CN102576168A - 用于显示器、照明装置和太阳能电池的具有改善的光学性能和电性能的导电膜或电极 - Google Patents
用于显示器、照明装置和太阳能电池的具有改善的光学性能和电性能的导电膜或电极 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种导电膜或装置多层电极,所述导电膜或装置多层电极包括基板和由透明的或半透明的中间层分开的两个透明的或半透明的导电层。所述中间层包括位于所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层之间的导电通道,以有助于降低发生在装有所述导电膜或电极的装置中的特定层之间的界面反射。
Description
背景技术
胆甾型液晶(ChLC)材料由向列型液晶和手性添加剂组成,向列型液晶和手性添加剂混合在一起,用于自发形成具有明确限定节距的螺旋结构。该节距决定了被材料反射的光的波长,从而决定了材料的颜色。还可以通过改变向列型液晶和手性组分的比率来调整该颜色。通过应用合适的驱动方案,ChLC显示器中的像素可以在其平面反射(彩色的)状态和其半透明焦锥状态之间转换。
图1示出单色ChLC显示器10,包括在如图所示配置中具有以下层的叠堆:基板12;电极14;ChLC材料16;电极18;基板20;和黑吸收层22。从ChLC材料16的反射26产生被显示色。全色ChLC显示器可以通过堆叠一组RGB面板来构造,其中各个RGB亚像素在彼此顶部重叠并且反射光谱的不同区域。显示器面板的背部涂覆有宽带吸收层22,其吸收不被前层反射的光。黑色吸收层包含以下示例材料:KRYLON哑光或亮光黑色丙烯酸磁漆喷漆。
图2示出了用于ChLC显示器的现有技术电极30。基板38为装置提供支承。现有技术的电极包括由电介质聚合物34的连续层分开的两层透明导电氧化物(TCO)层32和36。
图1中所示的界面反射24和28可在层间(例如在基板和电极的界面处)发生,并且此类界面反射是不希望有的,因为它们会降低装置性能。在其他类型的反射型和发射型显示器中的反射损失也可能对其性能不利。此外,对于柔性显示器和固态照明装置而言,标准TCO(例如铟锡氧化物(ITO))的脆性会因造成TCO的开裂及导电性损失,因而导致装置过早出现故障。
发明内容
符合本发明的导电膜或电极包括基板和由透明的或半透明的中间层分开的两个透明的或半透明的导电层。中间层有助于降低发生在组装了该电极的装置中的有害界面反射,其包括位于两个导电层之间的导电通道。中间层还提高了导电层在弯折和弯曲条件下的耐久性。中间层和导电层间导电通道的使用为更薄的各导电层创造了条件。更薄的各导电层比相同组合导电层厚度的单个导电层更具柔韧性。弯折单个厚导电层可能会引起开裂,而在同样条件下两个更薄导电层可经受弯折而无损。两个导电层间导电通道还产生了冗余的电通道,使得一个导电层中的开裂不会导致导电性的完全损失。在单个厚导电层中,开裂可能导致开路和过早的装置故障。中间层可被选择成使导电膜的整体柔韧性得到优化。
附图说明
附图包含在本说明书中并构成本说明书的一部分,并且它们结合具体实施方式阐明本发明的优点和原理。在这些附图中,
图1是单色ChLC显示器构造的透视图;
图2是用于ChLC显示器的现有技术电极的示意图;
图3是具有带导电通道的中间层的装置电极的示意图;
图4是具有居间导电层的装置电极的示意图;
图5是具有中间层的装置电极的示意图,其中中间层含有分散在粘结剂中的导电粒子;
图6是具有多个中间层和一个导电层以与显示介质接触的装置电极的示意图;
图7是具有多个中间层和一个绝缘层以与显示介质接触的装置电极的示意图;
图8是说明发光装置的透视图;以及
图9是说明太阳能电池的透视图。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施例涉及具有改善的电性质和光学性质的装置基板电极。该电极可用于任何显示器,在这些显示器中,(例如)层之间产生的反射对装置性能有害。该电极还可与诸如ChLC材料或电致变色材料等多种类型显示材料一起使用。术语“显示材料”是指显示装置中的电极活化的任何类型的材料。可装有电极的其他显示装置包括液晶显示装置、电泳装置、无机电致发光装置、聚合物分散液晶装置和有机发光二极管(OLED)装置。该电极还可用于如(举例来说)被动式窗(passive window)、智能窗、太阳能电池、固态照明装置和光电装置等非显示装置。
本发明的其他实施例包括不用作显示装置电极的导电膜。此导电膜可以用于这样的膜应用,其中传导性提供红外反射。这样的膜应用的例子包括如下:窗;照明装置;建筑;汽车;器具和科学仪器。该导电膜还可以用于这样的照明装置和投影仪,其中能透过可见光并且通过该膜能反射红外热。
