CN102257068A - 可生物降解的包装膜 - Google Patents
可生物降解的包装膜 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102257068A CN102257068A CN2009801239657A CN200980123965A CN102257068A CN 102257068 A CN102257068 A CN 102257068A CN 2009801239657 A CN2009801239657 A CN 2009801239657A CN 200980123965 A CN200980123965 A CN 200980123965A CN 102257068 A CN102257068 A CN 102257068A
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- Prior art keywords
- film
- blend
- packaging film
- acid
- biodegradable packaging
- Prior art date
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- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L terephthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=C(C([O-])=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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Abstract
提供了一种可生物降解的包装膜。该膜由共混物形成,所述共混物包含热塑性淀粉和聚乳酸。淀粉是一种较廉价的可再生和可生物降解的天然聚合物。聚乳酸也是一种较廉价的可再生和可生物降解的合成聚合物,同时还能为膜提供更高的拉伸强度。虽然聚乳酸能提供良好的可生物降解能力/再生能力以及更高的拉伸强度,但它具有较高的刚性,故产生的膜具有较高的刚度(如高的弹性模量)和低延展性。而热塑性淀粉虽比聚乳酸延展性更高,但它难以在成膜工艺中进行熔融操作,并且对水份和水蒸汽非常敏感,这就降低了其独立用作包装膜的能力。在为了消除上述聚合物的影响而做出的努力中,本发明的共混物中还使用了脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯。此种共聚酯不但是可生物降解的,它们还具有熔融特性和能使它们良好地用于成膜过程中的延展性。虽然上述聚合物的结合可以在可生物降解能力/再生能力、高拉伸强度和良好的延展性(如高的最大延伸率)之间实现良好的平衡,但要得到包装膜所需要的一系列恰当机械性能仍是非常困难的。因此,所述共混物中还含有填料。由于填料自身具有刚性,故可以方便地通过调整填料的用量来与共混物完美地协调,从而获得理想程度的延展性(如最大延伸率)和刚度(如弹性模量)。
Description
背景技术
包装膜(例如在食品工业中使用的包装膜)通常由例如聚氯乙烯、聚酰胺、聚乙烯和聚乙烯醇的合成聚合物形成。这些膜的劣势之一在于这些聚合物不能生物降解。由于其低环境安全性和高处理成本,已做出了各种尝试以较廉价的可生物降解和可再生的材料来取代上述材料,如淀粉和聚乳酸。但遗憾的是,对这些材料进行加工远比加工合成聚合物要复杂得多。例如,淀粉和聚乳酸是刚性很强的聚合物,通常得到的膜刚性较高,难以对其进行加工和用于包装领域中。因此,需要一种可生物降解且具有良好的柔韧性和机械特性的包装膜。
发明概述
根据本发明的一种实施方式,公开了一种可生物降解的包装膜。该膜包含共混物,所述共混物含有含量约为该共混物的10-60重量%的至少一种热塑性淀粉、含量约为该共混物的1-30重量%的至少一种聚乳酸、含量约为该共混物的20-70重量%的至少一种脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯,以及含量约为该共混物的1-25重量%的至少一种填料。脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯和热塑性淀粉的总重量百分数与聚乳酸和填料的总重量百分数的比值为约1至约10。
下面将对本发明的其它特征和其它方面进行更详细的描述。
附图的简要说明
在说明书的其余部分,将从本领域普通技术人员的角度出发,结合附图对本发明充分和可实施的公开内容(包括其最佳实施方式)进行更具体的阐述,附图包括:
图1为形成本发明包装膜的方法的一种实施方式的示意图。
本说明书和附图中重复使用的附图标记用于表示本发明中相同或相似的特征或元素。
发明详述
定义
本文使用的术语“可生物降解的”,指的是能在天然产生的微生物(如细菌、真菌和藻类)、环境热、水分或其它环境因素的作用下发生降解的物质。必要时,可以根据ASTM测试法5338.92来测定生物降解能力的程度。
详细描述
下面将对本发明的各种实施方式进行描述,将其中的一个或多个实施例列于下文。提供的各个实施例是用于阐释本发明,而非限制本发明。事实上,对本领域技术人员来说显而易见的是,可以在不背离本发明范围和精神下对本发明做出各种修改和变更。例如,作为一种实施方式的一部分阐明或描述的特征,可以应用于另一种实施方式,而得到又一种实施方式。因此,本发明旨在包含这些属于随附的权利要求及其等同含义范围内的修改和变更。
总体而言,本发明的目的在于提供一种可生物降解的膜,该膜广泛地用于包装物品,如食品、药品、服装、垃圾、吸收制品(如尿布)、组织产品等。所述膜是由含有热塑性淀粉和聚乳酸的共混物形成的。淀粉是一种较廉价且可再生和可生物降解的天然聚合物。同样地,聚乳酸也是一种廉价的可生物降解且可再生的合成聚合物,此外它还能为膜提供更高的拉伸强度。虽然聚乳酸提供了可生物降解能力/再生能力与更高的拉伸强度的良好结合,但它具有较高的刚性,故产生的膜具有较高的刚度(如高的弹性模量)和低延展性。而热塑性淀粉虽比聚乳酸延展性更高,但它难以在成膜工艺中进行熔融操作,并对水份和水蒸气非常敏感,这就降低了其用作独立包装膜的能力。在为了消除所述聚合物的上述影响而做出的努力中,本发明的共混物中还使用了脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯。此种共聚酯不但是可生物降解的,它们还具有熔融特性和使它们能良好地用于成膜过程中的延展性。虽然上述聚合物的组合可以在可生物降解能力/再生能力、高拉伸强度和良好的延展性(如高的最大延伸率(peak elongation))之间实现良好的平衡,但要得到包装膜所需要的一系列恰当机械性能仍是非常困难的。因此,所述共混物中还含有填料。由于填料自身具有刚性,故可以方便地通过调整填料的用量来与共混物完美地协调,从而获得期望程度的延展性(如最大延伸率)和刚度(如弹性模量)。
本发明的发明人考虑了以上全部因素后,发现合适用量的热塑性淀粉、聚乳酸、脂肪族-芳香族共聚物和填料能共同作用,获得形成可生物降解包装膜所需的可生物降解能力/再生能力以及优异的热性能和机械性能的协同组合。因此,本发明的共混物含有至少一种含量约为所述共混物10重量%至约60重量%的热塑性淀粉(一些实施方式中为共混物的约15重量%至约55重量%,另一些实施方式中为约20重量%至约50重量%);至少一种含量约为所述共混物1重量%至约30重量%的聚乳酸(在一些实施方式中为约2重量%至约25重量%,另一些实施方式中为约5重量%至约25重量%);至少一种含量约为所述共混物20重量%至约70重量%的脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯(一些实施方式中为约25重量%至约65重量%,另一些实施方式中为约30重量%至约60重量%);以及至少一种含量约为所述共混物1重量%至约25重量%的填料(在一些实施方式中为约5重量%至约20重量%,另一些实施方式中为约8重量%至约15重量%)。
