CN102573801A - 防止药物滥用的新型药剂配方 - Google Patents
防止药物滥用的新型药剂配方 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102573801A CN102573801A CN2010800445683A CN201080044568A CN102573801A CN 102573801 A CN102573801 A CN 102573801A CN 2010800445683 A CN2010800445683 A CN 2010800445683A CN 201080044568 A CN201080044568 A CN 201080044568A CN 102573801 A CN102573801 A CN 102573801A
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Abstract
本发明涉及含有承载活性成分的固体内核的颗粒剂,所述固体内核优选自不溶性物质,所述颗粒剂除包含内核外,还包括附着在固体内核上的以下化合物:一种或多种着色剂、一种或多种金属颜料、一种或多种释放气体的化合物、以及可选的一种或多种苦味剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明的目的是研究出新型药剂的配方,用来减少或避免药物滥用现象。
背景技术
药物滥用是指对药物的不适当使用。药物滥用现象日益严重,已成为损害大众健康的大问题。药物滥用的根源是人们对某些活性成分的模糊认识,这些活性成分既可作为医用镇定药物,又是法律禁止的毒品。
药物滥用行为的存在有几种目的性解释,如追求心理或肉体上的刺激;追求快感(聚会或狂欢);初次使用后的成瘾问题;缓解疼痛或心理病症;某些情况下的化学控制(例如吸毒后的性虐待);以及偶然发生的实际治疗中的药物误用或不当使用(例如由于部分老年人缺乏理解)。
药物滥用的后果也是多种多样的:简单的副作用、服药后局部肌肉组织的坏死、心脏异常、呼吸困难、成瘾、以及失控性犯罪(特别是强奸)。
目前,控制药物滥用的好方法还不多,且基本为行政上的:如通过专门立法列出受控药物清单;凭安全处方发药;在医院受控发药并执行严格的发放规定。为防止药物滥用,一些制药公司也努力进行产品包装上的改良,以防止药物的误服,特别是针对儿童误服者。
近年来,人们还对药物的剂量方面进行了一些卓有成效的研究。
例如对药物成瘾或心理控制表现方面,我们发现有关受检人员大多都直接吞服,或试图提取其活性成分。
他们第一步就是通过碾压各种复合药物来从中获取粉末。这样,他们就可以直接吞下或吸入那些活性成分,而最常见的提取就是通过水或醇来溶解这类活性成分。
因此,WO 03/013479国际申请描述了鸦片类镇痛药与其抑制剂的组合配方,这种组合配方能有效阻断鸦片类镇痛药的快感效应。两种复合药物可同时发挥药效。当然,这种含鸦片的兴奋剂及其抑制剂的配方也还存在一些不足。事实上,使用具有药理疗效功能的活性抑制剂也可能引发多种问题。
专利申请EP 1293209描述了另外一种改善性的自由配方,即使用一种离子交换性树脂,这种树脂可限制咀嚼性提取、吸入提取和注射。但是,这种配方不能阻止用溶液提取或者物理压碎提取。
因此,尽管目前世界上存在着一些使用不同配方的镇定药来改善此类药物的滥用情况,但所有这些方法均不能防止活性成分的非法提取。因此,有必要提出一种新型药剂。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供多种经特别设计的、能防止药物滥用的新药剂配方。
本发明旨在提供一些可防止对活性成分非法提取的药剂配方。
本发明旨在提供一些专门设计的临床用药(特别是口服药),其特别设计可最大程度地防止滥用,使治疗更安全。
