CN102773121A - 涂覆有包含纤维质材料的活化涂层的催化剂载体基材 - Google Patents
涂覆有包含纤维质材料的活化涂层的催化剂载体基材 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102773121A CN102773121A CN2012102448051A CN201210244805A CN102773121A CN 102773121 A CN102773121 A CN 102773121A CN 2012102448051 A CN2012102448051 A CN 2012102448051A CN 201210244805 A CN201210244805 A CN 201210244805A CN 102773121 A CN102773121 A CN 102773121A
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Classifications
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Abstract
一种涂覆有提高表面积的活化涂层组合物的固体催化剂载体基材,该活化涂层组合物包含催化组分、金属氧化物和长度与厚度的纵横比超过5∶1的难熔纤维质或晶须状材料。
Description
本申请是申请日为2005年9月12日(国际申请号为WO2006/030189)、进入国家阶段申请号为200580038719.3、发明名称为“涂覆有包含纤维质材料的活化涂层的催化剂载体基材”的申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种涂覆有提高表面积的活化涂层(washcoat)组合物的催化剂载体基材,并且特别地涉及具有针对工业应用,包括用于车辆排气系统,的提高的机械强度的这种活化涂层组合物。
背景技术
将氧化物活化涂层施加在陶瓷流通型(flow-through)蜂窝状整料上以提高其的表面积并且将产品催化的技术已经非常良好地确立了大约30年。每年制造了千万个使用该技术的汽车催化转化器。传统上,将活化涂层的浆料沉积在基材上,并且将涂覆的基材干燥以形成未经后续处理的(green)涂覆基材,然后将其焙烧。然后用来自铂组的一种或多种催化金属浸渍焙烧的、涂覆有活化涂层的整料。然而,当尝试将该技术用于要求更高的情形中,例如用金属基材代替车辆催化转化器用的陶瓷基材和用于工艺催化剂系统(即,大规模催化工艺,包括硫酸和硝酸工艺、蒸汽重整、纯化工艺等)中时,开始出现问题。涂层耐久性正变成一个重要的问题,尤其是在涉及到流体系统的催化处理(其中流体中具有磨损性污染物)的工艺中或者其中催化设备或反应器经历热和/或机械冲击的工艺中。
已知的是使用纤维增强物以增强较弱的基质,例如在塑料的玻璃纤维或碳纤维增强物中,和碳化硅或氮化硅纤维增强物用于金属或陶瓷。当然,在《圣经》中就提及了制备带有稻草的日晒干燥的粘土砖。在这些复合材料中,纤维添加物的大多数水平为30-90wt%范围。在这些材料中,由于当增强纤维在基质中桥接了推进的裂纹时获得了应变容限(这是因为纤维的破坏应变显著大于基质),所以产生了韧性。有许多方式增强基质,这包括但不石英或氧化铝纤维或SiC晶须。然而,还没有在固体催化剂载体基材上使用微米级纤维或晶须的活化涂层的任何建议,并且看起来少量纤维不可能提供任何有益的效果,这些纤维可以具有与至少部分基质活化涂层材料相同的组成。并且从催化剂化学工作者的观点出发,将基本惰性的材料混合到催化剂组合物中似乎没有好处。
Ahn等(“Fabrication of Silicon carbide whiskers and whiskercontaining composite coatings without using a metallic catalyst”,Surface and Coatings Technology,2002,154(2-3),276-281)描述了如何通过交替的晶须生长条件和基质填充工艺制备复合涂料。