该电极或导电膜包括两个或更多个具有特定折射率的导电层以及具有不同折射率和带有导电通道的居间导电层或绝缘层。该导电层和中间层各自均为透明的或半透明的。当这些基板组装到ChLC显示器内时,调整电极叠堆内的各个层的厚度和各个层的光学折射率,以最小化有害的菲涅耳反射。在一个优选的实施例中,该导电层是对称的,这意味着它们具有同样的厚度。在其他实施例中,该导电层可以具有不同的厚度。
该电极构造显著提高黑色电平、颜色饱和度,从而增强该显示器的对比度。此外,该中间层允许电极的导电层之间的电接触。因此,多层电极的导电率高于在该叠堆内的单个导电层的导电率。因为显示器的尺寸可受到该电极的薄层电阻的限制,所以多层电极允许制造较大的显示器面板。与具有单层电极的装置相比,使用多层电极制造的显示器呈现出显著改善的电性能和光学性能。
与常规基于向列型液晶(NLC)的显示器不同,ChLC显示器不需要偏振器或者滤色器,这使得装置构造更简单,成本可能更低。在全色NLC显示器中,红绿蓝(RGB)亚像素是并列排列的。因此,各个RGB原色中的每个只占可视区的三分之一。另一方面,每个ChLC RGB亚像素反射单一原色的同时透过其他两种原色。
ChLC显示器中的每个亚像素包含置于两个导电基板之间的ChLC材料。亚像素可以使用光学粘合剂粘合在一起。或者,导体可以在每个基板的两侧涂覆或图案化,这样除去了光学粘合剂层。可以包括红色和黄色滤光器,以提高颜色饱和度并且最小化颜色随视角的变化。每个堆叠像素的观察颜色由来自每个亚像素反射的总数确定。通过RGB原色来利用整个可视区,从而使亮度显著提高。
在其开启(反射)状态时,像素反射的光包括ChLC平面反射和在各个界面上由于折射率失配而引起的有害菲涅耳反射,用反射24和28表示(参见图1)。菲涅耳反射通常是宽带的,从而会降低显示器的颜色饱和度。在其关闭状态时,像素反射的光包括来自半透明焦锥状态的散射和界面菲涅耳反射。这些反射降低显示器的黑色电平,从而降低对比度。
菲涅耳反射的大小取决于在交界部折射率的比率。垂直入射时,它是通过下列公式确定的:
其中n为具有折射率n2、n1的两种介质的相对折射率。在具有最高相对折射率的交界部,菲涅耳反射是最强的。图1中所示装置10的各层的折射率如下:电极的为n=2.0;基板的为n=1.65;而ChLC材料的为n=1.55。因此,在装置10中,最高折射率阶跃发生在高折射率铟锡氧化物(ITO)透明电极与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)基板或ChLC之间的交界部。装置10包括两个ITO/PET交界部和两个ITO/ChLC交界部。根据照明和观察几何条件,来自这些交界部的宽带菲涅耳反射可以超出ChLC的反射率,从而显著降低显示器性能。
相比之下,本发明实施例的电极设计获得优良的光学性能和电性能。在电极设计中的中间层是具有允许在两导电层之间电接触的导电通道的透明的或半透明的层。通道可以通过控制中间层的厚度和沉积条件自然地形成。还可以通过以下方式调节与基板距离最近的第一导电层的化学和物理特性以允许这些通道的形成:改变中间层的润湿性质,使得该中间层是不连续的以允许相邻层之间的电接触。或者,通道可以使用诸如激光烧蚀、离子轰击或湿法/干法蚀刻等技术来形成。
中间层可以通过诸如溅镀、电子束蒸镀和热蒸镀等气相沉积技术来沉积。中间层可包括聚合物(包括共聚物,例如聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚烯烃、聚环氧化合物、聚醚等)和无机材料(例如金属氧化物、氮化物、碳化物以及它们的混合物)。优选的非导电中间层包括聚丙烯酸酯和二氧化硅。中间层也可用溶液涂层来形成。还可以使用超级阻膜工艺,其中单体被蒸镀到基板上并原位固化。超级阻膜包括多层膜,该多层膜通过例如在玻璃或其他合适基板上的许多层中或在无机材料和有机聚合物的交替层中顺序地真空沉积两种无机电介质材料来制备,如美国专利No.5,440,446、No.5,877,895和No.6,010,751中所述,所有这些专利以引用方式并入本文,如同被完整陈述。
一个实施例被示出为图3的多层装置电极40。该电极包括TCO或半透明导电氧化物的两个高折射率导电层42和50,这两个导电层通过具有导电通道的较低折射率的透明的或半透明的层46分开,该导电通道包括延伸穿过透明层46中的孔48以连接电极42和50的导电连接件44。基板52为装置提供支承。层是分开绘制的,以说明该构想。
