CN102089066B - 具有优良低温性能的NOx吸附催化剂 - Google Patents
具有优良低温性能的NOx吸附催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102089066B CN102089066B CN200980126902.7A CN200980126902A CN102089066B CN 102089066 B CN102089066 B CN 102089066B CN 200980126902 A CN200980126902 A CN 200980126902A CN 102089066 B CN102089066 B CN 102089066B
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- washcoated layer
- nox
- catalyst
- brick
- layer
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- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UAJUXJSXCLUTNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pranlukast Chemical compound C=1C=C(OCCCCC=2C=CC=CC=2)C=CC=1C(=O)NC(C=1)=CC=C(C(C=2)=O)C=1OC=2C=1N=NNN=1 UAJUXJSXCLUTNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RWRDJVNMSZYMDV-UHFFFAOYSA-L radium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ra+2] RWRDJVNMSZYMDV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Sm+3].[Sm+3] FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOWHQWFXSLOJEF-MGZLOUMQSA-N systemin Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H]1N(C(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]2N(CCC2)C(=O)[C@H]2N(CCC2)C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)N)C(C)C)CCC1 HOWHQWFXSLOJEF-MGZLOUMQSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
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Abstract
本发明的稀燃NOx捕集催化剂组合物包括不同的层、或区构造或多层砖块结构。顶层、前区或前砖块不含任何碱或碱土金属NOx捕集组分。底层、后区或后砖块可含有与贵金属族催化剂(例如,Pt)接触的任何所需的NOx捕集组分。本发明的催化剂显示具有优良低温性能的宽温度操作区间。
Description
本专利申请要求2008年6月27日提交的美国待审专利申请序列号61/076,560和2009年6月23日提交的美国待审专利申请序列号12/490,252的优先权,其全文据此并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于NOx减排的稀燃NOx捕集装置,尤其是涉及稀燃内燃机的废气中的NOx减排。更具体地讲,本发明涉及一种含有稀燃NOx捕集催化剂的新型组合物以及该新型组合物的使用方法。
背景技术
催化剂使用在机动车辆的排气系统中以将发动机运行中产生的一氧化碳、碳氢化合物和氮氧化物(NOx)转化成无害气体。当发动机在理论或稍浓的空燃(A/F)比下运行时,含有钯、铂和/或铑的催化剂能够高效地同时转化所有这三种气体。也就是说,一氧化碳和碳氢化合物被氧化成二氧化碳和水,并且NOx被还原为氮。因此,这类催化剂通常称为“三效”催化剂。然而,发动机在“稀燃”工况下运行是可取的,其中A/F比大于理论空燃比范围14.4-14.7,通常在19-27之间,以实现燃料经济效益。虽然这类贵金属三效催化剂在稀燃(过量氧)运行期间能够高效转化一氧化碳和碳氢化合物,但是其不能在稀燃工况下有效地转化NOx。稀燃、高空燃比和柴油机对于满足下一代车辆规定的强制性燃料经济要求变得更为重要,对车辆NOx排放物的控制继续面临着挑战。因此,迫切需要相应地研发在纯氧化工况下用于控制NOx排放物的有效且耐用的催化剂。