本发明的目的之一就是提供一些能防止滥用、避免误用、继承和完善现有用药手段的新医药配方。
本发明的另一个目的就是提供能保证疗效且只保证疗效的医药配方。
本发明的另一个目的是使提供的药剂配方的形状和大小易于管理和使用。
本发明涉及一种含有承载活性成分的固体内核的颗粒剂,所述内核优选自不溶性物质,特别选自由多元醇(如山梨糖醇、木糖醇或麦芽糖醇)、树胶、二氧化硅衍生物、钙或钾的衍生物、诸如磷酸氢钙、磷酸三钙和碳酸钙等无机化合物、蔗糖、纤维素衍生物,(特别是微晶纤维素、乙基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素)、淀粉以及上述物质的混合物所组成的组;所述颗粒剂除包含内核外,还包括附着在内核上的以下化合物:
一种或多种着色剂;一种或多种金属颜料;一种或多种释放气体的化合物;以及一种或多种能与活性成分结合的苦味剂。
因此,本发明旨在提供一种包括多味药剂成分的、能防止上述各种手段和途径的药物滥用的临床配方。这些配方都基于上述的颗粒剂型,可以是单片形式,也可以是复合片形式。因此,本发明所述颗粒剂可包含多层物质,各自具有不同功效。
术语“颗粒剂”指的是由干燥固体颗粒组成的制剂,每种制剂形成具有足够硬度的粉末颗粒聚集体,从而允许进行各种操作。
从物理的角度来看,该颗粒剂是结晶或无定形的不同粉末颗粒的聚集体。
本发明的颗粒剂尤其适用于口服给药,特别适合直接吞服。
本发明的颗粒剂具有内核-外壳的特征结构,内核与形成外壳的化合物不是相同的类型。
因此,这些颗粒剂具有多层结构。事实上,活性成分沉淀在内核上,在内核(载体)周围沉淀形成层(或者外壳)。
颗粒剂的内核也可作为活性成分附着的载体。
内核由固体颗粒和活性成分组成,活性成分为承载于内核上的固体。
因此,本发明的核心内容就是开发出一种新型的多颗粒口服剂型。
本发明颗粒剂具有明显的活性成分层。
根据所期望的最终药理参数,活性成分层(第一层)还可被其他添加剂包裹,如目前使用的各种外包剂(增塑剂、增溶剂、润滑剂、抗粘剂等)。
本发明颗粒剂包含一个固体内核,该内核最好选自不溶于水或不溶于醇的物质。选择不溶于水或不溶于醇的物质作为本发明颗粒剂内核,可以防止颗粒剂被压碎后完全溶解。
颗粒剂的固体内核还可包含其他化合物,特别是不溶性化合物。尤其包括蔗糖和淀粉混合物或者二氧化硅或钙衍生的无机化合物的混合物。
固体内核也可以由可溶性物质构成,可推荐的有某些固体级别的聚乙二醇(Polyethylene Glycol,PEG,特别是PEG 4000或PEG 6000)。
术语“钙衍生物”是指衍生于氢氧化钙的结晶辅料,它不溶于水、在医药界中用作稀释剂、或填充剂和研磨剂的产品。
术语“钾衍生物”尤其是指碳酸氢钾和氯化钾。
构成本发明颗粒剂内核的不溶性物质中,也可包括镁衍生物,特别是镁的碳酸盐或氧化物。
本发明颗粒剂还包含一种或多种着色剂。选择着色剂是根据其在溶剂中的溶解度来决定的。例如,可根据着色剂在醇中以及在水中的溶解度来选择。事实上,这两种溶剂通常是用来提取或溶解活性成分。
因此,所获得的色彩使人能够看见饮料中的恶意添加,例如能识破药剂控制方面的阴谋。
本发明颗粒剂还包含一种或多种金属颜料。
着色剂和金属颜料的存在使得人们能够看见作为医用药剂被压碎后的任何溶解及其任何随后的摄入。同理,如果这种颗粒剂被咀嚼,则可观察到相同的现象。
本发明颗粒剂中的着色剂和金属颜料可位于不同药片层中。
出于强烈的防范需要,特地把活性成分与着色剂或多种着色剂做成一个整体,再在外部包裹上金属颜料,换句话说,人们从颗粒剂表面就可以看到金属颜料的颜色。
本发明颗粒剂在其结构中还包含一种或多种当该颗粒剂被水溶解时可释放气体的化合物。因此,当把颗粒剂倒入某种液体中时,这种化合物产生并排出二氧化碳就会使颗粒剂上下浮动,同时可在液体表面形成一层泡沫。
如果使用的液体是带沸气性的饮料(例如苏打水或可乐),则这种现象就更加明显。事实上,我们在水杯中已观察到这种真实的泡腾现象。