还可以在上述重量百分数的范围内控制延展性组分(如脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯和热塑性淀粉)相对于刚性组分(如聚乳酸和填料)的比例,以增强膜的可生物降解能力/再生能力和热性能与机械性能之间的平衡。换而言之,延展性/刚性组分的比值下降会使弹性模量增大而最大延伸率减小。相反,延展性/刚性组分的比值增加则能使弹性模量减小而最大延伸率增加。因此,本发明的发明人发现,将脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯和热塑性淀粉的总重量百分数与聚乳酸和填料的总重量百分数的比值控制在约1至约10(在一些实施方式中为约1.5至约8,在另一些实施方式中为约2至约6)的范围内时,能在延展性和刚性之间获得最佳平衡。
下文将对本发明的各种实施方式进行更详细的描述。
I.膜的组分
A.热塑性淀粉
淀粉是一种包括直链淀粉和支链淀粉的天然聚合物。直链淀粉是分子量为100000-500000的线性聚合物,而支链淀粉是分子量高达数百万的高度支化的聚合物。尽管在许多植物中都能产生淀粉,但其最主要的来源包括谷物,如玉米、糯玉米、小麦、高粱、大米和糯米;块茎类,如马铃薯;根类,如木薯(即木番薯(cassava)和树薯(manioc))、甜薯和竹芋根(arrowroot);以及西谷椰子(sago palm)瓤。一般说来,任何天然(未改性的)和/或改性淀粉均可用于本发明。例如,通常可以使用通过本领域公知的方法(例如,酯化作用、醚化作用、氧化作用、酸水解、酶水解等)进行化学改性的改性淀粉。淀粉醚和/或淀粉酯是特别理想的,例如羟烷基淀粉、羧甲基淀粉等。羟烷基淀粉中的羟烷基可以含有例如2-10个碳原子,在一些实施方式中为2-6个碳原子,另一些实施方式中为2-4个碳原子。典型的羟烷基淀粉包括例如羟乙基淀粉、羟丙基淀粉、羟基丁基淀粉以及它们的衍生物。举例来说,可以使用多种酐(如醋酸酐、丙酸酐、丁酸酐等)、有机酸或其它酯化试剂制备淀粉酯。酯化作用的程度可以根据需要而改变,例如淀粉中每糖苷单元含有1-3个酯基。
无论是天然淀粉或改性淀粉,都可以含有不同百分数的直链和支链、不同大小的淀粉颗粒以及不同聚重的直链和支链。高直链淀粉含有超过50重量%的直链,而低直链淀粉含有少于50重量%的直链。尽管不是必需的,但直链含量为约10重量%至40重量%(一些实施方式中为约15重量%至35重量%)的低直链淀粉特别适用于本发明中。这种低直链淀粉的实例包括玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉,这二者均含有接近20重量%的直链。所述低直链淀粉的数均分子量(“Mn”)通常为约50000至约1000000克/摩尔(一些实施方式中为约75000至约800000克/摩尔,另一些实施方式中为约100000至约600000克/摩尔),其重均分子量(“Mw”)为约5000000至约25000000克/摩尔(一些实施方式中为约5500000至约15000000克/摩尔,另一些实施方式中为约6000000至约12000000克/摩尔)。重均分子量与数均分子量的比值(“Mw/Mn”),即“多分散性指数”,也相当高。例如,多分散性指数的范围可以是约20至约100。可以通过本领域技术人员已知的方法测得重均分子量和数均分子量。
热塑性淀粉中还可以使用增塑剂以协助提高淀粉的熔融处理性。举例来说,淀粉通常以颗粒形式存在,这些颗粒具有膜衣或外膜来将更多的水溶性直链和支链包封在颗粒的内部。加热时,增塑剂会发生软化并渗过外膜,从而造成内部的淀粉链吸水膨胀。这种膨胀在一定程度上会造成外壳的破裂进而使淀粉颗粒发生不可逆的变构作用。一旦发生变构作用,含有直连聚合物和支链聚合物(一开始被压缩在颗粒内部)的淀粉聚合链将伸展出来,并形成无规则的互相混合的聚合链。但在再凝固的过程中,这些链自身会重新取向而形成结晶或非晶固体,其强度根据淀粉聚合链的取向而有不同。由此得到的淀粉能在特定温度下发生熔融和再凝固,故通常将其称为“热塑性淀粉”。
适合的增塑剂可以包括例如:多羟基醇增塑剂,如糖(例如,葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、棉子糖、麦芽右旋糖(maltodextrose)、半乳糖、木糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、甘露糖和赤藓糖)、糖醇(例如赤藓糖醇、木糖醇、麦芽糖醇(malitol)、甘露醇和山梨醇)、多元醇(例如,乙二醇、甘油、丙二醇、二丙二醇、丁二醇和己三醇)等。不具有羟基而由氢键形成的有机化合物也适合,包括尿素和尿素的衍生物;糖醇酐,例如山梨醇酐;动物蛋白,如明胶;植物蛋白,例如葵花蛋白、大豆蛋白、棉籽蛋白;及其混合物。其他合适的增塑剂可以包括邻苯二甲酸酯、丁二酸二甲酯和丁二酸二乙酯及相关的酯类,甘油三乙酸酯、甘油单乙酸酯和甘油二乙酸酯、甘油单丙酸酯、甘油二丙酸酯和甘油三丙酸酯、丁酸酯、硬脂酸酯、乳酸酯、柠檬酸酯、己二酸酯、硬脂酸酯、油酸酯及其它酸酯。也可以使用脂肪族酸,例如乙烯和丙烯酸共聚物、马来酸接枝聚乙烯、聚丁二烯-共-丙烯酸、聚丁二烯-共-马来酸、聚丙烯-共-丙烯酸、聚丙烯-共-马来酸,及其它烃基酸。优选低分子量的增塑剂,例如低于约20000克/摩尔,优选低于约5000克/摩尔,更优选为低于约1000克/摩尔。
淀粉和增塑剂在热塑性淀粉中的相对用量可以根据多种因素而改变,例如期望的分子量、淀粉类型、增塑剂对淀粉的亲和力等。但通常来说,淀粉的含量约为热塑性淀粉的30重量%至约95重量%,在一些实施方式中为约40重量%至约90重量%,另一些实施方式中为约50重量%至约85重量%。类似地,增塑剂含量通常约占热塑性组分的5重量%至约55重量%,在一些实施方式中为约10重量%至约45重量%,另一些实施方式中为约15重量%至约35重量%。应该理解的是,本文所述的淀粉的重量包括将淀粉与形成热塑性淀粉的其它组分混合前(即已天然产生于淀粉中)的所有结合水。例如,淀粉中结合水含量通常约为淀粉重量的5-16重量%。
当然,还可以在热塑性淀粉中使用其它添加剂以促进其在各种类型的纤维中的应用。例如,可以用助分散剂来得到淀粉/增塑剂混合物的均匀分散系,并能减缓或防止热塑性淀粉分离成多个构成相。采用助分散剂时,其含量约为热塑性淀粉的0.01重量%至约10重量%,在一些实施方式中为约0.1重量%至约5重量%,另一些实施方式中为约0.5重量%至约4重量%。一般所有的助分散剂都能用于本发明,但具有一定亲水/亲脂平衡(“HLB”)的表面活性剂可以改善组合物的长期稳定性。HLB指数是本领域公知的,是衡量化合物亲水和亲脂溶解倾向平衡的量度。HLB的数值范围为1至约50,较低的数值表示较高的亲脂倾向;而较高的数值表示较高的亲水倾向。在本发明的一些实施方式中,表面活性剂的HLB值约为1至约20,另一些实施方式中,表面活性剂的HLB值约为1至约15,一些实施方式中,表面活性剂的HLB值约为2至约10。如有必要,可以使用两种或更多种HLB值低于或高于上述所需值的表面活性剂,但它们的平均HLB值应在上述所需范围内。