据知,含有铂和沸石的催化剂用于在稀燃工况下用碳氢化合物还原NOx时是有活性的。然而,该催化剂活性仅在重烃氧化的起燃温度附近较窄的温度范围内(通常为180℃和250℃之间)显著。高于起燃温度,由于几乎所有的碳氢化合物还原剂完全被氧化且不可用于NOx还原,所以稀燃NOx催化剂迅速失去其催化活性。稀燃NOx催化剂的该较窄的温度区间被认为是主要技术障碍之一,原因是较窄的温度区间使得这些催化剂的实际应用变得困难(用于稀燃汽油或柴油发动机)。含有基础金属的沸石催化剂在较高温度下,通常在300℃以上显示出用碳氢化合物还原NOx的活性。但在较低的温度下,它们显示出很少的NOx转化。此外,如果超出一定的温度,这些催化剂不可逆转地失活。还发现,水蒸汽和含硫化合物的存在加速了催化剂的失活。因此,难以将其考虑用作商业用途。
另一方法是利用使用氨或尿素作为还原剂的选择性催化还原(SCR)技术。已经发现,在将稀燃废气中的NOx选择性地还原为N2时,含钒和含某些沸石的催化剂十分有效。SCR技术的商业用途已开发出针对重型柴油机的应用。然而,尿素供应的基础结构和OBD的要求造成SCR技术难以应用于所有稀燃车辆。因此,本领域继续探索采用车载燃料系统的NOx还原技术。
一种从稀燃发动机(诸如汽油直喷式和部分稀燃发动机)以及从柴油机的废气中还原NOx的有效方法,要求在稀燃发动机运行工况下捕集并存储NOx,并且在理论或浓空燃比发动机运行工况或在废气中具有外部燃料注入而引发富燃工况的稀燃发动机运行工况下还原捕集的NOx。为保留尽可能多的燃料,稀燃工作循环通常为1分钟至20分钟之间,而富燃工作循环通常较短(1至10秒)。为提高NOx的转化效率,短且频繁的再生优选于长但不太频繁的再生。因此,稀燃NOx捕集催化剂通常必须提供NOx捕集功能和三效转化功能。
由于具有活性将NO转化为NO2的催化剂在将SO2转化为SO3时也具有活性,所以稀燃NOx捕集技术已限制于使用低硫燃料。因为在氧化工况(废气含有过量氧)下,SOx比NO2更强地吸附在NO2吸附位上,并且在正常运行工况下吸附的SOx在富燃料条件下不脱附,所以稀燃NOx捕集催化剂在SOx存在的情况下已显示出严重失活。据发现,表面吸附的SOx能够在高温,在富燃(还原)工况下通常高于600℃下移除。定期移除催化剂上堆积的硫有助于恢复性能并且能够延长稀燃NOx捕集装置的使用寿命。在新一代的柴油动力车辆(2007年车型及其后)中,很多已配备了柴油微粒过滤器(DPF)装置以移除有害的碳烟颗粒。微粒过滤器定期地进行再生循环,通常在600℃左右燃烧掉收集的碳烟。在含有DPF和LNT的排气后处理系统中,在微粒过滤器的再生过程中并入脱硫处理是有利的。因此,能够容易地完成高性价比的脱硫工艺。在2007年及其后,柴油机燃料含硫量已经规定要降低至15ppm以下。发动机设计的发展、排气后处理装置和低硫燃料使得在还原柴油机NOx排放物方面,稀燃NOx捕集技术前景广阔。
现有稀燃NOx捕集(LNT)装置含有碱和碱土金属(例如,Ba)元素。含有碱土金属的LNT装置在250℃和450℃之间显示出良好且持久的NOx转化效率。然而,在低于250℃时LNT显示出有限的NOx转化。据信,LNT催化剂中存在的捕集组分(例如,Ba))抑制了在低温(低于250℃)下对贵金属元素的NO氧化和NOx还原的内在活性,尤其是在稀燃环境中(含有过量氧)暴露于超过750℃的高温之后。由于在低负荷且低速工况(例如,FTP75工况)下,柴油机的排气温度通常低于250℃,所以稀燃NOx捕集(LNT)催化剂装置在这类工况下运行良好是非常期望的。本发明新型的催化剂装置克服了当前稀燃NOx捕集装置低温性能的缺陷。
发明内容
本发明涉及用于稀燃发动机(诸如柴油机)的NOx减排的组合稀燃NOx捕集和催化剂(稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂)装置。本发明的稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂装置包括至少两个用于废气排放物处理的不同的催化剂洗涂层(washcoat),所述废气排放物为诸如未燃的碳氢化合物(HC)、一氧化碳(CO)和氮氧化物(NOx)。更具体地讲,本发明的催化剂组合物被设计用于还原污染物,例如,在约100℃至约500℃的温度下汽车发动机废气流中的NOx。
本发明的洗涂层可包括至少一个含有NOx捕集组分,诸如碱土金属元素的层,和至少一个含有二氧化铈且基本上不含碱土金属元素的层。这两层均能够在稀燃工况下吸附NOx并且在富燃工况下还原捕集的NOx。根据本发明可使用多重洗涂层构造。