这些不同的制剂方法可带来最具安全的临床药剂形式,最大限度地防止药剂滥用,保证用药安全。
依照最佳设计,上述颗粒剂还应包含一种黏合剂。
黏合剂的作用是将颗粒彼此之间粘合在一起,也就是说,确保颗粒剂的完美粘合。以这种方式,黏合剂确保了活性成分与颗粒剂内核之间的紧密黏合。
因此,黏合剂,如同活性成分一样,沉淀在颗粒剂的内核周围。
黏合剂基本都是由亲水性粘稠辅料组成:例如阿拉伯树胶、西黄蓍胶、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、明胶、淀粉、麦芽糖糊精、醇溶液的PEG 4000和PEG 6000、水或醇溶液中的聚维酮、蔗糖、葡萄糖、山梨糖醇的溶液。
本发明颗粒剂所使用的黏合剂优选自由淀粉、蔗糖、阿拉伯树胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP或聚维酮)、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、虫胶、羟丙基纤维素(HPC)、纤维素、多元醇或者海藻酸盐、聚乙二醇脂肪酸甘油酯或硬聚乙二醇脂肪酸甘油酯,特别是硬脂酸聚乙二醇甘油酯、丙烯酸衍生物以及上述物质的混合物所组成的组。
在多元醇中,尤其优选甘露醇、山梨糖醇、麦芽糖醇或木糖醇。
根据一个优选实施例,本发明颗粒剂还可以包含一种或多种苦味剂。
苦味剂选自由地那铵苯甲酸盐、龙胆提取物、奎宁、咖啡因、马钱子碱、苦木素、丙基硫尿嘧啶(Propylthiouracil,PROP)、苯基硫脲(Phenylthiocarbamide,PTC)、收敛剂,如鞣质,葡萄柚调味剂和苦可可豆调味剂所组成的组。
上述苦味剂(或苦味促进剂,如地那铵苯甲酸盐)与活性成分的紧密混合,使得偶然的咀嚼十分困难,甚至是不可能-哪怕是在提取和/或溶解之后。事实上,苦味剂与活性成分已融为一体,难以进行分离。
这种苦味药的使用可以防止有人故意在“鸡尾酒”中下药,有效警示了那些蓄意在酒水中(方块冰/伏特加酒等)投放药物的行为。
对于本发明颗粒剂中的释放气体的化合物的选取,优选自由碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐所组成的组。
更具体说,它们应该是碳酸氢钠、碳酸钠、氨基乙酸钠碳酸盐、碳酸氢钾、碳酸镁和碳酸钙。
本发明颗粒剂中的着色剂,优选使用溶于水的着色剂和溶于醇的着色剂。
在溶于醇的着色剂中,尤其优选以下几种:中红、澄蓝FDC等。
在溶于水的着色剂中,优选使用常规食品着色剂。本发明中所使用的着色剂是1995年7月26日第95/45/CE号指令列出的可用于食品的相关着色剂(2006年3月20日第2006/33/CE号指令修改)。尤其优选使用E100至E180着色剂。
也可使用同时溶于水和醇的着色剂E131(专利兰,patent blue)。
根据一个特别优选的实施例,本发明颗粒剂中的金属颜料是存在于颗粒剂表面的以二氧化钛为基础的金属颜料。
经包衣过的颗粒剂还有一层或多层多种混质辅料的包衣。
而本发明颗粒剂的包衣是一层由包衣剂构成的外壳。
本发明颗粒剂还可包含选自由蜡衍生物、增塑剂(成膜剂)、虫胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、纤维素衍生物(如HPMC或HPC)、蔗糖、海藻酸盐、脂肪酸甘油酯和甲基丙烯酸聚合物等包衣剂所组成的组。
术语“蜡衍生物”指的是天然的或者合成的由脂肪酸和醇形成的酯,通常,在室温下,该蜡衍生物是固体,在药物制备中具有不同的用途。
本发明颗粒剂也可用薄膜进行包衣,薄膜中可添加一种或多种辅料,如润滑剂、色素、甜味剂、增塑剂或抗粘剂。
因此,肠溶包衣类的颗粒剂是耐胃酸的。
肠溶包衣的出现可影响活性成分的生理吸收性,特别是可防止活性成分在酸性环境中降解。