Zwinkels等(“Preparation of combustion catalysts bywashcoating alumina whisker-covered metal monoliths using the sol-gel method”,Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis,1995,91,85-94)描述了如何将用氧化铝晶须覆盖的金属整料在含二氧化硅的浆料中浸涂。将Pd浸渍在由此制备的涂层上以得到催化燃烧用的合适催化剂。
美国专利No.5,326,735(NE Chemcat Corp.)描述了通过将铱沉积在金属碳化物或氮化物载体上而制备催化剂,该载体的来源是不重要的,但在该专利中建议是廉价的来源例如使用直径0.1-100微米的晶须或粉末。通常将该Ir/晶须催化剂与粘合剂一起球磨16小时,以制得整料涂层用的合适活化涂层。没有在权利要求或实施例中提及产生了提高的涂层耐久性,并且晶须不可能经受得住剧烈的研磨过程。
JP2001252574(Babcock-Hitachi K.K.)描述了用于烟道后处理应用的催化的纤维增强基材的制备。该基材是由用粘合剂例如硅胶或PVA喷涂的金属板条和玻璃纤维非织造布制成的多层结构,随后将其用催化剂涂覆。在该情况下,纤维层形成了基材的一部分并且有效地提供了对于随后沉积的催化剂涂层而言有利的关键性表面。
JP11267523(Babcock-Hitachi K.K.)描述了可以如何用PVA增强无机纤维布例如二氧化硅-氧化铝玻璃纤维,随后用催化剂糊剂例如氧化钛涂覆以提供用于烟道玻璃处理的催化剂涂覆的基材。在另一篇专利(JP 10202113,Babcock-Hitachi)中,通过将催化剂糊剂夹在两个无机织物基材中间并且施加压力以形成增强的催化制品而将该方法改进。这两个都是用于制备恰好被催化的复合材料的纤维的例子。另一个例子由JP 53015285(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries)给出,其中制备金属线增强的载体形状体并且然后用催化剂前体浸渍。
GB2138694A(Nippon Shokubai)披露了一种催化剂组合物,该组合物包含作为基质的基于磷钼酸或磷钼钒酸的杂多酸型催化活性组分和晶须(基于该催化剂组分,通常包含量为1-50wt%的晶须)。该催化剂组合物被报导在工业应用中具有优良的机械强度(例如抗压强度、耐磨性和下落强度(falling strenght))。在一个实施方案中,通过将作为基质的包含杂多酸的化合物和晶须的混合物的浆料喷射到合适的载体上而制备负载的催化剂。例举了直径为3-5mm的普通球形载体材料。载体还可以采用优选1-10mm的实心圆柱体、中空圆柱体、断裂的碎片、三角锥等,或者蜂窝或管子的形式。
发明内容
我们现已开发出一种用于涂覆在固体基材例如蜂窝状整料基材上的活化涂层组合物,该组合物具有用于工业应用,包括在车辆排气系统中的应用,提高的机械强度。
根据第一方面,本发明提供一种涂覆有提高表面积的活化涂层组合物的固体催化剂载体基材,该组合物包含催化组分、金属氧化物和长度与厚度的纵横比超过5∶1的难熔纤维质或晶须状材料。在一个实施方案中,该难熔纤维质或晶须状材料的长度与厚度的纵横比超过50∶1。在另一个实施方案中,该活化涂层对气体输送而言是多孔的。
GB2138694A的催化剂组合物不含金属氧化物和催化金属组分。此外,我们已经研究了在GB2138694A的负载的催化剂组合物中使用除了杂多酸之外使用催化金属组分的可能性。我们发现该负载的催化剂组合物不仅具有非常差的机械强度,而且它们还是非常差的催化剂。因此,我们得出结论:GB2138694A不能使得技术人员实践作为该文献主题针对除了杂多酸之外的任何其他催化金属组分的技术教导。
尽管附属的权利要求书的范围延伸至作为催化组分的杂多酸、金属氧化物和难熔纤维质或晶须状材料的组合,但在一个实施方案中催化组分是除了杂多酸之外的任何催化组分。
催化组分可以由沸石、粘土或钒磷氧化物组成,但在实施方案中催化组分包含至少一种任选地负载在提高表面积的载体上的金属。