附图简述
图1是根据本发明的可包括NOx捕集构件或NOx催化剂构件的蜂窝状耐火载体构件的透视图;
图2是相对于图1且沿着平行于图1载体端面的平面截取的局部放大的横截面图,示出了如图1所示的气流通道之一的放大视图;
图3是根据本发明的一个实施例示出稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂上的第一或底洗涂层和第二或顶洗涂层的构造的示意图;
图4是根据本发明的一个实施例的发动机排放物处理装置的示意图;
图5是根据本发明的一个实施例的发动机排放物处理装置的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及一种处理来自稀燃发动机(例如,柴油机)气体排放物的方法和稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂装置。具体地讲,本发明涉及一种新型的稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂洗涂层组合物,所述稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂洗涂层组合物包括含有用于废气排放物(诸如一氧化碳(CO)、未燃的碳氢化合物(HC)和氮氧化物(NOx))处理的NOx捕集组分和催化剂组分的至少两个不同的洗涂层。本发明的稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂装置可以包括涂布到单基底构件、区构造或多层砖块结构上不同的层,其中该装置中各砖块涂布有不同的洗涂层。至少一层含有NOx捕集组分的组合物含有碱土金属元素,并且至少另一层含有NOx捕集组分的组合物含有二氧化铈且基本上不含碱土金属元素。本发明的催化剂组合物显示出具有优良低温性能的宽温度操作区间。本发明的新型催化剂洗涂层组合物设计用于还原温度从约100℃至约500℃的汽车发动机废气流中的废气排放物。本文还示例了发动机废气流温度约低于350℃、约低于250℃、约低于200℃的情况。
本发明的催化剂组合物包括第一或前区或顶洗涂层,以及第二或后区或底洗涂层。第一或前区或顶洗涂层是发动机的废气流接触的第一个洗涂层。而第二或后区或底洗涂层是废气流接触的第二个洗涂层(即,废气流在接触第一洗涂层之后接触第二洗涂层)。
第一或顶洗涂层含有作为NOx捕集组分或硫清除剂的一种或多种负载型贵金属催化剂和二氧化铈。重要地是,第一或顶洗涂层不含或没有任何碱或碱土金属组分,据信碱或碱土金属组分抑制了在低温(通常低于350℃)下对贵金属催化剂的NO氧化。因而,顶洗涂层能够在低于350℃的温度下氧化NOx。事实上,发明人已经意外地发现,本发明的顶洗涂层组合物能够在低于250℃、低于200℃以及甚至低于150℃的温度下氧化NOx。此外,顶洗涂层能够在低于350℃的温度下还原未燃的碳氢化合物和一氧化碳。第二或底涂层含有一种或多种NOx捕集组分,其与用于废气排放物处理的一种或多种负载型贵金属催化剂紧密接触。优选地,第二或底涂层含有作为NOx捕集组分的一种或多种碱或碱土金属组分。
在一个实施例中,本发明的稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂装置可包括一种新型的捕集/催化剂组合物,其包括两个涂布到单基底或载体构件的不同的洗涂层,一个涂层(例如,顶洗涂层)位于另一涂层上(例如,底洗涂层)。在该实施例中,底洗涂层涂布到基底(例如,直通整体式)的整个轴向长度上,并且顶洗涂层涂布到底洗涂层的整个轴向长度上。根据本发明,顶洗涂层含有用于废气排放物处理的一种或多种负载型贵金属,并且可选地可含有二氧化铈,但是没有任何碱或碱土金属组分。底涂层可含有一种或多种NOx捕集组分或NOx吸附剂,其可选择地并可逆地从废气流吸附氮氧化物。底洗涂层也可含有用于废气排放物处理的一种或多种贵金属催化剂。在稀燃工况下,本发明的底洗涂层能够同时存储氮氧化物(NOx)并催化废气流中碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的转化,并且顶洗涂层能够催化氮氧化物(NOx)的氧化。在随后的富燃工况下,过量存储的NOx能够被释放并被包含在顶洗涂层和底洗涂层的催化剂氧化。