本发明颗粒剂还可包含缓释包衣。
此类颗粒剂可改变或者延缓活性成分的释放(缓释颗粒剂)。
这种缓释包衣的存在尤其可影响活性成分的表观半衰期。
根据本发明而生产的颗粒剂还可包含润滑剂和/或调味剂和/或甜味剂。
在本发明允许采用的调味剂中,我们采用食品添加剂中通常使用的调味剂。
具体地,用于本发明的甜味剂是1994年6月30日第94/35/CE号指令中列出的那些可食用的相关甜味剂(2006年7月5日第2006/25/CE号指令修改)。确切地说,尤其优选使用E951阿斯巴甜、E420山梨糖醇、E421甘露醇、E950安赛蜜、E954糖精、甜叶菊或者索马甜。
本发明颗粒剂可包含任意用于治疗的活性成分药及其组合。优选的活性成分为镇痛药和止痛药。
止痛类活性药可以消除病人的痛苦。在止痛药中,主要选择中枢神经吗啡止痛药(吗啡衍生物)、中枢神经非吗啡止痛药、周围神经止痛药、以及其他止痛药(如苯并二氮类)。
本发明颗粒剂的活性成分可优选自由硫酸吗啡、羟考酮、γ-羟基丁酸或其盐、丁丙诺啡、莫达非尼、右旋丙氧芬、美沙酮、曲马多、纳布啡、四氢大麻酚和苯并二氮类所组成的组。
根据一个具体实施例,本发明颗粒剂可以不含活性成分的抑制剂。由此而生产的本发明颗粒剂的好处就是:不含可改变活性成分治疗作用的抑制成分。
因此,不含活性成分抑制剂的本发明颗粒剂可保证提供病人所需的治疗效果,且只以此为目标,换句话说,本发明不使用其他活性成分(例如含活性成分的抑制剂)。
根据另一个优选实施例,本发明颗粒剂可以不包含离子交换性树脂。
相对于颗粒剂的总重量,本发明颗粒剂优选包含0.5%至60%的活性成分。
相对于颗粒剂的总重量,本发明颗粒剂优选包含0.2%至4%的着色剂。
相对于颗粒剂的总重量,本发明颗粒剂优选包含0.1%至5%的金属颜料。
相对于颗粒剂的总重量,本发明颗粒剂优选包含5%至20%的释放气体的化合物。
相对于颗粒剂的总重量,本发明颗粒剂内核优选包含10%至85%。
本发明是一种含有上述多种颗粒剂的药剂组合。
本发明还包括上述定义颗粒剂的制造工艺,该工艺特征在于,对活性成分进行粉化处理,并喷洒到不溶性内核上的步骤。
根据本发明优选的一个工艺方法是:将活性成分与着色剂、金属颜料和释放气体的化合物进行混合,再把活性成分混合物进行粉化处理,并喷洒到不溶性内核上。
本发明的工艺还包括继粉化喷涂步骤后的颗粒剂包衣步骤:包括在颗粒剂外涂上包衣薄膜,有可能(视需要)增加一个与润滑剂和/或调味剂和/或甜味剂和/或色素(金属颜料)进行混合的步骤。
本发明颗粒剂的结构是与上述实施的特殊工艺紧密相关,从而可得到内核-外壳这种结构的颗粒剂。
我们使用行业常用的不同辅料进行直接加工制造,比较实验的结果证实:颗粒剂本身的制造是令人满意的,无论其外观、柔脆度和易分解方面都达到良好的指标。但是,由此简单工艺而获得的颗粒剂具有非常大的体表面积,根据常规技术,这就需要大量的包衣聚合物。
因此,本发明颗粒剂的另一显著特征在于,降低了它的体表面积。而从外观看,颗粒剂比较平滑,外形也比较规整。
本发明颗粒剂制造工艺中的粉化步骤,还包括喷涂黏合剂的醇溶液、水醇溶液或水溶液的步骤。
优选地,该喷涂步骤与粉化步骤同时或交替进行。
更优选的是同步操作,边粉化边把已溶解的黏合剂喷涂上去。
这样做的好处是可确保活性成分紧紧黏合在内核上面。
因此,本发明的工艺优势就在于把粉状活性成分紧紧黏合在内核上面,并同时进行溶解黏合剂的喷涂操作,边粉化边喷涂。
本发明的工艺还包括,粉化步骤后,可有一步或多步包衣颗粒剂的步骤,特别是通过薄膜包衣将薄膜形式的包衣剂包裹到颗粒剂上。
本发明颗粒剂所特制的小表面颗粒剂,减少了包衣剂的使用量,从而大大降低了包衣剂对颗粒剂中活性成分的稀释。
本发明优选的实施工艺方法包括,在包衣步骤完成后,还有一个对润滑剂和/或调味剂和/或甜味剂混合的步骤,这些辅料自身也可以是预制成颗粒形的,最终与活性颗粒相混合。