用于本发明的一种特别合适的表面活性剂为非离子型表面活性剂,它通常具有疏水基(如长链烷基或烷基化芳基)和亲水链(如含有乙氧基和/或丙氧基部分的链)。例如,可以使用的一些合适的非离子型表面活性剂包括但不限于乙氧基化的烷基酚、乙氧基化的脂肪醇和丙氧基化的脂肪醇、甲基葡萄糖的聚乙二醇醚、山梨醇的聚乙二醇醚、环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物、脂肪(C8-C18)酸的乙氧基酯、环氧乙烷与长链胺或酰胺的缩合物、环氧乙烷与醇、脂肪酸酯、单甘油酯、或长链醇的单甘油酯或甘油二酸酯的缩合物,及其混合物。在一种具体的实施方式中,非离子型表面活性剂可以为脂肪酸酯,例如蔗糖脂肪酸酯、甘油脂肪酸酯、丙二醇脂肪酸酯、山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯、季戊四醇脂肪酸酯、山梨醇脂肪酸酯等。形成上述酯的脂肪酸可以是饱和或非饱和的、取代或未被取代的且可以含有6-22个碳原子,在一些实施方式中含有8-18个碳原子,另一些实施方式中含有12-14个碳原子。在一种具体的实施方式中,本发明可以采用脂肪酸的单甘油酯和甘油二酸酯。
不考虑形成热塑性淀粉的具体方式,其在剪切速率为1000秒-1、温度为150℃时测得的表观粘度为约25至约500帕斯卡秒(Pa·s),在一些实施方式中为约50至约400Pa·s,另一些实施方式中为约100至约300Pa·s。热塑性淀粉的熔体流动指数(190℃,2.16kg)约为每10分钟0.05至约50克,在一些实施方式中约为每10分钟0.1至约15克,另一些实施方式中约为每10分钟0.5至约5克。
B.聚乳酸
聚乳酸通常源于各种乳酸异构体的单体单元,如左旋-乳酸(“L-乳酸”)、右旋-乳酸(“D-乳酸”)、内消旋乳酸或它们的混合物。单体单元还可以由各种乳酸异构体的酐形成,包括L-丙交酯、D-丙交酯、内消旋丙交酯或它们的混合物。还可以使用乳酸和/或丙交酯的环状二聚物。可以用任何已知的聚合方法(如缩聚反应或开环聚合反应)对乳酸进行聚合。可以使用少量的扩链剂(如二异氰酸酯化合物、环氧化合物或酸酐)。聚乳酸可以是均聚物或共聚物,例如含有衍生自L-乳酸的单体单元和衍生自D-乳酸的单体单元。虽不是必需的,但衍生自L-乳酸的单体单元与衍生自D-乳酸的单体单元之一的含量的比率优选为约85摩尔%或更高,在一些实施方式中为约90摩尔%或更高,另一些实施方式中为约95摩尔%或更高。多重聚乳酸(Multiple polylactic acid)的每一个中含有的衍生自L-乳酸的单体单元与衍生自D-乳酸的单体单元含量的比率不同,可以按任意百分比将该多重聚乳酸进行共混。当然,还可以将聚乳酸与其它类型的聚合物(如聚烯烃、聚酯等)共混来提供不同的效果,例如可操作性、纤维形成等。在一种具体的实施方式中,所述聚乳酸具有以下通式结构:
可用于本发明的一个合适的聚乳酸聚合物的具体的实例为从德国克赖灵(Krailling)的Biomer公司以BIOMERTM L9000的品称商购的产品。其它合适的聚乳酸可商购自明尼苏达州的明尼通卡Natureworks有限公司(NATUREWORKS)或Mitsui Chemical(LACEATM)。其它合适的聚乳酸在美国专利NO.4,797,468;NO.5,470,944;NO.5,770,682;NO.5,821,327;NO.5,880,254和NO.6,326,458中进行了描述,出于各种目的将上述专利的全部内容引入本文作为参考。
聚乳酸的数均分子量(“Mn”)通常为约40000至约160000克/摩尔,在一些实施方式中为约50000至约140000克/摩尔,另一些实施方式中为约80000至约120000克/摩尔。类似地,该聚合物的重均分子量(“Mw”)通常为约80000至约200000克/摩尔,在一些实施方式中为约100000至约180000克/摩尔,另一些实施方式中为约110000至约160000克/摩尔。其多分散性指数也较低,例如为约1.0至约3.0,在一些实施方式中为约1.1至约2.0,另一些实施方式中为约1.2至约1.8。
在剪切速率为1000秒-1、温度为150℃下,测得的所述聚乳酸的表观粘度为约50至约600帕斯卡秒(Pa·s),在一些实施方式中为约100至约500Pa·s,另一些实施方式中为约200至约400Pa·s。所述聚乳酸的熔体流动速率(基于干重)为每10分钟约0.1至约40克,在一些实施方式中为每10分钟约0.5至约20克,另一些实施方式中为每10分钟约5至约15克。所述熔体流动速率指的是:根据ASTM测试法D1238-E测量的一定温度下(如190℃)在10分钟内受到2160克载荷时能从挤出式流变仪孔挤出的聚合物的重量(以克计)。
聚乳酸的熔点通常为约100℃至约240℃,在一些实施方式中为约120℃至约220℃,另一些实施方式中为约140℃至约200℃。这种聚乳酸的有用之处在于,它们能快速地进行生物降解。聚乳酸的玻璃化转变温度(“Tg”)可以相对较高,例如为约10℃至约80℃,在一些实施方式中为约20℃至约70℃,另一些实施方式中为约25℃至约65℃。可以根据ASTMD-3417通过差示扫描量热法(“DSC”)来测定熔点和玻璃化转变温度。
C.脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯
可以使用任何公知的技术来合成脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯,例如通过多元醇与脂肪族二羧酸和芳香族二羧酸、酯类或它们的酸酐发生缩聚反应。多元醇可以是取代或未被取代的,直链或支链的,所述多元醇选自含有2至约12个碳原子的多元醇和含有2-8个碳原子的聚亚烷基醚二醇。可以使用的多元醇的实例包括但不限于:乙二醇、二乙二醇、丙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇、1,2-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,2-戊二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、聚乙二醇、二甘醇、2,2,4-三甲基-1,6-己二醇、硫二甘醇、1,3-环己烷二甲醇、1,4-环己烷二甲醇、2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇、环戊二醇、三乙二醇和四乙二醇。优选的多元醇包括1,4-丁二醇、1,3-丙二醇、乙二醇、1,6-己二醇、二乙二醇和1,4-环己烷二甲醇。
所述芳香族二羧酸可以包括例如对苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸等及其衍生物,包括酯(如单酯、双酯等)、酐(如对苯二甲酸酐)等。合适的对苯二甲酸的酯可以包括对苯二甲酸烷基酯、对苯二甲酸环烷基酯和对苯二甲酸烷氧烷基酯,其中烷基、环烷基和烷氧烷基通常具有1-30个(优选为2-20个,更优选为3-18个)碳原子,且可以是支链或直链的。举例来说,合适的对苯二甲酸烷基酯包括:对苯二甲酸单甲酯、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、对苯二甲酸二乙酯、对苯二甲酸二-正丙基酯、对苯二甲酸二-正丁基酯、对苯二甲酸二-叔丁基酯、对苯二甲酸二-异丁基酯、对苯二甲酸单甘油酯、对苯二甲酸二甘油酯、对苯二甲酸二-正辛基酯、对苯二甲酸二异辛基酯、对苯二甲酸单-2-乙基己基酯、对苯二甲酸二-2-乙基己基酯、对苯二甲酸二-正壬基酯、对苯二甲酸二异壬基酯、对苯二甲酸二-正癸基酯、对苯二甲酸二-正十一烷基酯、对苯二甲酸二异癸基酯、对苯二甲酸二异十一烷基酯、对苯二甲酸二异十二烷基酯、对苯二甲酸二-正十八烷基酯、对苯二甲酸二异十八烷基酯、对苯二甲酸二-正二十烷基酯、对苯二甲酸双十三烷基酯、对苯二甲酸二异十三烷基酯、对苯二甲酸单环己基酯、对苯二甲酸二环己基酯等。合适的邻苯二甲酸和/或间苯二甲酸的酯可以包括邻苯二甲酸烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸环烷基酯和邻苯二甲酸烷氧烷基酯和/或间苯二甲酸烷基酯、间苯二甲酸环烷基酯和间苯二甲酸烷氧烷基酯,其中烷基、环烷基和烷氧烷基通常具有1-30个,优选为2-20个,更优选为3-18个碳原子,且可以是支链或直链的。