结合图1和图2可以更容易地理解本发明的稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂装置。图1和图2根据本发明的一个实施例示出耐火载体构件2。参照图1,耐火载体构件2是圆柱形的,其具有圆柱外表面4、上游端面6和与上游端面6相同的下游端面8。载体构件2具有形成在其上的多个细小、平行的气流通道10。如图2可见,气流通道10由壁12形成并从上游端面6向下游端面8延伸穿过载体2,通道10是无障碍的以便允许流体,例如,气流,经载体2的气流通道10纵向流动通过载体2。如图2更容易地看到,壁12被切割和构造使得气流通道10具有大致规则的多边形形状,在所示的实施例中大致为方形,但带有圆角(根据1982年6月15日发给J.C.Dettling等人的美国专利申请No.4,335,023)。不连续层底涂层14,在本领域里并且在下文中有时被称为“洗涂层”,附着于或涂布到载体构件的壁12上。如图2所示,第二不连续洗涂层或顶涂层16涂布到底洗涂层14上。根据本发明,顶洗涂层16包括一种或多种负载型贵金属催化剂、二氧化铈且不含任何碱或碱土金属组分。底洗涂层16包括一种或多种NOx捕集材料,其与一种或多种负载型贵金属紧密接触。
如图2所示,载体构件包括由气流通道10提供的空隙空间,并且这些通道10的横截面面积和界定通道的壁12的厚度从一种类型的载体构件至另一种类型载体构件会有所不同。同样,涂布到这些载体的洗涂层重量也会从一种情形到另一种情形发生变化。因此,在描述组合物的洗涂层或催化剂金属组分或其它组分的量时,使用催化剂载体组分每单位体积的单位重量会非常方便。因此,本文使用的每立方英寸单位克数(“g/in3”)和每立方英尺单位克数(“g/ft3”)是指载体构件组分单位体积的重量,包括载体构件空隙空间的体积。
在运行时,包括碳氢化合物、一氧化碳、氮氧化物和氧化硫的稀燃发动机的废气排放物最先遇到顶洗涂层16,并随后遇到底洗涂层14。
可以利用任何合适的载体或基底,诸如具有多个细小、平行的气流通道的类型的整体式载体,该气流通道从载体的入口面或出口面延伸穿过载体使得流体自由流动穿过通道。从流体入口到流体出口基本上直的通道由壁所界定,所述壁上涂布作为“洗涂层”的催化材料使得流动穿过通道的气体接触催化材料。整体式载体的流体通道是薄壁的通道,其可具有任何合适的横截面形状和尺寸,诸如梯形、矩形、方形、正弦形、六边形、椭圆形、圆形。这类整体式载体在其横截面上每平方英寸可以包含高达约700或更多个流体通道(“单元”),尽管可以使用远少于该数量的通道。例如,载体可以具有约60至600个,更常见地约200至400个单元每平方英寸(“cpsi”)。
载体可以包括具有蜂窝结构的耐火陶瓷或金属。合适的耐火陶瓷材料包括氧化铝、硅石、二氧化钛和氧化锆化合物,例如,堇青石(优选的)、堇青石-α氧化铝、氮化硅、锆莫来石、锂辉石、铝-硅氧化镁、硅酸锆、硅线石、硅酸镁、锆叶长石、α-氧化铝和铝硅酸盐。金属蜂窝可以由耐火金属诸如不锈钢或其它合适的铁基耐腐蚀合金制成。
在另一个实施例中,本发明不同的洗涂层能够涂布到壁流式基底上。图4和图5示出了壁流式整体34,其具有多个通道42和45。通道能够描述为入口通道42和出口通道45,并且所述通道42和45由壁流式整体34的内壁35管形封闭。壁流式整体34具有入口端44和出口端43。备用通道在入口端44使用入口塞38塞住,并且在出口端40使用出口塞(未示出)塞住以在入口端44和出口端43形成相对的棋盘形图案。气流在入口端44进入未塞住的通道,并流动穿过通道42。气流被出口塞堵住并扩散穿过内壁35(多孔的)至出口通道45并退出该整体。由于入口塞38,气体不能返回至壁的入口侧。
优选的壁流式过滤器由陶瓷类材料,诸如堇青石、α-氧化铝、碳化硅、氮化硅、氧化锆、莫来石、锂辉石、铝-硅氧化镁、硅酸锆,或由诸如不锈钢的耐火金属构成。优选的壁流式过滤器由堇青石和碳化硅制成。这些材料能够耐受环境以及尤其是在废气流的处理中遇到的高温。
使用在本发明装置中的优选壁流式过滤器包括多薄孔壁蜂窝(整体),流体穿过所述蜂窝而不会引起背压和整个制品上压力的太大增加。本装置中使用的陶瓷壁流式基底优选地由具有从约30%至约75%的孔隙率,具有至少5微米(例如,从5微米至30微米)平均孔径的材料形成。更优选的是通常具有从约40%至约65%的壁孔隙率的基底。当具有这些孔隙率和这些平均孔径的基底使用本文所述的技术被涂布时,适当含量的亚微米催化剂洗涂层组合物能够涂布到该基底上以实现较高的CO、HC和NOx转化效率并允许这些基底保持适当的废气流特征,即,可接受的背压。有关适用的壁流式基底公开的美国专利No.4,329,162以引用的方式并入本文。
根据本发明,如本文所述,在本发明中使用的多孔壁流式过滤器被催化,其中所述元件的壁在其上或在其中含有一种或多种洗涂层组合物。洗涂层可以单独涂布到元件壁的入口侧、出口侧、壁自身的孔内,或涂布到入口侧和出口侧以及壁的孔内。