在包含至少一种金属的实施方案中,金属可以是任何贵金属、镁、镍、钴、铁、钒、铜、钼、铝、硅或者其任何两种或多种的混合物。金属可以作为元素金属或作为其化合物例如氧化物存在。金属可以负载在提高表面积的载体上,这些载体包括沸石、氧化铝、氧化钛、二氧化硅、氧化锆或二氧化铈或者其任何两种或多种的混合氧化物或复合氧化物,例如二氧化硅-氧化铝、二氧化铈-氧化锆或氧化铝-二氧化铈-氧化锆。催化金属组分的说明性例子包括Pd/Al2O3、Fe/丝光沸石或β-沸石和Mg/ZSM5。
在其最基本的设计水平下,活化涂层组合物中的金属代表催化组分,其上负载金属的载体是金属氧化物。因此,用于本发明的活化涂层组合物可以包括负载在金属氧化物上的金属和难熔纤维质或晶须状材料。
制备负载的催化金属组分的方法是技术人员已知的并且包括初期的润湿技术和共沉淀。因此,这里将不给出这些方法的更详细的解释。
基于活化涂层组合物的总重量,催化金属组分中的金属可以占至多30wt%。例如对于乙炔氢化而言,200ppm Pd/Al2O3可以是足够的加载量,而对于Fischer-Tropsch催化剂而言,可能需要20-30wt%的加载量。
该固体催化剂载体基材可以是各种形式的金属流通型蜂窝状整料、“静态混合器”型结构、金属丝网元件、板或任何其他的反应器部件,但是设想了本发明还可以在对陶瓷整料更有挑战性的应用中找到有用的应用。该催化剂载体基材可以提供部分或全部的过滤作用,例如颗粒被延迟在基材中以使得可以与气体组分反应或者使得可以进行催化反应,所述颗粒尤其包括柴油机烟灰或其他燃烧烟灰。还包括大孔制品可,例如Raschig环或其他成型载体。
难熔纤维质材料是承受用于将活化涂层或活化涂层前体转化成合适的氧化形式的常规焙烧工艺并且承受正常的使用条件的一类。该纤维质材料可以选自氧化铝,优选γ-氧化铝、富铝红柱石和其他金属氧化物陶瓷纤维,但是这些陶瓷纤维的一些或全部可以由碳化硅或氮化硅型纤维或晶须或者石英代替。该纤维质材料适宜地为分散的单丝形式。这些丝适宜地为10nm直径和至多5mm长度。合适的纤维质材料可商购获得,例如“Saffil”(由Saffil plc提供的“催化剂级”纤维垫)。该Saffil纤维通常为3.5μm直径。可以任选地将该纤维或晶须状材料化学改性以增强它们的性能。
我们认识到,处于亚-1μm范围内的难熔纤维质材料的颗粒可能对健康有害例如石棉沉着病。然而,取决于暴露的风险,可以适宜地选择难熔纤维质材料的尺寸。例如,在化学生产中,员工可能穿戴上保护性衣服和呼吸器,因此亚微米直径纤维的使用可能是可接受的,而对于车辆应用而言,将使用更大直径的纤维以避免将有害颗粒散发到大气中。
活化涂层组合物的金属氧化物组分本身并不是关键的,并且可以是二氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化钛、二氧化铈-氧化锆混合氧化物、或二氧化铈-氧化锆-氧化铝共混物,包括前述物质的掺杂变体的任何一种。常规的是在活化涂层浆料中包括粘合剂,并且在本发明中优选包括粘合剂例如胶态二氧化硅如“Ludox”。我们设想本发明还可用于涂覆净化助剂,例如用于除硫的铜-锌-氧化铝混合氧化物,或用于氢气螯合的化学计量试剂例如负载的氧化物。因此,本文中使用的术语“活化涂层组合物”包括本身化学活性的涂料以及基本惰性的那些。例如,许多现代汽车催化剂活化涂层组合物在氧气处理或NOx储存中起到了积极的作用,并且活化涂层组合物可以掺入“吸气剂”型材料。在一个实施方案中,金属氧化物组分占活化涂层组合物的至多35wt%。
活化涂层组合物的一般厚度为5-100μm;任选为5-60μm厚度范围。
难熔纤维质或晶须状材料的数量适宜地为固体含量的0.5-49.9wt%,例如为小于30wt%的范围,例如为1-15wt%的范围。可以采用常规技术将纤维质材料容易地混合到活化涂层的浆料中。初始试验表明纤维的粉碎会增加所需的数量。
该活化涂层组合物包含一种或多种催化金属组分、任选地以及助催化剂。该催化组分可以溶液掺入到含纤维质材料的活化涂层组合物的浆料中,和/或一种或多种活化涂层组合物的浆料组分,包括纤维质或晶须状材料,可以被预催化。作为选择,在将未经过后续处理的活化涂层组合物涂覆的基材焙烧之后,可以将催化剂溶液沉积在带有活化涂层组合物的基材上。
应该理解的是,根据本发明的基材可以包括活化涂层组合物的多层涂层,其中其他的层(一层或多层)也可以是根据本发明的或者可以是常规的。