当然,这些润滑剂、调味剂、甜味剂也可在上述粉化步骤之前添加进去。
具体实施方式
以下实施例是根据本发明的上述颗粒剂定义而做出的具体的药剂配方。
实施例1:以硫酸吗啡为基础的片剂
利用以下操作工艺既获得上述片剂:
将粉化后的活性成分倒入混合机中,配制第二混合物(混合物2)。然后,将混合物与HPMC进行搅拌混合,20分钟。
接着,将混合物1导入混合物2中,再混合20分钟。
然后,将得到的混合物在Korch 3压片机中进行直接压片,这样,成品片剂就生产出来了。
实施例2:以羟考酮为基础的颗粒剂
利用以下操作工艺既获得上述颗粒剂:
然后,将上述悬浮液喷涂到载体上(流化空气床中的甘露醇颗粒)上,然后将颗粒在流化空气床中干燥。
用甘露醇、微晶纤维素和氨基乙酸钠碳酸盐(释放气体的化合物)为基础的颗粒制备出初始混合物(混合物1)。
然后,在上述含有活性成分的颗粒基础上来制备第二混合物(混合物2)。将这些颗粒风干,然后把颗粒再导入混合机中,再添加色素和润滑剂。
最后,将混合物1与2进行搅拌混合并进行测量、质检。
实施例3:以丁丙诺啡为基础的胶囊
按以下操作工艺获得上述胶囊:
将中性载体(糖/淀粉)置于常规搅拌机中,制备含活性成分(丁丙诺啡)、黏合剂和苦味剂的水悬浮液。通过粉化工艺使碳酸氢钠(释放气体的化合物)附着在糖和淀粉载体上,交替进行粉化工艺和悬浮液喷涂步骤。
接下来,将获得的颗粒在搅拌机中进行干燥处理。
然后,用含增塑剂、色素和滑石粉的乙基纤维素水悬浮液进行包衣处理。
然后,再对颗粒剂进一步干燥,以使薄膜硬化。
最后,将胶囊颗粒进行分装。
实施例4:以莫达非尼为基础的胶囊
按以下操作工艺可获得上述胶囊:
将纤维素放进常规搅拌机中。
粉化处理之后,将活性成分与碳酸钠进行混合;然后通过粉化将此混合物喷涂到搅动机中旋转的载体上。
然后,我们把含和颜料的溶液准备好,加入含PVP黏合剂的醇溶液。然后把这种溶液雾化到载体上,边粉化处理边雾化处理。
然后把得到的颗粒剂进行干燥处理,以消除在活性成分中在粉化阶段中所使用的溶剂。
制备包衣悬浮液:即准备好甲基丙烯酸酯聚合物的悬浮液,随后加入增塑剂、润滑剂和色素。然后,将此悬浮液加以搅拌,再将悬浮液喷涂到先前制得的颗粒剂上。
将此方式获得的包衣颗粒剂再进行干燥,然后进行分装。
实施例5:GHB(γ-羟基丁酸)颗粒剂
将活性成分(GHB)加载于糖球上,就可以制备实施例5的微颗粒剂了。
同时,用虫胶树脂和乙醇制备溶液,将该溶液填加到上述混合物中。然后再加入糖球。
然后,将整体所得再次进行干燥,用溶于水和溶于醇的虫胶和滑石粉混合物进行第二次包衣。
最后,将如此获得的颗粒剂进行干燥处理,再添加滑石粉作为润滑剂。
Claims (12)
1.一种含有承载活性成分的固体内核的颗粒剂,其特征在于,所述内核优选自不溶性物质,特别选自由多元醇、树胶、二氧化硅衍生物、钙或钾的衍生物、诸如磷酸氢钙、磷酸三钙和碳酸钙等无机化合物、蔗糖、纤维素衍生物,特别是微晶纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素,淀粉及上述物质的混合物所组成的组,
所述颗粒剂除包含内核外,还包括附着在内核上的以下化合物:
一种或多种着色剂;
一种或多种金属颜料;
一种或多种释放气体的化合物;
以及可选的一种或多种苦味剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的颗粒剂,其特征在于,所述颗粒剂含有释放气体的化合物,所述释放气体的化合物选自由碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐所组成的组,尤其选自由碳酸氢钠、碳酸钠、氨基乙酸钠碳酸盐、碳酸氢钾、碳酸镁和碳酸钙所组成的组。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的颗粒剂,其特征在于,所述金属颜料为附着在颗粒剂表面上的,基于二氧化钛的颜料。