为实现本发明之目的,当本发明的催化剂组合物,通常作为洗涂层,被涂布到该等载体上时,各组分的量基于单位体积的克数来表示。当成分作为薄涂层被涂布到载体基底上时,该成分的量通常表示为:对一种或多种贵金属组分来说为载体上每立方英尺的克数(g/ft3);对其它成分(即,复合物和载体)来说为在载体上每立方英寸的克数(g/in3),原因是这种测定可考虑到不同整体式载体基底中不同气流通道的单元尺寸。
不连续催化和/或捕集材料的顶涂层和底涂层,在本文中通常称为“洗涂层”,被涂布到合适的载体上,该载体优选具有附着到其上的底洗涂层以及覆盖并附着到底涂层的顶洗涂层。采用这样的结构,与催化剂接触的气体,例如,流过涂布有催化材料载体通道的气体,将首先与顶部涂层接触并穿过其中以便接触底部涂层。然而,在替代的构造中(下文将进行更详细的讨论),顶涂层不需要覆盖底涂层,但可布置在载体的上游(如在气流穿过催化剂组合物的方向上所感测的)部分,底涂层则布置在载体的下游部分。因此,在该构造中涂布洗涂层,仅载体的上游纵向分段浸入第二涂层催化材料的浆液中并烘干,而载体未浸渍的下游纵向分段浸入第一涂层催化材料的浆液中并烘干。在本发明的另一个替代实施例中(下文也将进行更详细的讨论),顶洗涂层组合物作为单洗涂层涂布到上游载体或砖块上,该载体或砖块布置在下游载体或砖块的上游,该下游载体或砖块涂布有作为单洗涂层的本发明的底涂层组合物。在该构造中,废气流会首先与上游载体或砖块接触,流经上游载体或砖块,并随后与下游载体或砖块接触。
如前文所述,顶洗涂层含有载体(例如,耐火金属氧化物载体)、一种或多种贵金属催化剂,以催化碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的氧化及氮氧化物和二氧化铈的还原。在一些实施例中,将二氧化铈用作NOx捕集组分和/或硫清除剂对于在低温下提供较好的废气排放物处理是必要的。在本实施例中,二氧化铈的含量可在约0.1g/in3到约3g/in3的范围之间。通常,顶洗涂层中的贵金属组分选自铂、钯、铑、钌和铱组分。底洗涂层含有载体,例如,耐火金属氧化物载体、以及NOx捕集材料。通常,NOx捕集材料的含量在约0.1g/in3到约3g/in3的范围之间。NOx捕集材料可包括,但不限于碱金属(例如Li、Na、K、Rb、Cs或Fr)、碱土金属(例如Ba、Be、Mg、Ca或Sr)、镧族金属(例如La、Ce等)的氧化物、氢氧化物和/或碳酸盐、含有形成稳定硝酸盐的元素(例如碱金属、碱土金属和/或稀土金属)的化合物、二氧化铈或这些成分的组合。优选地,NOx捕集材料选自以下金属的氧化物:钙和锶、钡、钾、钠、锂和铯、铈、镧、镨和钕。更优选地,NOx捕集材料包括氧化钡和氧化锶。顶洗涂层或底洗涂层可能另外还包括锆或铈组分。底洗涂层催化剂/NOx捕集层在稀燃期间存储NOx,在富燃期间释放并还原所存储的NOx。此外,在稀燃工况下,当温度低时,顶洗涂层催化剂层催化包含在废气流中的NOx的氧化。
耐火金属氧化物载体包括诸如活性化合物的材料,该活性化合物选自氧化铝(优选)、硅石、二氧化钛、硅铝土、硅酸铝、氧化铝-氧化锆、氧化铝-氧化铬、氧化铝-二氧化铈以及它们的混合物。通常,耐火金属氧化物载体的存在量为载体的约0.1g/in3至4.0g/in3,且将以细碎的、具有大于10微米至15微米的粒径的大表面积颗粒的形式存在。优选地,通过将活性氧化铝和稀土金属组分,诸如镧(优选)或钕或它们的混合物以载体的约0.02g/in3至0.5g/in3的量掺杂,活性氧化铝热稳定以延迟在高温下从γ到α的不期望的氧化铝相转变。
通常,耐火金属氧化物载体,例如活性氧化铝,用水溶液或以化合物或络合物形式存在的贵金属组分的分散体来浸渍。在煅烧或使用时,所选的贵金属化合物或复合物应该可分解或者说是转化为催化活性形式,通常为金属或金属氧化物。可以使用金属组分的水溶性化合物、或水分散性化合物、或络合物,只要用于浸渍或沉淀金属组分至耐火金属氧化物载体颗粒上的液体介质不与金属、或其化合物、或其络合物、或其它组分发生不利反应,上述组分可存在于催化剂组合物中并且可以通过在加热和/或施加真空时挥发或分解从而从金属组分中去除。在一些情况下,直到将催化剂投入使用并使其经受操作过程中遇到的高温时,液体移除的完成才发生。一般而言,从经济观点和环境方面考虑,优选铂族金属的可溶性化合物或络合物的水溶液。例如,适用的化合物为氯铂酸、胺增溶氢氧化铂(amine-solubilizedplatinumhydroxide)、硝酸钯或氯化钯、氯化铑、硝酸铑、六氨合氯化铑(hexaminerhodiumchloride)等。在煅烧步骤中,或至少在使用催化剂的最初阶段,该类化合物被转化为铂族金属或其化合物的催化活性形式。