根据第二方面,本发明提供一种形成根据本发明的基材的方法,其包括:将包含活化涂层组合物的浆料施加在基材上,并且将涂覆的基材干燥和焙烧,该组合物包含催化组分、金属氧化物和长度与厚度的纵横比超过5∶1的难熔纤维质或晶须状材料。
已经采用各种方法,包括K-棒涂覆器涂覆在金属板上、喷涂金属基材和通过根据EP1064094使用Johnson Matthey所有的“精确涂覆”技术以沉积在商业的金属车辆催化转化器基材上,成功地将包含纤维质或晶须状材料的活化涂层组合物浆料沉积在金属基材上。因此,我们认为不需要对常规的活化涂层组合物沉积和焙烧方法提供特殊的工艺步骤或改进。有许多在将层涂覆到基材上的领域中的那些技术人员已知的方法,例如精确涂覆、喷涂、印刷、浸涂、人工或自动技术,和通过静电技术施加。
根据第三方面,本发明包括用于本发明方法的包含活化涂层组合物的浆料,该活化涂层组合物包含催化组分、金属氧化物和长度与厚度的纵横比超过5∶1的难熔纤维质或晶须状材料。
对根据本发明的涂覆的基材的各种类型的试验表明,在形成未经后续处理的涂覆基材期间在干燥时的开裂显著减少,以及显著提高的耐久性。可以通过以下试验评价耐久性:用α氧化铝球轰击焙烧的涂覆基材、通过粘合带试验、高流速空气流动和通过使整个车辆催化转化器下落到混凝土地板上许多次、通过在之前和之后称重而量化以模拟使用中的撞击或冲击。
具体实施方式
现在将参照下面的非限定性实施例并且参照附图来描述本发明,其中:
图1是表示穿过蜂窝状整料的轴向截面照片,以验证与GB2138694A的教导内容相比,通过根据本发明的各种活化涂层组合物的涂层渗透性。
比较例1γ-Al2O3纤维增强的CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3涂层
在30%固体的二氧化铈-氧化锆-氧化铝的浆料中,通过将纤维垫破碎以0、1.4、3.2、6.1和11.4wt%的数量(相对于浆料的固含量)加入各种水平的γ-Al2O3纤维(由Saffil plc提供的“催化剂级”纤维垫),并且用高剪切搅拌器分散。使用K-棒将干净的不锈钢板(215mmx75mmx1mm)涂覆上纤维/二氧化铈-氧化锆-氧化铝浆料,伴随着在环境温度下的强制空气干燥,随后在130℃等温烘箱中干燥过夜。在干燥后,在空气中在2℃/分钟的速率下将涂覆的板加热至500℃。
通过将其置于装有100g 13mmα-Al2O3球的1.3升螺旋盖塑料瓶中并且用手剧烈振荡1分钟而对涂覆的板的片(一般为110x76mm)进行磨损试验。在磨损试验之前和之后将板称重以确定涂层损失的量,并且还将剩余的涂层除去以确定开始时存在的涂层的总量(参见表1)。
表1
比较例2石英纤维增强的二氧化铈-氧化锆-氧化铝涂层
采用高剪切搅拌器将两个石英棉样品(2-12μm直径,SaintGobain Quartz)分散在30%固体的二氧化铈-氧化锆-氧化铝浆料中(相对于浆料固含量为1.6和3.2wt%的SiO2纤维加载量)。伴随着在环境温度下强制空气干燥,通过K-棒将干净的316不锈钢板(215mmx75mmx1mm)涂覆上石英纤维/二氧化铈-氧化锆-氧化铝浆料,随后在130℃等温烘箱中干燥过夜。在干燥后,在空气中在2℃/分钟的速率下将涂覆的板加热至500℃。将涂覆的板的片(一般为110x76mm)进行实施例1中所述的α-Al2O3球磨损试验,结果示于表2中。
表2
比较例3γ-Al2O3纤维加入到TiO2涂层中
借助于机械分散,制备传统的TiO2-基浆料批料自身或者具有不同水平的γ-Al2O3纤维(由Saffil plc提供的“催化剂级”纤维垫)和/或二氧化硅粘合剂。用该浆料涂覆5.66英寸直径x6英寸长度的金属催化剂整料并且在120℃下干燥,然后在500℃下焙烧。使用下落试验以确定纤维加入和/或二氧化硅粘合剂加入对涂层完整性的影响(参见表3)。表3表明,涂层耐久性通过将纤维加入到TiO2-基涂层中而显著提高,并且可以通过使用纤维和二氧化硅粘合剂而进一步增强。
表3
*相对于总固含量
实施例1γ-Al2O3纤维加入到贵金属二氧化铈-氧化锆涂层