在另一个实施例中,如图4的多层装置电极54中所示,中间层是具有比任一侧导电层更低折射率的透明或半透明导体。在电极54中,居间导电层58可以在TCO或半透明导电氧化物的两个邻近的导电层56与60之间提供连续的导电通道。基板62为显示器提供支承。中间层58可以包含溶液涂覆的或电沉积的导电聚合物。它还可以是气相沉积的透明导体。导电聚合物包括以下示例材料:聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩和PEDOT/PSS(聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)/聚苯乙烯磺酸)。导电层的组合厚度受到薄层电阻要求的限制,但可对各个层的厚度进行最优化,以获得所需的光学性质。
在另一个实施例中,如图5的多层装置电极64所示,中间层包含分散在粘结剂中的导电粒子。该粘结剂68中的导电粒子70提供在TCO或半透明导电氧化物的导电层66和72之间的导电通道。基板74为装置提供支承。粘结剂可以是导电的或绝缘的。导电粒子可以是有机的、无机的、或金属的。导电粒子也包括镀金属的粒子。通过改变粘结剂和导电粒子的体积分数可以调节中间层的折射率。
多层电极的基体以及埋置的导电纳米粒子可包括如下物质。基体可以包括任何透明的或半透明的(导电的或绝缘的)聚合物(例如,丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、或上文列出的导电聚合物)、或透明的或半透明的无机材料,这些无机材料可为导电的(例如上文列出的TCO)或绝缘的(SiO2、氮化硅(SixNy)、氧化锌(ZnO)、氧化铝(Al2O3)、或氟化镁(MgF2))。导电的纳米粒子可包括导电聚合物(例如上文列出的那些)、金属(例如银、金、镍、铬)或镀金属的粒子。如果基体是导电的,那么纳米粒子可以是绝缘的,具体地讲,它们可以是上文列出的绝缘材料(例如,SiO2、氮化硅、氧化锌、或其他绝缘材料)的纳米粒子。
使用多层电极的装置的基板可包括用于制造显示器或电子装置的任何类型的基板材料。基板可为刚性的,例如通过使用玻璃或其他材料而具有刚性。基底也可是弯曲的或柔性的,例如通过使用塑料或其他材料而具有柔性。可使用以下示例材料制备基板:玻璃、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚砜(PES)、聚芳酯(PAR)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)、多环烯烃(PCO)、三乙酸纤维素(TAC)和聚氨酯(PU)。
其他适用于基板的材料包括三氟氯乙烯-偏二氟乙烯共聚物(CTFE/VDF)、乙烯-三氟氯乙烯共聚物(ECTFE)、乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)、氟化乙烯-丙烯共聚物(FEP)、聚三氟氯乙烯(PCTFE)、全氟烷基-四氟乙烯共聚物(PFA)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚氟乙烯(PVF)、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(TFE/HFP)、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-偏二氟乙烯三元共聚物(THV)、聚三氟氯乙烯(PCTFE)、六氟丙烯-偏二氟乙烯共聚物(HFP/VDF)、四氟乙烯-丙烯共聚物(TFE/P)和四氟乙烯-全氟甲醚共聚物(TFE/PFMe)。
其他合适的基板包含阻膜和超级阻膜。阻膜的例子在美国专利No.7,468,211中有所描述,该专利以引用方式并入本文,如同被完整陈述。超级阻膜包括多层膜,该多层膜通过例如在玻璃或其他合适基板上的许多层中或在无机材料和有机聚合物的交替层中顺序地真空沉积两种无机电介质材料来制备,如美国专利No.5,440,446、No.5,877,895和No.6,010,751中所述,所有这些专利以引用方式并入本文,如同被完整陈述。
多层电极的TCO包括以下示例材料:ITO、氧化锡、氧化镉(CdSn2O4、CdGa2O4、CdIn2O4、CdSb2O6、CdGeO4)、氧化铟(In2O3、Ga、GaInO3(Sn,Ge)、(GaIn)2O3)、氧化锌(ZnO(Al)、ZnO(Ga)、ZnSnO3、Zn2SnO4、Zn2In2O5、Zn3In2O6)和氧化镁(MgIn2O4、MgIn2O4--Zn2In2O5)。
如图6和图7所示,虽然上述的实施例包括由中间层分开的两个透明的或半透明的导电层,但是可以根据所需的光学性质和电性质加入另外的透明的或半透明的导电层和中间层。图6和图7中示出的装置电极76和90包括以下充当单个电极的层:多个透明或半透明的导电层78、82和86;导电层间透明或半透明的中间层80和84;和基板88。也可以加入导电层和中间层的附加层,使得电极具有针对特定装置进行最优化或调整的任何层数。另外,当电极用于显示装置时,接触显示介质的层可根据切换机制(例如电流或场驱动型)的不同而为绝缘的或导电的,例如图6中所示的导电层78或图7中所示的绝缘层92。此外,可将多层电极按所需的最终用途“调整”为不同的光学性质。例如,中间层材料和层厚度可按所需用途或性质而变化,例如与多层阻挡基板或OLED光学腔匹配以增强光外耦合。