顶洗涂层和底洗涂层组合物的贵金属组分包括选自金、银和铂族金属(即,贵金属)一种或多种催化剂金属。铂族金属包括铂、钯、铑、钌和铱组分以及它们的混合物。一种或多种贵金属组分通常以约5g/ft3至约500g/ft3的量存在于载体上。同时也示出了贵金属含量从约25g/ft3至250g/ft3以及从60g/ft3至150g/ft3。优选的贵金属组分为铂、铑或铂和铑金属组分的混合物,其中在该铂和铑金属组分的混合物中,铂和铑通常以约0.1:1到约20:1的比例存在,优选1:1到10:1。
可用于制备本发明的复合物的方法始于制备氢氧化锆溶胶。该溶胶可以通过在高温回流通常从90℃至100℃下用氢氧化钠沉淀硫酸锆来制备,以制得纳米级晶体(通常高达100纳米)。杂质,如钠、硫等可用水溶液冲洗掉。可以使用酸(例如硝酸)来分解凝聚物而得到氢氧化锆溶胶并降低溶液的pH值。在此阶段,可添加以诸如硝酸盐的盐形式的铈组分。此时,复合溶胶应该具有足够的酸性,例如,pH值为0.5至3,优选0.5至2.0,以使盐存在于溶液中。然后,例如用氨水,可以迅速提高pH值以沉淀复合化合物。优选通过控制pH值而避免大凝聚物的形成。随后可用诸如去离子水的水溶液冲洗沉淀的复合物,并在适当的条件下,在空气中在高达250℃(一般是150℃)的烘箱中烘干,只要需要,通常可过夜。然后可以在空气中高温下煅烧沉淀的复合物,以将复合物转化为颗粒状复合氧化物,该复合氧化物包括二氧化铈、氧化锆和氧化钐。煅烧处理通常在450℃至750℃,优选550℃的温度下进行,并持续0.5小时至10小时,优选2小时。所得二氧化铈和氧化锆的复合物然后可与贵金属组分混合,该贵金属组分已优选地设置,即,分层或涂布在耐火金属氧化物载体上。
按前述方法所制备的复合物与以含水浆液形式存在的贵金属组分和耐火金属氧化物载体混合,研磨所述浆料(即通过球磨),将磨碎的浆料与载体混合,然后干燥并煅烧,从而可制得催化剂组合物。然而,优选的是复合物与先前已设置在耐火金属氧化物载体上的贵金属组分混合。
设置在耐火金属氧化物载体上的一种或多种贵金属组分可以通过以下方法制备,该方法涉及制备一种或多种贵金属组分和耐火金属氧化物载体的含水浆液。该方法包括将一种或多种贵金属组分固定在至少一种载体上。该固定步骤可以是现有技术中熟知的合适的固定步骤中的任何一种,诸如化学固定或热固定。优选的固定步骤是将一种或多种贵金属组分热固定在载体上。该固定步骤优选在空气中50℃至500℃的温度下进行,持续约0.5小时至约2小时。
在另一个实施例中,本发明的不同的洗涂层可以是涂布的区,使得一个洗涂层位于载体基底的上游端上,而另一洗涂层位于载体基底的下游端上。例如,上游洗涂层可以涂布到基底的上游区域部分上,而下游洗涂层可以涂布到基底的下游部分上。在该实施例中,本发明的顶洗涂层涂布到载体基底的上游部分上(即,上游洗涂层),而底洗涂层涂布到载体基底的下游部分上(即,下游洗涂层)。上游洗涂层可含有负载型贵金属催化剂,例如,负载于氧化铝和二氧化铈上的铂。根据本发明,上游洗涂层不含碱或碱土金属组分是必要的。上游洗涂层完全不含碱或碱土金属组分防止了在低温条件下,贵金属和碱或碱土金属组分之间有害的相互作用。下游洗涂层可含有一种或多种NOx捕集组分(例如,BaO),其与一种或多种负载型贵金属催化剂紧密接触。
结合图3可以更容易地理解本实施例的催化剂组合物。如图3所示,一种新型的催化剂组合物20包括载体构件或基底22,例如蜂窝整体,其含有两个单独的涂布有洗涂层的区,上游洗涂层24和下游洗涂层26。上游涂层24含一种或多种负载型贵金属和二氧化铈,且不含任何碱或碱土金属组分。下游洗涂层26可含有一种或多种NOx捕集组分和一种或多种负载型贵金属催化剂。上游洗涂层24和下游洗涂层26均分别通常含有含量约5g/ft3至500g/ft3的贵金属。还示例了贵金属含量为25g/ft3至250g/ft3和60g/ft3至150g/ft3的情况。
在该实施例中,上游洗涂层24和下游洗涂层26分别为仅涂布到部分基底22上的区。然而,上游洗涂层24和下游洗涂层26的组合分别覆盖基底22的整个长度。上游洗涂层24可涂布基质22上游部分的至少0.5英寸,并最多5英寸。还示例了从催化剂构件的上游边缘起,长度至少为约1.0英寸,并最多3.5英寸,或从至少1.5英寸并最多2.5英寸的上游洗涂层24。下游洗涂层部分26覆盖基底22的其余下游部分。
上游洗涂层24的长度也可用催化剂构件从上游边缘到下游边缘的长度的百分数来描述。通常,上游洗涂层24会占到催化剂构件上游长度的约5%至70%。同时还示例了占催化剂构件20上游长度最多约20%、最多约40%和最多约60%的上游洗涂层24。下游洗涂层部分26覆盖基底22的其余下游部分。因此,下游洗涂层部分26可占到基底22下游部分30的95%到约30%。
在运行过程中,废气从上游边缘25到下游边缘27流过柴油机氧化催化剂构件20。包含在上游洗涂层24和下游洗涂层26的贵金属催化剂分别氧化含在废气中的HC和CO污染物。