举例来说,合适的邻苯二甲酸烷基酯包括邻苯二甲酸单甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二-正丙基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-正丁基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-叔丁基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-异丁基酯、邻苯二甲酸单甘油酯、邻苯二甲酸二甘油酯、邻苯二甲酸二-正辛基酯、邻苯二甲酸二异辛基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-2-乙基己基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-正壬基酯、邻苯二甲酸二异壬基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-正癸基酯、邻苯二甲酸二异癸基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-正十一烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-异十一烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸二异十二烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-正十八烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸二异十八烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸二-正二十烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸单环己基酯、邻苯二甲酸二环己基酯等。类似地,合适的间苯二甲酸酯可以包括间苯二甲酸单甲酯、间苯二甲酸二甲酯、间苯二甲酸二乙酯、间苯二甲酸二-正丙基酯、间苯二甲酸二-正丁基酯、间苯二甲酸二-叔丁基酯、间苯二甲酸二-异丁基酯、间苯二甲酸单甘油酯、间苯二甲酸二甘油酯、间苯二甲酸二-正辛基酯、间苯二甲酸二异辛基酯、间苯二甲酸二-2-乙基己基酯、间苯二甲酸二-正壬基酯、间苯二甲酸二异壬基酯、间苯二甲酸二-正癸基酯、间苯二甲酸二异癸基酯、间苯二甲酸二-正十一烷基酯、间苯二甲酸二-异十一烷基酯、间苯二甲酸二异十二烷基酯、间苯二甲酸二-正十八烷基酯、间苯二甲酸二异十八烷基酯、间苯二甲酸二-正二十烷基酯、间苯二甲酸单环己基酯、间苯二甲酸二环己基酯等。
脂肪族二羧酸的非限制性实例包括丙二酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、草酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、富马酸、2,2-二甲基戊二酸、辛二酸、1,3-环戊烷二甲酸(1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic)、1,4-环己烷二甲酸(1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic)、1,3-环己烷二甲酸、二甘醇酸、衣康酸、马来酸和2,5-降冰片烷二羧酸(2,5-norbornanedicarboxylic)。可以使用的典型芳香族二羧酸包括选自由含有8个或更多碳原子的芳香族二羧酸中的取代或未被取代的、直链或支链的芳香族二羧酸及其衍生物。芳香族二羧酸的非限制性实例包括对苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、萘二甲酸及它们的衍生物,如对苯二甲酸二甲酯、间苯二甲酸二甲酯、2,6-萘二甲酸、2,6-萘二甲酸二甲酯、2,7-萘二甲酸、2,7-萘苯二甲酸二甲酯、3,4’-二苯醚二甲酸、3,4’二苯醚二甲酸二甲酯、4,4’-二苯醚二甲酸、4,4’-二苯醚二甲酸二甲酯、3,4’-二苯硫醚二甲酸、3,4’-二苯硫醚二甲酸二甲酯、4,4’-二苯硫醚二甲酸、4,4’-二苯硫醚二甲酸二甲酯、3,4’-二苯砜二甲酸、3,4’-二苯砜二甲酸二甲酯、4,4’-二苯砜二甲酸、4,4’-二苯砜二甲酸二甲酯、3,4’-苯甲酮二甲酸、3,4’-苯甲酮二甲酸二甲酯、4,4’-苯甲酮二甲酸、4,4’-苯甲酮二甲酸二甲酯、1,4-萘二甲酸、1,4-萘二甲酸二甲酯、4,4’-亚甲基双(苯甲酸)、4,4’-亚甲基双(苯甲酸二甲酯)等,以及它们的混合物。芳香族二羧酸单体组分在共聚酯中的量可以为约10摩尔%至约45摩尔%,在一些实施方式中为约15摩尔%至约35摩尔%,另一些实施方式中为约15摩尔%至约30摩尔%。类似地,脂肪族二羧酸单体组分在共聚酯中的量可以为约15摩尔%至约45摩尔%,在一些实施方式中为约20摩尔%至约40摩尔%,另一些实施方式中为约25摩尔%至约35摩尔%。多元醇单体组分在共聚酯中的量可以为约30摩尔%至约65摩尔%,在一些实施方式中为约40摩尔%至约50摩尔%,另一些实施方式中为约45摩尔%至约55摩尔%。
如有需要,可以使二异氰酸酯扩链剂与共聚酯反应来增加其分子量。典型的二异氰酸酯可以包括甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯、甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯、萘1,5-二异氰酸酯、二甲苯二异氰酸酯(xylylenediisocyanate)、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(“HMDI”)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和亚甲基双(2-异氰酸环己酯)。还可以使用三官能团的异氰酸酯化合物,其含有异氰脲酸酯和/或具有不少于3个官能度的联二脲基团,或者用三异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯部分地代替二异氰酸酯化合物。优选的二异氰酸酯为六亚甲基二异氰酸酯。扩链剂的用量通常约为聚合物总重量分数的0.3至约3.5重量%,在一些实施方式中为约0.5至约2.5重量%。
所述共聚酯可以是直链聚合物或支化的长链聚合物。所述支化的长链聚合物通常用小分子量支化剂制得,如多元醇、多元羧酸、羟基酸等。可以作为支化剂使用的典型的小分子量多元醇包括甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基乙烷、聚醚三醇、1,2,4-丁三醇、季戊四醇、1,2,6-己三醇、山梨醇、1,1,4,4,-四(羟甲基)环己烷、三(2-羟乙基)异氰脲酸酯和二聚季戊四醇。可以作为支化剂使用的典型的较大分子量(分子量400-30000)的多元醇包括由多元醇引发剂引发含有2-3个碳原子的烯化氧(如氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯)缩合得到的三元醇。可以作为支化剂使用的典型的多元羧酸包括连苯三酸、偏苯三酸(1,2,4-苯三甲酸)及其酐、均苯三酸(1,3,5-苯三甲酸)、均苯四酸及其酐、苯四甲酸、二苯甲酮四甲酸、1,1,2,2-乙烷-四甲酸、1,1,2-乙烷三甲酸、1,3,5-戊烷三甲酸和1,2,3,4-环戊四羧酸。可以作为支化剂使用的典型的羟基酸包括苹果酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、3-羟基戊二酸、粘酸、三羟基戊二酸、4-羧基邻苯二甲酸酐(4-carboxyphthalic anhydride)、羟基间苯二甲酸(hydroxyisophthalic acid)和4-(β-羟乙基)邻苯二甲酸。上述羟基酸含有3个或更多个羟基和羧基的组合。特别优选的支化剂包括偏苯三酸、均苯三酸、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷和1,2,4-丁三醇。