对于三色ChLC显示器,用于每种颜色的电极可以针对特定波长范围设计或调整,以最小化界面反射。表1包括针对ChLC显示装置中的单种颜色(RGB ChLC材料层)设计的最优化电极构造的厚度(单位:纳米(nm))。
多层电极可用于其他显示装置,例如电泳装置(包括Bridgestone粉末的使用)、聚合物分散液晶(PDLC)装置以及无机电致发光(IEL)显示器和照明装置。电泳、PDLC和IEL装置的例子分别在美国专利No.7,365,900、No.5,629,783和No.7,538,483中有所描述,所有这些专利以引用方式并入本文,如同被完整陈述。Bridgestone粉末在Bridgestone公司发布的名称为“Quick Response-Liquid Powder Display(QR-LPD)(快速响应-电子粉流体显示器(QR-LPD))”的出版物中有所描述,并且在美国专利No.7,495,820中也有所描述,该专利以引用方式并入本文,如同被完整陈述。
多层电极也可用于OLED显示器和照明装置。OLED是指包括有机发射材料的电致发光装置。发射材料可包括例如小分子(SM)发光体、SM掺杂聚合物(也用分子掺杂聚合物或MDP来表示)、发光聚合物(LEP)、掺杂LEP、混合的LEP或这些材料的任意组合。此发射材料可单独提供或与任何其他有机或无机材料结合提供,其他有机或无机材料包括例如OLED装置中功能性或非功能性的粘结剂、颜色转换材料、散射材料和电解质。电解质的添加为发光电化学电池(LEC)创造了条件,所述发光电化学电池如美国专利No.5,682,043中所述的那些,该专利以引用方式并入本文,如同被完整陈述。LEC为OLED中的一类,具有如美国专利No.7,115,216中所述的制造上的优势,该专利以引用方式并入本文,如同被完整陈述。有机发射材料和附加材料(例如电荷注入和传输材料)通常以单层或多层的方式夹在两个平面电极间,其中一个平面电极通常为透明的,以形成漫射光源或像素化显示。R.H.Friend等人在(“Electroluminescence in ConjugatedPolymers”Nature,397,1999,121(共轭聚合物的电致发光,《自然》,1999年,第397卷,第121页),以引用方式并入本文,如同被完整陈述)中描述了此类材料电致发光的一个机制。
图8为示出可装有多层电极的发光装置100的透视图。装置100包括在所示配置中具有以下层的叠堆:基板102、电极104、发光材料106、电极108和基板110。电极104和106之一者或二者可用上述的多层电极实施例来实现。发光材料106受激时发出由箭头112表示的光,该发光材料可包括OLED或IEL材料、或用于显示器或固态照明装置的其他类型发光材料。装置100也可具有附加层,例如IEL装置的电极和发光层间的绝缘层。
图9为可装有多层电极的太阳能电池120的透视图。太阳能电池120包括在所示配置中具有如下层的叠堆:基板122、电极124、活性物质126、电极128和基板130。电极124和126中的一者或二者可用上述的多层电极实施例来实现。活性物质126吸收由箭头132表示的光,以激活太阳能电池,从而将光能转化为电能。太阳能电池包括光伏电池,尤其是有机光伏(OPV)太阳能电池。OPV太阳能电池的例子在美国专利No.5,350,459中有所描述,该专利以引用方式并入本文,如同被完整陈述。作为多层电极的一部分位于太阳能电池接收光的一侧的TCO电极可降低反射损失并因此改善太阳能电池的装置效率。太阳能电池也可包含阻膜,以保护电池尤其是活性物质不受环境影响。
实例
实例1
制造了图4中示出的具有三层电极设计的基板。中间层由使用上文指出的超级阻膜工艺沉积的丙烯酸酯聚合物组成,并且两个导电层由溅镀沉积的ITO组成。如表2指出的,在一卷0.005英寸厚的PET上制造具有不同中间层和ITO层厚度的三层电极。
各个层厚度通过在整个ITO和超级阻膜沉积源的用英尺每分钟(fpm)表示的膜速度来确定。更快的速度形成更薄的层。使用测量两个ITO层的组合导电率的非接触探针(Delcom)和测量顶部暴露表面的导电率的表面接触4-探针仪器来测量这些样品的薄层电阻。两种测量技术都得到测量误差范围内相同的薄层电阻值,这表明中间层允许两相邻ITO层之间电接触。
对使用具有折射率匹配的三层电极的基板和具有非折射率匹配的单层电极的基板制造的全色RGB、ChLC装置进行比较。具有非折射率匹配电极时,宽带界面反射更为明显。相对于具有折射率匹配电极的装置,这些反射降低颜色饱和度。