在另一实施例中,本发明的稀燃NOx捕集(LNT)装置可包括在排放物处理系统中,其中稀燃NOx捕集装置包括多组分或多层砖块系统中的一种或多种组分或砖块。在一个实施例中,如上所述,本发明的顶洗涂层和底洗涂层组合物可被涂布到单个载体或基底上,其中被涂布的基底是排放物处理系统中多组分之一。例如,排放物处理系统可进一步包括,例如,柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)和/或微粒过滤器。通常,可使用现有技术中任何已知的柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)和/或微粒过滤器。如本领域所熟知,在一些情况下,颗粒过滤器可以被催化。
在另一实施例中,本发明的排放物处理系统可包括多层砖块结构,其中本发明的顶洗涂层和底洗涂层组合物被涂布到排放物处理系统中的两个单独的载体基底上或砖块上。例如,本发明的稀燃NOx捕集(LNT)装置,即,顶洗涂层和底洗涂层组合物,可包括作为不同的洗涂层涂布到单独的基底或砖块上不同的层。微粒过滤器可选择地与涂布有顶洗涂层和底洗涂层的基底结合使用。在一个实施例中,本发明的顶洗涂层或底洗涂层组合物均可涂布到微粒过滤器上。
结合图6和图7可以更容易地理解本发明的排放物处理系统,依据本发明,图6和图7示出了两个示例性的排放物处理系统的示意图。参照图6,示出排放物处理系统50的示意图。含有气体污染物(例如,未燃烧的碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和NOx)和微粒物的废气流和微粒物通过线路53从发动机52被输送到氧化催化剂54。氧化催化剂54可以是现有技术中任何已知的氧化催化剂,其可用于处理废气排放物。例如,氧化催化剂54可用于处理未燃烧的气态和非挥发性碳氢化合物(即,VOF)和一氧化碳。另外,NOx组分中的NO部分可在氧化催化剂中被氧化为NO2。废气流随后通过线路55被输送到微粒过滤器56,该微粒过滤器捕集废气流中存在的微粒物和/或催化剂毒物。微粒过滤器可涂布有本发明的顶洗涂层组合物。在另一个实施例中,微粒过滤器可包括涂布有本发明顶洗涂层的壁流式基底。根据本发明,该顶洗涂层含有一种或多种负载型贵金属催化剂、二氧化铈,并不含任何碱或碱土金属组分。同样地,该顶洗涂层可在低于350℃、低于250℃、和甚至低于150℃的温度下氧化NOx。此外,可选地使用碳烟燃烧催化剂催化微粒过滤器以再生微粒过滤器56。去除微粒物之后,通过微粒过滤器56,废气流经过线路57被输送到下游NOx捕集组分。NOx捕集组分58可涂布有本发明的底洗涂层组合物。底洗涂层含有与一种或多种NOx捕集材料,其与一种或多种负载型贵金属紧密接触。依据本发明,在稀燃工况下,本发明的底洗涂层可同时存储氮氧化物(NOx)并催化废气流中碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的转化,而顶洗涂层可催化氮氧化物(NOx)的氧化。在随后的富燃工况下,过量存储的NOx可释放并被顶洗涂层和底洗涂层中所含的氧化剂所氧化。
参照图7,示出排放物处理系统60的示意图。含有气体污染物(例如,未燃烧的碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和NOx)和微粒物的废气流通过线路63从发动机62输送到氧化催化剂64。氧化催化剂64可以是本领域中任何已知的氧化催化剂,其可用于处理废气排放物。例如,该氧化催化剂64可用于处理未燃烧的气态和非挥发性碳氢化合物(即,VOF)和一氧化碳。另外,NOx组分中的NO部分可在氧化催化剂中被氧化为NO2。废气流在氧化催化剂64中处理后,废气流通过线路65被输送到下游NOx捕集组分66。该NOx捕集组分66可涂布有本发明的底涂层组合物。底涂层含有一种或多种NOx捕集材料,其与一种或多种负载型贵金属紧密接触。依据本发明,在稀燃工况下,本发明的底洗涂层可同时存储氮氧化物(NOx)并催化废气流中碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的转化,而顶洗涂层可催化氮氧化物(NOx)的氧化。在随后的富燃工况下,过量存储的NOx可释放并被顶洗涂层和底洗涂层中所含的氧化剂所氧化。废气流随后通过线路67被输送到微粒过滤器68,该微粒过滤器68捕集废气流中存在的微粒物和/或催化剂毒物。该微粒过滤器可涂布有本发明的顶洗涂层组合物。在另一实施例中,微粒过滤器可包括涂布有本发明底洗涂层的壁流式基底。依据本发明,顶洗涂层含有一种或多种负载型贵金属催化剂、二氧化铈并不含任何碱或碱土金属组分。同样地,顶洗涂层可以在低于350℃、低于250℃和甚至低于150℃的温度下氧化NOx。另外,可选地使用碳烟燃烧催化剂催化微粒过滤器以再生微粒过滤器68。