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的颗粒剂,其特征在于,所述活性成分选自由镇痛药和止痛药所组成的组。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的颗粒剂,其特征在于,所述活性成分选自由硫酸吗啡、羟考酮、γ-羟基丁酸或其盐、丁丙诺啡、莫达非尼、右旋丙氧芬、美沙酮、曲马多、纳布啡、四氢大麻酚、和苯并二氮类所组成的组。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的颗粒剂,其特征在于,所述苦味剂选自由地那铵苯甲酸盐、龙胆提取物、奎宁、咖啡因、马钱子碱、苦木素、丙基硫尿嘧啶、苯基硫脲、收敛剂,如鞣质,葡萄柚调味剂和苦可可豆调味剂所组成的组。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的颗粒剂,其特征在于,相对于所述颗粒剂的总重量,所述活性成分的重量含量为0.5%至60%。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的颗粒剂,其特征在于,相对于所述颗粒剂的总重量,所述着色剂的重量含量为0.2%至4%;所述金属颜料的重量含量为0.1%至5%;所述释放气体的化合物的重量含量为5%至20%。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的颗粒剂,其特征在于,相对于所述颗粒剂的总重量,所述固体内核的重量含量为10%至85%。
10.一种包含根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的颗粒剂的药用复合药片。
11.一种根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的颗粒剂的制作工艺,其特征在于,包括将活性成分进行粉化处理并喷涂到不溶性载体上的步骤。
12.根据权利要求11所述的工艺,包括将活性成分与着色剂、金属颜料和释放气体的化合物先进行混合然后再粉化并喷涂到不溶性载体上的步骤。
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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GB2331702A (en) * | 1997-11-29 | 1999-06-02 | Venalink Ltd | Tablets containing a bitter excipient and/or a dye |
FR2829932A1 (fr) * | 2001-09-21 | 2003-03-28 | Ellipse Pharmaceuticals | Procede de fabrication d'un produit pharmaceutique administrable par voie orale avec des agents detrompeurs et produit obtenu |
WO2003026621A2 (fr) * | 2001-09-21 | 2003-04-03 | Ellipse Pharmaceuticals | Procede de fabrication d'un produit pharmaceutique administrable par voie orale avec des agents detrompeurs notamment de gout et produit obtenu |
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