制备41wt%的责金属二氧化铈-氧化锆催化剂浆料(Pt预先固定在二氧化铈-氧化锆复合金属氧化物上),其中相对于浆料固含量具有0、5、10和15%γ-Al2O3纤维水平(由Saffil plc提供的“催化剂级”纤维垫),借助于机械分散以得到80μm的预计纤维长度。用该浆料将70x100mm金属条喷涂,采用空气干燥而干燥并且在500℃下煅烧。使用25mm透明胶带以确定涂层的耐久性,并且在带试验之前和之后称重以定量涂层损失(参见表4)。从表4中观察到,γ-Al2O3纤维的加入导致提高的涂层耐久性水平。还将观察到纤维的加入使得更高加载量的涂层沉积在均匀大小的金属条上(对于0、5、10和15%纤维而言,分别为20.1、22.0、25.2和23.9%)和因此更厚的涂层。将预料到更厚的涂层将比更薄的涂层更弱,这是令人惊奇的结果。加入到相同wt%的Saffil纤维中的未磨碎的氧化铝不会赋予任何的粘合性提高。还可以用手动辊或者通过精确涂覆将该纤维增强的涂层涂覆,以获得优于未增强的涂层的相同的耐久性提高。
表4
实施例2γ-Al2O3和SiC纤维加入到Pt/Al2O3涂层
将不同水平的80μm Saffilγ-Al2O3纤维(由Saffil plc提供的“催化剂级”,通过80μm筛网)分散在30%固体的Pt/Al2O3浆料(Pt预先固定在γ-Al2O3上)中,并且使用K-棒涂覆在干净的不锈钢板(40x100mm)上。还使用可商购获得的碳化硅晶须制备一个样品。将涂覆的板干燥并且在500℃下焙烧,并且进行25mm透明胶带试验。
粘合性结果示于表5中。
表5
实施例3本发明的活化涂层组合物和按照GB2138694A的教导制备的那些的耐磨性的比较
通过多种方法用Pt涂覆2.2cm直径和8.2cm长度的400个单元/每平方英寸的蜂窝状整料。表6的条目1-4对应于本发明的一个或多个实施方案,而条目5-8根据GB2138694A的教导使用铂-基催化金属组分代替杂多酸而制备。
表6的条目#1通过以下方式制备:在含有5wt%Saffilγ-Al2O3纤维(相对于固体)与在没有将Pt预先固定在Al2O3载体上制备的催化剂的2Pt/Al2O330%固体浆料中将整料浸涂。将涂覆的整料在105℃下干燥并且在500℃下焙烧。表6的条目#2如同#1制备,但在700℃下将涂覆的整料焙烧。使用通过初期润湿、随后在105℃下干燥并且然后在500℃下煅烧而制备的预先固定的2Pt/Al2O3催化剂制备表6的条目#3。将整料浸涂在含有相对于固体加入的5wt%Saffilγ-Al2O3纤维的30%固体的催化剂浆料中。将涂覆的整料在105℃下干燥并且在500℃下焙烧。表6的条目#4如同#3制备,但样品在700℃下焙烧。
表6的条目#5通过将整料浸涂在于水中30wt%固体的四胺铂(II)碳酸氢盐(tetraammine platinum(II)hydrogen carbonate)混合物中而制备。没有加入纤维。将涂覆的蜂窝在105℃下干燥并且在500℃下焙烧。表6的条目#6如同#5制备,但相对于固体加入5wt%Saffilγ-Al2O3纤维。将涂覆的整料在105℃下干燥并且在500℃下焙烧。表6的条目#7如同#6制备,但在700℃下将涂覆的整料焙烧。表6的条目#8通过使用根据表条目#6制备的浆料将整料喷涂而制备。将涂覆的整料在105℃下干燥并且在500℃下焙烧。
通过使高压空气喷流(35psig)向下吹过蜂窝状通道结构20秒以模拟车辆排气系统中的条件而测试样品的涂层粘合性/耐久性。当进行高压空气磨损试验时,表6的条目1-4没有表现出涂层的损失。然而令人惊奇地,当进行该试验时,表的条目5-7表现出涂层全部损失。
使用一氧化碳(CO)吸收-用于测量催化剂活性位点密度的标准试验-来评价蜂窝状整料的催化活性。用于表6条目1-4中的方法得到了高的CO吸收测量值,这表明铂的有效使用和潜在地非常活性的催化剂的形成。相反,用于表的条目5-8中的方法得到了非常差的CO吸收值(比表的条目1-4中列出的材料低100倍)。这表明铂特别差的利用率并且将预计导致差的催化性能。
将根据表的条目1、3、5、6和8制备的蜂窝状整料样品轴向切片,以验证该蜂窝状结构的涂层渗透性。示出这些样品的图1证实:i)根据本发明的实施方案制备的涂层(条目1和3)表现出优良的涂层渗透性并且轻微的颜色表明优良的Pt分散性;ii)根据GB2138694的教导制备的涂层(条目5和6)含有分散很差的Pt(由暗色表明),和iii)采用GB2138694中描述的喷涂方法制备的条目8通过该方法表现出特别差的蜂窝状结构的涂层渗透性。
Claims (14)
