per spike (individual) | Mu spike number (ten thousand) | Output (kg/ mu) |
| Experimental field one | Flat planting | 39.04 | 31.59 | 54.56 | 571.94 |
| Experimental field two | Trench sowing | 41.20 | 33.30 | 43.63 | 508.80 |
| Experimental field three | Furrow are done | 38.61 | 32.21 | 51.17 | 540.91 |
Result shows: flat planting thousand kernel weight does higher than furrow lower than trench sowing, and the mu spike number is the highest, and grain number per spike is minimum, but output is the highest.
Claims (7)
1. a dry land wheat sowing high-yield cultivating method, is characterized in that, said method comprising the steps of:
The first step selects wheatland also to determine the type of wheatland;
Second step, the wheat seed of selection drought-resistant variety;
In the 3rd step, seed is carried out seed coating technology process;
The 4th step is to the wheatland basal dressing: adopt " one bombards " fertilization method, with fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer is disposable applies;
In the 5th step, carry out farming according to the wheatland type: during 2 years triple-croppings, deep plough when winter slack, rotary tillage before wheat cultivation; 1 year two when doing, soil moisture content was deep ploughed when well no there is not tillage pan on the ground of deep ploughing for many years again, date of seeding arid, shallow plowing when topsoil has the loss of moisture dangerous; The thin massif of soil layer drought unfertile land utilizes that machinery high yield ditch excavates, mechanical subsoiling or mechanical trench sowing machinery dry farming technology, carries out farming when the winter slack in conjunction with crop rotation;
The 6th step, select date of seeding, determine the amount of broadcasting, adopt flat planting technology sowing wheat: adopt the sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil of flat planting technology in the time of daily mean temperature 14-18 ℃, ridging not, seeding method are 20 centimetres of size row sowings that wait line-spacings or 18～23 centimetres, the every mu of amount of broadcasting 8-10 kilogram, seed level 3-5 centimetre, sow evenly, do not replay, sowing and suppression are worked continuously;
In the 7th step, carry out field management: the method for field management comprises Measures on Soil Moisture Conservation, chemical control technique measure, pest control measure, weeding measure, the measure and in good time gather in the crops measure of topdressing.
2. dry land wheat sowing high-yield cultivating method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described the 4th step, and mu application of organic fertilizers 2500-3500 kilogram, purity nitrogen 12-16 kilogram, pure phosphorus 5-6 kilogram, pure potassium 8-13 kilogram.
3. dry land wheat sowing high-yield cultivating method according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described fertilizer covers by the preceding crop stalk and applies, continuously 3-5.
4. dry land wheat sowing high-yield cultivating method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described the 5th step, during deep ploughing, tilling depth is 25-30cm.
5. dry land wheat according to claim 1 is sowed high-yield cultivating method, it is characterized in that, in described the 7th step, Measures on Soil Moisture Conservation focuses on suppression, inferior to drawing hoe, suppress when after planting the topsoil soil moisture content is poor, be beneficial to emerge, in many times of precipitation in early spring, draw early the hoe soil moisture conservation during topsoil good conditions for soil moisture, autumn and winter sleet is few, and table soil becomes dry and clod should be suppressed when many, or uproots behind first town.
6. dry land wheat sowing high-yield cultivating method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described the 7th step, the described measure of topdressing is: when occurring taking off fertile phenomenon, borrow moisture in the soil to topdress.
7. dry land wheat according to claim 1 is sowed high-yield cultivating method, it is characterized in that, the method is further comprising the steps of: strong sprout before the cultivation winter, control group structure: control every mu of 15-20 of Basic Seedling ten thousand, Before winter main stalk blade 6-7 sheet, before winter, every mu of total tiller is counted 75-100 ten thousand, and spring, total tiller was counted 90-120 ten thousand, spike number 35-40 ten thousand.
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| CN109548446A (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2019-04-02 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | The disposable choker perforated method of fertilizer needed for the drilling wheat time of infertility |
| CN108076717A (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2018-05-29 | 江苏省农业科学院 | It realizes Quality Wheat high yield and reduces the rice straw returning to the field method of rice season discharge of methane |
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