实例
依据本发明的一个实施例,本实例示例了可用于废气处理的两层涂布制剂。这种两层制剂包括涂布到基底载体上的底涂层和顶洗涂层,顶洗涂层涂布到底洗涂层上。底洗涂层含有0.6g/in3(15g/ft3)的铂和0.6g/in3(2g/ft3)的浸铂载体组合物,该浸铂载体组合物含有0.25g/in3的BaO、0.05g/in3的ZrO2、0.10g/in3的二氧化铈和0.10g/in3的Sr。顶洗涂层的总洗涂层组合物含有约1.7g/in3。随后将涂布的载体在530℃下煅烧2小时。
将顶洗涂层涂布到底涂层的表面。顶洗涂层含有1.2g/in3(70g/ft3)的Pt/SBA150、0.8g/in3(8g/ft3)和0.6g/in3的Rh/HAS-5。随后将所得的载体在430℃下煅烧2小时。
Claims (8)
1.一种用于废气排放物处理的组合稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂装置,包括:
a.载体基底
b.底洗涂层,所述底洗涂层含有载体材料、一种或多种贵金属和一种或多种NOx捕集组分,其中所述底洗涂层涂布到所述载体基底上;以及
c.顶洗涂层,所述顶洗涂层含有载体材料、一种或多种贵金属和二氧化铈,所述顶洗涂层不含碱或碱土金属组分,并且其中所述顶洗涂层涂布到所述载体基底上,
其中所述顶洗涂层涂布到所述基底的上游部分上,并且所述底洗涂层涂布到所述基底的下游部分上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的稀燃NOx捕集/催化剂装置,其中所述顶洗涂层涂布到所述基底上游长度的约5%至约70%上,并且其中所述底洗涂层涂布到所述基底的其余下游部分上。
3.根据权利要求1所述的NOx捕集/催化剂装置,其中所述载体材料是耐火氧化物载体。
4.根据权利要求1所述的NOx捕集/催化剂装置,其中所述底洗涂层中的所述NOx捕集组分包括碱土金属的氧化物、氢氧化物和/或碳酸盐、碱土金属、镧族金属、二氧化铈或它们的组合。
5.根据权利要求4所述的NOx捕集/催化剂装置,其中所述的NOx捕集组分为碱或碱土金属的氧化物。
6.一种用于处理来自稀燃发动机的废气排放物的废气处理系统,包括:
a.包括至少二个砖块的多层砖块结构;
b.其中第一砖块含有具有载体材料、一种或多种贵金属、二氧化铈且不含任何碱或碱土金属组分的洗涂层;以及
c.其中第二砖块含有载体材料、一种或多种贵金属和一种或多种NOx捕集组分,
其中所述第一块砖或所述第二块砖之一还包含微粒过滤器,
其中所述洗涂层能够在低于350℃的温度下氧化NOx和还原未燃的碳氢化合物和一氧化碳。
7.根据权利要求6所述的废气处理系统,其中所述第一砖块位于所述第二砖块的上游。
8.根据权利要求6所述的废气处理系统,其中所述第二砖块位于所述第一砖块的上游。
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WO2009158453A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
CA2729241C (en) | 2015-04-07 |
BRPI0914714A2 (pt) | 2015-10-20 |
KR20110025848A (ko) | 2011-03-11 |
MX2011000059A (es) | 2011-04-04 |
JP5651589B2 (ja) | 2015-01-14 |
JP2011526203A (ja) | 2011-10-06 |
CA2729241A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
US20090320457A1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
EP2303434A1 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
US8475752B2 (en) | 2013-07-02 |
KR20160093081A (ko) | 2016-08-05 |
AR072401A1 (es) | 2010-08-25 |
KR101652537B1 (ko) | 2016-08-30 |
MY159493A (en) | 2017-01-13 |
CN102089066A (zh) | 2011-06-08 |
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