例如,一种具体实施方式中的脂肪族-芳香族共聚物可以具有以下结构:
其中,
m为2-10的整数,在一些实施方式中为2-4,在一种实施方式中为4;
n为0-18的整数,在一些实施方式中为2-4,在一种实施方式中为4;
p为2-10的整数,在一些实施方式中为2-4,在一种实施方式中为4;
x为大于1的整数,在一些实施方式中为2-100;和
y为大于1的整数,在一些实施方式中为2-100。
所述共聚酯的一个实例为聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸-丁二醇酯(polybutylene adipate terephthalate),可以由BASF公司以ECOFLEXFBX 7011的商品名商购。含有芳香族对苯二甲酸单体组分的另一种合适的共聚酯的实例包括可由IRE Chemicals(南韩)以ENPOLTM 8060M的名称商购的产品。其它合适的脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯可以是在美国专利NO.5,292,783;NO.5,446,079;NO.5,559,171;NO.5,580,911;NO.5,599,858;NO.5,817,721;NO.5,900,322;和NO.6,258,924中描述的那些,出于各种目的通过引用将上述专利全部内容与本文结合。所述脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯的数均分子量(“Mn”)通常为约40000至约120000克/摩尔,在一些实施方式中为约50000至约100000克/摩尔,另一些实施方式中为约60000至约85000克/摩尔。类似地,该聚合物的重均分子量(“Mw”)通常为约70000至约360000克/摩尔,一些实施方式中为约80000至约250000克/摩尔,另一些实施方式中为约100000至约200000克/摩尔。其多分散性指数也较低,例如为约1.0至约3.0,在一些实施方式中为约1.2至约2.0,另一些实施方式中为约1.4至约1.8。所述芳香族-脂肪族共聚酯的熔体流动指数为每10分钟约0.1至约10克,在一些实施方式中为每10分钟约0.5至约8克,另一些实施方式中为每10分钟约1至约5克。熔体流动速率指的是:根据ASTM测试法D1238-E测量的一定温度下(如190℃)在10分钟内受到2160克载荷时能从挤出式流变仪孔(直径为0.0825英寸)挤出的聚合物的重量(以克计)。
所述脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯的熔点通常为约80℃至约140℃,在一些实施方式中为约90℃至约130℃,另一些实施方式中为约100℃至约120℃。为了提高聚合物的柔韧性和加工性能,所述共聚酯的玻璃化转变温度(“Tg”)也较低。例如,Tg可以为约25℃或更低,在一些实施方式中为约0℃或更低,另一些实施方式中为约-10℃或更低。可以根据ASTMD-3417用差示扫描量热法(“DSC”)来测定熔点和玻璃化转变温度。
D.填料
本发明的填料可以包括具有期望尺寸的颗粒,例如平均尺寸为约0.5至约10微米的颗粒,在一些实施方式中为约1至约8微米,另一些实施方式中为约2至约6微米。可以用作填料的合适颗粒可以包括无机氧化物,如碳酸钙、高岭土、二氧化硅、氧化铝、碳酸钡、碳酸钠、氧化钛、沸石、碳酸镁、氧化钙、氧化镁、氢氧化铝、滑石粉等;硫酸盐,如硫酸钡、硫酸镁、硫酸铝等;纤维素粉(如纸浆粉(pulp powder)、木粉等);碳;环糊精;合成聚合物(如聚苯乙烯)等。其它可以使用的颗粒记载在美国专利NO.6,015,764和NO.6.111.163(McCormack等人);NO.5.932,497(Morman等人);NO.5,695,868(McCormack);NO.5,855,999(McCormack等人);NO.5,997,981(McCormack等人);和NO.6,461,457(Taylor等人)中,出于各种目的通过引用将上述专利全部内容与本文结合。
在一种具体的实施方式中,填料包括由碳酸钙形成的颗粒。必要时,所用的碳酸钙颗粒的纯度可以至少为约95重量%,在一些实施方式中至少是约98重量%,另一些实施方式中至少是约99重量%。这种高纯度的碳酸钙通常较细、柔软且为圆形,因此能提供更可控且分布较窄的颗粒尺寸,以提高膜的特性。这种高纯度碳酸钙的一个实例为加勒比微晶灰岩(Caribbean micritic)碳酸钙,其开采自通常产生于加勒比海(如牙买加)中的表面沉积层中的柔软松散、被精细分隔的、白垩状海洋沉淀沉积层中。这种碳酸钙的平均颗粒尺寸通常为约10微米或更低,优选为约6微米或更低。加勒比微晶灰岩碳酸钙的其它实例在美国专利NO.5,102,465(Lamond)中进行了描述,出于各种目的通过引用将上述专利全部内容与本文结合。所述碳酸钙可以是湿润或干燥的,分为窄颗粒分布尺寸的圆形或球形颗粒。一种特别合适的微晶灰岩碳酸钙可以“MD1517”的商品名购自Specialty Minerals。
虽不是必需的,但可以选择性地用改性剂(如脂肪酸,例如硬脂酸或山嵛酸)涂敷填料以有助于颗粒在主体中的自由流动,并使它们易于分布在可生物降解的聚合物中。此外,还可以用液体添加剂涂敷填料,来减少其在树脂-填料界面处发生的结合,还有利于使填料在拉伸过程中从聚合物基质中脱离出来。这对于表现出与填料具有强烈互相作用的极性可生物降解聚合物来说是特别有用的。上述添加剂的实例包括表面活性剂,例如商购自Dow Corning公司的硅酮乙二醇共聚物。其它适用于此目的的添加剂包括购自新泽西州巴约纳(Bayonne)的Kenrich Petrochemicals公司商品名为Ken-ReactLICA01、ReactLICA12、Ken-ReactCAPOWKen-ReactCAPS的钛酸盐和购自Kenrich商品名为Ken-ReactCAPSNZ 01/L的锆酸盐。可以在与树脂混合前将填料与上述添加剂预复合,或者可以在熔融-共混步骤中使添加剂与树脂和填料发生复合。
E.其它组分
除了上文提到的组分,本发明的膜中还可以加入其它添加剂,如熔融稳定剂、加工稳定剂、热稳定剂、光稳定剂、抗氧化剂、热老化稳定剂、增白剂、抗粘连剂、粘结剂等。亚磷酸盐稳定剂(如购自纽约Terrytown的Ciba Specialty Chemicals的IRGAFOS,和购自俄亥俄州Dover的DoverChemical的DOVERPHOS)是一种示例性熔融稳定剂。此外,受阻胺稳定剂(如购自Ciba Specialty Chemicals的CHIMASSORB)是一种示例性的热和光的稳定剂。另外,在制备膜的过程中通常将受阻酚作为抗氧化剂使用。一些合适的受阻酚包括购自Ciba Specialty Chemicals的商品名为“Irganox”的产品,例如Irganox1076、Irganox1010或IrganoxE201。另外,还可以向膜中加入粘结剂以促进膜与附加材料(如无纺网幅)粘结。这种粘结剂的实例包括氢化的烃类树脂。其它合适的粘结剂在美国专利NO.4,789,699(Kieffer等人)和NO.5,695,868(McCormack)中进行了描述,出于各种目的通过引用将上述专利全部内容结合于此。使用添加剂时,各个添加剂(如润滑剂、抗氧化剂、稳定剂等)的量可以为成膜所用共混物的约0.001重量%至约1重量%,在一些实施方式中为约0.005重量%至约1重量%,另一些实施方式中为约0.01重量%至约0.5重量%。