具有折射率匹配电极的装置的色域是具有非折射率匹配电极的装置的色域的三倍大。相对于具有折射率匹配电极的那些装置,更强的界面反射还降低了具有非折射率匹配电极的装置的黑色电平。因此,对于具有折射率匹配电极的装置而言,对比度更高,其中对比度被定义为白色状态对黑色状态的亮度比率(CIE Y)。
装置还可以由三层电极基板制造,其中中间层由SiO2、代替超级阻膜层的无机材料组成。该三层电极由溅镀到5密耳PET(Dupont Teijin,ST-504)上的ITO(20nm)/SiO2(42nm)/ITO(20nm)组成。当组装到ChLC、RGB这些装置中时,这些基板还呈现出改善的电性质和光学性质。对于具有折射率匹配的三层电极的装置而言,颜色饱和度(色域)和对比度都显著更高。具有三层折射率匹配电极时,色域超过四倍大,对比度超过五倍大。
三层电极设计还可实现低薄层电阻与优良光学性能相结合。每个低折射率中间层允许相邻透明导电层之间电接触。因此,多层电极的导电率由所有导电层的组合厚度确定。显示器用具有三层电极的基板制造。与使用单层电极的那些相比,该基板的更低薄层电阻(大约100Ω/平方)可实现优异的显示均匀度,在整个显示器上没有图形褪色。可以观察到颜色饱和度和显示均匀度都是非常优良的。
实例2
使用实例1所用的相同过程在PET膜上制造ITO/聚合物/ITO多层叠堆。激光烧蚀技术被用来为OLED制造限定电极。在OLED制造前,具有ITO/聚合物/ITO多层叠堆的PET膜在80℃下于氮气气氛中预焙过夜以移除膜中的水分。在OLED临制造时,对膜进行标准氧等离子处理以从ITO表面移除有机残余物并调整ITO表面特性,从而使OLED发挥最佳性能。在基础压力约10-6托的真空系统中通过标准热沉积制备OLED。沉积以下OLED构造:HIL(300nm)/HTL(40nm)/EML(30nm,6%dopant)/ETL(20nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al(200nm)。
完成之后,用3M封装阻膜封装OLED,并在封装膜和OLED阴极之间使用SAES吸气剂作为干燥剂和氧气清除剂。阻膜为按美国专利No.7,018,713中所述制备的5密耳PET。干燥剂为CaO,得自SAESGetters,Colorado Springs,Colorado,USA。标准PET/ITO(100nm)基板上的基准OLED和PET/ITO/聚合物/ITO多层叠堆上的OLED,均根据以上描述的过程制造。
用Keithley 2400源表作为电流源/电压检测器并用PhotoResearch PR650相机作为亮度和光谱检测器来记录所制造的OLED的亮度-电压-电流(LIV)特性和电致发光光谱。带有多层叠堆ITO的装置显示了与基准装置非常相似的LIV性能,表明多层叠堆的ITO具有与基准ITO等同的电性能,并且多层叠堆ITO不会引起额外的光学损耗。也针对基准和多层叠堆ITO装置在各角度记录了亮度和电致发光光谱,并且据发现两种ITO都表现出了非常相似的角度性能,并且多层ITO叠堆具有略微降低的光学腔效应。
Claims (20)
1.一种显示装置,包括按以下顺序布置的层:
第一基板;
第一电极;
显示材料;
第二电极;以及
第二基板,
其中所述第一电极和所述第二电极中的至少一个包括:
透明的或半透明的第一导电层;
透明的或半透明的第二导电层;以及
位于所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的透明的或半透明的中间层,
其中所述中间层包括所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的导电通道。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层各自包含透明的或半透明的导电氧化物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述中间层包含电介质聚合物材料或无机电介质材料。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述中间层包括折射率不同于所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层的折射率的导电层。
5.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述导电通道包括延伸穿过所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的孔的导电连接件。