1.一种涂覆有提高表面积的厚度为5-100μm的活化涂层组合物的固体催化剂载体基材,该组合物包含催化组分、金属氧化物、和长度与厚度的纵横比超过5∶1的难熔纤维质或晶须状材料。
2.根据权利要求1的基材,其中长度与厚度的纵横比超过50∶1。
3.根据权利要求1或2的基材,其中催化组分包括至少一种金属。
4.根据权利要求3的基材,其中该至少一种金属选自:贵金属、镁、镍、钴、铁、钒、铜、钼、铝、硅和其任何两种或多种的混合物。
5.根据权利要求3或4的基材,其中基于活化涂层组合物的总重量,金属以至多30wt%存在。
6.根据任一项前述权利要求的基材,其中活化涂层组合物是化学活性的。
7.根据任一项前述权利要求的基材,其中活化涂层是多孔的或可透过气体的。
8.根据任一项前述权利要求的基材,其中该基材是金属催化剂基材。
9.根据权利要求8的基材,其中该基材是流通型整料或“静态混合器”型结构。
10.根据任一项前述权利要求的基材,其中该纤维质或晶须状材料是γ氧化铝纤维。
11.根据任一项前述权利要求的基材,其中该纤维质材料形成活化涂层组合物的1-15wt%。
12.根据任一项前述权利要求的基材,其中金属氧化物形成活化涂层组合物的至多35wt%。
13.一种形成根据任一项前述权利要求的基材的方法,其包括:将包含活化涂层组合物的浆料施加在基材上,并且将涂覆的基材干燥和焙烧,所述活化涂层组合物包含催化组分、金属氧化物、和长度与厚度的纵横比超过5∶1的难熔纤维质或晶须状材料。
14.一种用于权利要求13的方法的包含活化涂层组合物的浆料,该活化涂层组合物包含催化组分、金属氧化物和长度与厚度的纵横比超过5∶1的难熔纤维质或晶须状材料。
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US5326735A (en) * | 1992-07-10 | 1994-07-05 | N.E. Chemcat Corporation | Iridium catalysts for purifying exhaust gas |
CN1517527A (zh) * | 2003-01-10 | 2004-08-04 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 用于净化废气的过滤催化剂 |
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RU2007113821A (ru) | 2008-10-20 |
KR20130025445A (ko) | 2013-03-11 |
CA2580214A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
KR20070057234A (ko) | 2007-06-04 |
WO2006030189A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
KR101281515B1 (ko) | 2013-07-03 |
CN101056709B (zh) | 2013-01-02 |
MX2007002990A (es) | 2007-09-12 |
RU2400301C2 (ru) | 2010-09-27 |
US20070259779A1 (en) | 2007-11-08 |
GB0420245D0 (en) | 2004-10-13 |
AU2005283995A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
JP2008512234A (ja) | 2008-04-24 |
BRPI0515183A (pt) | 2008-07-22 |
EP1793930A1 (en) | 2007-06-13 |
ZA200702922B (en) | 2008-08-27 |
US7772147B2 (en) | 2010-08-10 |
CN101056709A (zh) | 2007-10-17 |
BRPI0515183B1 (pt) | 2015-06-09 |
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