II.膜的制造
本发明的膜可以为单层或多层的。可以通过层的共挤出、挤压涂敷或常规的形成层的方法来制备多层膜。所述多层膜含有至少一个基层和至少一个表层,也可以含有任意所需数量的层。例如,多层膜可以由一个基层和一个或多个表层形成,其中,所述基层由本发明的共混物形成。在大多数的实施方式中,表层也由上述共混物形成。但应该理解的是,其它聚合物也可以用于表层中。例如,表层可以含有脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯、热塑性淀粉、聚乳酸、填料和/或其它组分,但其含量或重量百分数可能与基层不同。
可以通过任何已知的技术用化合材料来形成膜,包括吹塑(blowing)、流延(casting)、平模挤出(flat die extruding)等。在一种具体的实施方式中,可以通过吹塑法形成膜,其中用气体(如空气)来使通过环形模具挤出的聚合物共混物产生气泡。随后气泡破裂并收缩成平整的膜的形式。制备吹塑膜的方法记载在例如美国专利NO.3,354,506(Raley);NO.3,650,649(Schippers);和NO.3,801,429(Schrenk等人)以及美国专利申请公开NO.2005/0245162(McCormack等人)和NO.2003/0068951(Boqqs等人)中,出于各种目的通过引用将上述专利全部内容与本文结合。但在另一种实施方式中通过流延技术来形成膜。
例如,图1示出了形成流延膜的方法的一种实施方式。可以将原料(如热塑性淀粉、聚乳酸、脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯、填料等)分别或以共混物的形式加入熔融共混装置内。如,在一种实施方式中将组分分别加入熔融共混装置内,使其分散在该装置内按上文描述的方式进行共混。例如,可以使用包括进料口和出料口的挤出机。在一种实施方式中,热塑性淀粉、聚乳酸和脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯可以从双螺杆挤出机的进料口进料后进行熔融。然后,可以将填料进料到熔融的聚合物中。不管怎样,将上述物质在高剪切/高压下进行共混和加热,以确保其充分混合。熔融物通常在接近或高于脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯软化点且低于共混物分解温度的温度下发生共混。例如,熔融物可以在约75℃至约300℃下发生共混,在一些实施方式中,为约80℃至约250℃,另一些实施方式中为约90℃至约200℃。类似地,熔融物发生共混过程中的表观剪切速率可以为约100秒-1至约10000秒-1,在一些实施方式中为约500秒-1至约5000秒-1,另一些实施方式中为约800秒-1至约1200秒-1。表观剪切速率等于4Q/πR3,其中,Q为熔融聚合物的体积流速(“m3/s”),R为熔融聚合物流经的毛细管(如挤出机模具)半径(“m”)。
接着,立即对挤出材料进行冷却并切割成丸粒形式。在图1所示的具体实施方式中,接着将化合材料(未示出)供至挤出设备80并在流延辊90上进行流延,从而形成单层前体膜10a。若要制备多层膜,可以将多个层共挤出到流延辊90上。可任选地在流延辊90上提供压花元件以在膜上产生图案。通常来说,将流延辊90的温度保持为足以使膜片(sheet)10a在成形时发生固化和冷却,例如约为20-60℃。必要时可以在流延辊90附近放置真空盒,以使前体膜10a保持靠近辊90的表面。另外,当前体膜10a在转动的辊上移动时,气刀(air knife)或静电夹(electrostatic pinner)能协助保持其与流延辊90的表面接触。气刀是本领域公知的装置,该装置能使流速非常高的气流集中以压住膜的边缘。
进行流延后,可以任选地使膜10a取向为一个或多个方向来进一步提高膜的均匀性并降低其厚度。由于填料的存在,还能在取向过程中形成微孔,从而为膜提供了透气性。例如,可以立即将膜再次加热到低于膜中的一种或多种聚合物熔点的温度,但该温度又足够高以对该组合物进行拉伸或延展。进行连续取向时,用以不同旋转速度旋转的辊拉伸“被软化的”膜,使膜片在纵向(机器方向)上被延展至期望的拉伸比。随后可以将该“单向”取向的膜层压为纤维状网。此外,还可以使单向拉升取向的膜在横向上进行取向,以形成“双朝向的”膜。例如,可以用链夹(chain clip)夹紧膜的横向边缘后将其送入拉幅炉(tenter oven)中。膜在拉幅炉内被再次加热,并从横向被位于其拉伸方向上的链夹拉伸至期望的拉伸比。再参照图1,显示了一种形成单向取向膜的方法。如前文描述的,使前体膜10a进入膜取向单元10或纵向取向器(machine direction orienter,“MDO”),如商购自Rhode Island普罗维登斯(Providence)的Marshall and Willams公司的产品。MDO具有多个拉伸辊(如5-8个),它们能在纵向上逐渐地拉伸膜并使膜变薄,所述纵向为膜以图1所示方法中的移动方向。虽然所示的MDO100具有8个辊,但可以理解的是,根据所需的拉伸水平以及各辊之间的拉伸程度,可以使用更多或更少数目的辊。可以通过一个或多个独立的拉伸操作对膜进行拉伸。需要注意的是,MDO设备中的部分辊可能不能以逐渐提高的速度运行。必要时,MDO的部分辊可以起到预热辊的作用。如果设置有预热辊,先用这少数辊将膜10a加热至高于室温(如125℉)。MDO中邻近的辊逐渐加快速度,起到拉伸膜10a的作用。拉伸辊的选择速度决定了膜的拉伸量以及最终膜的重量。
随后将得到的膜10b缠绕并保存在卷绕辊60上。虽未在图中示出,但可以在不偏离本发明的范围和精神的前提下进行各种本领域公知的可能加工和/或最后步骤,例如切缝、处理、打孔、印刷图案或将膜与其它层(如无纺网幅材料)进行层压。
得到的可生物降解膜的厚度通常可以随着目的用途而有不同。但通常来说,膜的厚度约为100微米或以下,在一些实施方式中为约1至约90微米,另一些实施方式中为约5至约75微米,另一些实施方式中为约10至约60微米。虽然本发明的膜的厚度较小,但它仍然能在使用过程中保持良好的机械性能。极限拉伸强度是能反应膜的相对强度的一个参数,它等于应力应变曲线(stress-strain curve)上的峰值应力。如所预期的,本发明的膜表现出纵向(“MD”)极限拉伸强度为约1至约50兆帕斯卡(“MPa”),在一些实施方式中为约5至约40MPa,另一些实施方式中为约10至约30MPa;横向(“CD”)极限拉伸强度为约1至约50兆帕斯卡(“MPa”),在一些实施方式中为约5至约40MPa,另一些实施方式中为约10至约30MPa。虽然膜具有良好的强度,但该膜也不会过于僵硬。杨氏弹性模量是一个能反应膜(干燥时)的相对刚度的参数,它等于拉伸应力和拉伸应变的比值,并由应力-应变曲线的斜率确定。举例来说,膜在纵向(“MD”)上通常表现出的杨氏模量为约100至约800兆帕斯卡(“MPa”),在一些实施方式中为约125至约700MPa,另一些实施方式中为约150至约650MPa;横向(“CD”)上的杨氏模量为约50至约600兆帕斯卡(“MPa”),在一些实施方式中为约75至约500MPa,另一些实施方式中为约100至约450MPa。膜的MD和/或CD上的最大拉伸率(反应了膜的延展性)为约50%至约600%,在一些实施方式中为约100%至约575%,另一些实施方式中为约150%至约550%。
参照下列实施例能更好地理解本发明。
测试方法
拉伸性能:
根据ASTM标准D638-99,通过大量实验测定带状(strip)的拉伸强度。使用常速拉伸型的拉伸测定仪。拉伸测定系统为Sintech 1/D拉伸测定仪,可由北卡罗来纳州Cary的Sintech公司购得。拉伸测定仪上安装有MTS公司出品的TESTWORKS 4.08B软件来支持测试的进行。选择合适的载荷元件使测试值落入满载荷的10-90%内。测试前,先将膜样品剪切成中心宽度为3.0mm的狗骨头形状。将样品固定在正面和背面为25.4毫米×76毫米的夹具之间。在夹具的面上涂上胶,使夹具的较长方向与拉的方向垂直。夹具的压力通过气动保持为40磅/平方英寸。以18.0毫米的标距长度、40%的断裂灵敏度来进行拉力测试。在纵向方向施加测试载荷对5个样品进行测试,并在横向方向施加测试载荷对另5个样品进行测试。测试过程中,以约127毫米/分钟的十字头速度对样品十字方向进行延伸直到发生断裂。测量断裂时在纵向(“MD”)和横向(“CD”)上的模量、峰值应力、断裂应变(最大伸长率)和单位体积上的能量。
实施例1-3
用ZSK-30双螺杆挤出机(新泽西州Ramsey的Werner & Pfleider制造)来使含有ECOFLEXF BX 7011(BASF)、由玉米产生的热塑性淀粉(“TPS”)和PLA 4030D(聚乳酸,BASF)按以下重量比(ECOFLEX/TPS/4030D)的共混物熔融化合:54/36/10;51/34/15;和48/32/20。将得到的产品线(strands)丸粒化,然后用Haake实验规模的膜流延单元将这些丸粒流延成膜。各共混物中的具体组成、化合条件以及进行膜流延的参数列于下表1-3中。共混物化合和膜流延过程中的挤出温度稍有不同。
表1:膜组分
表2:化合条件
表3:膜流延的条件
对所得膜的性能(厚度、峰值应力、伸长率、模量和韧性)进行测定并列于下表4中。
表4:膜的性能
模量随着4030D PLA(聚乳酸)在含有ECOFLEX和热塑性淀粉的共混物中的含量增加而增大。注意到在纵向(MD)具有显著的增大,其模量从ECOFLEX/TPS为60/40的共混物的83MPa增大至含有20%4030D PLA的共混物时的580MPa。4030D PLA的加入为膜提供了更大的刚度,这通常是进行包装(packaging)和装袋(bagging)操作所要求的。虽然模量增大了,但其伸长率也随着4030D PLA的加入而降低。含有60/40ECOFLEX/TPS的纯共混物软而柔韧,具有良好的伸长率;但是,有弹性的膜通常不适用于某些包装领域。因此,通过向纯共混物中加入即使是10%量的4030D PLA,就能降低MD和横向(CD)的伸长率。此外,由于延展性组分与刚性组分的比值降低,模量增大而断裂时的应变(“最大伸长率”)通常会降低。
实施例4-5
用ZSK-30双螺杆挤出机(新泽西州Ramsey的Werner & Pfleider制造)来使含有ECOFLEXF BX 7011(BASF)、由玉米产生的热塑性淀粉(“TPS”)和Omya Carb 2sst碳酸钙(Omya公司)按以下重量比(ECOFLEX/TPS/碳酸钙)的共混物熔融化合:54/36/10和48/32/20。将得到的产品线丸粒化,然后用Haake实验规模的膜流延单元将这些丸粒流延成膜。各共混物中的具体膜组分、化合条件以及进行膜流延的参数列于下表5-7中。共混物化合和膜流延过程中的挤出温度稍有不同。
表5:膜组分
表6:化合条件
表7:膜流延的条件
对所得膜的性能(厚度、峰值应力、伸长率、模量和韧性)进行测定并列于下表8中。
表8:膜的性能
模量随着碳酸钙在含有ECOFLEX和热塑性淀粉的共混物中的含量增加而增大。注意到含有20%碳酸钙的共混物的模量增大最多。这种混合物与含有60/40ECOFLEX/TPS的纯共混物相比,MD模量从83MPa增大至134MPa,CD模量从100MPa增大至168MPa。含有10%碳酸钙的共混物的MD模量不变,但CD方向上的模量增大了30MPa。虽然向共混物中加入10-20%的碳酸钙能使模量增大,但同时也降低了膜的伸长率。有意思的是,从含有60/40ECOFLEX/TPS的纯共混物到含10%碳酸钙的共混物,伸长率下降;但是,加入20%的碳酸钙后的膜的伸长率基本上等于含有10%碳酸钙的膜的伸长率。此外,由于延展性组分与刚性组分的比值降低,模量增大而断裂时的应变(“最大伸长率”)通常会降低。
实施例6-7
用ZSK-30双螺杆挤出机(新泽西州Ramsey的Werner & Pfleider制造)来使含有ECOFLEXF BX 7011(BASF)、由玉米产生的热塑性淀粉(“TPS”)和滑石粉(Specialty Minerals)按以下重量比(ECOFLEX/TPS/滑石粉)的共混物熔融化合:54/36/10和48/32/20。将得到的产品线丸粒化,然后用Haake实验规模的膜流延单元将这些丸粒流延成膜。各共混物中的具体膜组分、化合条件以及进行膜流延的参数列于下表9-11中。共混物化合和膜流延过程中的挤出温度稍有不同。
表9:膜组分
表10:化合条件
表11:膜流延的条件
对所得膜的性能(厚度、峰值应力、伸长率、模量和韧性)进行测定并列于下表12中。
表12:膜的性能
含有滑石粉的共混物的模量保持得非常稳定。但膜的伸长率(特别是CD方向上)随着滑石粉的量的增加而下降。此外,由于延展性组分与刚性组分的比值降低,模量增大而断裂时的应变(“最大伸长率”)通常会降低。
实施例8-13
用ASK-30双螺杆挤出机(新泽西州Ramsey的Werner & Pfleider制造)来使含有ECOFLEXF BX 7011(BASF)、由玉米产生的热塑性淀粉(“TPS”)、PLA 4030D(聚乳酸,BASF)和Omya Carb 2sst碳酸钙(Omya公司)按以下重量比(ECOFLEX/TPS/4030D/碳酸钙)的共混物熔融化合:48/32/10/10、45/30/10/10、42/28/20/10、42/28/10/20、39/26/15/20和36/24/20/20。将得到的产品线丸粒化,然后用Haake实验规模的膜流延单元将这些丸粒流延成膜。各共混物中的具体膜组分、化合条件以及进行膜流延的参数列于下表13-15中。共混物进行化合和膜流延过程中的挤出温度稍有不同。
表13:膜组分
表14:化合条件
13 | 150 | 160 | 180 | 180 | 180 | 170 | 160 | 88-92 | 172 |
表15:膜流延的条件
对所得膜的性能(厚度、峰值应力、伸长率、模量和韧性)进行测定并列于下表16中。
表16:膜的性能
模量随着4030D PLA的量增加而逐步增大。例如,加入10%的4030DPLA和碳酸钙后,MD模量与含有60/40ECOFLEX/TPS的纯共混物相比从83MPa增大至309MPa;CD模量与含有60/40ECOFLEX/TPS的纯共混物相比从100MPa增大至216MPa。当4030D PLA含量增加时,MD模量继续从309MPa增至518MPa直到620MPa。CD上也观察到了类似的趋势。虽然模量仍然随着4030D PLA和碳酸钙加入到共混物中而不断增大,但对10%碳酸钙共混物而言,并未观察到这种逐步的趋势。尽管向共混物中加入4030D PLA和碳酸钙能使模量增大,但膜的伸长率却随之下降。类似地,同时加入10%的4030D PLA和10%的碳酸钙时能观察到大幅的下降;当对所有含10%碳酸钙的共混物来说,这种性能的下降保持为线性的。基本上来说,当共混物中加入了10%的碳酸钙时,可以加入10%、15%或20%的4030D PLA而不会对伸长率造成过大的影响。另一方面,当共混物中加入了20%的碳酸钙时,能观察到升长率随着4030D PLA的量从10%增加至20%发生持续的下降。此外,由于延展性组分与刚性组分的比值降低,模量增大而断裂时的应变(“最大延伸率”)通常会降低。
实施例14-15