6.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述中间层包含粘结剂,并且其中所述导电通道包含悬浮在所述粘结剂中并在所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间延伸的导电粒子。
7.根据权利要求1所述的装置,还包括位于所述第一导电层与所述显示材料之间的绝缘层。
8.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述第一导电层的厚度与所述第二导电层的厚度相同。
9.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述第一基板和所述第二基板中的至少一个包含聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
10.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述第一基板和所述第二基板中的至少一个包括阻挡层。
11.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述显示材料包括OLED材料。
12.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述显示材料包括IEL材料。
13.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述显示材料包括电泳材料。
14.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述显示材料包括聚合物分散液晶材料。
15.一种固态照明元件,包括按以下顺序布置的层:
第一基板;
第一电极;
发光材料;
第二电极;以及
第二基板,
其中所述第一电极和所述第二电极中的至少一个包括:
透明的或半透明的第一导电层;
透明的或半透明的第二导电层;以及
位于所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的透明的或半透明的中间层,
其中所述中间层包括所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的导电通道。
16.根据权利要求15所述的固态照明元件,其中所述发光材料包括OLED材料。
17.根据权利要求15所述的固态照明元件,其中所述发光材料包括IEL材料。
18.一种太阳能电池,包括按以下顺序布置的层:
第一基板;
第一电极;
用于将光能转换为电能的活性物质;
第二电极;以及
第二基板,
其中所述第一电极和所述第二电极中的至少一个包括:
透明的或半透明的第一导电层;
透明的或半透明的第二导电层;以及
位于所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的透明的或半透明的中间层,
其中所述中间层包括所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的导电通道。
19.根据权利要求18所述的太阳能电池,其中所述活性物质包括有机光伏材料。
20.根据权利要求18所述的太阳能电池,其中所述第一基板和所述第二基板中的至少一个包含阻膜。
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JP2013501967A (ja) | 2013-01-17 |
EP2465006A4 (en) | 2015-04-22 |
EP2465006A2 (en) | 2012-06-20 |
WO2011019629A3 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
CN102576168B (zh) | 2015-12-09 |
KR20120054625A (ko) | 2012-05-30 |
EP2465006B1 (en) | 2017-11-22 |
US10114257B2 (en) | 2018-10-30 |
JP5612686B2 (ja) | 2014-10-22 |
US20110036391A1 (en) | 2011-02-17 |
WO2011019629A2 (en) | 2011-02-17 |
TWI503803B (zh) | 2015-10-11 |
KR101770002B1 (ko) | 2017-08-21 |
US9581870B2 (en) | 2017-02-28 |
US20170115521A1 (en) | 2017-04-27 |
TW201117160A (en) | 2011-05-16 |
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