用ASK-30双螺杆挤出机(新泽西州Ramsey的Werner & Pfleider制造)来使含有ECOFLEXF BX 7011(BASF)、由玉米产生的热塑性淀粉(“TPS”)、PLA 4030D(聚乳酸,BASF)和滑石粉按以下重量比(ECOFLEX/TPS/4030D/滑石粉)的共混物熔融化合:48/32/10/10和42/28/10/20。将得到的产品线丸粒化,然后用Haake实验规模的膜流延单元将这些丸粒流延成膜。各共混物中的具体膜组分、化合条件以及进行膜流延的参数列于下表17-19中。共混物进行化合和膜流延过程中的挤出温度稍有不同。
表17:膜组分
表18:化合条件
表19:膜流延的条件
对所得膜的性能(厚度、峰值应力、伸长率、模量和韧性)进行测定并列于下表20中。
表20:膜的性能
可以看出,4030PLA的加入增大了膜的刚度,但不同量的滑石粉未使材料的性能产生显著的改变。例如,当加入10%的4030D PLA和10%的滑石粉时,MD模量与含有60/40ECOFLEX/TPS的纯共混物相比从87MPa增大至186MPa;CD模量与含有60/40的ECOFLEX/TPS纯共混物相比从85MPa增加至135MPa。而当滑石粉的量从10%增加至20%时,模量保持不变。虽然加入10%或20%的滑石粉后的模量相对保持稳定,但得到的伸长率却持续降低。这种降低发生于所有其它组分(ECOFLEXTPS和PLA)保持不变的情况。此外,由于延展性组分与刚性组分的比值降低,模量增大而断裂时的应变(“最大延伸率”)通常会降低。
虽然结合具体的实施方式对本发明进行了描述,但本领域技术人员应该理解的是,在对理解前述内容的基础上,即可容易地对上述实施方式做出替换、改变和等同变换。因此,本发明的范围应被认为是随附的权利要求及其全部等同方式的范围。
Claims (20)
1.一种可生物降解的包装膜,其中,该膜包含共混物,所述共混物含有:
至少一种热塑性淀粉,含量约为该共混物的10-60重量%,如约为该共混物的20-50重量%;
至少一种聚乳酸,含量约为该共混物的1-30重量%,如约为该共混物的5-25重量%;
至少一种脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯,含量约为该共混物的20-70重量%,如约为该共混物的30-60重量%;以及
至少一种填料,含量约为该共混物的1-25重量%,如约为该共混物的8-15重量%,
其中,所述脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯和热塑性淀粉的总重量百分数与聚乳酸和填料的总重量百分数的比值约为1-10,如约为2-6。
2.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述热塑性淀粉含有约40重量%至约90重量%的至少一种淀粉和约10重量%至约45重量%的至少一种增塑剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述淀粉包括改性淀粉。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述增塑剂包括多元醇。
5.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,根据ASTM测试法D1238-E在190℃的温度、载荷为2160时测得的所述热塑性淀粉的熔体流动指数为每10分钟约0.05克至约50克。
6.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯由芳香族单体形成,所述芳香族单体包括对苯二甲酸或其衍生物、邻苯二甲酸或其衍生物、间苯二甲酸或其衍生物,或上述物质的组合。
8.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯包括聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸-丁二醇酯。
9.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解包装膜,其中,所述脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯的玻璃化转变温度约为0℃或更低。
10.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述聚乳酸含有衍生自L-乳酸、D-乳酸、内消旋乳酸或它们的混合物的单体单元。
11.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述聚乳酸的玻璃化转变温度为约10至约80℃。
12.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述填料包括无机氧化物颗粒。
13.根据权利要求12所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述颗粒包括碳酸钙颗粒。
14.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述填料包括平均尺寸为约0.5至约10微米的颗粒。
15.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述膜的厚度约为100微米或更低。
16.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述膜的纵向最大拉伸强度为约1至50兆帕斯卡,优选为约5至约40兆帕斯卡;且该膜的纵向杨氏模量为约100至约800兆帕斯卡,优选为约150至约650兆帕斯卡。
17.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述膜的横向最大拉伸强度为约1至约50兆帕斯卡,优选为约5至约40兆帕斯卡;且该膜的横向杨氏模量为约50至约600兆帕斯卡,优选为约100至约450兆帕斯卡。
18.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述膜的纵向最大延伸率为约50%至约600%,横向最大延伸率为约50%至约600%。
19.根据前述任意一项权利要求所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述膜为多层,并包括至少一个基层和至少一个表层。
20.根据权利要求19所述的可生物降解的包装膜,其中,所述基层中含有所述共混物。
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KR20110037983A (ko) | 2011-04-13 |
MX307773B (es) | 2013-03-08 |
WO2010001268A3 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
EP2294134B1 (en) | 2014-04-09 |
AU2009265209A1 (en) | 2010-01-07 |
AU2009265209B2 (en) | 2013-11-07 |
US20090324917A1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
EP2294134A4 (en) | 2011-11-16 |
WO2010001268A2 (en) | 2010-01-07 |
BRPI0910153A2 (pt) | 2019-09-24 |
US8188185B2 (en) | 2012-05-29 |
MX2010014474A (es) | 2011-02-21 |
EP2294134A2 (en) | 2011-03-16 |
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